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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulawesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulawesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sulawesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulawesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Java" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Java</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sumba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Timor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luzon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luzon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Luzon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luzon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mindanao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mindanao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mindanao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mindanao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrangel_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrangel_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wrangel Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrangel_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf elephant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammuthus_lamarmorae" title="Mammuthus lamarmorae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mammuthus lamarmorae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C3%A6rgelefant" title="Dværgelefant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dværgelefant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwergelefant" title="Zwergelefant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwergelefant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-elefantoj" title="Nano-elefantoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nano-elefantoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="فیل کوتوله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیل کوتوله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_nain" title="Éléphant nain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éléphant nain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%81%BC%EB%A6%AC" title="난쟁이코끼리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="난쟁이코끼리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_kerdil" title="Gajah kerdil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gajah kerdil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefante_nano" title="Elefante nano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elefante nano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99" title="פיל ננסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיל ננסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefante-pigmeu" title="Elefante-pigmeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elefante-pigmeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Карликовые слоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карликовые слоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dwarf elephant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C3%A4rgelefanter" title="Dvärgelefanter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dvärgelefanter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCce_fil" title="Cüce fil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cüce fil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Карликові слони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карликові слони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="پستہ قامت میمتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پستہ قامت میمتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voi_l%C3%B9n" title="Voi lùn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Voi lùn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prehistoric elephant species</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_skeleton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elephas_skeleton.JPG/220px-Elephas_skeleton.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elephas_skeleton.JPG/330px-Elephas_skeleton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Elephas_skeleton.JPG/440px-Elephas_skeleton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri" title="Palaeoloxodon falconeri">Palaeoloxodon falconeri</a></i> skeleton cast</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dwarf elephants</b> are prehistoric members of the order <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a> which, through the process of <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">allopatric speciation</a> on islands, evolved much smaller body sizes (around 1–2.3 metres (3 ft 3 in – 7 ft 7 in) shoulder height) in comparison with their immediate ancestors. Dwarf elephants are an example of <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">insular dwarfism</a>, the phenomenon whereby large terrestrial vertebrates (usually mammals) that colonize islands evolve dwarf forms, a phenomenon attributed to adaptation to resource-poor environments and lack of predation and competition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> remains of dwarf elephants have been found on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Islands">Dodecanese Islands</a>, which are mostly members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon" title="Palaeoloxodon">Palaeoloxodon</a></i>, descending from the large 4 metres (13 ft) tall <a href="/wiki/Straight-tusked_elephant" title="Straight-tusked elephant">straight-tusked elephant</a> (<i>Palaeoloxodon antiquus</i>) of mainland Europe<i>,</i> though two species represent dwarf <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>. Dwarf species of elephants and <i><a href="/wiki/Stegodon" title="Stegodon">Stegodon</a></i> have been found on the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines, with dwarfed species of <i>Stegodon</i> also having been found in Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands of California</a> once supported the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_mammoth" title="Pygmy mammoth">pygmy mammoth</a>, a dwarf species descended from <a href="/wiki/Columbian_mammoth" title="Columbian mammoth">Columbian mammoths</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoths</a> that existed on <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> were once considered dwarfs, but are not anymore. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Mediterranean_islands">The Mediterranean islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Mediterranean islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px"><div style="position:relative;width:500px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwarf elephant is located in Mediterranean"><img alt="Dwarf elephant is located in Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/750px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/1000px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="862" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.632%;left:32.424%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sardinia"><img alt="Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Sardinia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.105%;left:39.03%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Favignana"><img alt="Favignana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Favignana</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.737%;left:42.586%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sicily"><img alt="Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Sicily</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.737%;left:43.273%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Malta</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.368%;left:64.303%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Crete"><img alt="Crete" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red-blue_pog.svg/8px-Red-blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red-blue_pog.svg/12px-Red-blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red-blue_pog.svg/16px-Red-blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Crete</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.842%;left:63.475%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kythnos"><img alt="Kythnos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/6px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/9px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/12px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.053%;left:63.596%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Serifos"><img alt="Serifos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/6px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/9px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/12px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.526%;left:63.535%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Milos"><img alt="Milos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/6px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/9px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/12px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.842%;left:65.192%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Delos"><img alt="Delos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.632%;left:65.01%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paros"><img alt="Paros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/6px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/9px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/12px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.632%;left:65.596%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Naxos"><img alt="Naxos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.105%;left:67.434%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Astypalaia"><img alt="Astypalaia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.368%;left:68.525%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kasos"><img alt="Kasos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Kasos</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.895%;left:69.434%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tilos"><img alt="Tilos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.105%;left:70.646%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rhodes"><img alt="Rhodes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Rhodes</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.263%;left:81.273%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Cyprus</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" title="File:Relief Map of Mediterranean Sea.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Mediterranean islands with remains of dwarf proboscideans<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> genus <i>Palaeoloxodon</i><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> genus <i>Mammuthus</i><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-blue_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red-blue_pog.svg/10px-Red-blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red-blue_pog.svg/15px-Red-blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red-blue_pog.svg/20px-Red-blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> both genera present in Crete<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/10px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/15px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/20px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Proboscidean remains from the Cyclades that can't be confidently assigned to a single proboscidean genus or to a dwarf species.<sup id="cite_ref-Athanassiou2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athanassiou2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palaeoloxodon_falconeri_Size_Comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri_Size_Comparison.svg/220px-Palaeoloxodon_falconeri_Size_Comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri_Size_Comparison.svg/330px-Palaeoloxodon_falconeri_Size_Comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri_Size_Comparison.svg/440px-Palaeoloxodon_falconeri_Size_Comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of the Sicilian species <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri" title="Palaeoloxodon falconeri">Palaeoloxodon falconeri</a></i>, one of the smallest dwarf elephants, compared to a human</figcaption></figure> <p>Dwarf elephants first inhabited the Mediterranean islands during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, including all the major islands with the apparent exception of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearics</a>. Mediterranean dwarf elephants have generally been considered as members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon" title="Palaeoloxodon">Palaeoloxodon</a></i>, derived from the continental <a href="/wiki/Straight-tusked_elephant" title="Straight-tusked elephant">straight-tusked elephant</a>, <i>Palaeoloxodon antiquus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Falconer" title="Hugh Falconer">Falconer</a> & <a href="/wiki/Proby_Cautley" title="Proby Cautley">Cautley</a>, 1847), <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Syn.</a>: <i>Elephas antiquus</i>. An exception is the dwarf Middle-Late Pleistocene Sardinian <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_lamarmorai" title="Mammuthus lamarmorai">Mammuthus lamarmorai</a></i> (Major, 1883), the first endemic elephant of the Mediterranean islands recognized as belonging to the mammoth line. <i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_creticus" title="Mammuthus creticus">Mammuthus creticus</a></i> from the Early Pleistocene of Crete, formerly considered a member of <i>Palaeoloxodon</i>, is now also considered to be a mammoth, and approaches the size of the smallest dwarf elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During low sea levels, the Mediterranean islands were colonised again and again, giving rise, sometimes on the same island, to several species (or subspecies) of different body sizes. As the Ice Age came to an end, sea levels rose, stranding elephants on the island. The island of Sicily appears to have been colonised by proboscideans in at least three separate waves of colonisation. These endemic dwarf elephants were taxonomically different on each island or group of very close islands, like the Cyclades archipelago. </p><p>There are many uncertainties about the time of colonisation, the phylogenetic relationships and the taxonomic status of dwarf elephants on the Mediterranean islands. Extinction of the insular dwarf elephants has not been correlated with the arrival of humans to the islands. Furthermore, it has been suggested by the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Othenio_Abel" title="Othenio Abel">Othenio Abel</a> in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the finding of skeletons of such elephants sparked the idea that they belonged to giant one-eyed monsters, because the center nasal opening was thought to be the socket of a single eye, and thus perhaps were, for example, the origin of the one-eyed <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammuthus_lamarmorai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mammuthus_lamarmorai.png/220px-Mammuthus_lamarmorai.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mammuthus_lamarmorai.png/330px-Mammuthus_lamarmorai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mammuthus_lamarmorai.png/440px-Mammuthus_lamarmorai.png 2x" data-file-width="2685" data-file-height="3486" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of dwarf Sardinian mammoth <i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_lamarmorai" title="Mammuthus lamarmorai">Mammuthus lamarmorai</a></i> compared to a human</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_and_Malta">Italy and Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Italy and Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island</th> <th>Taxon</th> <th>Author </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_lamarmorai" title="Mammuthus lamarmorai">Mammuthus lamarmorai</a></i></td> <td>(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Major</span>, 1883) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background: lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri" title="Palaeoloxodon falconeri">Palaeoloxodon falconeri</a></i></td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Busk</span>, 1869) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_mnaidriensis" title="Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis">Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis</a></i></td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Adams</span>, 1874) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background: lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri" title="Palaeoloxodon falconeri">Palaeoloxodon falconeri</a></i></td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Busk</span>, 1869) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_mnaidriensis" title="Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis">Palaeoloxodon cf. mnaidriensis</a></i></td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Adams</span>, 1874) </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightblue; color:black;"> </span> connected during <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">LGM</a><sup id="cite_ref-Palombo2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palombo2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <p>Sicily and Malta were inhabited by two successive waves of dwarf elephants derived from <i>P. antiquus,</i> which first arrived on the islands at least 500,000 years ago. The first of these species is <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri" title="Palaeoloxodon falconeri">P. falconeri</a> ,</i> which is one of the smallest dwarf elephant species at around 1 metre (3.3 ft) tall, and was strongly modified from its ancestor in numerous aspects, which lived in a depauperate fauna with no other large mammal species.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-:12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, around 200,000 years ago, this species was replaced by a second colonisation by <i>P. antiquus</i>, which gave rise to the larger (though still considerably dwarfed) 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall species <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_mnaidriensis" title="Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis">P. mnaidriensis</a>,</i> which on Sicily lived alongside a number other large mammal species, including herbivores and carnivores.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The youngest records of this species on Sicily date to around 20,000 years ago, close to the time of arrival of modern humans on Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dwarf mammoth species <i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_lamarmorai" title="Mammuthus lamarmorai">Mammuthus lamarmorai</a></i> descended from <a href="/wiki/Steppe_mammoth" title="Steppe mammoth">steppe mammoths</a> (<i>Mammuthus trogontherii</i>) that colonised Sardinia sometime after 450,000 years ago. It is suggested to have survived into the Last Glacial Period, until at least 60-30,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crete">Crete</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island</th> <th>Taxon</th> <th>Author </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_creticus" title="Mammuthus creticus">Mammuthus creticus</a></i></td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Bate</span>, 1907) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_creutzburgi" title="Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi">Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi</a></i></td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Kuss</span>, 1965) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_creticus" title="Mammuthus creticus">Mammuthus creticus</a></i> is known from remains probably dating to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>. It likely descends from <i><a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_meridionalis" title="Mammuthus meridionalis">Mammuthus meridionalis</a></i>. It is the smallest mammoth<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is among the smallest dwarf elephants known, with a shoulder height of about 1 metre (3.3 ft) and a weight of about 180 kilograms (400 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-proboscideans_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proboscideans-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_creutzburgi" title="Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi">Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi</a></i> from the Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene is significantly larger, with an estimated body mass comparable to living Asian elephant, around 40% the size of its mainland ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyclades">Cyclades</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cyclades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island</th> <th>Taxon</th> <th>Author </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></td> <td><i>Palaeoloxodon</i> sp.</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Vaufrey</span>, 1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a></td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeoloxodon_lomolinoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi (page does not exist)">Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi</a></i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Van der Geer</span> et al., 2014<sup id="cite_ref-VanderGeer2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanderGeer2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a></td> <td>Elephantidae indet.</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Georgalas</span>, 1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a></td> <td>Elephantidae indet.</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Honea</span>, 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a></td> <td>Elephantidae indet.</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Papp</span>, 1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serifos" title="Serifos">Serifos</a></td> <td>Elephantidae indet.</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Papp</span>, 1953 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightgreen; color:black;"> </span> connected during LGM<sup id="cite_ref-VanderGeer2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanderGeer2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <p>Remains of dwarf elephants have been briefly reported from <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serifos" title="Serifos">Serifos</a> in historical publications, but these lack any detailed information.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kýthnos</a>, the remains of a dwarf elephant were reported in a 1975 publication to be found associated with lithic artefacts. The age of the find was considered to be uncertain, likely older than 9,000 years, but could not be dated precisely due to a lack of collagen. Additionally, an isolated tusk was reported from the northwest of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, an indeterminate dwarf elephant known from a third molar was reported in 1908. This specimen clearly belongs to a dwarf species, but it is difficult to quantify its size precisely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a> the species <i>Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi</i> has been described based on a partial skull including the maxilla bones and third molar teeth found near the Trypiti river, of probable Late Pleistocene age.<i><sup id="cite_ref-VanderGeer2014_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanderGeer2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> It is estimated to be around 8% the size of <i>P. antiquus</i>, and had a smaller body size than that represented by the dwarf elephant from Delos. The Eastern Cyclades islands of Delos, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, and Paros were connected during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, which suggests that the Delos species and <i>P. lomolinoi</i> were not contemporaneous, with the former possibly being the ancestor of the latter, though nothing can be said for certain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dodecanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island</th> <th>Taxon</th> <th>Author </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a></td> <td><i>Palaeoloxodon</i> sp.</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Athanassiou</span> et al., 2019<sup id="cite_ref-Athanassiou2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athanassiou2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a></td> <td><i>Palaeoloxodon</i> <a href="/wiki/Species_affinis" title="Species affinis">aff.</a> <i>creutzburgi</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Sen</span> et al., 2014<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></td> <td><i>Palaeoloxodon</i> sp.</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Symeonides</span> et al., 1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a></td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeoloxodon_tiliensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeoloxodon tiliensis (page does not exist)">Palaeoloxodon tiliensis</a></i></td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Theodorou</span> et al. 2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Theodorou2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theodorou2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, bones of an unnamed endemic dwarf elephant have been discovered in cave deposits on the east coast. This elephant was similar in size to <i>Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis,</i> around 20% the size of its mainland ancestor. The remains, though temporally poorly constrained, are suggested to be Late Pleistocene age.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible tracks produced by these dwarf elephants have been reported from the southwest of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, the species <i>Palaeoloxodon tiliensis</i> has been described from remains found in Charkadio cave.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This species was medium-sized, around 10% the size of <i>P. antiquus</i>, with a shoulder height of up to 1.9 metres (6.2 ft), with a body mass of 630–890 kilograms (1,390–1,960 lb). Remains of the species are suggested to date to Late Pleistocene. Radiocarbon dating done in the 1970s suggested that the species survived until around 3,500 years ago, which would make the latest surviving <i>Palaeoloxodon</i> species and the youngest elephant in Europe, but these dates are tentative and await corroboration by other research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, a single tusk of a dwarf elephant of unknown age was excavated in the late 1990s. Due to the isolated status of the island it very likely represents an endemic species. Though the size of the animal is difficult to constrain precisely, it was probably similar in size to <i>P. tiliensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, which during the Pleistocene was connected with the islands of <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saria_Island" title="Saria Island">Saria</a>, a single dwarf <i>Palaeoloxodon</i> molar has been found. Due to the tooth closely resembling those of the species <i>P. creutzburgi</i> from Crete (which is adjacent to Kasos) in size and shape, it has been referred to as <i>P.</i> <a href="/wiki/Species_affinis" title="Species affinis">aff.</a> <i>creutzburgi.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island</th> <th>Taxon</th> <th>Author </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dwarf_elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dwarf elephant">Palaeoloxodon cypriotes</a></i></td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Bate</span>, 1903)<sup id="cite_ref-Bate1903_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bate1903-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_xylophagou" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoloxodon xylophagou">Palaeoloxodon xylophagou</a></i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Athanassiou</span> et al., 2015<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dwarf_elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dwarf elephant">Cyprus dwarf elephant</a> (<i>Palaeoloxodon cypriotes</i>) survived at least until 12,000 years ago, around the time of arrival of modern humans to Cyprus (who may have hunted it), making it one of the latest surviving dwarf elephants. It is also one of the smallest dwarf elephant species, comparable in size to <i>P. falconeri</i>, with an estimated shoulder height of 1 metre (3.3 ft). The species likely evolved from the earlier larger (though still strongly dwarfed) <i>Palaeoloxodon xylophagou</i> known from fossils dating to around 200,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remains of the species were first discovered and recorded by <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Bate" title="Dorothea Bate">Dorothea Bate</a> in a cave in the <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia" title="Kyrenia">Kyrenia</a> hills of northern <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in 1902 and reported in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Bate1903_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bate1903-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Channel_Islands_of_California">The Channel Islands of California</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Channel Islands of California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M._exilis_skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M._exilis_skeletal.png/220px-M._exilis_skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M._exilis_skeletal.png/330px-M._exilis_skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/M._exilis_skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Skeletal restoration of <i>Mammuthus exilis</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A population of the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Columbian mammoth</a> (<i>Mammuthus columbi</i>) arrived on the northern <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Islands of California">Channel Islands of California</a> during the late Middle Pleistocene, around 250-150,000 years ago, giving rise to a dwarfed species, the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_mammoth" title="Pygmy mammoth">pygmy mammoth</a> (<i>Mammuthus exilis</i>). Channel Islands mammoths ranged from 150–190 cm (59–75 in) in shoulder height. These mammoths became extinct around 13,000 years ago, around the time of arrival of modern humans to the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indonesia_and_the_Philippines">Indonesia and the Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indonesia and the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Indonesia and the Philippines, evidence of a succession of distinct endemic island faunas has been found, including dwarfed elephants and species of <i><a href="/wiki/Stegodon" title="Stegodon">Stegodon</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flores">Flores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwarf_stegodon_size_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dwarf_stegodon_size_comparison.svg/300px-Dwarf_stegodon_size_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dwarf_stegodon_size_comparison.svg/450px-Dwarf_stegodon_size_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dwarf_stegodon_size_comparison.svg/600px-Dwarf_stegodon_size_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of dwarf Flores <i>Stegodon</i> species compared to a human</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late Early Pleistocene, Flores was inhabited by the dwarf species <i>Stegodon sondaarii</i>, around 15% of the size of mainland <i>Stegodon</i> species, which was around 120 cm (3.9 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed about 350–400 kilograms (770–880 lb). This species became extinct around 1 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-proboscideans_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proboscideans-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_den_Bergh-2022_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_den_Bergh-2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being replaced by <i>Stegodon florensis. Stegodon florensis</i> shows a progressive size reduction with time, with the earlier Middle Pleistocene subspecies <i>Stegodon florensis florensis</i> estimated to be around 50% the size of mainland <i>Stegodon</i> species with a shoulder height of around 190 cm (6.2 ft) and a body mass of around 1.7 tons, while the later <i>Stegodon florensis insularis</i> from the Late Pleistocene is estimated to be around 17% the size of mainland <i>Stegodon</i> species, with a shoulder height of around 130 cm (4.3 ft), and a body mass of about 570 kilograms (1,260 lb) <sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Stegodon florensis</i> became extinct about 50,000 years ago, around the time of the arrival of modern humans to Flores.<sup id="cite_ref-van_den_Bergh-2022_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_den_Bergh-2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sulawesi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene on Sulawesi, two species of dwarf proboscidean coinhabited the island, the elephant <a href="/wiki/Stegoloxodon" title="Stegoloxodon"><i>Stegoloxodon celebensis</i></a>, and <i>Stegodon sompoensis.<sup id="cite_ref-Vos-2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vos-2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The former was about 150 cm (4.9 ft) tall,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the latter was around 32% the size of mainland <i>Stegodon</i> species, with an estimated body mass of about a ton.<sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the Pleistocene, these animals were replaced by larger-sized species of <i>Stegodon</i> and elephants,<sup id="cite_ref-Vos-2007_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vos-2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an indeterminate <i>Stegodon</i> species from the Middle Pleistocene of Sulawesi being around 57% the size of mainland species, with an estimated bodymass of about 2 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java">Java</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Java"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species <i>Stegodon trigonocephalus</i> is known from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of Java.<sup id="cite_ref-Puspaningrum-2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puspaningrum-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A population from the Trinil H.K locality, which likely dates to the Middle Pleistocene,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is around 65% the size of mainland <i>Stegodon</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large individuals are estimated to have reached around 280 cm (9.2 ft) at the shoulders, with a body mass of around 5 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-proboscideans_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proboscideans-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other smaller unnamed <i>Stegodon</i> species are also known from the Early Pleistocene on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Puspaningrum-2020_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puspaningrum-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinct dwarf elephant species <a href="/wiki/Stegoloxodon" title="Stegoloxodon"><i>Stegoloxodon indonesicus</i></a> is also known from the Early Pleistocene of Java, which is probably closely related to <i>S. celebensis</i> from Sulawesi, but whose relationships to other elephants are obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puspaningrum-2020_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puspaningrum-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumba">Sumba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sumba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species <i>Stegodon sumbaensis</i> of an uncertain Middle-Late Pleistocene age from <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a> is one the smallest known species, at around 8% of the size of its mainland ancestor, with an estimated body mass of around 250 kilograms (550 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timor">Timor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Timor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species <i>Stegodon timorensis</i> is known from the Middle Pleistocene of Timor. It is a small-sized species, only slightly larger than <i>S. sondaarii,</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around 23% the size of mainland species, with an estimated body mass of around 770 kilograms (1,700 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luzon">Luzon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Luzon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> the dwarf <i>Stegodon luzonensis</i> is known from remains found in the Manila Basin of an uncertain Pleistocene age,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as remains found near the early Middle Pleistocene <i><a href="/wiki/Nesorhinus" title="Nesorhinus">Nesorhinus</a></i> butchery site dating to around 700,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is around 40% the size of mainland <i>Stegodon</i> species, with a body mass of around 1.3 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the temporal span of <i>Stegodon</i> on Luzon is not well constrained due to the limited number of finds, remains are suggested to span from at least around 1-0.8 million years ago to around 400,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinct dwarf elephant <i><a href="/wiki/Elephas_beyeri" title="Elephas beyeri">Elephas beyeri</a></i> is also known from the island of an unknown (probably Pleistocene) age,<sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is estimated to have been about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in shoulder height.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mindanao">Mindanao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mindanao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the island of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, the dwarf <i>Stegodon</i> species <i>Stegodon mindanensis</i> was present at some point in the Pleistocene. It has an estimated body mass of around 400 kilograms (880 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some species of the stegodontid <i><a href="/wiki/Stegolophodon" title="Stegolophodon">Stegolophodon</a></i> from the Middle <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> of Japan around 16 million years ago have been suggested to exhibit insular dwarfism, appearing to exhibit size reduction over time, which would make them the oldest known proboscideans to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Pliocene-Early Pleistocene (from around 4-1 million years ago), a succession of endemic dwarf species of <i>Stegodon,</i> probably representing a single lineage lived in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a>, probably derived from the mainland Chinese <i>S. zydanskyi.</i> In chronological succession these species are <i>Stegodon miensis</i> (4-3 million years ago) <i>Stegodon protoaurorae</i> (3-2 million years ago) and <i><a href="/wiki/Stegodon_aurorae" title="Stegodon aurorae">Stegodon aurorae</a>,</i> (2-1 million years ago) which show a progressive size reduction through time, possibly as a result of reducing land area of the Japanese archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest and smallest species <i>S. aurorae</i> is estimated to be 25% the size of its mainland ancestor with a body mass of around 2,122 kilograms (4,678 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Geer-2016_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geer-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene around 330,000-24,000 years ago, the Japanese archipelago was inhabited by the elephant species <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_naumanni" title="Palaeoloxodon naumanni">Palaeoloxodon naumanni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> This species was only modestly dwarfed compared to its large continental ancestor,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having a reconstructed shoulder height of 2.4–2.8 metres (7.9–9.2 ft), for males and around 2 metres (6.6 ft) for females.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wrangel_Island">Wrangel Island</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wrangel Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoths</a> (<i>Mammuthus primigenius</i>) lived on <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, surviving thousands of years after the extinction of mainland woolly mammoths until around 2000 BCE, the most recent survival of any known mammoth population. Wrangel Island is thought to have become separated from the mainland by 12000 BCE. It was assumed that Wrangel Island mammoths ranged from 180–230 cm (71–91 in) in shoulder height and were for a time considered "dwarf mammoths".<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this classification has been re-evaluated and since the Second International Mammoth Conference in 1999, these mammoths are no longer considered to be true "dwarf mammoths", as their size falls within the range of that of mainland Siberian woolly mammoths.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/28px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/42px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/56px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/pygmymammoth.htm">"The Pygmy Mammoth (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pygmy+Mammoth+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fchis%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fpygmymammoth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Athanassiou2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Athanassiou2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athanassiou2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanassiouVan_der_GeerLyras2019" class="citation journal cs1">Athanassiou, A.; Van der Geer, A. A. E.; Lyras, G. A. (2019). "Pleistocene insular Proboscidea of the Eastern Mediterranean: A review and update". <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>218</b>: 306–321. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019QSRv..218..306A">2019QSRv..218..306A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.06.028">10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199107354">199107354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+insular+Proboscidea+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%3A+A+review+and+update&rft.volume=218&rft.pages=306-321&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199107354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.06.028&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019QSRv..218..306A&rft.aulast=Athanassiou&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Van+der+Geer%2C+A.+A.+E.&rft.au=Lyras%2C+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerridgeLister2012" class="citation journal cs1">Herridge, Victoria L.; Lister, Adrian M. (2012-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0671">"Extreme insular dwarfism evolved in a mammoth"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>279</b> (1741): 3193–3200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.0671">10.1098/rspb.2012.0671</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385739">3385739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22572206">22572206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Extreme+insular+dwarfism+evolved+in+a+mammoth&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1741&rft.pages=3193-3200&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3385739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22572206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2012.0671&rft.aulast=Herridge&rft.aufirst=Victoria+L.&rft.au=Lister%2C+Adrian+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2012.0671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abel's surmise is noted by <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Adrienne Mayor</a> in <i>The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times</i> (Princeton University Press) 2000. [See illus. ed., 2001: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691089779" title="Special:BookSources/0691089779">0691089779</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palombo2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palombo2020_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalomboAntonioliDi_PattiPresti2020" class="citation journal cs1">Palombo, M. R.; Antonioli, F.; Di Patti, C.; Presti, V. L.; Scarborough, M. E. (2020). "Was the dwarfed <i>Palaeoloxodon</i> from Favignana Island the last endemic Pleistocene elephant from the western Mediterranean islands?". <i>Historical Biology</i>. <b>33</b> (10): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2020.1772251">10.1080/08912963.2020.1772251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225710152">225710152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Biology&rft.atitle=Was+the+dwarfed+Palaeoloxodon+from+Favignana+Island+the+last+endemic+Pleistocene+elephant+from+the+western+Mediterranean+islands%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2020.1772251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225710152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Palombo&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Antonioli%2C+F.&rft.au=Di+Patti%2C+C.&rft.au=Presti%2C+V.+L.&rft.au=Scarborough%2C+M.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonfiglio, L., Marra, A. 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"Japan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444323986"><i>Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands</i></a> (1 ed.). Wiley. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444323986.ch16">10.1002/9781444323986.ch16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9009-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9009-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-9009-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Island+Mammals%3A+Adaptation+and+Extinction+of+Placental+Mammals+on+Islands&rft.pages=241&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010-08-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444323986.ch16&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9009-1&rft.aulast=van+der+Geer&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Lyras%2C+George&rft.au=de+Vos%2C+John&rft.au=Dermitzakis%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781444323986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVartanyan,_S.L.Garutt,_V.E.Sher,_A.V.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Vartanyan, S.L.; Garutt, V.E.; Sher, A.V. (1993). "Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>362</b> (6418): 337–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F362337a0">10.1038/362337a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29633990">29633990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4249191">4249191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Holocene+dwarf+mammoths+from+Wrangel+Island+in+the+Siberian+Arctic&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=6418&rft.pages=337-340&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4249191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29633990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F362337a0&rft.au=Vartanyan%2C+S.L.&rft.au=Garutt%2C+V.E.&rft.au=Sher%2C+A.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhonovLarry_AgenbroadSergey_Vartanyan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tikhonov, Alexei; Larry Agenbroad; Sergey Vartanyan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611113051/http://www.nmr.nl/nmr/pages/showPage.do?itemid=1896&instanceid=16">"Comparative analysis of the mammoth populations on Wrangel Island and the Channel Islands"</a>. <i>Deinsea</i>. <b>9</b>: 415–420. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0923-9308">0923-9308</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmr.nl/nmr/pages/showPage.do?itemid=1896&instanceid=16">the original</a> on 2012-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deinsea&rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+the+mammoth+populations+on+Wrangel+Island+and+the+Channel+Islands&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=415-420&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0923-9308&rft.aulast=Tikhonov&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft.au=Larry+Agenbroad&rft.au=Sergey+Vartanyan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmr.nl%2Fnmr%2Fpages%2FshowPage.do%3Fitemid%3D1896%26instanceid%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Elephants" title="Template:Elephants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elephants" title="Template talk:Elephants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elephants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elephants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elephants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Behavior" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_cognition" title="Elephant cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musth" title="Musth">Musth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_communication" title="Seismic communication">Seismic communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant" title="North African elephant">North African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_elephant" title="Desert elephant">Desert elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_elephant" title="Syrian elephant">Syrian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_elephant" title="Javan elephant">Javan elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Extinct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dwarf elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_mammoth" title="Pygmy mammoth">Pygmy mammoth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Domestication" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captive_elephants" title="Captive elephants">Domestication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_crushing" title="Elephant crushing">Elephant crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_goad" title="Elephant goad">Elephant goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">Mahout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_trainers" title="Category:Elephant trainers">Trainers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">Howdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_racing" title="Elephant racing">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_elephant" title="Temple elephant">Temple elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Weapons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah_pistol" title="Howdah pistol">Howdah pistol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Culture</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_locality" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By locality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China" title="Elephants in ancient China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_elephants_in_Europe" title="History of elephants in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Kerala_culture" title="Elephants in Kerala culture">Kerala state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Thailand" title="Elephants in Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Cultural depictions of elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_elephants" title="List of individual elephants">List of individual elephants</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dan_Koehl#Elephant_Encyclopedia" title="Dan Koehl">Elephant Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pachyderms" title="List of fictional pachyderms">List of fictional pachyderms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elephants_in_mythology_and_religion" title="List of elephants in mythology and religion">List of elephants in mythology and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&oldid=1251525528">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_elephant&oldid=1251525528</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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