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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Russian_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Russian_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Early Russian exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Russian_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mountain_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mountain ranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountain_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geomorphological_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geomorphological_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geomorphological regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geomorphological_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes_and_rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes_and_rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lakes and rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes_and_rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grasslands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grasslands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Grasslands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grasslands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_warming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_warming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Global warming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_warming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_Galliformes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_Galliformes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Order Galliformes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_Galliformes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_Phasianidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Phasianidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Family Phasianidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Phasianidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_Artiodactyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_Artiodactyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Order Artiodactyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_Artiodactyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_Carnivora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_Carnivora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Order Carnivora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_Carnivora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_Canidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Canidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Family Canidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Canidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_Felidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Felidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Family Felidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Felidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_Mustelidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Mustelidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Family Mustelidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Mustelidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_Ursidae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Ursidae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Family Ursidae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Ursidae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_sovereign_states_in_Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_sovereign_states_in_Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notable sovereign states in Siberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_sovereign_states_in_Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borders_and_administrative_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borders_and_administrative_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Borders and administrative division</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Borders_and_administrative_division-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Borders and administrative division subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Borders_and_administrative_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siberia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siberië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirien" title="Sibirien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sibirien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%A4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ሳይቤሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳይቤሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سيبيريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيبيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria" title="Sibèria – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sibèria" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siv%C3%A9ria" title="Sivéria – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sivéria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سیبری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیبری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সাইবেরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাইবেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Себер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Себер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80" title="Сібір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сібір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80" title="Сібір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сібір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="साइबेरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साइबेरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сибир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirien" title="Sibirien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sibirien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="སེ་པོ་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེ་པོ་རི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Сибирь – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сибирь" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria" title="Sibèria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sibèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80" title="Çĕпĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕпĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibi%C5%99" title="Sibiř – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sibiř" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirien" title="Sibirien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sibirien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirien" title="Sibirien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sibirien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirska" title="Sibirska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sibirska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siber" title="Siber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σιβηρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιβηρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberio" title="Siberio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siberio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سیبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%A9rie" title="Sibérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sibérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibearje" title="Sibearje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sibearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSib%C3%A9ir" title="An tSibéir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSibéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="시베리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시베리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Սիբիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիբիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="साइबेरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साइबेरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirska" title="Sibirska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sibirska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulliq_(ini)" title="Qulliq (ini) – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qulliq (ini)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сыбыр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сыбыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADber%C3%ADa" title="Síbería – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síbería" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="סיביר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ri" title="Sibèri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sibèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಸೈಬೀರಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೈಬೀರಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ციმბირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ციმბირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybiri%C3%B4" title="Sybiriô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sybiriô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80" title="Сібір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сібір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiria" title="Sibiria – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sibiria" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEb%C3%AErya" title="Sîbîrya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîbîrya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Сибирь – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сибирь" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C4%ABrija" title="Sibīrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sibīrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirien" title="Sibirien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sibirien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибир – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сибир" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiras" title="Sibiras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sibiras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Siberië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siber%C3%AD" title="Siberí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Siberí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/siberias" title="siberias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="siberias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szib%C3%A9ria" title="Szibéria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szibéria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сибир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="സൈബീരിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈബീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haip%C4%ABria" title="Haipīria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Haipīria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सायबेरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सायबेरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ცჷნდჷრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცჷნდჷრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سيبيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيبيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%A9ria" title="Sibéria – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sibéria" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Сибирь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сибирь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဆိုက်ဘေးရီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုက်ဘေးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Siberië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberie" title="Siberie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Siberie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="साइबेरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साइबेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="साइबेरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साइबेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="シベリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シベリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сибаре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сибаре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сивыр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сивыр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ସାଇବେରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାଇବେରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਸਾਈਬੇਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਈਬੇਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سائبیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائبیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirien" title="Sibirien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sibirien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syberia" title="Syberia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syberia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%A9ria" title="Sibéria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sibéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сибирия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сибирия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Сибирь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сибирь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибиир – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сибиир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria" title="Sibèria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sibèria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberie" title="Siberie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Siberie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibberia" title="Sibberia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sibberia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සයිබීරියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සයිබීරියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سائبيريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سائبيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%ADr" title="Sibír – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sibír" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirija" title="Sibirija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sibirija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Сибирь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сибирь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syberyjo" title="Syberyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Syberyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیبیریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیبیریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сибир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сибир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siperia" title="Siperia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siperia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirien" title="Sibirien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sibirien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberya" title="Siberya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Siberya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சைபீரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைபீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Себер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Себер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="సైబీరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సైబీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ไซบีเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไซบีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirya" title="Sibirya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sibirya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80" title="Сибір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сибір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سائبیریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائبیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria" title="Sibèria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sibèria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibereye" title="Sibereye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sibereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebeerje" title="Siebeerje – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Siebeerje" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Siberia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="西伯利亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西伯利亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="סיביר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סיביר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="西伯利亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西伯利亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibirya" title="Sibirya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sibirya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97b%C4%97rs" title="Sėbėrs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sėbėrs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="西伯利亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西伯利亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sibir" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5428#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siberia&params=61_0_N_105_0_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">61°0′N</span> <span class="longitude">105°0′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">61.000°N 105.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">61.000; 105.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until March 25, 2025 at 19:09 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region of Russia comprising North Asia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the rough geographical area located in Russia. For the Russian federal district, see <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian Federal District</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Siberian" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Siberia (disambiguation)">Siberia (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Siberian (disambiguation)">Siberian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region in Russia, Asia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Siberia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ru">Сибирь</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Geographical region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siberia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Siberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Siberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Siberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Siberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Siberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Siberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="61" data-lon="105" data-overlays="["_2bb66f9d0a13ba4e9c3cc27c838fc70eeab9eb2d"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/61/105/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,61,105,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Siberia&revid=1254930408&groups=_2bb66f9d0a13ba4e9c3cc27c838fc70eeab9eb2d" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,61,105,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Siberia&revid=1254930408&groups=_2bb66f9d0a13ba4e9c3cc27c838fc70eeab9eb2d 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siberia&params=61_0_N_105_0_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">61°0′N</span> <span class="longitude">105°0′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">61.000°N 105.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">61.000; 105.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parts</th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_District" title="Ural Federal District">Ural Federal District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Central Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Eastern Siberia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,100,000 km<sup>2</sup> (5,100,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">36.8 million<sup id="cite_ref-2023Estimate_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023Estimate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8/km<sup>2</sup> (7/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-GDP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a> 41.783 trillion<br />(<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> 610 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">₽ 1,120,921<br />(USD 16367)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Siberia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">sy-<span style="font-size:90%">BEER</span>-ee-ə</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Сибирь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sibir'</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[sʲɪˈbʲirʲ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-Сибирь.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is an extensive <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">geographical region</a> comprising all of <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and its predecessor states since the centuries-long <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">conquest of Siberia</a>, which began with the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a> in the late 16th century and concluded with the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukotka</a> in 1778. Siberia is vast and sparsely populated, covering an area of over 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), but home to roughly a quarter of Russia's population. <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> are the largest cities in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Siberia is a geographic and historic concept and not a political entity, there is no single precise definition of its territorial borders. Traditionally, Siberia spans the entire expanse of land from the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a> usually forming the southernmost portion of its western boundary, and includes most of the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. It is further defined as stretching from the territories within the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> in the north to the northern borders of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the south, although the hills of north-central Kazakhstan are also commonly included.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bse_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian government divides the region into three <a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">federal districts</a> (groupings of <a href="/wiki/Russian_federal_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian federal subjects">Russian federal subjects</a>), of which only the central one is officially referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian</a>"; the other two are the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_District" title="Ural Federal District">Ural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern</a> federal districts, named for the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> regions that correspond respectively to the western and eastern thirds of Siberia in the broader sense. </p><p>Siberia is known for its long, harsh winters, with a January average of −25 °C (−13 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is geographically in Asia, Russian sovereignty and colonization since the 16th century has led to perceptions of the region as culturally and ethnically European.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 85% of its population are of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Siberia" title="Demographics of Siberia">European descent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chiefly Russian (comprising the <a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberian</a> sub-ethnic group), and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Eastern Slavic</a> cultural influences predominate throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there exist sizable ethnic minorities of Asian lineage, including various <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> communities—many of which, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Indigenous</a>—along with the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a>, and smaller groups of <a href="/wiki/Samoyeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoyeds">Samoyedic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a> peoples (several of whom are classified as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Indigenous small-numbered peoples</a> by the Russian government), among many others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The origin of the name is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian name <i><a href="/wiki/Yugra" title="Yugra">Yugra</a></i> was applied to the northern lands east of the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>, which had been known of since the 11th century or earlier, while the name <i>Siberia</i> is first mentioned in Russian chronicles at the start of the 15th century in connection with the death of the khan <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a>, in "the Siberian land".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources say that "Siberia" originates from the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> word for 'sleeping land' (<i>Sib-ir</i>). </p><p>A different hypothesis claims that the region was named after the <a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibe people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-manchus213_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchus213-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polish historian Jan Chyliczkowski has proposed that the name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> word for 'north' (cf. Russian север <i>sever</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in <a href="/wiki/Severia" title="Severia">Severia</a>. </p><p>Anatole Baikaloff has dismissed this explanation. He said that the neighboring Chinese, Turks, and Mongolians, who have similar names for the region, would not have known Russian. He suggested that the name might be a combination of two words with <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> origin, <i>su</i> 'water' and <i>bir</i> 'wild land'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another account sees the name as the ancient tribal ethnonym of the <a href="/wiki/Sihirtia" title="Sihirtia">Sihirtia</a> or Sirtya (also <i>Syopyr</i> [sʲɵpᵻr])), a hypothetical Paleo-Asiatic ethnic group assimilated by the <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a>. </p><p>Mongolist <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kara" title="György Kara">György Kara</a> posits that the toponym <i>Siberia</i> is derived from a Mongolic word <i>sibir</i>, cognate with modern <a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a> <i>sheber</i> 'dense forest'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Siberia" title="Prehistory of Siberia">Prehistory of Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Siberia" title="History of Siberia">History of Siberia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">List of Russian explorers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg/300px-Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg/450px-Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg/600px-Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Horseman hunting, with characteristic <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_trappings" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse trappings">horse trappings</a>, southern Siberia, 280–180 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Siberia in <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> times formed the continent of <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia/Angaraland</a>, which fused to <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a> during the Late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, as part of the formation of <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a> were formed by one of the largest-known volcanic events of the last 251 million years of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_geological_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's geological history">Earth's geological history</a>. Their activity continued for a million years and some scientists consider it a possible cause of the "<a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Great Dying</a>" about 250 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region has <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontological</a> significance, as it contains bodies of <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> animals from the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a>, preserved in ice or <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>. Specimens of <a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_spelaea#Specimens" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera leo spelaea">Goldfuss cave lion cubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuka_(mammoth)" title="Yuka (mammoth)">Yuka</a> the mammoth and another <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oymyakon" title="Oymyakon">Oymyakon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhinoceros</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kolyma_(river)" title="Kolyma (river)">Kolyma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yukagir" title="Yukagir">Yukagir</a> have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Thesiberiantimes2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesiberiantimes2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remote <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula" title="Taymyr Peninsula">Taymyr Peninsula</a> are believed to have been the last places on Earth to support woolly mammoths as isolated populations until their extinction around 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least three species of humans lived in southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago: <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">H. sapiens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Denisovans" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woman_X_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woman_X-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, DNA evidence identified the last as a separate species.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late Paleolithic southern Siberians appear to be related to Paleolithic Europeans and the paleolithic <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_people" title="Jōmon people">Jōmon people</a> of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient DNA analysis has revealed that the oldest fossil known to carry the derived KITLG allele, which is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a> hair in modern Europeans, is a 17,000 year old <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> specimen from Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient North Eurasian populations genetically similar to <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Europeans, Ancient Central Asians, South Asians, and some East Asian groups (such as the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a>). Evidence from full genomic studies suggests that the first people in the Americas diverged from <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">Ancient East Asians</a> about 36,000 years ago and expanded northwards into Siberia, where they encountered and interacted with Ancient North Eurasians, giving rise to both <a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian peoples">Paleosiberian peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Native Americans</a>, which later migrated towards the Beringian region, became isolated from other populations, and subsequently populated the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choris,_Tschuktschen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Choris%2C_Tschuktschen.jpg/220px-Choris%2C_Tschuktschen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Choris%2C_Tschuktschen.jpg/330px-Choris%2C_Tschuktschen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Choris%2C_Tschuktschen.jpg/440px-Choris%2C_Tschuktschen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a>, one of many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Indigenous peoples of Siberia</a>. Representation of a Chukchi family by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Choris" title="Louis Choris">Louis Choris</a> (1816)</figcaption></figure> <p>During past millennia, different groups of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> – such as the <a href="/wiki/Enets" title="Enets">Enets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a> – inhabited various parts of Siberia. The <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tashtyk_culture" title="Tashtyk culture">Tashtyk cultures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a> valley and Altay Mountains are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> across Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proto-Mongol <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a> also occupied parts of the region. </p><p>In the 13th century, during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, the Mongols conquered a large part of this area.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a> was formed in the late-15th century. Turkic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakut</a> migrated north from the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> region under pressure from the Mongol tribes from the 13th to 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siberia remained a sparsely populated area. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">John F. Richards</a> wrote: "it is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Russian_exploration">Early Russian exploration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a></div> <p>The first mention of Siberia in chronicles is recorded in the year 1032.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city-state of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> established two trade routes to the <a href="/wiki/Ob_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob (river)">Ob River</a>, and laid claim to the lands the Russians called <i><a href="/wiki/Yugra" title="Yugra">Yugra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653The_Russians_named_it_Yugorskaia_Zemlitsa_(Yugor_Land_or_Yugra)..._The_Novgoroders_established_two_main_routes_to_Siberia..._to_the_lower_reaches_of_the_River_Ob_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653The_Russians_named_it_Yugorskaia_Zemlitsa_(Yugor_Land_or_Yugra)..._The_Novgoroders_established_two_main_routes_to_Siberia..._to_the_lower_reaches_of_the_River_Ob-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians were attracted by <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">its furs</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653The_Russians_were_attracted_to_Siberia_by_its_furs_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653The_Russians_were_attracted_to_Siberia_by_its_furs-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novgorod launched military campaigns to extract tribute from the local population, but often met resistance, such as two campaigns in 1187 and 1193 mentioned in chronicles that were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Novgorod was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a>, the newly emerging centralized Russian state also laid claim to the region, with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a> sending <a href="/wiki/Yugra_campaigns" title="Yugra campaigns">expeditionary forces to Siberia</a> in 1483 and 1499–1500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653After_Novgorod_had_been_annexed_by_the_newly_emerging_centralized_Russian_state_in_1478,_its_government,_located_in_Moscow,_tried_to_lay_claim_to_Yugor_Land_as_well..._In_1483_Prince_Ivan_III_sent_a_large_expeditionary_force_to_Siberia..._In_1499–1500_Ivan_III_sent_another_large_force_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653After_Novgorod_had_been_annexed_by_the_newly_emerging_centralized_Russian_state_in_1478,_its_government,_located_in_Moscow,_tried_to_lay_claim_to_Yugor_Land_as_well..._In_1483_Prince_Ivan_III_sent_a_large_expeditionary_force_to_Siberia..._In_1499–1500_Ivan_III_sent_another_large_force-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians received tribute, but contact with the tribes ceased after they left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653–54_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653–54-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growing power of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a> began to enter the area. The Russian army was directed to establish forts farther and farther east to protect new Russian settlers who migrated from Europe. Towns such as <a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tara,_Omsk_Oblast" title="Tara, Omsk Oblast">Tara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeniseysk" title="Yeniseysk">Yeniseysk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a> developed, the last becoming the <i>de facto</i> capital of Siberia from 1590. At this time, <i>Sibir</i> was the name of a fortress at <a href="/wiki/Qashliq" title="Qashliq">Qashliq</a>, near Tobolsk. <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a>, in a map published in 1595, marks <i>Sibier</i> both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Ob_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob (river)">Ob</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2017)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> contend that the <a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibe</a>, an Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic people</a>, offered fierce resistance to Russian expansion beyond the Urals. Some suggest that the term "Siberia" is a russification of their ethnonym.<sup id="cite_ref-manchus213_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchus213-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Siberian_Tsarstvo_1882.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Siberia, which was a part of the Russian Imperial Coat of Arms until 1917</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Siberian_route_english.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_Siberian_route_english.jpg/390px-Map_Siberian_route_english.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_Siberian_route_english.jpg/585px-Map_Siberian_route_english.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_Siberian_route_english.jpg/780px-Map_Siberian_route_english.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> Map of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Route" title="Siberian Route">Siberian Route</a> in the 18th century (<i>green</i>) and the early 19th century (<i>red</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid-17th century, Russia had established areas of control that extended to the Pacific Ocean. Some 230,000 Russians had settled in Siberia by 1709.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siberia became one of the destinations for sending internal <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiles</a>. Exile was the main Russian punitive practice with more than 800,000 people exiled during the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first great modern change in Siberia was the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>, constructed during 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly industrialising Russia of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1894–1917</span>). Around seven million Russians moved to Siberia from Europe between 1801 and 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1859 and 1917, more than half a million people migrated to the Russian Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siberia has extensive natural resources: during the 20th century, large-scale exploitation of these took place, and industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 7:15 a.m. on 30 June 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunguska Event">Tunguska Event</a> felled millions of trees near the <a href="/wiki/Podkamennaya_Tunguska" title="Podkamennaya Tunguska">Podkamennaya Tunguska River (Stony Tunguska River)</a> in central Siberia. Most scientists believe this resulted from the air burst of a meteor or a comet. Even though no <a href="/wiki/Crater" title="Crater">crater</a> has ever been found, the landscape in the (sparsely inhabited) area still bears the scars of this event.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg/220px-Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg/330px-Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg/440px-Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Siberian <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early decades of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (especially in the 1930s and 1940s), the government used the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> state agency to administer a system of penal <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camps</a>, replacing the previous <a href="/wiki/Katorga" title="Katorga">katorga</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to semi-official Soviet estimates, which did not become public until after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet government</a> in 1991, from 1929 to 1953 more than 14 million people passed through these camps and prisons, many of them in Siberia. Another seven to eight million people were <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">internally deported</a> to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities or ethnicities in several cases).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Half a million (516,841) prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At other periods, mortality was comparatively lower.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size, scope, and scale of the Gulag slave-labour camps remain subjects of much research and debate. Many Gulag camps operated in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The best-known clusters included <i><a href="/wiki/Sevvostlag" title="Sevvostlag">Sevvostlag</a></i> (<i>the North-East Camps</i>) along the <a href="/wiki/Kolyma_(river)" title="Kolyma (river)">Kolyma</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Norillag" title="Norillag">Norillag</a></i> near <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>, where 69,000 prisoners lived in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major industrial cities of Northern Siberia, such as Norilsk and <a href="/wiki/Magadan" title="Magadan">Magadan</a>, developed from camps built by prisoners and run by former prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography of Russia</a></div> <div style="float:right; margin:0em 0em 1.5em 1.5em; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 166px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic30deg_N60E60.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Topographic30deg_N60E60.png/166px-Topographic30deg_N60E60.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Topographic30deg_N60E60.png/249px-Topographic30deg_N60E60.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Topographic30deg_N60E60.png/332px-Topographic30deg_N60E60.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:42.14px; top:108.2px"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Ob" title="Gulf of Ob">Gulf of Ob</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-1.02px; top:75px"><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:88.62px; top:50.1px"><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:121.82px; top:108.2px"><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:27.2px; top:146.38px"><a href="/wiki/Ob_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob (river)">Ob</a></div> </div> </td> <td><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 166px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic30deg_N60E90.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Topographic30deg_N60E90.png/166px-Topographic30deg_N60E90.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Topographic30deg_N60E90.png/249px-Topographic30deg_N60E90.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Topographic30deg_N60E90.png/332px-Topographic30deg_N60E90.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:60.4px; top:71.68px"><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula" title="Taymyr Peninsula">Taymyr Peninsula</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:2.3px; top:51.76px"><a href="/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya">Severnaya Zemlya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:52.1px; top:16.9px"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:2.3px; top:116.5px"><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Plateau" title="Central Siberian Plateau">Central Siberian Plateau</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:5.62px; top:141.4px"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian Federal District</a></div> </div> </td> <td><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 166px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic30deg_N60E120.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Topographic30deg_N60E120.png/166px-Topographic30deg_N60E120.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Topographic30deg_N60E120.png/249px-Topographic30deg_N60E120.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Topographic30deg_N60E120.png/332px-Topographic30deg_N60E120.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:10.6px; top:116.5px"><a href="/wiki/Lena_(river)" title="Lena (river)">Lena</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:10.6px; top:154.68px"><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:2.3px; top:66.7px"><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:67.04px; top:83.3px"><a href="/wiki/New_Siberian_Islands" title="New Siberian Islands">New Siberian Islands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:98.58px; top:108.2px"><a href="/wiki/Kolyma" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:43.8px; top:128.12px"><a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk_Range" title="Verkhoyansk Range">Verkhoyansk Range</a></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 166px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic30deg_N30E60.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Topographic30deg_N30E60.png/166px-Topographic30deg_N30E60.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Topographic30deg_N30E60.png/249px-Topographic30deg_N30E60.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Topographic30deg_N30E60.png/332px-Topographic30deg_N30E60.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:2.3px; top:11.92px"><a href="/wiki/Urals_Federal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals Federal District">Urals Federal District</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:30.52px; top:55.08px"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:118.5px; top:0.3px"><a href="/wiki/Ob_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob (river)">Ob</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:77px; top:33.5px"><a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138.42px; top:50.1px"><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86.96px; top:89.94px"><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:5.62px; top:99.9px"><a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:88.62px; top:108.2px"><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90.28px; top:154.68px"><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:52.1px; top:124.8px"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:2.3px; top:141.4px"><a href="/wiki/Hindukush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindukush">Hindukush</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:126.8px; top:139.74px"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan</a></div> </div> </td> <td><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 166px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic30deg_N30E90.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Topographic30deg_N30E90.png/166px-Topographic30deg_N30E90.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Topographic30deg_N30E90.png/249px-Topographic30deg_N30E90.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Topographic30deg_N30E90.png/332px-Topographic30deg_N30E90.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:68.7px; top:33.5px"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:60.4px; top:66.7px"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:77px; top:88.28px"><a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86.96px; top:108.2px"><a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:118.5px; top:141.4px"><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Plain" title="Yangtze Plain">Yangtze Plain</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:3.96px; top:139.74px"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Plateau</a></div> </div> </td> <td><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 166px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic30deg_N30E120.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Topographic30deg_N30E120.png/166px-Topographic30deg_N30E120.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Topographic30deg_N30E120.png/249px-Topographic30deg_N30E120.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Topographic30deg_N30E120.png/332px-Topographic30deg_N30E120.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:0.64px; top:8.6px"><a href="/wiki/Stanovoy_Range" title="Stanovoy Range">Stanovoy Range</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:18.9px; top:63.38px"><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:27.2px; top:116.5px"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:111.86px; top:55.08px"><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86.96px; top:41.8px"><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:83.64px; top:20.22px"><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:77px; top:128.12px"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:100.24px; top:156.34px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><small>Physical map of Northern Asia<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(with parts of Central and East Asia)</span></small> </th></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88.jpg/330px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88.jpg/440px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>View from <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Хайыракан (гора)">Haiyrakan mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Altai, Lake Kutsherla in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The peninsula of Svyatoy Nos, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasyugan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/220px-Vasyugan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/330px-Vasyugan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vasyugan.jpg/440px-Vasyugan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>The river <a href="/wiki/Vasyugan" title="Vasyugan">Vasyugan</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_(24231533812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg/220px-Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg/330px-Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg/440px-Kamchatka_Volcano_Koryaksky_%2824231533812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5874" data-file-height="3671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koryaksky" title="Koryaksky">Koryaksky</a> volcano towering over <a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Siberia spans an area of 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), covering the vast majority of Russia's total territory, and almost 9% of Earth's land surface (148,940,000 km<sup>2</sup>, 57,510,000 sq mi). It geographically falls in Asia, but is culturally and politically considered European, since it is a part of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major geographical zones within Siberia include the <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Plateau" title="Central Siberian Plateau">Central Siberian Plateau</a>. </p><p>Eastern and central <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a> comprises numerous north–south mountain ranges of various ages. These mountains extend up to almost 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. The <a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk_Range" title="Verkhoyansk Range">Verkhoyansk Range</a> was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are numerous valleys, many of them deep and covered with <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch</a> forest, except in the extreme north where the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> dominates. Soils are mainly turbels (a type of <a href="/wiki/Gelisol" title="Gelisol">gelisol</a>). The active layer tends to be less than one metre deep, except near rivers. </p><p>The highest point in Siberia is the active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> <a href="/wiki/Klyuchevskaya_Sopka" title="Klyuchevskaya Sopka">Klyuchevskaya Sopka</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>. Its peak reaches 4,750 metres (15,580 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountain_ranges">Mountain ranges</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadyr_Highlands" title="Anadyr Highlands">Anadyr Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Mountains" title="Baikal Mountains">Baikal Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban" title="Khamar-Daban">Khamar-Daban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersky_Range" title="Chersky Range">Chersky Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Mountains" title="Chukotka Mountains">Chukotka Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhugdzhur_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhugdzhur Mountains">Dzhugdzhur Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma_Mountains" title="Kolyma Mountains">Kolyma Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryak_Mountains" title="Koryak Mountains">Koryak Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannu-Ola_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannu-Ola Mountains">Tannu-Ola Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Verkhoyansk Mountains">Verkhoyansk Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablonoi_Mountains" title="Yablonoi Mountains">Yablonoi Mountains</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geomorphological_regions">Geomorphological regions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Plateau" title="Central Siberian Plateau">Central Siberian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Yakutian_Lowland" title="Central Yakutian Lowland">Central Yakutian Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Lowland" title="East Siberian Lowland">East Siberian Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Mountains" title="East Siberian Mountains">East Siberian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Siberian_Lowland" title="North Siberian Lowland">North Siberian Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Siberian_Mountains" title="South Siberian Mountains">South Siberian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="West Siberian Lowland">West Siberian Lowland</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakes_and_rivers">Lakes and rivers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rivers_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers in Russia">Rivers in Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazeya" title="Alazeya">Alazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabar_(river)" title="Anabar (river)">Anabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara" title="Angara">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigirka" title="Indigirka">Indigirka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma_(river)" title="Kolyma (river)">Kolyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_(river)" title="Lena (river)">Lena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhnyaya_Tunguska" title="Nizhnyaya Tunguska">Nizhnyaya Tunguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Reservoir" title="Novosibirsk Reservoir">Novosibirsk Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ob_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob (river)">Ob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podkamennaya_Tunguska" title="Podkamennaya Tunguska">Podkamennaya Tunguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popigay_(river)" title="Popigay (river)">Popigay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Angara" title="Upper Angara">Upper Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Nuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvs Nuur">Uvs Nuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(river)" title="Yana (river)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grasslands">Grasslands</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a>—part of a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <p>The West Siberian Plain, consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> alluvial deposits, is somewhat flat. In the mid-Pleistocene, many deposits on this plain resulted from <a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">ice dams</a> which produced a large <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">glacial lake</a>. This mid- to late-<a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> lake blocked the northward flow of the <a href="/wiki/Ob_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob (river)">Ob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a> rivers, resulting in a redirection southwest into the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral</a> seas via the <a href="/wiki/Turgai_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgai Valley">Turgai Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area is very swampy, and soils are mostly peaty <a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">histosols</a> and, in the treeless northern part, <a href="/wiki/Histels" class="mw-redirect" title="Histels">histels</a>. In the south of the plain, where <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a> formed the original vegetation, most of which is no longer visible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (April 2015)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/220px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/330px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg/440px-2006-07_altaj_belucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belukha_Mountain" title="Belukha Mountain">Belukha Mountain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakutia_-_DSC_6164.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yakutia_-_DSC_6164.jpg/220px-Yakutia_-_DSC_6164.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yakutia_-_DSC_6164.jpg/330px-Yakutia_-_DSC_6164.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yakutia_-_DSC_6164.jpg/440px-Yakutia_-_DSC_6164.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4667" data-file-height="3111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk_Range" title="Verkhoyansk Range">Verkhoyansk Range</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Central Siberian Plateau is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">craton</a> (sometimes named <i>Angaraland</i>) that formed an independent <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberian continent</a>). It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, and ores of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>. Much of the area includes the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous province</a>. A massive eruptive period approximately coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>. The volcanic event is one of the largest known <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Earth">Earth's history</a>. Only the extreme northwest was <a href="/wiki/Glaciated" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciated">glaciated</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost, and the only <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Larch" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Larch">Siberian Larch</a> (<i>Larix sibirica</i>) with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> is dominant, covering a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soils here are mainly <a href="/wiki/Gelisol" title="Gelisol">turbels</a>, giving way to <a href="/wiki/Spodosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Spodosols">spodosols</a> where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice-content lower. </p><p>The <i>Lena-Tunguska petroleum province</i> includes the Central Siberian platform (some authors refer to it as the "Eastern Siberian platform"), bounded on the northeast and east by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Carboniferous">Late Carboniferous</a> through <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Verkhoyansk <a href="/wiki/Foldbelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldbelt">foldbelt</a>, on the northwest by the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> Taymr foldbelt, and on the southeast, south and southwest by the Middle <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle Devonian</a> Baykalian foldbelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyerhof_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyerhof-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup> A regional geologic reconnaissance study begun in 1932 and followed by surface and subsurface mapping revealed the Markova-Angara Arch (<a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticline</a>). This led to the discovery of the Markovo Oil Field in 1962 with the Markovo—1 well, which produced from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cambrian">Early Cambrian</a> Osa Horizon <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">bar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> at a depth of 2,156 metres (7,073 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Meyerhof_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyerhof-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 243">: 243 </span></sup> The <i>Sredne-Botuobin Gas Field</i> was discovered in 1970, producing from the Osa and the <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> Parfenovo Horizon.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyerhof_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyerhof-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup> The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971, producing from the <a href="/wiki/Vendian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendian">Vendian</a> Yaraktin Horizon at depths of up to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft), which lies below <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lower_Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Jurassic">Lower Jurassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">basalt traps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyerhof_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyerhof-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuysumy_mountains_and_Torgashinsky_range._View_from_viewing_platform_on_Kashtakovskaya_path_(Stolby_reserve,_Krasnoyarsk_city)_4Y1A8757_(28363120875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kuysumy_mountains_and_Torgashinsky_range._View_from_viewing_platform_on_Kashtakovskaya_path_%28Stolby_reserve%2C_Krasnoyarsk_city%29_4Y1A8757_%2828363120875%29.jpg/220px-Kuysumy_mountains_and_Torgashinsky_range._View_from_viewing_platform_on_Kashtakovskaya_path_%28Stolby_reserve%2C_Krasnoyarsk_city%29_4Y1A8757_%2828363120875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kuysumy_mountains_and_Torgashinsky_range._View_from_viewing_platform_on_Kashtakovskaya_path_%28Stolby_reserve%2C_Krasnoyarsk_city%29_4Y1A8757_%2828363120875%29.jpg/330px-Kuysumy_mountains_and_Torgashinsky_range._View_from_viewing_platform_on_Kashtakovskaya_path_%28Stolby_reserve%2C_Krasnoyarsk_city%29_4Y1A8757_%2828363120875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kuysumy_mountains_and_Torgashinsky_range._View_from_viewing_platform_on_Kashtakovskaya_path_%28Stolby_reserve%2C_Krasnoyarsk_city%29_4Y1A8757_%2828363120875%29.jpg/440px-Kuysumy_mountains_and_Torgashinsky_range._View_from_viewing_platform_on_Kashtakovskaya_path_%28Stolby_reserve%2C_Krasnoyarsk_city%29_4Y1A8757_%2828363120875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Siberian <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_vegetation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Russia_vegetation.png" decoding="async" width="533" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#c0c0c0; color:#c0c0c0;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar desert</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#9fd6c9; color:#9fd6c9;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#a7bddb; color:#a7bddb;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#006d64; color:#006d64;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#3c9798; color:#3c9798;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Montane_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forest">montane forest</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#a4e05d; color:#a4e05d;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf forest">temperate broadleaf forest</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#f7ec6f; color:#f7ec6f;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate steppe">temperate steppe</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#9b8447; color:#9b8447;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Dry_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry steppe">dry steppe</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Vegetation</a> in Siberia mostly consists of <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> belt on the northern fringe, and a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">temperate forest</a> zone in the south.</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate of Siberia varies dramatically, but it typically has warm but short summers and long, brutally cold winters. On the north coast, north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, there is a very short (about one month long) summer. </p><p>Almost all the population lives in the south, along the route of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>. The climate in this southernmost part is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Köppen <i>Dfa/Dfb</i> or <i>Dwa/Dwb</i>) with cold winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least four months. The annual average temperature is about 0.5 °C (32.9 °F). January averages about −20 °C (−4 °F) and July about +19 °C (66 °F), while daytime temperatures in summer typically exceed 20 °C (68 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly fertile <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">chernozem</a> soils, southern Siberia is good enough for profitable <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, as was demonstrated in the early 20th century. </p><p>By far the most commonly occurring climate in Siberia is continental <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> (Koppen <i>Dfc</i>, <i>Dwc</i>, or <i>Dsc</i>), with the annual average temperature about −5 °C (23 °F) and an average for January of −25 °C (−13 °F) and an average for July of +17 °C (63 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this varies considerably, with a July average about 10 °C (50 °F) in the taiga–tundra <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">business</a>-oriented website and blog <i>Business Insider</i> lists <a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk" title="Verkhoyansk">Verkhoyansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oymyakon" title="Oymyakon">Oymyakon</a>, in Siberia's <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>, as being in competition for the title of the Northern Hemisphere's <i><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oymyakon" title="Oymyakon">Oymyakon</a> is a village which recorded a temperature of −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) on 6 February 1933. <a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk" title="Verkhoyansk">Verkhoyansk</a>, a town further north and further inland, recorded a temperature of −69.8 °C (−93.6 °F) for three consecutive nights: 5, 6 and 7 February 1933. Each town is alternately considered the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold – the coldest inhabited point in the Northern hemisphere. Each town also frequently reaches 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer, giving them, and much of the rest of Russian Siberia, the world's greatest temperature variation between summer's highs and winter's lows, often well over 94–100+ °C (169–180+ °F) between the seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, or Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East (<a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai">Chita</a>) where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate (Köppen <i>Dfd</i>, <i>Dwd</i>, or <i>Dsd</i>) prevails. But summer temperatures in other regions can reach +38 °C (100 °F). In general, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a> is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Yana_(river)" title="Yana (river)">Yana</a> has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching 1,493 metres (4,898 ft). Nevertheless, Imperial Russian plans of settlement never viewed cold as an impediment. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a>, so winds are usually light in the winter. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> in Siberia is generally low, exceeding 500 millimetres (20 in) only in <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka</a>, where moist winds flow from the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a> onto high mountains – producing the region's only major <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, though volcanic eruptions and low summer temperatures allow only limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high also in most of <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorye</a> in the extreme south, where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, Siberia's largest city </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.2<br />(10.0) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.3<br />(13.5) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.9<br />(16.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.2<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.7<br />(5.5) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br />(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.7<br />(9.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.1<br />(−4.2) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.1<br />(−2.4) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.8<br />(10.8) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.1<br />(15.6) </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.4<br />(2.5) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">442<br />(17.4) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-Гидрометцентр_России_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Гидрометцентр_России-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_warming">Global warming</h4></div> <p>Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at <a href="/wiki/Tomsk_State_University" title="Tomsk State University">Tomsk State University</a> and Judith Marquand at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, warn that <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">Western Siberia</a> has begun to thaw as a result of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. The frozen <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bogs</a> in this region may hold billions of tons of <a href="/wiki/Methane_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane gas">methane gas</a>, which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">22 times more powerful</a> than <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 a research expedition for the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a> detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the atmosphere above the Siberian <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, likely the result of <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrates</a> being released through holes in a frozen "lid" of seabed <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> around the outfall of the <a href="/wiki/Lena_(river)" title="Lena (river)">Lena</a> and the area between the <a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1988, experimentation at <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_Park" title="Pleistocene Park">Pleistocene Park</a> has proposed to restore the grasslands of prehistoric times by conducting research on the effects of large herbivores on permafrost, suggesting that animals, rather than climate, maintained the past ecosystem. The nature reserve park also conducts climatic research on the changes expected from the reintroduction of grazing animals or large herbivores, hypothesizing that a transition from <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> to grassland would lead to a net change in energy emission to absorption ratios.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimov_2005:_Pleistocene_Park:_Return_of_the_Mammoth's_Ecosystem._Science_Mag._65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimov_2005:_Pleistocene_Park:_Return_of_the_Mammoth's_Ecosystem._Science_Mag.-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Vasily Kryuchkov, approximately 31,000 square kilometers of the Russian Arctic has subjected to severe environmental disturbance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Russia" title="List of birds of Russia">List of birds of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrao_urogallus_(mating_display)_(26738644457).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tetrao_urogallus_%28mating_display%29_%2826738644457%29.jpg/220px-Tetrao_urogallus_%28mating_display%29_%2826738644457%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tetrao_urogallus_%28mating_display%29_%2826738644457%29.jpg/330px-Tetrao_urogallus_%28mating_display%29_%2826738644457%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tetrao_urogallus_%28mating_display%29_%2826738644457%29.jpg/440px-Tetrao_urogallus_%28mating_display%29_%2826738644457%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tetrao" title="Tetrao">Capercaillies</a> inhabit much of the Siberian <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Galliformes">Order <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_Phasianidae">Family <a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_grouse" title="Hazel grouse">Hazel grouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_grouse" title="Siberian grouse">Siberian grouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">Black grouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-billed_capercaillie" title="Black-billed capercaillie">Black-billed capercaillie</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_capercaillie" title="Western capercaillie">Western capercaillie</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_ptarmigan" title="Willow ptarmigan">Willow ptarmigan</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Rock ptarmigan</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daurian_partridge" title="Daurian partridge">Daurian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Grey partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_snowcock" title="Altai snowcock">Altai snowcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_quail" title="Japanese quail">Japanese quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_quail" title="Common quail">Common quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Russia" title="List of mammals of Russia">List of mammals of Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Artiodactyla">Order <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">Artiodactyla</a></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camel1111111_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Camel1111111_01.jpg/220px-Camel1111111_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Camel1111111_01.jpg/330px-Camel1111111_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Camel1111111_01.jpg/440px-Camel1111111_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddled</a> <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camels</a> <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">shedding</a> their <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">coats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai mountain range</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskox</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Begichev_Island" title="Bolshoy Begichev Island">Bolshoy Begichev Island</a> in Laptev Sea</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">Wisent (European bison)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_wapiti" title="Manchurian wapiti">Manchurian wapiti</a><sup id="cite_ref-Geist_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer</a><sup id="cite_ref-iucn2008Nyambayar_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn2008Nyambayar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Carnivora">Order <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_Canidae">Family <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a></h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Grey wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_wolf" title="Tundra wolf">Tundra wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_Felidae">Family <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a></h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg/220px-Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg/330px-Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg/440px-Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3222" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tigress</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cub" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cub">cub</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_leopard" title="Amur leopard">Amur leopard</a><sup id="cite_ref-Uphyrkina2002_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uphyrkina2002-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tiger</a><sup id="cite_ref-iucn2011Miquelle_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn2011Miquelle-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallas cat">Pallas cat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_Mustelidae">Family <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian river otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_Ursidae">Family <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a></h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamchatka_Brown_Bear_near_Dvuhyurtochnoe_on_2015-07-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamchatka_Brown_Bear_near_Dvuhyurtochnoe_on_2015-07-23.jpg/220px-Kamchatka_Brown_Bear_near_Dvuhyurtochnoe_on_2015-07-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamchatka_Brown_Bear_near_Dvuhyurtochnoe_on_2015-07-23.jpg/330px-Kamchatka_Brown_Bear_near_Dvuhyurtochnoe_on_2015-07-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamchatka_Brown_Bear_near_Dvuhyurtochnoe_on_2015-07-23.jpg/440px-Kamchatka_Brown_Bear_near_Dvuhyurtochnoe_on_2015-07-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_brown_bear" title="Kamchatka brown bear">Kamchatka brown bear</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a><sup id="cite_ref-iucn2008Garshelis_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn2008Garshelis-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a><sup id="cite_ref-iucn2008McLellan_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn2008McLellan-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Siberia" title="Category:Flora of Siberia">Category:Flora of Siberia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kem-004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kem-004.jpg/220px-Kem-004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kem-004.jpg/330px-Kem-004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kem-004.jpg/440px-Kem-004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Siberian larch <i>Larix sibirica</i> trees in summer. <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsk_Alatau_Nature_Reserve" title="Kuznetsk Alatau Nature Reserve">Kuznetsk Alatau Nature Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo Oblast</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Larix_sibirica" title="Larix sibirica">Larix sibirica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larix_gmelinii" title="Larix gmelinii">Larix gmelinii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_obovata" title="Picea obovata">Picea obovata</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-iucn2013_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_pumila" title="Pinus pumila">Pinus pumila</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-iucn2011Farjon_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn2011Farjon-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_sovereign_states_in_Siberia">Notable <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a> in Siberia</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a> (1st–3rd century CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> (6th–7th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> (7th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> (7th–8th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (13th–14th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a> (1468–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (1598–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1721–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> (1917–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</a> (1918–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a> (1920–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuvan People's Republic</a> (1921–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (1922–1991)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> (1991–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borders_and_administrative_division">Borders and administrative division</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siberian_Cities_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Siberian_Cities_Map.svg/400px-Siberian_Cities_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Siberian_Cities_Map.svg/600px-Siberian_Cities_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Siberian_Cities_Map.svg/800px-Siberian_Cities_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Siberian_Cities_Map.svg">Map of the most populated area of Siberia</a> with clickable city names (SVG)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg/400px-Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg/600px-Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg/800px-Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg">Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th century</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Siberia" has both a long history and wide significance, and association. The understanding, and association of "Siberia" have gradually changed during the ages. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia and North Kazakhstan to the east of <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>. According to this definition, Siberia extended eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the national borders of both Mongolia and China.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet-era sources (<i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> and others)<sup id="cite_ref-bse_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern Russian ones<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> between <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a> drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. By this definition, Siberia includes the <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian Federal District</a>, and some of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_District" title="Ural Federal District">Ural Federal District</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha (Yakutia) Republic</a>, which is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern Federal District</a>. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition excludes <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a>, both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia. </p><p>Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East), as well as all Northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> is its subregion in the south-west<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russian, 'Siberia' is commonly used as a substitute for the name of the federal district by those who live in the district itself, but less commonly used to denote the federal district by people residing outside of it. Due to the different interpretations of Siberia, starting from <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai">Chita</a>, the territory generally defined as 'Siberia', some people will define themselves as 'Siberian', while others not. </p><p>A number of factors in recent years, including the fomenting of Siberian separatism have made the definition of the territory of Siberia a potentially controversial subject.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eastern extent of Siberia there are territories which are not clearly defined as either Siberia or the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Far East</a>, making the question of "what is Siberia?" one with no clear answer, and what is a "Siberian", one of <a href="/wiki/Self-identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identification">self-identification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%804.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%804.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%804.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> is the largest city in Siberia</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Subjects_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a> of Siberia (GSE) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject </th> <th>Administrative center </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_District" title="Ural Federal District">Ural Federal District</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yugra.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yugra.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yugra.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk" title="Khanty-Mansiysk">Khanty-Mansiysk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kurgan_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurgan,_Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tyumen_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yamal-Nenets_Autonomous_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salekhard" title="Salekhard">Salekhard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian Federal District</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg/46px-Flag_of_Altai_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnaul" title="Barnaul">Barnaul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altaysk" title="Gorno-Altaysk">Gorno-Altaysk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg/46px-Flag_of_Irkutsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="658" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abakan" title="Abakan">Abakan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kemerovo_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo" title="Kemerovo">Kemerovo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Novosibirsk_oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Novosibirsk_oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Novosibirsk_oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Novosibirsk_oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Novosibirsk_oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Novosibirsk_oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Omsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tomsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern Federal District</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yakutia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakutia">Sakha (Yakutia)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zabaykalsky_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky Krai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai">Chita</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA,_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/220px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/330px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/440px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amur_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur river">Amur</a> waterfront in <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg/220px-VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg/330px-VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg/440px-VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%282%29.JPG/220px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%282%29.JPG/330px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%282%29.JPG/440px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a> is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a> of Siberia (in wide sense) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject </th> <th>Administrative center </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern Federal District</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Amur_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Chukotka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chukotka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Chukotka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chukotka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Chukotka.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chukotka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anadyr_(town)" title="Anadyr (town)">Anadyr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kamchatka_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka Krai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Khabarovsk_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Magadan_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magadan" title="Magadan">Magadan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Primorsky_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="377" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sakhalin_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast" title="Sakhalin Oblast">Sakhalin Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk" title="Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk">Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_District" title="Ural Federal District">Ural Federal District</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> <p>The most populous city of Siberia, as well as the third most populous city of Russia, is the city of <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>. Present-day Novosibirsk is an important business, science, manufacturing and cultural center of the Asian part of Russia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> serving as a provisional Russian capital, as well in the expansion into and governing of <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. In addition to its cultural status, it has become a major oil-refining, education, transport and agriculture hub. </p><p>Other historic cities of Siberia include <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a> (the first capital and the only <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk_Kremlin" title="Tobolsk Kremlin">kremlin</a> in Siberia), <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a> (formerly a wealthy merchant's town) and <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> (former seat of Eastern Siberia's governor general, near lake Baikal). </p><p>Other major cities include: <a href="/wiki/Barnaul" title="Barnaul">Barnaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemerovo" title="Kemerovo">Kemerovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novokuznetsk" title="Novokuznetsk">Novokuznetsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>. </p><p>Wider definitions of geographic Siberia also include the cities of: <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> in the Urals, <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> in the Russian Far East, and even <a href="/wiki/Petropavl" title="Petropavl">Petropavlovsk</a> in Kazakhstan and <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif/220px-RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif/330px-RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif/440px-RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> pipelines in use</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> is the largest by population and the most important city for the Siberian economy; with an extra boost since 2000 when it was designated a regional center for the executive bureaucracy (<a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian Federal District</a>). <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> is a historic and currently the second largest city in the region, and since 1950s hosting Russia's largest oil refinery, the <a href="/wiki/Omsk_Refinery" title="Omsk Refinery">Omsk Refinery</a>. </p><p>Siberia is extraordinarily rich in <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, containing ores of almost all economically valuable <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>. It has some of the world's largest deposits of <a href="/wiki/Norilsk#Norilsk-Talnakh_nickel_deposits" title="Norilsk">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">diopside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, as well as extensive unexploited resources of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 70% of Russia's developed <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">oil fields</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk" title="Khanty-Mansiysk">Khanty-Mansiysk</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia contains about 40% of the world's known resources of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a> deposit in Siberia. <a href="/wiki/Norilsk_Nickel" title="Norilsk Nickel">Norilsk Nickel</a> is the world's biggest nickel and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> producer.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Siberian_agriculture" title="Siberian agriculture">Siberian agriculture</a> is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the region. However, in the southwest where soils consist of exceedingly fertile black earths and the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the <a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">podzolic</a> soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Reindeer_herding" title="Reindeer herding">herding of reindeer</a> in the tundra—which has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Siberia has the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>. Timber remains an important source of revenue, even though many forests in the east have been logged much more rapidly than they are able to recover. The <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a> is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal ranges</a>, and thus Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reported in 2009, the development of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">renewable energy in Russia</a> is held back by the lack of a conducive government policy framework,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siberia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Siberia still offers special opportunities for off-grid renewable energy developments. Remote parts of Siberia are too costly to connect to central electricity and gas grids, and have therefore historically been supplied with costly diesel, sometimes flown in by helicopter. In such cases renewable energy is often cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pujacs_and_Safronov_2011-12-04_Amur-Sibir_KHL-game.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pujacs_and_Safronov_2011-12-04_Amur-Sibir_KHL-game.jpeg/220px-Pujacs_and_Safronov_2011-12-04_Amur-Sibir_KHL-game.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pujacs_and_Safronov_2011-12-04_Amur-Sibir_KHL-game.jpeg/330px-Pujacs_and_Safronov_2011-12-04_Amur-Sibir_KHL-game.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pujacs_and_Safronov_2011-12-04_Amur-Sibir_KHL-game.jpeg/440px-Pujacs_and_Safronov_2011-12-04_Amur-Sibir_KHL-game.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">KHL</a> game <a href="/wiki/HC_Sibir_Novosibirsk" title="HC Sibir Novosibirsk">HC Sibir Novosibirsk</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Amur_Khabarovsk" title="Amur Khabarovsk">Amur Khabarovsk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/BC_Yenisey_Krasnoyarsk" class="mw-redirect" title="BC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk">Yenisey Krasnoyarsk</a> basketball team has played in the <a href="/wiki/VTB_United_League" title="VTB United League">VTB United League</a> since 2011–12. </p><p>Russia's third most popular sport, <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is important in Siberia. In the <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Russian_Bandy_Super_League" title="2015–16 Russian Bandy Super League">2015–16 Russian Bandy Super League season</a> <a href="/wiki/Yenisey_Krasnoyarsk_Bandy_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club">Yenisey</a> from <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> became champions for the third year in a row by beating <a href="/wiki/Baykal-Energiya" title="Baykal-Energiya">Baykal-Energiya</a> from <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> in the final.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two or three more teams (depending on the definition of Siberia) play in the Super League, the <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Russian_Bandy_Super_League" title="2016–17 Russian Bandy Super League">2016–17</a> champions <a href="/wiki/SKA-Neftyanik_Khabarovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="SKA-Neftyanik Khabarovsk">SKA-Neftyanik</a> from <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Kuzbass_Kemerovo_Bandy_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzbass Kemerovo Bandy Club">Kuzbass</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kemerovo" title="Kemerovo">Kemerovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibselmash" title="Sibselmash">Sibselmash</a> from <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>. In 2007 Kemerovo got Russia's first indoor arena specifically built for bandy.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now Khabarovsk has the world's largest indoor arena specifically built for bandy, <a href="/wiki/Arena_Yerofey" title="Arena Yerofey">Arena Yerofey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was venue for Division A of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2018 Bandy World Championship">2018 World Championship</a>. In time for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2020 Bandy World Championship">2020 World Championship</a>, an indoor arena will be ready for use in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>. That one will also have a <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_rink" title="Speed skating rink">speed skating oval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> is also one of the centres of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Russia" title="Rugby union in Russia">Rugby in Russia</a>, with 2 of the largest clubs in the country, <a href="/wiki/Enisei-STM" class="mw-redirect" title="Enisei-STM">STM Enisei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasny_Yar_Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasny Yar Krasnoyarsk">Krasny Yar</a>, are both based in the city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2019_Winter_Universiade" title="2019 Winter Universiade">2019 Winter Universiade</a> was hosted by Krasnoyarsk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Siberia" title="Demographics of Siberia">Demographics of Siberia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Indigenous peoples of Siberia</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right"> <caption>Population of Siberia<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>Population</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> </td> <td align="right">18,235,471</td> <td align="right">86.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> </td> <td align="right">1,704,665</td> <td align="right">8.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> </td> <td align="right">454,312</td> <td align="right">2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</a> </td> <td align="right">131,430</td> <td align="right">0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Other </td> <td align="right">637,992</td> <td align="right">3.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,759,112</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,758,745</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">36,901,468</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,544,390</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">39,129,729</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−5.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,631,081</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,077,502</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Historical population of the Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts</td></tr></tbody></table><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">Russian Census of 2010</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern</a> Federal Districts, located entirely east of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, together have a population of about 25.6 million. <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a> Oblasts, which are geographically in Siberia but administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Urals_Federal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals Federal District">Urals Federal District</a>, together have a population of about 4.3 million. Thus, the whole region of Siberia (in the broadest usage of the term) is home to approximately 30 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a population density of about three people per square kilometre. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Scene_in_Tomsk_-_Russia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Street_Scene_in_Tomsk_-_Russia.JPG/220px-Street_Scene_in_Tomsk_-_Russia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Street_Scene_in_Tomsk_-_Russia.JPG/330px-Street_Scene_in_Tomsk_-_Russia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Street_Scene_in_Tomsk_-_Russia.JPG/440px-Street_Scene_in_Tomsk_-_Russia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>, one of the oldest Siberian cities, founded in 1604</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest ethnic group in Siberia is Slavic-origin <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, including their sub-ethnic group <a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a>, and russified <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Siberia" title="Ukrainians in Siberia">Ukrainians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> ethnicities make up the vast majority (over 85%) of the Siberian population. There are also other groups of Indigenous Siberian and non-Indigenous ethnic origin. A minority of the current population are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> or Turkic people (mainly <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East"> northern Indigenous people</a>. Slavic-origin Russians outnumber all of the Indigenous peoples combined, except in the Republics of <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a>. </p><p>According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> in Siberia, but of these, 300,000 are <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> who also settled in Siberia during periods of colonization and are thus also non-Indigenous Siberians, in contrast to the 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> which are Indigenous to Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Indigenous Siberians, the Mongol-speaking <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a>, numbering approximately 500,000, are the most numerous group in Siberia, and they are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryat Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Russia">2010 census</a> there were 478,085 indigenous Turkic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> Indigenous to Siberia include <a href="/wiki/Ket_people" title="Ket people">Kets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chukchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukchis">Chukchis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupiks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yukaghirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukaghirs">Yukaghirs</a>. </p><p>About seventy percent of Siberia's people live in cities, mainly in apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people also live in rural areas, in simple, spacious, log houses. <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the largest city in Siberia, with a population of about 1.6 million. <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> are the older, historical centers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khabarovsk_Transfiguration_Cathedral_2011-08_1314207088.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Khabarovsk_Transfiguration_Cathedral_2011-08_1314207088.jpg/170px-Khabarovsk_Transfiguration_Cathedral_2011-08_1314207088.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Khabarovsk_Transfiguration_Cathedral_2011-08_1314207088.jpg/255px-Khabarovsk_Transfiguration_Cathedral_2011-08_1314207088.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Khabarovsk_Transfiguration_Cathedral_2011-08_1314207088.jpg/340px-Khabarovsk_Transfiguration_Cathedral_2011-08_1314207088.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_Cathedral,_Khabarovsk" title="Transfiguration Cathedral, Khabarovsk">Transfiguration Cathedral, Khabarovsk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a variety of beliefs throughout Siberia, including <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>, other denominations of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian Federal District</a> alone has an estimation of 250,000 Muslims. An estimated 70,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union">Jews</a> live in Siberia,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Autonomous Region">Jewish Autonomous Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominant religious group is the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. </p><p>Tradition regards Siberia the archetypal home of <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> is popular.<sup id="cite_ref-locclass_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locclass-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These native sacred practices are considered by the tribes to be very ancient. There are records of Siberian tribal healing practices dating back to the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast territory of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods. These include: <a href="/wiki/Ak_Ana" title="Ak Ana">Ak Ana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anapel" title="Anapel">Anapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugady_Musun" title="Bugady Musun">Bugady Musun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kara Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaltesh-Anki" title="Khaltesh-Anki">Khaltesh-Anki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kini%27je" title="Kini'je">Kini'je</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ku%27urkil" title="Ku'urkil">Ku'urkil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nga_(god)" title="Nga (god)">Nga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu%27tenut" title="Nu'tenut">Nu'tenut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Num-Torum" title="Num-Torum">Num-Torum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_Pon" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukaghir Pon">Pon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pugu_(deity)" title="Pugu (deity)">Pugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todote" title="Todote">Todote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toko%27yoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Toko'yoto">Toko'yoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomam" title="Tomam">Tomam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xaya_Iccita" title="Xaya Iccita">Xaya Iccita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zonget" title="Zonget">Zonget</a>. Places with sacred areas include <a href="/wiki/Olkhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Olkhon">Olkhon</a>, an island in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <p>Many cities in northern Siberia, such as <a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a>, cannot be reached by road, as there are virtually none connecting from other major cities in Russia or Asia. Siberia can be reached through the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>. The Trans-Siberian Railway operates from Moscow in the west to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> in the east. Cities that are located far from the railway are reached by air or by the separate <a href="/wiki/Baikal%E2%80%93Amur_Mainline" title="Baikal–Amur Mainline">Baikal–Amur Railway</a> (BAM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stroganina" title="Stroganina">Stroganina</a> is a raw fish dish of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">Indigenous people</a> of northern Arctic Siberia made from raw, thin, long-sliced frozen fish.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a popular dish with native Siberians.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siberia is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Pelmeni" title="Pelmeni">pelmeni</a> dumpling; which in the winter are traditionally frozen and stored outdoors. In addition, there are various berry, nut and mushroom dishes making use of the riches of abundant nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg/32px-Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg/48px-Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg/64px-Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Siberia" title="Portal:Siberia">Siberia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunguska_Basin" title="Tunguska Basin">Tunguska Basin</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2023Estimate-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2023Estimate_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201134214/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2023_Site_.xlsx">"Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2023 г."</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2023_Site_.xlsx">the original</a> on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2023+%D0%B3.&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FPrPopul2023_Site_.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GDP_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx"><i>Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016–2022 гг.</i></a>, rosstat.gov.ru</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+2016%E2%80%932022+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.pub=rosstat.gov.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FVRP_s_1998.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Siberia">"Siberia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siberia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSiberia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-cities-in-siberia.html">"The Largest Cities in Siberia"</a>. August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Largest+Cities+in+Siberia&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-largest-cities-in-siberia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bse-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bse_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article101866.html">Сибирь — Большая советская энциклопедия</a> (The <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i>, in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aer.com/science-research/climate-weather/arctic-oscillation/">"Arctic Oscillation and Polar Vortex Analysis and Forecasts"</a>. Atmospheric and Environmental Research, <a href="/wiki/Verisk_Analytics" title="Verisk Analytics">Verisk Analytics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Oscillation+and+Polar+Vortex+Analysis+and+Forecasts&rft.pub=Atmospheric+and+Environmental+Research%2C+Verisk+Analytics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aer.com%2Fscience-research%2Fclimate-weather%2Farctic-oscillation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-culture_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood2010" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, A. J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPaLi1d1O4C&q=russian+culture"><i>Siberia: A Cultural History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199754182" title="Special:BookSources/9780199754182"><bdi>9780199754182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siberia%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199754182&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKPaLi1d1O4C%26q%3Drussian%2Bculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212344/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt">"ВПН-2010"</a>. <i>Perepis-2010.ru</i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perepis-2010.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%9F%D0%9D-2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis-2010.ru%2Fresults_of_the_census%2Fresult-december-2011.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315114013/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm">"ВПН-2010"</a>. <i>Gks.ru</i> (in Russian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gks.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%9F%D0%9D-2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Siberia">"Siberia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Siberia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSiberia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasputin1997" class="citation book cs1">Rasputin, Valentin (29 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fzchffZ3BFQC"><i>Siberia, Siberia</i></a>. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x">"Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>600</b> (7887): 86–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.600...86W">2021Natur.600...86W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04016-x">10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8636272">8636272</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34671161">34671161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Late+Quaternary+dynamics+of+Arctic+biota+from+ancient+environmental+genomics.&rft.volume=600&rft.issue=7887&rft.pages=86-92&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8636272%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34671161&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04016-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.600...86W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+M.W.&rft.au=Alsos%2C+I.g.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04016-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woman_X-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woman_X_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8583254.stm">DNA identifies new ancient human dubbed 'X-woman'</a>," BBC News. 25 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2020" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Michael P. (2020). <i>Archaeological Science</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521195225" title="Special:BookSources/9780521195225"><bdi>9780521195225</bdi></a>. <q>In early 2010, researchers published a complete mitochondrial genome sequence retrieved from a hominin excavated from the Denisova cave in Siberia....The results demonstrated that the Denisovan lineage diverged early from the modern humans and Neanderthals</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Science&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780521195225&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281036097">"Jomon Culture and the peopling of the Japanese archipelago: advancements in the fields of morphometrics and ancient DNA"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Jomon+Culture+and+the+peopling+of+the+Japanese+archipelago%3A+advancements+in+the+fields+of+morphometrics+and+ancient+DNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281036097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans2019-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans2019_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Gavin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB-9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT139"><i>Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race</i></a> (1 ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786076236" title="Special:BookSources/9781786076236"><bdi>9781786076236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skin+Deep%3A+Dispelling+the+Science+of+Race&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781786076236&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB-9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span>|</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaff2020" class="citation book cs1">Raff, Jennifer (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/jennifer-raff/origin/9781538749715/"><i>Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas</i></a>. Twelve. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5387-4971-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5387-4971-5"><bdi>978-1-5387-4971-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%3A+A+Genetic+History+of+the+Americas&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.isbn=978-1-5387-4971-5&rft.aulast=Raff&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twelvebooks.com%2Ftitles%2Fjennifer-raff%2Forigin%2F9781538749715%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapiens2022" class="citation web cs1">Sapiens (8 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/ancient-dna-native-americans/">"A Genetic Chronicle of the First Peoples in the Americas"</a>. <i>SAPIENS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAPIENS&rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Chronicle+of+the+First+Peoples+in+the+Americas&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft.au=Sapiens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapiens.org%2Farchaeology%2Fancient-dna-native-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians">"Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians"</a>. <i>Science</i>. AAAS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nomadic+herders+left+a+strong+genetic+mark+on+Europeans+and+Asians&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fnomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaumov2006a" class="citation book cs1">Naumov, Igor V. (2006a). "The Mongols in Siberia". In Collins, David Norman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4498YjPq6mgC"><i>The History of Siberia</i></a>. Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe. Translated by Collins, David Norman. London: Routledge. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134207039" title="Special:BookSources/9781134207039"><bdi>9781134207039</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>In 1207 Chinggis Khan sent his troops north under the command of his elder son Jochi to subjugate the 'forest peoples'. Jochi was able to do so in the space of three years. The only exception was the remote northern tribes. Most of Siberia became part of the Mongol Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mongols+in+Siberia&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Siberia&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+History+of+Russia+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781134207039&rft.aulast=Naumov&rft.aufirst=Igor+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4498YjPq6mgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakendorfNovgorodovOsakovskijDanilova2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pakendorf, B.; Novgorodov, I. N.; Osakovskij, V. L.; Danilova, A. B. P.; Protod'Jakonov, A. P.; Stoneking, M. (2006). "Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: Genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts". <i>Human Genetics</i>. <b>120</b> (3): 334–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-006-0213-2">10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16845541">16845541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31651899">31651899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+effects+of+prehistoric+migrations+in+Siberia%3A+Genetic+variation+and+the+origins+of+Yakuts&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=334-353&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31651899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16845541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-006-0213-2&rft.aulast=Pakendorf&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Novgorodov%2C+I.+N.&rft.au=Osakovskij%2C+V.+L.&rft.au=Danilova%2C+A.+B.+P.&rft.au=Protod%27Jakonov%2C+A.+P.&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA538">Richards, 2003</a> p. 538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaumov2006">Naumov 2006</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653The_Russians_named_it_Yugorskaia_Zemlitsa_(Yugor_Land_or_Yugra)..._The_Novgoroders_established_two_main_routes_to_Siberia..._to_the_lower_reaches_of_the_River_Ob-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653The_Russians_named_it_Yugorskaia_Zemlitsa_(Yugor_Land_or_Yugra)..._The_Novgoroders_established_two_main_routes_to_Siberia..._to_the_lower_reaches_of_the_River_Ob_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaumov2006">Naumov 2006</a>, p. 53, The Russians named it Yugorskaia Zemlitsa (Yugor Land or Yugra)... The Novgoroders established two main routes to Siberia... to the lower reaches of the River Ob.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653The_Russians_were_attracted_to_Siberia_by_its_furs-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653The_Russians_were_attracted_to_Siberia_by_its_furs_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaumov2006">Naumov 2006</a>, p. 53, The Russians were attracted to Siberia by its furs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653After_Novgorod_had_been_annexed_by_the_newly_emerging_centralized_Russian_state_in_1478,_its_government,_located_in_Moscow,_tried_to_lay_claim_to_Yugor_Land_as_well..._In_1483_Prince_Ivan_III_sent_a_large_expeditionary_force_to_Siberia..._In_1499–1500_Ivan_III_sent_another_large_force-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653After_Novgorod_had_been_annexed_by_the_newly_emerging_centralized_Russian_state_in_1478,_its_government,_located_in_Moscow,_tried_to_lay_claim_to_Yugor_Land_as_well..._In_1483_Prince_Ivan_III_sent_a_large_expeditionary_force_to_Siberia..._In_1499–1500_Ivan_III_sent_another_large_force_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaumov2006">Naumov 2006</a>, pp. 53, After Novgorod had been annexed by the newly emerging centralized Russian state in 1478, its government, located in Moscow, tried to lay claim to Yugor Land as well... In 1483 Prince Ivan III sent a large expeditionary force to Siberia... In 1499–1500 Ivan III sent another large force.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumov200653–54-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumov200653–54_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaumov2006">Naumov 2006</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/File:CEM-15-Asia-Mercator-1595-Russia-2533.jpg" title="File:CEM-15-Asia-Mercator-1595-Russia-2533.jpg">Asia ex magna Orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio & industria G.M. Iunioris</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_C._Goodlett" class="citation web cs1">Sean C. Goodlett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182349/http://falcon.fsc.edu/sgoodlett/courses/hist1100/lect08.html">"Russia's Expansionist Policies I. The Conquest of Siberia"</a>. Falcon.fsc.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://falcon.fsc.edu/sgoodlett/courses/hist1100/lect08.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Expansionist+Policies+I.+The+Conquest+of+Siberia&rft.pub=Falcon.fsc.edu&rft.au=Sean+C.+Goodlett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffalcon.fsc.edu%2Fsgoodlett%2Fcourses%2Fhist1100%2Flect08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21705305-prison-without-roof?fsrc=scn/tw/te/pe/ed/prisonwithoutaroof">Prison without a roof</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2010" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Adele Marie (2010). Barker, Adele Marie; Grant, Bruce (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B-jWhJMt_9EC"><i>The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i></a>. The World Readers. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822346487" title="Special:BookSources/9780822346487"><bdi>9780822346487</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Throughout Russian history there is a long-standing tradition of imprisoning and sentencing to internal exile (within the country proper) political and religious dissidents. [...] Among those sentenced to internal exile were [...] the Decembrists [...]. Several were executed; others were exiled to Siberia, the Far East, and Kazakhstan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russia+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.series=The+World+Readers&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780822346487&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Adele+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-jWhJMt_9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherTreadgold1958" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Raymond H.; Treadgold, Donald W. (1958). "Review: The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 989–990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1848991">10.2307/1848991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848991">1848991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Great+Siberian+Migration%3A+Government+and+Peasant+in+Resettlement+from+Emancipation+to+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=989-990&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1848991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1848991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Raymond+H.&rft.au=Treadgold%2C+Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC&pg=PA62">The Russian Far East: A History</a></i>. John J. Stephan (1996). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p.62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2701-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2701-5">0-8047-2701-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiona Hill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727">Russia — Coming In From the Cold?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424175110/http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727">Archived</a> 24 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Globalist" title="The Globalist">The Globalist</a>, 23 February 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farinella, Paolo; Foschini, L.; Froeschlé, Christiane; Gonczi, R.; Jopek, T. J.; Longo, G.; Michel, Patrick (2001). "Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body" (PDF). <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>377</b>(3): 1081–1097. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:2001A&A...377.1081F. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20011054">10.1051/0004-6361:20011054</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gG6cPY2RpzUC&pg=PA3"><i>The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Viola" title="Lynne Viola">Lynne Viola</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press US">Oxford University Press US</a>. p.3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518769-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518769-5">0-19-518769-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a> in "Victims of Stalinism: A Comment," <i>Europe-Asia Studies,</i> Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov. 1997), pp. 1317–1319 states: "We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added four to five million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zemskov, "Gulag," <i>Sociologičeskije issledovanija,</i> 1991, No. 6, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA206">Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1999. p. 206. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-07608-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-07608-7">0-674-07608-7</a> – "300,000 known deaths in the camps from 1934 to 1940."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Courtois and Kramer (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA239"><i>Livre noir du Communisme,</i> p.239. </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2003" class="citation web cs1">Chamberlain, Lesley (27 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlindo-correia.org/041003.html">"Dark side of the moon"</a>. Arlindo-correia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Today's major industrial cities of Noril'sk, Vorkuta, Kolyma and Magadan, were camps originally built by prisoners and run by ex-prisoners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dark+side+of+the+moon&rft.pub=Arlindo-correia.org&rft.date=2003-04-27&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlindo-correia.org%2F041003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070322160629/http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?list=type&type=83">"Altai: Saving the Pearl of Siberia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Environment" title="Pacific Environment">Pacific Environment</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?list=type&type=83">the original</a> on 22 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Environment&rft.atitle=Altai%3A+Saving+the+Pearl+of+Siberia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificenvironment.org%2Farticle.php%3Flist%3Dtype%26type%3D83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/lake.html">Lioubimtseva E.U., Gorshkov S.P. & Adams J.M.; <i>A Giant Siberian Lake During the Last Glacial: Evidence and Implications</i>; Oak Ridge National laboratory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213101647/http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/lake.html">Archived</a> 13 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Taiga?topic=58071"><i>Taiga</i>. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyerhof-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerhof_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerhof_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerhof_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerhof_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyerhof, A. A., 1980, "Geology and Petroleum Fields in Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian Strata, Lena-Tunguska Petroleum Province, Eastern Siberia, USSR", in <i>Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978</i>, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novosibirsk+climate&rft.pub=Worldclimate.com&rft.date=2007-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldclimate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdata.pl%3Fref%3DN55E082%2B1102%2B29634W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N54E073+1202+0004115G2">"Omsk climate"</a>. Worldclimate.com. 4 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=This+Tiny+Town+In+Russia+Is+The+Most+Miserable+Place+In+The+World&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Badkar&rft.aufirst=Mamta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fverkhoyansk-russia-most-miserable-place-2014-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Гидрометцентр_России-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Гидрометцентр_России_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627063054/http://meteoinfo.ru/NovosibirskClimat"><bdi lang="ru">Гидрометцентр России</bdi></a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoinfo.ru%2FNovosibirskClimat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Sample, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2005/aug/11/science.climatechange1">Warming hits 'tipping point'</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 11 August 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2008" class="citation news cs1">Connor, Steve (23 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-the-methane-time-bomb-938932.html">"Exclusive: The methane time bomb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rusbandy.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5+%22%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%22%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%22%2C+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA+%E2%80%93+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%E2%80%93+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F96%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/12317/">"Google Translate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.co.uk%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dru%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F12317%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2021_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Национальный состав населения"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian Federal District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf">Census 2010 official results (Russian)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228070637/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf">Archived</a> 28 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakhnonos2003" class="citation web cs1">Makhnonos, Maryna (4 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051255/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml">"Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life]"</a>. <i>The Ukrainian Weekly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Ukrainians+in+Russia%27s+Far+East+try+to+maintain+community+life%5D&rft.date=2003-05-04&rft.aulast=Makhnonos&rft.aufirst=Maryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Fold%2Farchive%2F2003%2F180304.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm">"Siberian tatars"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm">the original</a> on 27 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siberian+tatars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewasp.omskreg.ru%2Fhist%2Ffotatlas%2Frezumeen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,49709eae2,49749cc4c,0.html">World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Russian Federation: Buryats</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2eff2,49749cb441,0.html">World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Russian Federation: Yakuts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman2012" class="citation book cs1">Gutman, Garik (2012). <i>Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences</i>. Springer Netherlands. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400745698" title="Special:BookSources/9789400745698"><bdi>9789400745698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Environmental+Changes+in+Siberia+and+Their+Global+Consequences&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789400745698&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Garik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.novo-sibirsk.ru/">"Official website of the city of Novosibirsk"</a>. English.novo-sibirsk.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+city+of+Novosibirsk&rft.pub=English.novo-sibirsk.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.novo-sibirsk.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Arnold" title="Thomas Walker Arnold">Arnold, Thomas Walker</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arnouoft"><i>The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith</i></a>. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arnouoft/page/206">206</a>–207<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>Of the spread of Islam among the Tatars of Siberia, we have a few particulars. It was not until the latter half of the sixteenth century that it gained a footing in this country, but even before this period Muhammadan missionaries had from time to time made their way into Siberia with the hope of winning the heathen population over to the acceptance of their faith, but the majority of them met with a martyr's death. When Siberia came under Muhammadan rule, in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kuchum_Khan" title="Kuchum Khan">Kuchum Khan</a>, the graves of seven of these missionaries were discovered [...]. [...] Kuchum Khan [...] made every effort for the conversion of his subjects, and sent to Bukhara asking for missionaries to assist him in this pious undertaking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Preaching+of+Islam%3A+A+History+of+the+Propagation+of+the+Muslim+Faith&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+and+Company&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreachingofislam00arnouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827113526/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=136974">"Planting Jewish roots in Siberia"</a>. Fjc.ru. 24 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=136974">the original</a> on 27 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planting+Jewish+roots+in+Siberia&rft.pub=Fjc.ru&rft.date=2004-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.ru%2Fnews%2FnewsArticle.asp%3FAID%3D136974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0607/Why-some-Jews-would-rather-live-in-Siberia-than-Israel">Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. 7 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-locclass-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-locclass_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoppál 2005:13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/secrets-of-siberian-shamanism">"Secrets of Siberian Shamanism | New Dawn : The World's Most Unusual Magazine"</a>. <i>www.newdawnmagazine.com</i>. 16 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newdawnmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+Siberian+Shamanism+%7C+New+Dawn+%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Unusual+Magazine&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newdawnmagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fsecrets-of-siberian-shamanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasputinWinchellMikkelson1997" class="citation book cs1">Rasputin, V.; Winchell, M.; Mikkelson, G. 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Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science">Elsevier Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-378613-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-378613-5"><bdi>978-0-12-378613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Food+Safety&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science%2C+Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-12-378613-5&rft.aulast=Motarjemi&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rft.au=Moy%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Todd%2C+E.+C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmX1XAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaievskySquire1926" class="citation cs2">Baievsky, Borris; Squire, E.C. 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International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook&rft.pub=International+Work+Group+for+Indigenous+Affairs&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbeJAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kotkin, Stephen, and David Wolff, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rediscoveringrus00step"><i>Rediscovering Russia in Asia</i></a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Siberia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Siberia">"Siberia" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siberia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=10-18&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lincoln, W. Bruce (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestofcontin00linc"><i>The Conquest of a Continent</i></a>. Scholarly history.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1998" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Victor L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qEAjAQAAIAAJ"><i>Siberia: Worlds Apart</i></a>. Westview series on the post-Soviet republics (illustrated ed.). Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813312989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813312989"><bdi>978-0813312989</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siberia%3A+Worlds+Apart&rft.series=Westview+series+on+the+post-Soviet+republics&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0813312989&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Victor+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqEAjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaumov2006" class="citation book cs1">Naumov, Igor V. (22 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4498YjPq6mgC"><i>The History of Siberia</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20703-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20703-9"><bdi>978-1-134-20703-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Siberia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20703-9&rft.aulast=Naumov&rft.aufirst=Igor+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4498YjPq6mgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPesterev2015" class="citation book cs1">Pesterev, V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14482632"><i>Siberian frontier: the territory of fear</i></a>. Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siberian+frontier%3A+the+territory+of+fear&rft.pub=Royal+Geographical+Society+%28with+IBG%29%2C+London&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pesterev&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14482632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan1996" class="citation book cs1">Stephan, John J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC"><i>The Russian Far East: A History</i></a> (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804727013" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804727013"><bdi>978-0804727013</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Far+East%3A+A+History&rft.edition=Illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0804727013&rft.aulast=Stephan&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJce4rBWjG5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wood, Alan (ed.)(1991). <i>The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2011" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Alan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZZLAQAAQBAJ"><i>Russia's Frozen Frontier: A History of Siberia and the Russian Far East 1581–1991</i></a> (illustrated ed.). A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340971246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340971246"><bdi>978-0340971246</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Frozen+Frontier%3A+A+History+of+Siberia+and+the+Russian+Far+East+1581%E2%80%931991&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0340971246&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZZLAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiberia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Siberia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="d:Q5428">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316732881">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054780-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2018020107">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85122201">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939827w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939827w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sibiř (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130802&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810621830305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarjon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherTreadgold1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancfort2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarshelisSteinmetz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaywood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakhnonos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLellanProctorHuberMichel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiquelleDarmanSeryodkin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotarjemiMoyTodd2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMote1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaumov2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaumov2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyambayarMixTsytsulina2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOllermann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverland2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverlandKjaernet2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakendorfNovgorodovOsakovskijDanilova2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPankovaSimpson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPesterev2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasputin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasputinWinchellMikkelson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSapiens2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlindwein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSean_C._Goodlett\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUphyrkinaMiquelleQuigleyDriscoll2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValerius_Geist1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangPedersenAlsos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuHanLiaoLi2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 22,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dist\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 27,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend0\"] = 8,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Needs update\"] = 1,\n [\"Physical map of Siberia\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Qn\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Reliable source\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"Russia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Soviet Union topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"To USD\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Why?\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 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