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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Third Way</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_consultancies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_consultancies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Outside consultancies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_consultancies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_reflexivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_reflexivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theory of reflexivity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory_of_reflexivity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theory of reflexivity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_reflexivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_in_a_high_opportunity,_high_risk_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_in_a_high_opportunity,_high_risk_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Living in a high opportunity, high risk society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_in_a_high_opportunity,_high_risk_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Select_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Select_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Select bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Select_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_interviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_interviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Selected interviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_interviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthony Giddens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B2" title="أنتوني غيدنز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنتوني غيدنز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoni_Giddens" title="Entoni Giddens – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Entoni Giddens" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B2" title="آنتونی قیدنز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتونی قیدنز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Άντονι Γκίντενς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άντονι Γκίντενς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B2" title="آنتونی گیدنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتونی گیدنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4%EC%84%9C%EB%8B%88_%EA%B8%B0%EB%93%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="앤서니 기든스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앤서니 기든스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="אנתוני גידנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנתוני גידנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Энтони Гиденс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энтони Гиденс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B2" title="انتونى جيدنز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتونى جيدنز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="アンソニー・ギデンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンソニー・ギデンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%AB%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B2" title="آنتوني ګیدنز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آنتوني ګیدنز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гидденс, Энтони – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидденс, Энтони" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ентони Гиденс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ентони Гиденс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D2%90%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ентоні Ґіденс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ентоні Ґіденс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anthony Giddens" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E7%99%BB%E6%96%AF" title="安东尼·吉登斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安东尼·吉登斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%B4%80%E7%99%BB%E6%96%AF" title="安東尼·紀登斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安東尼·紀登斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%B4%80%E7%99%BB%E6%96%AF" title="安東尼·紀登斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安東尼·紀登斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British sociologist (born 1938)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Like_resume plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This biographical article <b>is written <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRESUME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRESUME">like a résumé</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit">help improve it</a> by revising it to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSBIO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOSBIO">encyclopedic</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">The Lord Giddens</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Academia_Europaea" title="Member of the Academia Europaea">MAE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence,_Budapest,_Hungary,_2004_October.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg/220px-Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg/330px-Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg/440px-Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1652" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Giddens in 2004</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Anthony Giddens</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1938-01-18</span>) </span>18 January 1938<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 86)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Tony Giddens</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Director of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (1996–2003)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull" title="University of Hull">University of Hull</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Sport and Society in Contemporary Britain</i> (1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Lockwood_(sociologist)" title="David Lockwood (sociologist)">David Lockwood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Norbert Elias</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Alfred Schütz">Alfred Schütz</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> </li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Dodd" title="Nigel Dodd">Nigel Dodd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Constitution_of_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Constitution of Society (page does not exist)">The Constitution of Society</a></i> (1984)</li><li><i>The Third Way</i> (1998)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_hermeneutic" title="Double hermeneutic">Double hermeneutic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duality_of_structure" title="Duality of structure">duality of structure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Structuration_theory" title="Structuration theory">structuration theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Third way">third way</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Archer" title="Margaret Archer">Margaret Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Barley" title="Stephen R. Barley">Stephen R. Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Helen A. Berger</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_J._McInnes" title="Colin J. McInnes">Colin J. McInnes</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Orlikowski" title="Wanda Orlikowski">Wanda Orlikowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Weeks_(sociologist)" title="Jeffrey Weeks (sociologist)">Jeffrey Weeks</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Academia_Europaea" title="Member of the Academia Europaea">MAE</a></span></span> (born 18 January 1938) is an English <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> who is known for his <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_structuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of structuration">theory of structuration</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a> view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern sociologists and is the author of at least 34 books, published in at least 29 languages, issuing on average more than one book every year. In 2007, Giddens was listed as the fifth most-referenced author of books in the humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has academic appointments in approximately twenty different universities throughout the world and has received numerous honorary degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His works are divided into four stages: </p><p>The first one involved outlining a new vision of what sociology is, presenting a theoretical and methodological understanding of that field based on a critical reinterpretation of the classics. His major publications of that era include <i>Capitalism and Modern Social Theory</i> (1971) and <i>The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies</i> (1973). </p><p>In the second stage, Giddens developed the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_structuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of structuration">theory of structuration</a>, an analysis of <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_agency" title="Structure and agency">agency and structure</a> in which primacy is granted to neither. His works of that period, such as <i>New Rules of Sociological Method</i> (1976), <i>Central Problems in Social Theory</i> (1979) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Constitution_of_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Constitution of Society (page does not exist)">The Constitution of Society</a></i> (1984), brought him international fame on the sociological arena. </p><p>The third stage of Giddens's academic work was concerned with <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, especially the impact of modernity on social and personal life. This stage is reflected by his critique of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">postmodernity</a> and discussions of a new "<a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a>-realist"<sup id="cite_ref-Halpin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halpin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> in politics which is visible in <i>The Consequences of Modernity</i> (1990), <i>Modernity and Self-Identity</i> (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Transformation_of_Intimacy" title="The Transformation of Intimacy">The Transformation of Intimacy</a></i> (1992), <i>Beyond Left and Right</i> (1994) and <i>The Third Way</i> (1998). </p><p>In the most recent stage, Giddens has turned his attention to a more concrete range of problems relevant to the evolution of world society, namely environmental issues, focusing especially upon debates about <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> in his book <i>The Politics of Climate Change</i> (2009); the role and nature of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in <i>Turbulent and Mighty Continent</i> (2014); and in a series of lectures and speeches also the nature and consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a>. </p><p>Giddens served as <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics#Director" title="London School of Economics">Director</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> from 1997 to 2003, where he is now Emeritus Professor at the Department of Sociology. He is a life fellow of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Open_Syllabus_Project" title="Open Syllabus Project">Open Syllabus Project</a>, Giddens is the most frequently cited author on college syllabi for sociology courses.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born on 18 January 1938, Giddens<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_London" title="Edmonton, London">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and grew up in a lower-middle-class family, son of a clerk with <a href="/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board" title="London Passenger Transport Board">London Transport</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Minchenden_Grammar_School" title="Minchenden Grammar School">Minchenden Grammar School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first member of his family to go to university. Giddens received his undergraduate academic degree in joint sociology and psychology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull" title="University of Hull">University of Hull</a> in 1959, followed by a master's degree at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> supervised by <a href="/wiki/David_Lockwood_(sociologist)" title="David Lockwood (sociologist)">David Lockwood</a> and Asher Tropp.<sup id="cite_ref-profiles_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profiles-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later gained a PhD at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>. In 1961, Giddens started working at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a> where he taught <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>. At Leicester, he met <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Norbert Elias</a> and began to work on his own theoretical position. In 1969, Giddens was appointed to a position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he later helped create the Social and Political Sciences Committee (SPS, now <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Human,_Social,_and_Political_Science,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Faculty of Human, Social, and Political Science, University of Cambridge">HSPS</a>). </p><p>Giddens worked for many years at Cambridge as a fellow of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College</a> and was eventually promoted to a full professorship in 1987. He is cofounder of <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity Press</a> (1985). From 1997 to 2003, he was Director of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> and a member of the advisory council of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a>. He was also associated with <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, but was not a direct advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also been a vocal participant in British political debates, supporting the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> with media appearances and articles (many of which are published in <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>). </p><p>He was given a <a href="/wiki/Life_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Life peerage">life peerage</a> in June 2004 as Baron Giddens, of <a href="/wiki/Southgate,_London" title="Southgate, London">Southgate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">London Borough of Enfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sits in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> for the Labour Party. He is the recipient of many academic honours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zero_11_(6375844539).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zero_11_%286375844539%29.jpg/220px-Zero_11_%286375844539%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zero_11_%286375844539%29.jpg/330px-Zero_11_%286375844539%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zero_11_%286375844539%29.jpg/440px-Zero_11_%286375844539%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption>Giddens at the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Zero_Emission_Resource_Organisation" title="Zero Emission Resource Organisation">Zero Emission Resource Organisation</a> conference</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giddens, the author of over 34 books and 200 articles, essays and reviews, has contributed and written about most notable developments in the area of social sciences, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">research design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Research method">methods</a>. He has written commentaries on most leading schools and figures and has used most <a href="/wiki/Sociological_paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological paradigm">sociological paradigms</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Microsociology" title="Microsociology">micro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrosociology" title="Macrosociology">macrosociology</a>. His writings range from abstract, metatheoretical problems to very direct and 'down-to-earth' textbooks for students. His textbook, Sociology (9th edition, Polity), has sold over 1 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, he is also known for his interdisciplinary approach. Giddens has commented not only on the developments in sociology, but also in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a> and most recently <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>. In view of his knowledge and works, one may view much of his life's work as a form of grand <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Synthesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Synthesis">synthesis</a> of sociological theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_sociology">Nature of sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nature of sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1976, most of Giddens' writings offered critical commentary on a wide range of writers, schools and traditions. Giddens took a stance against the then-dominant <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural functionalism</a> (represented by <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a>) as well as criticising <a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">evolutionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>. In <i>Capitalism and Modern Social Theory</i> (1971), he examined the work of <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, arguing that despite their different approaches each was concerned with the link between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social life</a>. Giddens emphasised the <a href="/wiki/Social_constructs" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructs">social constructs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions">institutions</a>, defining <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> as such: <span class="nowrap">"[T]he</span> study of social institutions brought into being by the industrial transformation of the past two or three centuries." </p><p>In <i>New Rules of Sociological Method</i> (1976), the title of which alludes to Durkheim's <i>Rules of the Sociological Method</i> of 1895, Giddens attempted to explain how sociology should be done and addressed a long-standing divide between those theorists who prioritise <a href="/wiki/Macrosociology" title="Macrosociology">macro-level</a> studies of social life—looking at the big picture of society—and those who emphasise the <a href="/wiki/Microsociology" title="Microsociology">micro level</a>—what everyday life means to individuals. In <i>New Rules</i>, he noted that the functionalist approach invented by Durkheim treated society as a reality unto itself not reducible to individuals. He rejected Durkheim's <a href="/wiki/Sociological_positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological positivism">sociological positivism</a> <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> which attempted to predict how societies operate, ignoring the meanings as understood by individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giddens noted: "Society only has form, and that form only has effects on people, insofar as structure is produced and reproduced in what people do."<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giddens contrasted Durkheim with Weber's approach—<a href="/wiki/Interpretative_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretative sociology">interpretative sociology</a>—focused on understanding <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a> and motives of <a href="/wiki/Individuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuals">individuals</a>. In his analysis, he rejects both of those approaches, stating that while society is not a collective reality, nor should the individual be treated as the central unit of analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, he uses the logic of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutic">hermeneutic</a> tradition from interpretative sociology to argue for the importance of agency in sociological theory, claiming that human social actors are always to some degree acknowledged about what they are doing. <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a> is therefore a result of some pre-planned social actions, not automatic evolutionary response. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural scientists</a>, sociologists have to interpret a social world which is already interpreted by the actors that inhabit it. According to Giddens, there is a <a href="/wiki/Duality_of_structure" title="Duality of structure">duality of structure</a> by which social practice, the principal unit of investigation, has both a structural and an agency-component. The structural environment constrains individual behaviour, but it also makes it possible. He also noted the existence of a specific form of a <a href="/wiki/Social_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cycle">social cycle</a>. Once sociological concepts are formed, they filter back into everyday world and change the way people think. Because social actors are reflexive and monitor the ongoing flow of activities and structural conditions, they adapt their actions to their evolving understandings. As a result, social scientific knowledge of society will actually change human activities. Giddens calls this two-tiered, interpretive and dialectical relationship between social scientific knowledge and human practices the <a href="/wiki/Double_hermeneutic" title="Double hermeneutic">double hermeneutic</a>. Giddens also stressed the importance of power, which is means to ends, and hence is directly involved in the actions of every person. Power, the transformative capacity of people to change the social and material world, is closely shaped by knowledge and <a href="/wiki/Space-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-time">space-time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation-State_and_Violence_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation-State_and_Violence-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>New Rules</i>, Giddens specifically wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Mestrovic_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mestrovic-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sociology is not about a pre-given universe of objects, the universe is being constituted—or produced by—the active doings of subjects.</li> <li>The production and reproduction of society thus has to be treated as a skilled performance on the part of its members.</li> <li>The realm of human agency is bounded. Individuals produce society, but they do so as historically located actors, and not under conditions of their own choosing.</li> <li>Structures must be conceptualised not only as constraints upon human agency, but as enablers as well.</li> <li>Processes of structuration involve an interplay of meanings, norms and power.</li> <li>The sociological observer cannot make social life available as phenomenon for observation independently of drawing upon his knowledge of it as a resource whereby he constitutes it as a topic for investigation.</li> <li>Immersion in a form of life is the necessary and only means whereby an observer is able to generate such characterisations.</li> <li>Sociological concepts thus obey a double hermeneutic.</li></ul> <p>In sum, the primary tasks of sociological analysis are the following: </p> <ol><li>The hermeneutic explication and mediation of divergent forms of life within descriptive <a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">metalanguages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>.</li> <li>Explication of the production and reproduction of society as the accomplished outcome of <a href="/wiki/Human_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Human agency">human agency</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structuration">Structuration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_structuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of structuration">Theory of structuration</a></div> <p>Giddens' <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_structuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of structuration">theory of structuration</a> explores the question of whether it is individuals or social forces that shape our social reality. He eschews extreme positions, arguing that although people are not entirely free to choose their own actions and their knowledge is limited, they nonetheless are the agency which reproduces the social structure and leads to social change. His ideas find an echo in the philosophy of the modernist poet <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a>, who suggests that we live in the tension between the shapes we take as the world acts upon us and the ideas of order that our imagination imposes upon the world. Giddens writes that the connection between structure and action is a fundamental element of social theory, <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_agency" title="Structure and agency">structure and agency</a> are a duality that cannot be conceived of apart from one another and his main argument is contained in his expression <i><a href="/wiki/Duality_of_structure" title="Duality of structure">duality of structure</a></i>. At a basic level, this means that people make society, but they are at the same time constrained by it. Action and structure cannot be analysed separately as structures are created, maintained and changed through actions while actions are given meaningful form only through the background of the structure. The line of causality runs in both directions making it impossible to determine what is changing what. In Giddens own words from <i>New Rules</i>, he states: <span class="nowrap">"[S]ocial</span> structures are both constituted by human agency, and yet at the same time are the very medium of this constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this regard, Giddens defines structures as consisting of rules and resources involving human action. Thus, the rules constrain the actions and the resources make it possible. He also differentiates between systems and structures. Systems display structural properties, but they are not structures themselves. He notes in his article <i>Functionalism: après la lutte</i> (1976) as follows: "To examine the structuration of a <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a> is to examine the modes whereby that system, through the application of generative rules and resources is produced and reproduced in <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This process of structures producing and re-producing systems is called structuration. Systems here mean to Giddens "the situated activities of human agents"<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Constitution_of_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Constitution of Society (page does not exist)">The Constitution of Society</a></i>) and "the patterning of social relations across <a href="/wiki/Space-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-time">space-time</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a>). Structures are then "sets of rules and resources that individual actors draw upon in the practices that reproduce social systems"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Politics, Sociology and Social Theory</i>) and "systems of generative rules and sets, implicated in the articulation of social systems"<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>The Constitution of Society</i>), existing virtually "out of time and out of space"<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>New Rules</i>). Structuration therefore means that relations that took shape in the structure can exist out of time and place. In other words, independent of the context in which they are created. An example is the relationship between a teacher and a student. When they come across each other in another context, say on the street, the hierarchy between them is still preserved. </p><p>Structure can act as a constraint on action, but it also enables action by providing common frames of meaning. Consider the example of language: structure of language is represented by the rules of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> that rule out certain combinations of words.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the structure also provides rules that allow new actions to occur, enabling us to create new, meaningful <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structures should not be conceived as "simply placing constrains upon human agency, but as enabling"<sup id="cite_ref-Mestrovic_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mestrovic-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>New Rules</i>). Giddens suggests that structures (traditions, institutions, moral codes and other sets of expectations—established ways of doing things) are generally quite stable, but they can be changed, especially through the <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unintended consequence">unintended consequences</a> of action when people start to ignore them, replace them, or reproduce them differently. </p><p>Actors or agents employ the social rules appropriate to their culture, ones that they have learned through socialisation and experience. These rules together with the resources at their disposal are used in social interactions. Rules and resources employed in this manner are not <a href="/wiki/Deterministic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterministic">deterministic</a>, but they are applied reflexively by knowledgeable actors, albeit that actors' awareness may be limited to the specifics of their activities at any given time. Thus, the outcome of action is not totally predictable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connections_between_micro_and_macro">Connections between micro and macro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Connections between micro and macro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Structuration is very useful in synthesising <a href="/wiki/Microsociology" title="Microsociology">micro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrosociology" title="Macrosociology">macro</a> issues. On a micro scale, one of individuals' internal sense of self and <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>, consider the example of a <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> in which we are increasingly free to choose our own mates and how to relate with them which creates new opportunities yet also more work as the relationship becomes a reflexive project that has to be interpreted and maintained. At the same time, this micro-level change cannot be explained only by looking at the individual level as people did not spontaneously change their minds about how to live and neither can we assume they were directed to do so by social institutions and the state. </p><p>On a macro scale, one of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> and social organisations like <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational capitalist corporations</a>, consider the example of <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> which offers vast new opportunities for investment and development, but crises—like the <a href="/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a>—can affect the entire world, spreading far outside the local setting in which they first developed and last but not least directly influences individuals. A serious explanation of such issues must lie somewhere within the network of macro and micro forces. These levels should not be treated as unconnected and in fact they have significant relation to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To illustrate this relationship, Giddens discusses changing attitudes towards marriage in developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Giddens,_Anthony_1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giddens,_Anthony_1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claims that any effort to explain this phenomenon solely in terms of macro or micro level causes would result in a <a href="/wiki/Circular_cause_and_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular cause and consequence">circular cause and consequence</a>. Social relationships and visible sexuality (micro-level change) are related to the decline of religion and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a> (macro-level change), but with changes in the laws relating to marriage and sexuality (macro) as well, change caused by different practices and changing attitudes on the level of everyday lives (micro). Practices and attitudes in turn can be affected by social movements (for example, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's liberation">women's liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>), a macro-scale phenomena. However, the movements usually grow out of everyday life grievances—a micro-scale phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of this is increasingly tied in with mass media, one of our main providers of information. The media do not merely reflect the social world yet also actively shape it, being central to modern reflexivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Media, Gender and Identity</i>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gauntlett" title="David Gauntlett">David Gauntlett</a> writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The importance of the media in propagating many modern lifestyles should be obvious. ... The range of <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyles</a>—or lifestyle ideals—offered by the media may be limited, but at the same time it is usually broader than those we would expect to just 'bump into' in everyday life. So the media in modernity offers possibilities and celebrates diversity, but also offers narrow interpretations of certain roles or lifestyles—depending where you look.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another example explored by Giddens is the emergence of romantic love which Giddens (<i>The Transformation of Intimacy</i>) links with the rise of the narrative of the self type of self-identity, stating: "Romantic love introduced the idea of a narrative into an individual's life".<sup id="cite_ref-Shumway_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shumway-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/History_of_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sex">history of sex</a> clearly demonstrates that passion and sex are not modern phenomena, the discourse of romantic love is said to have developed from the late 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, the 18th- and 19th-century European macro-level cultural movement, is responsible for the emergence of the novel—a relatively early form of mass media. The growing literacy and popularity of novels fed back into the mainstream lifestyle and the romance novel proliferated the stories of ideal romantic life narratives on a micro-level, giving the romantic love an important and recognised role in the marriage-type relationship. </p><p>Consider also the transformation of intimacy. Giddens asserts that intimate social relationships have become <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratised</a> so that the bond between partners—even within a marriage—has little to do with external laws, regulations or social expectations, but instead it is based on the internal understanding between two people—a <a href="/wiki/Trust_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (sociology)">trusting</a> bond based on emotional communication. Where such a bond ceases to exist, modern society is generally happy for the relationship to be dissolved. Thus, we have "a democracy of the emotions in everyday life" (<i>Runaway World</i>, 1999).<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A democracy of the emotions—the democratising of everyday life—is an ideal, more or less approximated to in the diverse contexts of everyday life. There are many societies, cultures and contexts in which it remains far from reality—where sexual oppression is an everyday phenomenon. In <i>The Transformation of Intimacy</i>, Giddens introduces the notion of plastic <a href="/wiki/Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a>—sexuality freed from an intrinsic connection with reproduction and hence open to innovation and experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What was once open only to elites becomes generalised with the advent of mass contraception as sexuality and identity become far more fluid than in the past. These changes are part and parcel of wider transformations affecting the self and self-identity. </p><p>Inevitably, Giddens concludes that all <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a> stems from a mixture of micro- and macro-level forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-identity">Self-identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Self-identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giddens says that in the post-traditional order self-identity is reflexive. It is not a quality of a moment, but instead an account of a person's life. Giddens writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A person's identity is not to be found in behaviour, nor—important though this is—in the reactions of others, but in the capacity to keep a particular narrative going. The individual's biography, if she is to maintain regular interaction with others in the day-to-day world, cannot be wholly fictive. It must continually integrate events which occur in the external world, and sort them into the ongoing 'story' about the self.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>More than ever before, we have access to information that allows us to reflect on the causes and consequences of our actions. At the same time, we are faced with dangers related to unintended consequences of our actions and by our reliance on the knowledge of experts. We create, maintain and revise a set of biographical narratives, social roles and <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyles</a>—the story of who we are and how we came to be where we are now. We are increasingly free to choose what we want to do and who we want to be, although Giddens contends that wealth gives access to more options. However, increased choice can be both liberating and troubling. Liberating in the sense of increasing the likelihood of one's self-fulfilment and troubling in form of increased emotional stress and time needed to analyse the available choices and minimise risk of which we are increasingly aware, or what Giddens sums up as the manufacturing uncertainty. While in earlier, traditional societies we would be provided with that narrative and social role, in the post-traditional society we are usually forced to create one ourselves. As Giddens puts it: "What to do? How to act? Who to be? These are focal questions for everyone living in circumstances of late modernity—and ones which, on some level or another, all of us answer, either discursively or through day-to-day social behaviour."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giddens' recent work has been concerned with the question of what is characteristic about social institutions in various points of history. Giddens agrees that there are very specific changes that mark our current era. However, he argues that it is not a post-modern era, but instead it is just a "radicalised modernity era"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a>'s concept of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_modernity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid modernity">liquid modernity</a>), produced by the extension of the same social forces that shaped the previous age. Nonetheless, Giddens differentiates between pre-modern, modern and late or high modern societies and does not dispute that important changes have occurred but takes a neutral stance towards those changes, saying that it offers both unprecedented opportunities and unparalleled dangers. He also stresses that we have not really gone beyond modernity as it is just a developed, <a href="/wiki/Detraditionalise" class="mw-redirect" title="Detraditionalise">detraditionalised</a>, radicalised late modernity. Thus, the phenomena that some have called postmodern are to Giddens nothing more than the most extreme instances of a developed modernity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Lash" title="Scott Lash">Scott Lash</a>, he endorses the term <i><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_modernization" title="Reflexive modernization">reflexive modernisation</a></i> as a more accurate description of the processes associated with the second modernity since it opposes itself in its earlier version instead of opposing traditionalism, endangering the very institutions it created such as the national state, the political parties or the nuclear family. </p><p>Giddens concentrates on a contrast between traditional (pre-modern) culture and post-traditional (modern) culture. In traditional societies, individual actions need not be extensively thought about because available choices are already determined (by the customs, traditions and so on).<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, in post-traditional society people (actors or agents) are much less concerned with the precedents set by earlier generations and they have more choices, due to flexibility of law and <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this means that individual actions now require more analysis and thought before they are taken. Society is more <a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexive</a> and aware, something Giddens is fascinated with, illustrating it with examples ranging from state governance to intimate relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giddens examines three realms in particular, namely the experience of identity, connections of intimacy and political institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Giddens, the most defining property of modernity is that we are disembedded from time and space. In pre-modern societies, space was the area in which one moved and time was the experience one had while moving. In modern societies, the social space is no longer confined by the boundaries set by the space in which one moves. One can now imagine what other spaces look like even if he has never been there. In this regard, Giddens talks about virtual space and virtual time. Another distinctive property of modernity lies in the field of knowledge. </p><p>In pre-modern societies, it was the elders who possessed the knowledge as they were definable in time and space. In modern societies, we must rely on expert systems. These are not present in time and space, but we must trust them. Even if we trust them, we know that something could go wrong as there is always a risk we have to take. Even the technologies which we use and which transform constraints into means hold risks. Consequently, there is always a heightened sense of uncertainty in contemporary societies. It is also in this regard that Giddens uses the image of a juggernaut as modernity is said to be like an unsteerable juggernaut travelling through space. </p><p>Humanity tries to steer it, but as long as the modern institutions with all their uncertainty endure, then we will never be able to influence its course. The uncertainty can be managed by reembedding the expert-systems into the structures which we are accustomed to. </p><p>Another characteristic is enhanced reflexivity, both at the level of individuals and at the level of institutions. The latter requires an explanation as in modern institutions there is always a component which studies the institutions themselves for the purpose of enhancing its effectiveness. This enhanced reflexivity was enabled as language became increasingly abstract with the transition from pre-modern to modern societies, becoming institutionalised into universities. It is also in this regard that Giddens talks about double hermeneutica as every action has two interpretations. One is from the actor himself, the other of the investigator who tries to give meaning to the action he is observing. However, the actor who performs the action can get to know the interpretation of the investigator and therefore change his own interpretation, or his further line of action. </p><p>According to Giddens, this is the reason that positive science is never possible in the social sciences as every time an investigator tries to identify causal sequences of action, the actors can change their further line of action. However, the problem is that conflicting viewpoints in social science result in a disinterest of the people. For example, when scientists do not agree about the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>, people would withdraw from that arena and deny that there is a problem. Therefore, the more the sciences expand, the more uncertainty there is in the modern society. In this regard, the juggernaut gets even more steerless as Giddens states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While emancipatory politics is a politics of life chances, life politics is a politics of lifestyle. Life politics is the politics of a reflexively mobilised order—the system of late modernity—which, on an individual and collective level, has radically altered the existential parameters of social activity. It is a politics of self-actualisation in a reflexively ordered environment, where that reflexivity links self and body to systems of global scope. ... Life politics concerns political issues which flow from processes of self-actualisation in post-traditional contexts, where globalising influences intrude deeply into the reflexive project of the self, and conversely where processes of self-realisation influence global strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i>A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism</i>, Giddens concludes:<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>There exists no necessary overall mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a>, no universal motor of history such as <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>.</li> <li>There are no universal stages, or periodisation, of social development, these being ruled out by intersocietal systems and "time-space edges" (the ever-presence of <a href="/wiki/Exogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Exogenous">exogenous</a> variables) as well as by human agency and the inherent <a href="/wiki/Historicity_(philosophy)" title="Historicity (philosophy)">historicity</a> of societies.</li> <li>Societies do not have needs other than those of individuals, therefore notions such as adaptation cannot properly be applied to them.</li> <li>Pre-capitalist societies are class-divided, but only with capitalism there are class societies in which there is <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a> class conflict, the separation of the political and economic spheres, property freely alienable as capital and "free" labour and <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour markets</a>.</li> <li>While class conflict is integral to capitalist society, there is no <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a> that guarantees the emergence of the working class as the universal class and no <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> that justifies denial of the multiple bases of modern society represented by capitalism, <a href="/wiki/Industrialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialism">industrialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratisation">bureaucratisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> of warfare.</li> <li>Sociology, as a subject pre-eminently with modernity, addresses a <a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexive</a> reality.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Way">Third Way</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third Way"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></div> <p>In the age of late and <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_modernity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflexive modernity">reflexive modernity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">post-scarcity economy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> is being transformed. Giddens notes that there is a possibility that "life politics" (the politics of <a href="/wiki/Self-actualisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-actualisation">self-actualisation</a>) may become more visible than "emancipatory politics" (the politics of inequality); that new social movements may lead to more social change than political parties; and that the reflexive project of the self and changes in gender and sexual relations may lead the way via the "democratisation of democracy" to a new era of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermasian</a> "dialogic democracy" in which differences are settled and practices ordered through discourse rather than violence or the commands of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relying on his past familiar themes of reflexivity and system integration which places people into new relations of trust and dependency with each other and their governments, Giddens argues that the political concepts of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> are now breaking down as a result of many factors, most centrally the absence of a clear alternative to capitalism and the eclipse of political opportunities based on the <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> in favour of those based on lifestyle choices. </p><p>Giddens moves away from explaining how things are to the more demanding attempt of advocacy about how they ought to be. In <i>Beyond Left and Right</i> (1994), Giddens criticises <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a> and constructs a six-point framework for a reconstituted <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radical politics</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Repair damaged <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity (sociology)">solidarities</a>.</li> <li>Recognise the centrality of life politics.</li> <li>Accept that active trust implies generative politics.</li> <li>Embrace dialogic democracy.</li> <li>Rethink the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.</li> <li>Confront violence.</li></ol> <p><i>The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy</i> (1998) provides the framework within which the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>, also termed by Giddens as the <a href="/wiki/Radical_center_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical center (politics)">radical centre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is justified. In addition, <i>The Third Way</i> supplies a broad range of policy proposals aimed at what Giddens calls the "<a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a>" in British politics. According to Giddens: "<span class="nowrap">[T]he</span> overall aim of third way politics should be to help citizens pilot their way through the major revolutions of our time: globalisation, transformations in personal life and our relationship to nature."<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giddens remains fairly optimistic about the future of humanity: "There is no single agent, group or movement that, as Marx's <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> was supposed to do, can carry the hopes of humanity, but there are many points of political engagement which offer good cause for optimism."<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giddens discards the possibility of a single, comprehensive, all-connecting <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or political programme without a <a href="/wiki/Duality_of_structure" title="Duality of structure">duality of structure</a>. Instead, he advocates going after the small pictures, ones people can directly affect at their home, workplace or local community. To Giddens, this is a difference between pointless <a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">utopianism</a> and useful utopian realism<sup id="cite_ref-Halpin_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halpin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he defines as envisaging "alternative futures whose very propagation might help them be realised"<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>The Consequences of Modernity</i>). By utopian, he means that this is something new and extraordinary, and by realistic he stresses that this idea is rooted in the existing social processes and can be viewed as their simple extrapolation. Such a future has at its centre a more <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">socialised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demilitarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Demilitarization">demilitarised</a> and planetary-caring global world order variously articulated within green, women's and peace movements and within the wider democratic movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Third Way was not just a work of abstract theory as it influenced a range of centre-left political parties across the world—in Europe, Latin America and Australasia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although close to <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> in the United Kingdom, Giddens dissociated himself from many of the interpretations of the Third Way made in the sphere of day-to-day politics. For him, it was not a succumbing to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> or the dominance of capitalist <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point was to get beyond both <a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">market fundamentalism</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">top-down socialism</a> to make the values of the centre-left count in a <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalising</a> world. He argued that "the regulation of financial markets is the single most pressing issue in the world economy" and that "global commitment to free trade depends upon effective regulation rather than dispenses with the need for it".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Giddens delivered the BBC <a href="/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lectures</a> on the subject of runaway world, subsequently published as a book of that title.<sup id="cite_ref-Giddens,_Anthony_1999_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giddens,_Anthony_1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim was to introduce the concept and implications of globalisation to a lay audience. He was the first Reith Lecturer to deliver the lectures in different places around the world<sup id="cite_ref-The_Lectures:_Runaway_World_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Lectures:_Runaway_World-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first to respond directly to e-mails that came in while he was speaking. The lectures were delivered in London, Washington, New Delhi and Hong Kong and responded to by local audiences. Giddens received the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Asturias Prize</a> for the social sciences in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The award has been labelled the Spanish Nobel Prize, but it stretches well beyond the sphere of science. Other recipients of the prize that year included <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conductor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_consultancies">Outside consultancies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outside consultancies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LSE%E2%80%93Gaddafi_affair" title="LSE–Gaddafi affair">LSE–Gaddafi affair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Giddens_and_Chelsea_Clinton,_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Anthony_Giddens_and_Chelsea_Clinton%2C_2001.jpg/220px-Anthony_Giddens_and_Chelsea_Clinton%2C_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Anthony_Giddens_and_Chelsea_Clinton%2C_2001.jpg/330px-Anthony_Giddens_and_Chelsea_Clinton%2C_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Anthony_Giddens_and_Chelsea_Clinton%2C_2001.jpg/440px-Anthony_Giddens_and_Chelsea_Clinton%2C_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Giddens and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> in 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>On two visits to Libya in 2006 and 2007, organised by the Boston-based consultancy firm <a href="/wiki/Monitor_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor Group">Monitor Group</a>, Giddens met with <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. Giddens has declined to comment on the financial compensation he received.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported in March 2011 that Libya's government engaged Monitor Group as advisor on matters of public relations. Monitor Group allegedly received 2 million pounds in return for undertaking a "cleansing campaign" to improve Libya's image. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a>, a high-ranking Libyan official in July 2006, Monitor Group reported as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>We will create a network map to identify significant figures engaged or interested in Libya today. ... We will identify and encourage journalists, academics and contemporary thinkers who will have interest in publishing papers and articles on Libya. ... We are delighted that after a number of conversations, Lord Giddens has now accepted our invitation to visit Libya in July.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Giddens' first visit to Libya resulted in articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he argued that the country had been dramatically transformed. In the <i>New Statesman</i>, he wrote: "Gaddafi's 'conversion' may have been driven partly by the wish to escape sanctions, but I get the strong sense it is authentic and there is a lot of motive power behind it. Saif Gaddafi is a driving force behind the rehabilitation and potential modernisation of Libya. Gaddafi Sr, however, is authorising these processes".<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the second visit, Monitor Group organised a panel of three thinkers (Giddens, Gaddafi, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Barber" title="Benjamin Barber">Benjamin Barber</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_vs._McWorld" title="Jihad vs. McWorld">Jihad vs. McWorld</a></i>) chaired by <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">Sir David Frost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giddens remarked of his meetings with Gaddafi as such: "You usually get about half an hour with a political leader". He also recalls the following: "My conversation lasts for more than three. Gaddafi is relaxed and clearly enjoys intellectual conversation. He likes the term 'third way' because his own political philosophy is a version of this idea. He makes many intelligent and perceptive points. I leave enlivened and encouraged".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_of_reflexivity">Theory of reflexivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theory of reflexivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giddens introduces reflexivity and in information societies information gathering is considered as a routinised process for the greater protection of the nation. Information gathering is known as the concept of individuation. Individuality comes as a result of individuation as people are given more informed choices. The more information the government has about a person, the more entitlements are given to the citizens. The process of information gathering helps government to identify <a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the state">enemies of the state</a>, singling out individuals that are suspected of plotting activities against the state. The advent of technology has brought <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> to a completely new level. Historically, the military relied on armed force to deal with threats. With the development of ICT, <a href="/wiki/Biometric_device" title="Biometric device">biometric scans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Language translation">language translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real time programs</a> and other related <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">intelligent programs</a> have made the identification of terrorist activities much easier compared to the past. The analysing of algorithm patterns in biometric databases have given government new leads. Data about citizens can be collected through identification and credential verification companies. Hence, surveillance and ICT goes hand-in-hand with information gathering. In other words, the collection of information is necessary as stringent safeguards for the protection of the nation, preventing it from imminent attacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_in_a_high_opportunity,_high_risk_society"><span id="Living_in_a_high_opportunity.2C_high_risk_society"></span>Living in a high opportunity, high risk society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Living in a high opportunity, high risk society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giddens has vigorously pursued the theme of globalisation in recent years. He sees the growing interdependence of world society as driven not only by the increasing integration of the world economy, but above all by massive advances in communications.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he has noted when he delivered the BBC Reith Lectures just before the turn of the century,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Lectures:_Runaway_World_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Lectures:_Runaway_World-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Internet was in its infancy. However, now it has expanded in a wholly unprecedented way, linking people and organisations across the world on an everyday level as well as intruding deeply into everyday life. Billions of people have access to it and the numbers are growing every day.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasingly interconnected and wired-up world offers many advantages and benefits, yet it carries new risks too, some themselves of global proportions. In the 21st century, work opportunity and risk combine as never before. Giddens refers to the emergence on a global level of a "high opportunity, high risk society".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both on the level of opportunity and risk we are in terrain human beings have never explored before. We do not know in advance what the balance is likely to be because many of the opportunities and risks are quite new as we cannot draw on past history to assess them. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is one of those new risks. No other civilisation before the advent of modern <a href="/wiki/Industrialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialism">industrialism</a> was able to intervene into nature to even a fraction of the extent to which we do on an everyday basis. </p><p>Climate change was referred to in several of Giddens's books from the mid-1990s onwards, but it was not discussed at length until the publication of his work <i>The Politics of Climate Change</i> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giddens says climate change constitutes a fundamental threat to the future of industrial civilisation as it spreads across the globe. Given that is the case, he asks why are countries around the world doing so little to counter its advance. Many reasons are involved, but the prime one is the historical novelty of humanly induced climate change itself. No previous civilisation intervened into nature on a level remotely similar to that which we do on an everyday level today. We have no previous experience of dealing with such an issue and especially one of such global scope, or of the dangers it poses. Those dangers hence appear as abstract and located at some indefinite point in the future. Giddens's paradox consists of the following theorem. We are likely put off responding adequately to climate change until major catastrophes unequivocally connected to it occur, but by then by definition it would be too late, for we have no way of reversing the build-up of greenhouses gases that is driving the transformation of the world's climate. Some such gases would be in the atmosphere for centuries. </p><p>Within 'The Politics of Climate Change' Giddens places attention on global environmental conferences such as the 1997 Kyoto summit, whereby an agreement was drawn up so that developed countries would cut their emissions by an average of 5.2 per cent. The Kyoto protocol was to become a part of international law, and the developed countries who accounted for at least 55 per cent of total emissions from the industrial states, would have to sign up.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his latest work, Giddens has returned to the subject of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, discussed in 2007 in his book <i>Europe in the Global Age</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a diversity of articles. In <i>Turbulent and Mighty Continent: What Future for Europe?</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Giddens,_Anthony_2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giddens,_Anthony_2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he discusses the likely future of the European Union in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. Giddens writes as a committed <a href="/wiki/Pro-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-European">pro-European</a>, but he accepts that fundamental reforms must be made if the European Union is to avoid stagnation or worse. The coming of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> introduced economic federalism among the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> countries and therefore to the European Union as a whole. Some version of political <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> must follow, even if limited in nature. Reforms must confer qualities absent from much of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union's history</a>, but which are now required for its future such as flexible and quick-acting leadership, coupled to the greater democratic involvement of citizens. However, he also emphasised that European Union "could still founder, even disintegrate, the result of a chain reaction of circumstances that member states were unable to control".<sup id="cite_ref-Giddens,_Anthony_2014_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giddens,_Anthony_2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2014, <i>Turbulent and Mighty Continent</i> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/European_Book_Prize" title="European Book Prize">European Book Prize</a>, awarded by a selection jury featuring members from many different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, while continuing to pursue some of the core themes of his earlier works he has become preoccupied with the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a> on world society and on everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That revolution, he argues, must not be identified solely with the advent of the internet, extraordinary although that is. Rather, the Digital Revolution is a massive wave of change washing across the world, driven by the interrelation between the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supercomputers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercomputers">supercomputers</a>. It is huge algorithmic power—available to the billions of people who already possess <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>—that connects the other two. </p><p>Giddens sees the pace and global scope of such revolution as unprecedented in human history and we are probably only in its early stages.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many see the Digital Revolution as primarily producing endless diversity and as acting to dissolve pre-existing institutions and modes of life. Giddens emphasises that from its beginnings it has been bound up with power and large-scale structures too. It is deeply bound up with American global power and has physical form, depending as it does upon global satellite systems and systems, underground cables and concentrations of supercomputers. <a href="/wiki/GPS_navigation_device" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS navigation device">GPS</a> has its origins in super-power rivalry between the United States and what was then the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The digital universe is also funded by mass advertising and expresses the dominance of large corporations in the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>. </p><p>The Digital Revolution forms an important part of Giddens's recent preoccupation with the emergence of the high opportunity, high risk society.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the advent of such revolution promises fundamental advances in core areas of medicine. New threats and problems abound, both in our everyday lives and in the larger institutions of our societies.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists can communicate with one-another in a direct way across the world. The overlap of supercomputers and genetics means that genetic structures can be decoded instantaneously, promising huge advances in conquering major diseases. Medical practice is likely to be transformed through remote monitoring and other digital innovations. At the same time, the overlap of the Digital Revolution with criminality, violence and war is pervasive and dangerous. Military drones are just one example of the continuing involvement of the Digital Revolution with war. </p><p>Emerging developments in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> look likely to propel these changes into a new phase of social transformation, whose outlines at present remain hazy, but which look certain to be quite profound. Supercomputers are becoming more and more powerful in terms of their capacity to handle immense amounts of data while <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computers">quantum computers</a>, with even greater processing capacity, loom on the horizon. At the same time, deep learning—artificial neural networks capable of innovative thinking—is fast advancing. A world-wide debate is going on about how far artificial intelligence can match, or even surpass, human intellectual capabilities. Artificial intelligence and geopolitics, Giddens says, are converging all over again "as the circle of change comes back to its point of origin".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, China is pouring resources into the further development of artificial intelligence and currently possesses the world's most advanced supercomputer. </p><p>Giddens was a member of the House of Lords Select Committee on artificial intelligence which reported in April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee put forward a variety of suggested reforms to apply not only in the United Kingdom, but potentially much more widely as well. These should take place within a common ethical framework to guide intervention on the part of government and of the digital corporations themselves. The power of the digital mega-corporations must be curtailed and subjected to democratic governance, challenging and problematic though such an endeavour is. Artificial intelligence should be developed for the common good. It should follow principles of transparency and fairness and never be allocated the autonomous capability to harm human actors. The major nations and transnational agencies should work towards ensuring that such principles are incorporated into their own codes and practices and applied on a transnational level. The worry is that an artificial intelligence arms race would develop as countries jostle to take the lead both in artificial intelligence generally and in its application to weaponry of diverse sorts. In a much-publicised speech given in 2017, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> observed of advances in artificial intelligence that "whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there is a jostling for advantage among the major powers, concerns of ethics and safety may fall by the wayside in the scramble for advantage, adding to the stresses and strains already visible in the international order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giddens was appointed to a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peerage</a> on 16 June 2004 as <b>Baron Giddens</b>, <i>of <a href="/wiki/Southgate,_London" title="Southgate, London">Southgate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">London Borough of Enfield</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sits in the House of Lords for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. </p><p>He was elected a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Academia_Europaea" title="Member of the Academia Europaea">member of the Academia Europaea</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, he was made a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Prince Henry the Navigator</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giddens received the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award</a> for Social Sciences in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020 it was announced that Giddens had been awarded the Arne Naess Chair and Prize at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, Norway, in recognition of his contributions to the study of environmental issues and climate change. Previous holders of the chair include <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Joly" title="Eva Joly">Eva Joly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also holds over 15 honorary degrees from various universities,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including recently honorary degrees from <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> (2015), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths, University of London</a> (2016) and <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_University_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingnan University (Hong Kong)">Lingnan University</a> (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Select_bibliography">Select bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Select bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giddens is the author of over 34 books and 200 articles. This is a selection of some of the most important of his works: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Giddens, Anthony (1971) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitalismmodern0000gidd">Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber</a></i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1973) <i>The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies</i>. London: Hutchinson.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1976) <i>Functionalism: apres la lutte</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Research">Social Research</a></i>, 43, 325–366.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1976) <i>New Rules of Sociological Method: a Positive Critique of interpretative Sociologies</i>. London: Hutchinson.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1977) <i>Studies in Social and Political Theory</i>. London: Hutchinson.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1978) <i>Durkheim</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Fontana_Modern_Masters" title="Fontana Modern Masters">Fontana Modern Masters</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1979) <i>Central problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis</i>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1981) <i>A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Vol. 1. Power, Property and the State</i>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1982) <i>Sociology: A Brief but Critical Introduction</i>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1982) <i>Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory</i>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Mackenzie, Gavin (eds.) (1982) <i>Social Class and the Division of Labour: Essays in Honour of Ilya Neustadt</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1984) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cV8xnSIa0-IC">The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration</a></i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1985) <i>A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Vol. 2. The Nation-State and Violence</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1990) <i>The Consequences of Modernity</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1991) <i>Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1992) <i>The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Beck, Ulrich; Giddens, Anthony; Lash, Scott (1994) <i>Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1994) <i>Beyond Left and Right — the Future of Radical Politics</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1995) <i>Politics, Sociology and Social Theory: Encounters with Classical and Contemporary Social Thought</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1996) <i>In Defence of Sociology</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1996) <i>Durkheim on Politics and the State</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1998) <i>The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (1999) <i>Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives</i>. London: Profile.</li> <li>Hutton, Will; Giddens, Anthony (eds.) (2000) <i>On The Edge: Living with Global Capitalism</i>. London: Vintage.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (2000) <i>The Third Way and Its Critics</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (2000) <i>Runaway World</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2001) <i>The Global Third Way Debate</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (2002) <i>Where Now for New Labour?</i> Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity (publisher)</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2003) <i>The Progressive Manifesto. New Ideas for the Centre-Left</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (2005) <i>The New Egalitarianism</i> Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Sutton, Philip W. (2021) <i>Sociology (9th Edition)</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (2007) <i>Europe In The Global Age</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a></li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (2007) <i>Over to You, Mr Brown - How Labour Can Win Again</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony (2009) <i>The Politics of Climate Change</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a></li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2009) <i>Introduction to Sociology (Seventh Edition)</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2011) <i>Introduction to Sociology (Eighth Edition)</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2013) <i>Introduction to Sociology (Ninth Edition)</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2016) <i>Introduction to Sociology (Tenth Edition)</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2018) <i>Introduction to Sociology (Eleventh Edition)</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Duneier, Mitchell; Appelbaum, Richard P.; Carr, Deborah (2021) <i>Introduction to Sociology (Twelfth Edition)</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modalities_(sociology)" title="Modalities (sociology)">Modalities (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_society" title="Risk society">Risk society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerger1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Berger, Helen A.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communityofwitch00berg"><i>A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States</i></a></span>. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. pp. xiii, 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-246-2"><bdi>978-1-57003-246-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Community+of+Witches%3A+Contemporary+Neo-Paganism+and+Witchcraft+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pages=xiii%2C+6&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-246-2&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Helen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunityofwitch00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInnesRoemer-Mahler2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_J._McInnes" title="Colin J. McInnes">McInnes, Colin J.</a>; Roemer-Mahler, Anne (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiix187">"From Security to Risk: Reframing Global Health Threats"</a>. <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>93</b> (6): 1319–1321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiix187">10.1093/ia/iix187</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2346">1468-2346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=From+Security+to+Risk%3A+Reframing+Global+Health+Threats&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1319-1321&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fia%2Fiix187&rft.issn=1468-2346&rft.aulast=McInnes&rft.aufirst=Colin+J.&rft.au=Roemer-Mahler%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fia%252Fiix187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaites2010" class="citation journal cs1">Waites, Matthew (2010). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO%27S+WHO+%26+WHO+WAS+WHO&rft.atitle=Giddens%2C+Baron%2C+%28Anthony+Giddens%29+%28born+18+Jan.+1938%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u17074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.001.0001%2Fww-9780199540884-e-17074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith1999/lecturer.shtml">"The Lecturer: Anthony Giddens"</a>. <i>The Reith Lectures</i>. BBC. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reith+Lectures&rft.atitle=The+Lecturer%3A+Anthony+Giddens&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Freith1999%2Flecturer.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-profiles-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-profiles_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliot2001" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, Anthony (2001). "Anthony Giddens". In Elliot, Anthony; <a href="/wiki/Bryan_S._Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan S. Turner">Turner, Bryan S.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkvS_nVY0BEC"><i>Profiles in Contemporary Social Theory</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="London, UK">London, UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. pp. 292–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761965893" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761965893"><bdi>978-0761965893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthony+Giddens&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Contemporary+Social+Theory&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=292-303&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0761965893&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkvS_nVY0BEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/lord-giddens-accidental-academic-who-reached-top">"Lord Giddens: Accidental academic who reached the top"</a>. 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Giddens%3A+Accidental+academic+who+reached+the+top&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Flord-giddens-accidental-academic-who-reached-top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette57334" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57334/page/7753">"No. 57334"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 22 June 2004. p. 7753.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+57334&rft.pages=7753&rft.date=2004-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F57334%2Fpage%2F7753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politybooks.com/gs9/">"Welcome to the 9th edition of Sociology!"</a>. <i>polity.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polity.co.uk&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+9th+edition+of+Sociology%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolitybooks.com%2Fgs9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/the-rise-of-modern-man/188886.article">"The Rise of Modern Man"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. 28 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Modern+Man&rft.date=2004-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-rise-of-modern-man%2F188886.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauntlett_online-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_online_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theory.org.uk/giddens.htm">Resources at Theory.org.uk</a>, site by <a href="/wiki/David_Gauntlett" title="David Gauntlett">David Gauntlett</a>, last accessed on 19 February 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauntlett-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauntlett_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Gauntlett" title="David Gauntlett">David Gauntlett</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoryhead.com/gender/"><i>Media Gender and Identity</i></a>, Routledge, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18960-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18960-8">0-415-18960-8</a>. About Giddens' work on modernity and self-identity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhc60-bJGQsC&q=Society+only+has+form,+and+that+form+only+has+effects+on+people,+in+so+far+as+structure+is+produced+and+reproduced+in+what+people+do">Google Print</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation-State_and_Violence-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation-State_and_Violence_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, University of California Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06039-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06039-3">0-520-06039-3</a>, p. 7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJu1Z4cTdsIC&dq=power+%22transformative+capacity%22+inauthor:Giddens&pg=PA7">Google Print</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mestrovic-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mestrovic_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mestrovic_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mestrovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stjepan Mestrovic">Mestrovic, Stjepan</a>, <i>Anthony Giddens: The Last Modernist</i>, New York: Routledge, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09572-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09572-7">0-415-09572-7</a>, p. 47 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JicAzGV3Q8C&dq=but+with+one+which+is+constituted+or+produced+by+the+active+doings+of+subjects&pg=PA47">Google Prinet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_21-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantJary2003" class="citation cs2">Bryant, Christopher G. A.; Jary, David (2003), "Anthony Giddens", in <a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">Ritzer, George</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/The_Blackwell_Companion_to_Major_Contemporary_Social_Theorists" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists"><i>The Blackwell companion to major contemporary social theorists</i></a>, Malden, Massachusetts Oxford: Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405105958" title="Special:BookSources/9781405105958"><bdi>9781405105958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthony+Giddens&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+major+contemporary+social+theorists&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts+Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781405105958&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.+A.&rft.au=Jary%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span> Also available as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantJary2003" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Christopher G. A.; Jary, David (2003). "Anthony Giddens". <i>Chapter 10. Anthony Giddens</i>. Wiley. pp. 247–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999912.ch11">10.1002/9780470999912.ch11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470999912" title="Special:BookSources/9780470999912"><bdi>9780470999912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthony+Giddens&rft.btitle=Chapter+10.+Anthony+Giddens&rft.pages=247-273&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470999912.ch11&rft.isbn=9780470999912&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.+A.&rft.au=Jary%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405105958_chunk_g978140510595813">Extract</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bone, John D., <i>The Social Map and The Problem of Order: A Re-evaluation of "Homo Sociologicus"</i>, Theory & Science (2005), ISSN 1527-5558, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theoryandscience.icaap.org/content/vol6.1/bone.html">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giddens,_Anthony_1999-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giddens,_Anthony_1999_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giddens,_Anthony_1999_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (1999), <i>Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives.</i> London: Profile.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shumway-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shumway_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shumway, David R., <i>Modern Love: Romance, Intimacy, and the Marriage Crisis</i>, NYU Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9831-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9831-4">0-8147-9831-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdVa73vN1BgC&q=Romantic+love+introduced+the+idea+of+a+narrative+into+an+individual%27s+life">Google Print</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (1992). <i>The Transformation of Intimacy</i>. Polity Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745612393" title="Special:BookSources/0745612393">0745612393</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkes,_Gail" class="citation web cs1">Hawkes, Gail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/subscriber/tocnode.html?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g978140512433122_ss1-23">"Plastic Sexuality"</a>. Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plastic+Sexuality&rft.pub=Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Sociology&rft.au=Hawkes%2C+Gail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sociologyencyclopedia.com%2Fsubscriber%2Ftocnode.html%3Fid%3Dg9781405124331_chunk_g978140512433122_ss1-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (1991). <i>Modernity and self-identity. Self and society in the late modern age</i>. Polity Press, p. 54, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745609324" title="Special:BookSources/9780745609324">9780745609324</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (1991). <i>Modernity and self-identity. Self and society in the late modern age</i>. Polity Press, p. 70, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745609324" title="Special:BookSources/9780745609324">9780745609324</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony. (2013). The consequences of modernity. John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804718912" title="Special:BookSources/9780804718912">9780804718912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (1991). <i>Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age</i>. Polity Press, p. 214, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745609324" title="Special:BookSources/9780745609324">9780745609324</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (1998). <i>The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy</i>. Polity Press, pp. 44–46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745622668" title="Special:BookSources/9780745622668">9780745622668</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (2001). <i>The Global Third Way Debate</i>. Polity Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745627412" title="Special:BookSources/0745627412">0745627412</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (2000). <i>The Third Way and its Critics</i>. Polity Press. p. 32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745624502" title="Special:BookSources/0745624502">0745624502</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (1998). <i>The Third Way; A Renewal of Social Democracy</i>. Polity Press. pp. 148-149. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745622666" title="Special:BookSources/0745622666">0745622666</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Lectures:_Runaway_World-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Lectures:_Runaway_World_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Lectures:_Runaway_World_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith1999/">"The Lectures: Runaway World"</a>. <i>The Reith Lectures</i>. BBC. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reith+Lectures&rft.atitle=The+Lectures%3A+Runaway+World&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Freith1999%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpa.es/en/prince-of-asturias-awards/awards/2002-anthony-giddens.html?texto=trayectoria&especifica=0">"Anthony Giddens; Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences 2002"</a>. Prince of Asturias Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Prince of Asturias Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woody+Allen%3B+Prince+of+Asturias+Award+for+the+Arts+2002&rft.pub=Prince+of+Asturias+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpa.es%2Fen%2Fprince-of-asturias-awards%2Fawards%2F2002-woody-allen.html%3Fespecifica%3D0%26idCategoria%3D0%26anio%3D2002%26especifica%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpa.es/en/prince-of-asturias-awards/awards/2002-lawrence-roberts-robert-kahn-vinton-cerf-and-tim-berners-lee.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2002&especifica=0">"Lawrence Roberts, Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf and Tim Berners-Lee; Prince of Asturias Award for Technical & Scientific Research 2002"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+Barenboim+Y+Edward+Said%3B+Prince+of+Asturias+Award+for+Concord+2002&rft.pub=Prince+of+Asturias+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpa.es%2Fen%2Fprince-of-asturias-awards%2Fawards%2F2002-daniel-barenboim-y-edward-said.html%3Fespecifica%3D0%26idCategoria%3D0%26anio%3D2002%26especifica%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyalVasagar2011" class="citation news cs1">Syal, Rajeev; Vasagar, Jeevan (5 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/mar/04/lse-libya-anthony-giddens-gaddafi">"Anthony Giddens' trip to see Gaddafi vetted by Libyan intelligence chief"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Anthony+Giddens%27+trip+to+see+Gaddafi+vetted+by+Libyan+intelligence+chief&rft.date=2011-03-05&rft.aulast=Syal&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft.au=Vasagar%2C+Jeevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2011%2Fmar%2F04%2Flse-libya-anthony-giddens-gaddafi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/03/libya-qaddafi-monitor-group">"From Libya With Love"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=From+Libya+With+Love&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F03%2Flibya-qaddafi-monitor-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (2006). <i>Sociology</i> (fifth edition). Cambridge: Polity, pp. 583-633. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393925536" title="Special:BookSources/0393925536">0393925536</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013-e.pdf">"The World in 2013: ICT Fact and Figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+in+2013%3A+ICT+Fact+and+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2FITU-D%2FStatistics%2FDocuments%2Ffacts%2FICTFactsFigures2013-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (2014). <i>Turbulent and Mighty Continent: What Future for Europe?</i>. Cambridge: Polity, p. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745680968" title="Special:BookSources/0745680968">0745680968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (2009). <i>The Politics of Climate Change</i>. Cambridge: Polity. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745646921" title="Special:BookSources/0745646921">0745646921</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddens2011" class="citation book cs1">Giddens, Anthony (2011). <i>The Politics of Climate Change</i>. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Climate+Change&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (2007). <i>Europe in the Global Age</i>. Cambridge: Polity. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4011-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4011-2">978-0-7456-4011-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giddens,_Anthony_2014-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giddens,_Anthony_2014_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giddens,_Anthony_2014_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddens, Anthony (2014). <i>Turbulent and Mighty Continent: What Future for Europe?</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ln.edu.hk&rft.atitle=Lingnan+University+confers+honorary+doctorates+upon+four+distinguished+individuals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.www.ln.edu.hk%2Flingnan-touch%2F71%2Flingnan-university-confers-honorary-doctorates-upon-four-distinguished-individuals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Giddens" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bryant, Christopher G. A.; Jary, David (2001). <i>The Contemporary Giddens: Social Theory in a Globalizing Age</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-77904-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-77904-5">0-333-77904-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">Held, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(sociologist)" title="John Thompson (sociologist)">Thompson, John B.</a> (1989). <i>Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27855-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27855-4">0-521-27855-4</a>.</li> <li>Kaspersen, Lars Bo (2000). <i>Anthony Giddens: An Introduction to a Social Theorist</i>. Blackwell.</li> <li>Giddens, Anthony; Pierson, Christopher (1999). <i>Conversations with Anthony Giddens</i>. Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3569-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3569-7">0-8047-3569-7</a>. A starting-point in which Giddens explains his work and the sociological principles which underpin it in clear, elegant language.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthony_Giddens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" class="extiw" title="q:Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/sociology/whoswho/academic/Giddens.aspx">Current LSE profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154103/http://old.lse.ac.uk/collections/meetthedirector.20031001/">Giddens archived LSE page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418062306/http://www.policy-network.net/content/350/socialdemocracyobservatory">Social Democracy Observatory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspiringalley.com/anthony-giddens-quotes/2018/06/13/">Selection of Giddens quotes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_interviews">Selected interviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Selected interviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejPDcjFxqA8"><span class="plainlinks">Interview with Al Jazeera English's Riz Khan</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (1 May 2007).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99/default.htm">BBC Interview with Giddens</a>. 1999 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lectures</a> interview with Giddens on the topic of "The Runaway World" and reflections on globalisation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/giddens/giddens_index.html">"The Second Globalization Debate: A Talk With Anthony Giddens"</a>. A video is also available.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/07/090720_theforum_190709.shtml">Giddens in conversation</a> on the BBC World Service discussion show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(BBC_World_Service)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum (BBC World Service)">The Forum</a></i> (audio). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003nvgd">"On Climate Change"</a> (audio).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegreatdebate.org.uk/RadicalPolToday.html">"The Great Debate: What is radical politics today?"</a>. December 2008 discussion with Will Hutton and Jonathan Pugh.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_(biologist)" title="John Ashworth (biologist)">John Ashworth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Director of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> </b><br />1997–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Davies_(economist)" title="Howard Davies (economist)">Howard Davies</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc;">Other offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="6">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">John Keegan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="6"><b> <a href="/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lecturer</a> </b><br />1999 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">The Prince of Wales</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Browne,_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley" title="John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley">Sir John Browne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovejoy" title="Thomas Lovejoy">Thomas Lovejoy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="El Colegio de México">El Colegio de México</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award</a><br />for Social Sciences </b><br />2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Iglesias_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Iglesias Santos (page does not exist)">Juan Iglesias Santos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iglesias_Santos" class="extiw" title="ca:Juan Iglesias Santos">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iglesias_Santos" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Iglesias Santos">es</a>]</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaud_Leparmentier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaud Leparmentier (page does not exist)">Arnaud Leparmentier</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/European_Book_Prize" title="European Book Prize">European Book Prize</a> for Non-fiction </b><br />2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menasse" title="Robert Menasse">Robert Menasse</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom">Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Llandudno" title="Roger Roberts, Baron Roberts of Llandudno">The Lord Roberts of Llandudno</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom">Gentlemen</a></b><br /><i>Baron Giddens</i> <b> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Followed by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Diljit_Rana,_Baron_Rana" title="Diljit Rana, Baron Rana">The Lord Rana</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom%C3%A1n_Perpi%C3%B1%C3%A1_Grau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Román Perpiñá Grau (page does not exist)">Román Perpiñá Grau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A0_Perpiny%C3%A0_Grau" class="extiw" title="ca:Romà Perpinyà Grau">ca</a>]</span></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ortiz" title="Antonio Domínguez Ortiz">Antonio Domínguez Ortiz</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Julio_Caro_Baroja" title="Julio Caro Baroja">Julio Caro Baroja</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Enterr%C3%ADa" title="Eduardo García de Enterría">Eduardo García de Enterría</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Carande" title="Ramón Carande">Ramón Carande Thovar</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Pinillos_D%C3%ADaz" title="José Luis Pinillos Díaz">José Luis Pinillos</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Luis_D%C3%ADez_del_Corral" title="Luis Díez del Corral">Luis Díez del Corral</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_S%C3%A1nchez_Agesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Sánchez Agesta (page does not exist)">Luis Sánchez Agesta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_S%C3%A1nchez_Agesta" class="extiw" title="es:Luis Sánchez Agesta">es</a>]</span></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Fuentes_Quintana" title="Enrique Fuentes Quintana">Enrique Fuentes Quintana</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ur%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Uría González (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Uría González</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Ur%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="extiw" title="es:Rodrigo Uría González">es</a>]</span></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Artola_Gallego" title="Miguel Artola Gallego">Miguel Artola Gallego</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velarde_(economist)" title="Juan Velarde (economist)">Juan Velarde Fuertes</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Zavala" title="Silvio Zavala">Silvio Zavala</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Aurelio Menéndez">Aurelio Menéndez Menéndez</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Ver%C3%ADssimo_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão">Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miquel_Batllori_i_Munn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miquel Batllori i Munné (page does not exist)">Miquel Batllori i Munné</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel_Batllori_i_Munn%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="ca:Miquel Batllori i Munné">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel_Batllori" class="extiw" title="es:Miquel Batllori">es</a>]</span></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/J._H._Elliott" title="J. H. Elliott">John H. Elliott</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_de_Riquer_i_Morera" title="Martí de Riquer i Morera">Martí de Riquer i Morera</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Pierre Werner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Raymond Carr</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="El Colegio de México">El Colegio de México</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Iglesias_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Iglesias Santos (page does not exist)">Juan Iglesias Santos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iglesias_Santos" class="extiw" title="ca:Juan Iglesias Santos">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iglesias_Santos" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Iglesias Santos">es</a>]</span></li> <li>2002: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sartori" title="Giovanni Sartori">Giovanni Sartori</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Ralf Dahrendorf</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Tzvetan Todorov</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li>2010: The archaeological team of the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Gardner" title="Howard Gardner">Howard Gardner</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Joseph Pérez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Portes" title="Alejandro Portes">Alejandro Portes</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Matos_Moctezuma" title="Eduardo Matos Moctezuma">Eduardo Matos Moctezuma</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Carr%C3%A8re_d%27Encausse" title="Hélène Carrère d'Encausse">Hélène Carrère d'Encausse</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer 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class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220008#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121468356">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108178108">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/47075/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGKdkrqxGVc4JqGHF7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118821903">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Giddens, Anthony"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79143085">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12035756t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12035756t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Giddens, Anthony, 1938-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440867">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Giddens, Anthony"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000505">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601795&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14752941">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00218468?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/833096">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/OQHs2XWX">UK Parliament</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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