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and distancing from Marxism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_as_economist_and_distancing_from_Marxism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoanalyst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalyst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Psychoanalyst </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalyst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosopher_of_history_and_ontologist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosopher_of_history_and_ontologist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Philosopher of history and ontologist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosopher_of_history_and_ontologist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovietologist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovietologist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Sovietologist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovietologist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autonomy_and_heteronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomy_and_heteronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Autonomy and heteronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomy_and_heteronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_imaginary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_imaginary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The imaginary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_imaginary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_constructionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_constructionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Social constructionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_constructionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Chaos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ancient_Greeks_and_the_modern_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ancient_Greeks_and_the_modern_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The Ancient Greeks and the modern West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ancient_Greeks_and_the_modern_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lasting_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasting_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Lasting influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasting_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Major publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cornelius Castoriadis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="كورنيليوس كاستورياديس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كورنيليوس كاستورياديس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Корнелиус Касториадис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корнелиус Касториадис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کورنلیوس کاستوریادیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کورنلیوس کاستوریادیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1" title="קורנליוס קסטרויאדיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורנליוס קסטרויאדיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriades" title="Cornelius Castoriades – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cornelius Castoriades" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn%C4%93lijs_Kastorjadis" title="Kornēlijs Kastorjadis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kornēlijs Kastorjadis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="كورنيليوس كاستورياديس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كورنيليوس كاستورياديس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9" title="コルネリュウス・カストリアディス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コルネリュウス・カストリアディス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Касториадис, Корнелиус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Касториадис, Корнелиус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn%C3%ADlios_Kastori%C3%A1dis" title="Kornílios Kastoriádis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kornílios Kastoriádis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cornelius Castoriadis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Cornelius Castoriadis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelius_Castoriadis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cornelius_Castoriadis.jpg/220px-Cornelius_Castoriadis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Cornelius_Castoriadis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="327" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1922-03-11)11 March 1922 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (present-day Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1997(1997-12-26) (aged 75) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Greek, French<a href="#cite_note-Memos_18-78">[78]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Corneille Castoriadis,<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_514–5-79">[79]</a> "Pierre Chaulieu," "Paul Cardan," "Jean-Marc Coudray"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">8th <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> of Athens<a href="#cite_note-Bella-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Athens">University of Athens</a> (1937–1942: <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a>, 1942)<a href="#cite_note-Biblionet-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctoral_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral candidate">Dr. cand.</a>, 1946–1948)<a href="#cite_note-HC-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nanterre" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nanterre">University of Nanterre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctorat_d%27%C3%89tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat d'État">DrE</a>, 1980)<a href="#cite_note-Schrift_112-83">[83]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>The Imaginary Institution of Society (1975)</li> <li>Crossroads in the Labyrinth (1978–1999, 6 vols.)</li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Catherine May<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> (m. unkn.–unkn.; divorced)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piera_Aulagnier" title="Piera Aulagnier">Piera Aulagnier</a> (m. 1968–1984; divorced)</li> <li>Zoe Christofidi (m. unkn.–1997; his death)</li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-phenomenology">Post-phenomenology</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">post-Marxism</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Challand-4">[4]</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-Lefort-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Challand-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-e319-6">[6]</a> (late)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch_126-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical republicanism</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Philosophy of praxis</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Lacanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Lacanian">Post-Lacanian psychoanalysis</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_en_sciences_sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des hautes études en sciences sociales">École des hautes études en sciences sociales</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-Lefort-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Challand-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovietology">sovietology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> The <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Project</a> of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> the radical <a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_(psychoanalysis)#French_culture" title="The Imaginary (psychoanalysis)">imaginary</a><a href="#cite_note-IIS_146-12">[12]</a> underlying <a href="/wiki/Social_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Social institution">social institutions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_160-13">[13]</a> radical <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_373-14">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)#Castoriadis" title="Imaginary (sociology)">social imaginary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_3-15">[15]</a> social imaginary <a href="/wiki/Social_meaning-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Social meaning-making">significations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_359-16">[16]</a> proto-<a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">representation</a> (Ur-Vorstellung),<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> the monadic core of the <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> "the <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> exists only as an indissociably <a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">representative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentional</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flux#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:flux">flux</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reduction</a> of representation to <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> "the first <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/delegation#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:delegation">delegation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">drive</a> in the psyche is the affect,"<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> the psyche and the anonymous collective are irreducible to each other,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)" title="Sublimation (psychology)">sublimation</a> as the process by means of which the psyche is forced to replace its private objects of <a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">cathexis</a> with objects that have value through their social institution,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">social fabrication</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social constructionism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lability" class="extiw" title="wikt:lability">lability</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">investments</a> (labilité des investissements),<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> identifying representational activity as prior to <a href="/wiki/Human_self-reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Human self-reflection">reflection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Being-in-itself" class="mw-redirect" title="Being-in-itself">being-in-itself</a> as creative of its own proper world,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychogenesis" title="Psychogenesis">idiogenesis</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sociogenesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:sociogenesis">koinogenesis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIS,_p._281-30">[30]</a> the world as a product of <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_46-31">[31]</a> ontological magma,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_343-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_identity" title="Law of identity">identitary</a>-<a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">ensemblist</a> logic (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembliste-identitaire_et_math%C3%A9matiques" class="extiw" title="fr:Ensembliste-identitaire et mathématiques">logique ensembliste-identitaire</a>),<a href="#cite_note-IIS_175-33">[33]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Cantorian</a> definition of '<a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">set</a>' implies the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_individuation" title="Principle of individuation">schema of separation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_224–5-34">[34]</a> proto-institutions of legein and teukhein,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_175-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Wo Ich bin, soll Es auftauchen ("Where Ego is, <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">Id</a> must spring forth"),<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)#Melanie_Klein" title="Splitting (psychology)">conflict of desires</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIS,_p._281-30">[30]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Social</a>-<a href="/wiki/History" title="History">Historical</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> the methodology of elucidation (élucidation),<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> circle of creation,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> the paradox of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">history</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> society's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anaclisis" class="extiw" title="wikt:anaclisis">leaning on</a> the <a href="/wiki/Supervenience" title="Supervenience">first natural stratum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> "creation is <a href="/wiki/Creation_ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation ex nihilo">ex nihilo</a>, but it is neither in nihilo nor cum nihilo,"<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> vis formandi,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">radical alterity</a> (altérité radicale),<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> time as creation/destruction of <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">forms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> societas instituans/societas instituta,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Wage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage system">wage system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cast1978-48">[48]</a> administration of justice by <a href="/wiki/Popular_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular tribunal">popular tribunals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">plan</a> factory,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economic_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economic models">democratic planning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">totalitarian</a> (Soviet) vs. <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">fragmented</a> (Western) <a href="/wiki/Weberian_bureaucracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Weberian bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> the "final contradiction" of capitalism,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> relatively autonomous evolution of technique,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">liberal oligarchy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/controlling" class="extiw" title="wikt:controlling">mastery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nomos_(sociology)" title="Nomos (sociology)">nomos</a>–<a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">physis</a> distinction,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> three spheres of social action (<a href="/wiki/Oikos" title="Oikos">oikos</a>, the private/private or domestic sphere; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agora#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:agora">agora</a>, the public/private or implicitly political sphere; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecclesia#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:ecclesia">ekklesia</a>, the public/public or explicitly political sphere),<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">ecological self-limitation (degrowth)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6delian_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Gödelian argument">Gödelian argument</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> the Greco-Occidental particuliarity,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> <a href="/wiki/Formalist%E2%80%93substantivist_debate" title="Formalist–substantivist debate">as procedure (formalist)</a> vs. democracy <a href="/wiki/Formalist%E2%80%93substantivist_debate" title="Formalist–substantivist debate">as regime (substantivist)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Structuralism#Interpretations_and_general_criticisms" title="Structuralism">criticism of structuralism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panrationalism" title="Panrationalism">logicism</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">functionalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> criticism of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">spiritualist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialist_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist dialectic">materialist dialectic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> criticism of <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Power theory of value">capital as power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cast1978-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> criticism of <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx's theory of history">Marx's theory of history</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> criticism of <a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralist_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralist subject">poststructuralist theory of the subject</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> criticism of the <a href="/wiki/New_Philosophers" title="New Philosophers">New Philosophers</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Cornelius Castoriadis<a href="#cite_note-85">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης;<a href="#cite_note-86">[b]</a> 11 March 1922 – 26 December 1997) was a <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_France" title="Greeks in France">Greek-French</a><a href="#cite_note-Memos_18-78">[78]</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism#Academic_forms" title="Social criticism">social critic</a>, economist, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a>, author of The Imaginary Institution of Society, and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> His writings on <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Social institution">social institutions</a> have been influential in both academic and <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activist</a> circles.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_in_Athens">Early life in Athens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life in Athens">edit</a>]</div> Cornelius Castoriadis (named after Saint <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius the Centurion</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_13-89">[87]</a> was born on 11 March 1922 in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_13-89">[87]</a> the son of Kaisar ("Caesar") and Sophia Kastoriadis.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> His family had to move in July 1922<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_13-89">[87]</a> to Athens due to the <a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_population_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek–Turkish population exchange">Greek–Turkish population exchange</a>. He developed an interest in politics after he came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist thought and philosophy</a> at the age of 13.<a href="#cite_note-entretien_p._2-91">[89]</a> At the same time he began studying traditional philosophy after purchasing a copy of the book History of Philosophy (Ιστορία της Φιλοσοφίας, 1933, 2 vols.) by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">historian of ideas</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Louvaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos Louvaris (page does not exist)">Nikolaos Louvaris</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Νικόλαος Λούβαρις">el</a>].<a href="#cite_note-entretien_p._2-91">[89]</a> Sometime between 1932 and 1935, <a href="/wiki/Maximiani_Portas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximiani Portas">Maximiani Portas</a> (later known as "Savitri Devi") was the French tutor of Castoriadis.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> During the same period, he attended the 8th <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> of Athens in <a href="/wiki/Kato_Patisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kato Patisia">Kato Patisia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bella-80">[80]</a> from which he graduated in 1937. His first active involvement in politics occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Metaxas_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaxas Regime">Metaxas Regime</a> (1937), when he joined the Athenian Communist Youth (Κομμουνιστική Νεολαία Αθήνας, Kommounistiki Neolaia Athinas), a section of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Greece" title="Young Communist League of Greece">Young Communist League of Greece</a>. In 1941 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> (KKE), only to leave one year later in order to become an active <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The latter action resulted in his persecution by both the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and the Communist Party. In 1944 he wrote his first essays on social science and <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> which he published in a magazine named Archive of Sociology and Ethics (Αρχείον Κοινωνιολογίας και Ηθικής, Archeion Koinoniologias kai Ithikis). Castoriadis heavily criticized the actions of the KKE during the <a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">December 1944 clashes</a> between the communist-led <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">ELAS</a> on one side, and the <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Papandreou</a> government aided by British troops on the other. In December 1945, three years<a href="#cite_note-Biblionet-81">[81]</a> after earning a bachelor's degree in law, economics and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> from the School of Law, Economics and Political Sciences of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Athens">University of Athens</a> (where he met and collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantian</a> intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Despotopoulos" title="Konstantinos Despotopoulos">Konstantinos Despotopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos" title="Panagiotis Kanellopoulos">Panagiotis Kanellopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Tsatsos" title="Konstantinos Tsatsos">Konstantinos Tsatsos</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_22-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-entretien_p._4-96">[94]</a> he got aboard the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail_Ship" title="Royal Mail Ship">RMS</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataroa" class="extiw" title="fr:Mataroa">Mataroa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> a New Zealand ocean liner, to go to Paris (where he remained permanently) to continue his studies under a scholarship offered by the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Ath%C3%A8nes" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut français d'Athènes">French Institute of Athens</a>. The same voyage—organized by <a href="/wiki/Octave_Merlier" title="Octave Merlier">Octave Merlier</a>—also brought from Greece to France a number of other Greek writers, artists and intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Andreou" title="Constantine Andreou">Constantine Andreou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostas_Axelos" title="Kostas Axelos">Kostas Axelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Candilis" title="Georges Candilis">Georges Candilis</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Coulentianos" class="extiw" title="fr:Costa Coulentianos">Costa Coulentianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Kriaras" title="Emmanuel Kriaras">Emmanuel Kriaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adonis_A._Kyrou" title="Adonis A. Kyrou">Adonis A. Kyrou</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Papa%C3%AFoannou" class="extiw" title="fr:Kostas Papaïoannou">Kostas Papaïoannou</a>, and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgile_Solomonidis" class="extiw" title="fr:Virgile Solomonidis">Virgile Solomonidis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris_and_the_Chaulieu–Montal_Tendency">Paris and the Chaulieu–Montal Tendency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paris and the Chaulieu–Montal Tendency">edit</a>]</div> Once in Paris, Castoriadis joined the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(France)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (France)">Parti Communiste Internationaliste</a> (PCI). He and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a> constituted a <a href="/wiki/Chaulieu%E2%80%93Montal_Tendency" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaulieu–Montal Tendency">Chaulieu–Montal Tendency</a> in the French PCI in 1946. In 1948, they experienced their "final disenchantment with Trotskyism",<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> leading them to break away to found the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Councilist" class="mw-redirect" title="Councilist">councilist</a> group and journal <a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a> (S. ou B., 1949–1966), which included <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> as members for a while, and profoundly influenced the French intellectual left. Castoriadis had links with the group known as the <a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Forest_Tendency" title="Johnson–Forest Tendency">Johnson–Forest Tendency</a> until 1958. Also strongly influenced by Castoriadis and Socialisme ou Barbarie were the British group and journal <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(UK)" title="Solidarity (UK)">Solidarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Brinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Brinton">Maurice Brinton</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_philosophical_research">Early philosophical research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early philosophical research">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1940s, Castoriadis started attending philosophical and sociological courses at the Faculty of Letters at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fr:">faculté des lettres de Paris</a>), where among his teachers were <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Gaston Bachelard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-entretien_p._4-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dosse_43–4-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologist</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Poirier" class="extiw" title="fr:René Poirier">René Poirier</a>, the historian of philosophy Henri Bréhier (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Br%C3%A9hier" title="Émile Bréhier">Émile Bréhier</a>), <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouhier" title="Henri Gouhier">Henri Gouhier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Wahl" title="Jean Wahl">Jean Wahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Guillaume" title="Gustave Guillaume">Gustave Guillaume</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bayet" class="extiw" title="fr:Albert Bayet">Albert Bayet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Davy" title="Georges Davy">Georges Davy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_43–4-103">[101]</a> He submitted a proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral dissertation">doctoral dissertation</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a> to Poirier, but he eventually abandoned the project.<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_44-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-entretien_p._4-96">[94]</a> The working title of his thesis was Introduction à la logique axiomatique (Introduction to <a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiomatic logic">Axiomatic logic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-HC-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dosse_44-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_as_economist_and_distancing_from_Marxism">Career as economist and distancing from Marxism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Career as economist and distancing from Marxism">edit</a>]</div> At the same time (starting in November 1948), he worked as an economist at the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) until 1970, which was also the year when he obtained French <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>. Consequently, his writings prior to that date were published pseudonymously, as "Pierre Chaulieu," "Paul Cardan," "Jean-Marc Coudray" etc. In his 1949 essay "The Relations of Production in Russia",<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Castoriadis developed a critique of the supposed socialist character of the government of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. According to Castoriadis, the central claim of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> regime at the time was that the mode of production in Russia was socialist, but the mode of distribution was not yet a socialist one since the socialist edification in the country had not yet been completed. However, according to Castoriadis' analysis, since the mode of distribution of the social product is inseparable from the mode of production,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> the claim that one can have control over distribution while not having control over production is meaningless.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Castoriadis was particularly influential in the turn of the intellectual left during the 1950s against the Soviet Union, because he argued that the Soviet Union was not a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> but rather a <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">bureaucratic capitalist state</a>, which contrasted with Western powers mostly by virtue of its centralized power apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> His work in the OECD substantially helped his analyses. In the latter years of Socialisme ou Barbarie, Castoriadis came to reject the <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist theories of economics</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">history</a>, especially in an essay on "Modern Capitalism and Revolution", first published in Socialisme ou Barbarie in 1960–61 (first English translation in 1963 by Solidarity). Castoriadis' final Socialisme ou Barbarie essay was "Marxism and Revolutionary Theory", published in April 1964 – June 1965. There he concluded that a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary</a> Marxist must choose either to remain Marxist or to remain revolutionary.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch_126-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalyst">Psychoanalyst</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Psychoanalyst">edit</a>]</div> When Jacques Lacan's disputes with the <a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a> led to a split and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Freudienne_de_Paris" title="École Freudienne de Paris">École Freudienne de Paris</a> (EFP) in 1964, Castoriadis became a member (as a non-practitioner).<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> In 1968 Castoriadis married <a href="/wiki/Piera_Aulagnier" title="Piera Aulagnier">Piera Aulagnier</a>, a French psychoanalyst who had undergone psychoanalytic treatment under <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> from 1955 until 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Aulagnier-112">[110]</a> In 1969 Castoriadis and Aulagnier split from the EFP to join the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_psychanalytique_de_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Organisation psychanalytique de langue française">Organisation psychanalytique de langue française</a> (OPLF), the so-called "Quatrième Groupe",<a href="#cite_note-Tasis216-113">[111]</a> a psychoanalytic group that claims to follow principles and methods that have opened up a third way between <a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanianism</a> and the standards of the <a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Castoriadis began to practice analysis in 1973 after he had undergone analysis in the 1960s first with Irène Roubleff and then later with Michel Renard.<a href="#cite_note-Tasis216-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosopher_of_history_and_ontologist">Philosopher of history and ontologist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosopher of history and ontologist">edit</a>]</div> In 1967, Castoriadis submitted a proposal for a doctoral dissertation on the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a> (then at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nanterre" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nanterre">University of Nanterre</a>).<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> An epistolary dialogue began between them but Ricœur's obligations to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in the 1970s were such that their collaboration was not feasible at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_264–5-117">[115]</a> The subject of his thesis would be Le fondement imaginaire du social-historique (The <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)#Castoriadis" title="Imaginary (sociology)">Imaginary</a> Foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Social</a>-<a href="/wiki/History" title="History">Historical</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Dosse_264–5-117">[115]</a> (see <a href="#Later_life">below</a>). In his 1975 work, L'Institution imaginaire de la société (Imaginary Institution of Society), and in Les carrefours du labyrinthe (Crossroads in the Labyrinth), published in 1978, Castoriadis began to develop his distinctive understanding of historical change as the <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a> of irrecoverable otherness that must always be socially instituted and named in order to be recognized. Otherness emerges in part from the activity of the psyche itself. Creating external social institutions that give stable form to what Castoriadis terms the (<a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a>) "magma<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-IIS_343-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> of social significations"<a href="#cite_note-IIS_359-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> allows the psyche to create stable figures for the self, and to ignore the constant emergence of mental <a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(philosophy)" title="Indeterminacy (philosophy)">indeterminacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">alterity</a>. For Castoriadis, self-examination, as in the ancient Greek tradition, could draw upon the resources of modern psychoanalysis. Autonomous individuals—the essence of an autonomous society—must continuously examine themselves and engage in critical reflection. He writes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... psychoanalysis can and should make a basic contribution to a politics of autonomy. For, each person's self-understanding is a necessary condition for autonomy. One cannot have an autonomous society that would fail to turn back upon itself, that would not interrogate itself about its motives, its reasons for acting, its deep-seated [profondes] tendencies. Considered in concrete terms, however, society doesn't exist outside the individuals making it up. The self-reflective activity of an autonomous society depends essentially upon the self-reflective activity of the humans who form that society.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></blockquote> Castoriadis was not calling for every individual to undergo psychoanalysis, per se. Rather, by reforming education and political systems, individuals would be increasingly capable of critical self- and social reflexion. He offers: "if psychoanalytic practice has a political meaning, it is solely to the extent that it tries, as far as it possibly can, to render the individual autonomous, that is to say, lucid concerning her desire and concerning reality, and responsible for her acts: holding herself accountable for what she does."<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovietologist">Sovietologist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sovietologist">edit</a>]</div> In his 1980 Facing the War text, he took the view that Russia had become the primary world military power. To sustain this, in the context of the visible economic inferiority of the Soviet Union in the civilian sector, he proposed that the society may no longer be dominated by the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> bureaucracy but by a "<a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">stratocracy</a>"<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a>—a separate and dominant military sector with expansionist designs on the world. He further argued that this meant there was no internal class dynamic which could lead to social revolution within Russian society and that change could only occur through foreign intervention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> In 1980, he joined the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes_en_Sciences_Sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales">École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales</a> (EHESS) as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directeur_d%27%C3%A9tudes" class="extiw" title="fr:Directeur d'études">Directeur d'études</a> (Director of Studies).<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> He had been elected <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directeur_de_recherche" class="extiw" title="fr:Directeur de recherche">Directeur de recherche</a> (Director of Research) in EHESS at the end of 1979<a href="#cite_note-Schrift_112-83">[83]</a> after submitting his previously published material in conjunction with a defense of his intellectual project of connecting the disciplines of history, sociology and economy through the concept of the social imaginary<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> (see <a href="#Thought">below</a>). His teaching career at the EHESS lasted sixteen years.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> In 1980, he was also awarded his <a href="/wiki/State_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State doctorate">State doctorate</a> from the University of Nanterre; the final title of his thesis under Ricœur (see <a href="#Philosopher_of_history_and_ontologist">above</a>) was L'Élément imaginaire de l'histoire<a href="#cite_note-Schrift_112-83">[83]</a> (The Imaginary Element in History). In 1984, Castoriadis and Aulagnier divorced.<a href="#cite_note-Aulagnier-112">[110]</a> In 1989, he was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Doctorate">Honorary Doctorate</a> in Social Sciences by <a href="/wiki/Panteion_University" title="Panteion University">Panteion University</a> and in 1993 another one in <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Education Sciences</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Democritus_University_of_Thrace" title="Democritus University of Thrace">Democritus University of Thrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> In 1992, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> journal <a href="/wiki/Society_and_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Society and Nature">Society and Nature</a> (established by <a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a>) as a writer; the magazine also featured such writers as <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> He died on 26 December 1997 from complications following <a href="/wiki/Heart_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart surgery">heart surgery</a>. He was survived by Zoe Christofidi (his wife at the time of his death), his daughter Sparta (by an earlier relationship with Jeanine "Rilka" Walter,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> "Comrade Victorine" in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>),<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> and Kyveli, a younger daughter from his marriage with Zoe.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Morin" title="Edgar Morin">Edgar Morin</a> proposed that Castoriadis' work will be remembered for its remarkable continuity and coherence as well as for its extraordinary breadth which was "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedic" class="extiw" title="wikt:encyclopedic">encyclopaedic</a>" in the original Greek sense, for it offered a <a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">paideia</a>, or education, that brought full circle the cycle of otherwise compartmentalized knowledge in the arts and sciences.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Castoriadis wrote essays on mathematics, physics, biology, anthropology, psychoanalysis, linguistics, society, economics, politics, philosophy, and art. One of Castoriadis' many important contributions to social theory was the idea that social change involves radical discontinuities that cannot be understood in terms of any determinate causes or presented as a sequence of events. Change emerges through the <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)#Castoriadis" title="Imaginary (sociology)">social imaginary</a> without strict determinations,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_3-15">[15]</a> but in order to be socially recognized it must be instituted as <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>. Any knowledge of society and <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a> can exist only by referring to (or by positing) social imaginary <a href="/wiki/Social_meaning-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Social meaning-making">significations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IIS_359-16">[16]</a> Thus, Castoriadis developed a conceptual framework where the sociological and philosophical category of the social imaginary has a central place and he offered an interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> centered on the principal categories of <a href="/wiki/Social_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Social institution">social institutions</a> and social imaginary significations;<a href="#cite_note-IIS_160-13">[13]</a> in his analysis, these categories are the product of the human faculties of the radical <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a> and the social imaginary, the latter faculty being the collective dimension of the former.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> (According to Castoriadis, the sociological and philosophical category of the radical <a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_(psychoanalysis)#French_culture" title="The Imaginary (psychoanalysis)">imaginary</a><a href="#cite_note-IIS_146-12">[12]</a> can be manifested only through the individual radical imagination and the social imaginary.)<a href="#cite_note-IIS_373-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> However, the social imaginary cannot be reduced or attributed to subjective imagination, since the individual is informed through an internalisation of social significations.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> He used traditional terms as much as possible, though consistently redefining them. Further, some of his terminology changed throughout the later part of his career, with the terms gaining greater consistency but breaking from their traditional meaning (thus creating neologisms). When reading Castoriadis, it is helpful to understand what he means by the terms he uses, since he does not redefine the terms in every piece where he employs them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomy_and_heteronomy">Autonomy and heteronomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Autonomy and heteronomy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_socialism" title="Category:Libertarian socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Political concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Revolutionary spontaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Pallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophies and tendencies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchist</a> tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chaulieu–Montal tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> Other tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_municipalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian municipalism">Libertarian municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_uprising" title="Zapatista uprising">Zapatista uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAREZ" class="mw-redirect" title="MAREZ">MAREZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava Revolution">Rojava Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AANES" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES">AANES</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #ed0707; border-bottom:1px solid #ed0707;"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="diagram" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> was central to his early writings, and he continued to elaborate on its meaning, applications, and limits until his death, gaining him the title of "Philosopher of Autonomy." The word itself is <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, where <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auto#Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wikt:auto">auto</a> means "for/by itself" and <a href="/wiki/Nomos_(sociology)" title="Nomos (sociology)">nomos</a> means "law." It refers to the condition of "self-institution" by which one creates their own laws, whether as an individual or as a whole society. And while every society creates their own institutions, only the members of autonomous societies are fully aware of the fact, and consider themselves to be the ultimate source of justice.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> In contrast, members of heteronomous societies (hetero- 'other') delegate this process to an authority outside of society, often attributing the source of their traditions to divine origins or, in modern times, to "historical necessity."<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Castoriadis then identified the need of societies not only to create but to legitimize their laws, to explain, in other words, why their laws are just. Most traditional societies did that through religion, claiming their laws were given by God or a mythical ancestor and therefore must be true. An exception to this rule is to be found in Ancient Greece, where the constellation of cities (poleis) that spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean, although not all democratic, showed strong signs of autonomy, and during its peak, Athens became fully aware of the fact as seen in <a href="/wiki/Pericles%27_Funeral_Oration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericles' Funeral Oration">Pericles' Funeral Oration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Castoriadis considered Greece, a topic that increasingly drew his attention, not as a blueprint to be copied but an experiment that could inspire a truly autonomous community, one that could legitimize its laws without assigning their source to a higher authority. The Greeks differed from other societies because they not only started as autonomous but maintained this ideal by challenging their laws on a constant basis while obeying them to the same degree (even to the extent of enforcing capital punishment), proving that autonomous societies can indeed exist. Regarding modern societies, Castoriadis notes that while religions have lost part of their <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> function, their nature is still heteronomous, only that this time it has rational pretenses. <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> legitimizes itself through "<a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>," claiming that it makes "rational sense",<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> but Castoriadis observed that all such efforts are ultimately <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(logic)" title="Tautology (logic)">tautological</a>, in that they can only legitimize a system through the rules defined by the system itself. So just like the Old Testament claimed that "There is only one God, God," capitalism defines logic as the maximization of utility and minimization of costs, and then legitimizes itself based on its effectiveness to meet these criteria. Surprisingly, this definition of logic is also shared by <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, which despite the fact it stands in seeming opposition, it is the product of the same imaginary, and uses the same concepts and categories to describe the world, principally in material terms and through the process of human labor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_imaginary">The imaginary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The imaginary">edit</a>]</div> In the context of being a specific term in psychoanalysis, "imaginary" originates in the writings of the French psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> (see <a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_(psychoanalysis)" title="The Imaginary (psychoanalysis)">the Imaginary</a>) and is strongly associated with Castoriadis' work. Castoriadis believed that for a given society, as people penetrate the layers of its culture deeper and deeper, they arrive at <a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">meanings</a> that do not mean something other than themselves. They are, so to speak, "final meanings" that the society in question has imposed on the world, on itself.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Because these meanings (manifestations of the "radical imaginary" in Castoriadian terminology) do not point to anything concrete, and because the logical categories needed to analyze them are derived from them, these meanings cannot be analysed rationally. They are arational (rather than <a href="/wiki/Irrationality" title="Irrationality">irrational</a>), and must therefore be acknowledged rather than comprehended in the common use of the term. Castoriadis' views on concept formation is in sharp contrast to that of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernist">postmodernists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, who explicitly denies the existence of concepts "in and of themselves".<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Radical imaginary is at the basis of cultures and accounts for their differences. In his seminal work The Imaginary Institution of Society, Castoriadis argues that societies are founded not as products of historical necessity, but as the result of a new and radical idea of the world, an idea that appears to spring fully formed and is practically <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">irreducible</a>. All cultural forms (laws and institutions, aesthetics and ritual) follow from this radical imaginary, and are not to be explained merely as products of material conditions. Castoriadis then is offering an "ontogenetic",<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">emergentist</a>" model of history, one that is apparently unpopular amongst modern historians,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> but can serve as a valuable critique of <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>. For example, Castoriadis believed that Ancient Greeks had an imaginary by which the world stems from <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a>, while in contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a> had an imaginary by which the world stems from the will of a rational entity, God or <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. The former developed therefore a system of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> where the laws were ever changing according to the people's will while the second a theocratic system according to which man is in an eternal quest to understand and enforce the will of God. Traditional societies had elaborate imaginaries, expressed through various creation myths, by which they explained how the world came to be and how it is sustained. Capitalism did away with this mythic imaginary by replacing it with what it claims to be pure reason (as examined <a href="#Autonomy_and_heteronomy">above</a>). That same imaginary is the foundation of its opposing ideology, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>. By that measure he observes (first in his main criticism of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, titled the Imaginary Institution of Society,<a href="#cite_note-IIS_23-148">[146]</a> and subsequently in a speech he gave at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a> on 27 February 1980)<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> that these two systems are more closely related than was previously thought, since they share the same <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> type imaginary: that of a rational society where man's welfare is materially measurable and infinitely improvable through the expansion of industries and advancements in science. In this respect Marx failed to understand that technology is not, as he claimed, the main drive of social change, since there are historical examples where societies possessing near identical technologies formed very different relations to them. An example given in the book is France and England during the industrial revolution with the second being much more liberal than the first.<a href="#cite_note-IIS_23-148">[146]</a> Similarly, in the issue of ecology he observes that the problems facing the environment are only present within the capitalist imaginary that values the continuous expansion of industries. Trying to solve it by changing or managing these industries better might fail, since it essentially acknowledges this imaginary as real, thus perpetuating the problem. Castoriadis also believed that the complex historical processes through which new imaginaries are born are not directly quantifiable by science. This is because it is through the imaginaries themselves that the categories upon which science is applied are created. In the second part of his Imaginary Institution of Society (titled "The Social Imaginary and the Institution"), he gives the example of <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, which is at the basis of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">formal logic</a>, which cannot function without having first defined the "elements" which are to be assigned to sets.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> This initial schema of separation<a href="#cite_note-IIS_224–5-34">[34]</a> (schéma de séparation, σχήμα του χωρισμού) of the world into distinct elements and categories therefore, precedes the application of (formal) logic and, consequently, science. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_constructionism">Social constructionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social constructionism">edit</a>]</div> Castoriadis was a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructionist">social constructionist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativist" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral relativist">moral relativist</a> insofar as he held that the radical imaginary of each society was opaque to rational analysis. Since he believed that social norms and morals ultimately derive from a society's unique idea of the world, which emerges fully formed at a given moment in history and cannot be reduced further. From this he concluded that any criteria by which one could evaluate these morals objectively are also derived from the said imaginary, rendering this evaluation subjective. This does not mean that Castoriadis stopped believing in the value of social struggles for a better world, he simply thought that rationally proving their value is impossible. This however does not mean that Castoriadis believed there is no <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, but that truth is linked to the imaginary which is ultimately arational. In his book World in Fragments, which includes essays on science, he explicitly writes that "We have to understand that there is truth - and that it is to be made/to be done, that to attain [atteindre] it people have to create it, which means, first and foremost, to imagine it".<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> He then quotes <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a> who said "What is now proved was once only imagin'd". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaos">Chaos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chaos">edit</a>]</div> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a>, as found in Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>, plays a significant role in Castoriadis' work, and is connected to the idea of the "imaginary".<a href="#cite_note-IIS_46-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Castoriadis translates the Greek word "chaos" as nothingness.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> According to him, the core of the Greek imaginary was a world that came from Chaos rather than the will of God as described in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>. Castoriadis concludes that the Greeks' imaginary of a "world out of chaos" was what allowed them to create institutions such as democracy, because— if the world is created out of nothing— man can model it as he sees fit,<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> without trying to conform to some divine law. He contrasted the Greek imaginary to the Biblical imaginary in which God is a "willing" (i.e. intentional) agent and man's position is to understand God's will and act according to it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ancient_Greeks_and_the_modern_West">The Ancient Greeks and the modern West</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Ancient Greeks and the modern West">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerism" title="Category:Anti-consumerism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_hacking" title="Billboard hacking">Billboard hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">Buyer's remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Compulsive buying disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conviviality" title="Conviviality">Conviviality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Feminist political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food loss and waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Laconophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Non-possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumerism" title="Post-consumerism">Post-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">Slow Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">Subvertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Sustainable consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></li> <li>The Society of the Spectacle (<a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle_(film)" title="The Society of the Spectacle (film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Consumer_Society:_Myths_and_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (page does not exist)">The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_consommation_(ouvrage)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Société de consommation (ouvrage)">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be%3F" title="To Have or to Be?">To Have or to Be?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li>Fight Club (<a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No Logo</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Profit_over_People" title="Profit over People">Profit over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives" title="The Cultural Creatives">The Cultural Creatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza:_The_All-Consuming_Epidemic" title="Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic">Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evasion_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evasion (book)">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus:_Terrorized_into_Being_Consumers" title="Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers">Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So,_What%27s_Your_Price%3F" title="So, What's Your Price?">So, What's Your Price?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Would_Jesus_Buy%3F" title="What Would Jesus Buy?">What Would Jesus Buy?</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerist_groups" title="Category:Anti-consumerist groups">Organizations and groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance" title="Deep Green Resistance">Deep Green Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">Freecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Anarchy">Green Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverend_Billy_and_the_Church_of_Stop_Shopping" title="Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping">Reverend Billy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Project" title="The Venus Project">The Venus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/350.org" title="350.org">350.org</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerists" title="Category:Anti-consumerists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bonaiuti" title="Mauro Bonaiuti">Mauro Bonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Goldsmith" title="Edward Goldsmith">Edward Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Latouche" title="Serge Latouche">Serge Latouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi" title="Pierre Rabhi">Pierre Rabhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related social movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporate activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers (theater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(sociology)" title="Consumption (sociology)">Consumption (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyfication" title="Disneyfication">Disneyfication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">Economic materialism</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_problems" title="Category:Economic problems">Economic problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HospEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monetary_economy" title="Non-monetary economy">Non-monetary economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Castoriadis views the political organization of the ancient Greek cities (poleis) not as a model to imitate, rather as a source of inspiration towards an autonomous society. He rejects also the term city state used to describe Ancient Greek cities; for him the administration of Greek poleis was not that of a State in the modern sense of the term, since Greek poleis were self–administrated. The same goes for colonisation since the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, who had a similar expansion in the Mediterranean, were monarchical till their end. During this time of colonization, however, around the time of Homer's epic poems, the Greeks, instead of transferring their mother city's social system to the newly established colony, for the first time in known history, legislate anew from the ground up. What also made the Greeks special was the fact that, following the above, they kept this system as a perpetual autonomy which led to direct democracy. This phenomenon of autonomy is again present in the emergence of the states of northern Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> again as a product of small independent merchants. He sees a tension in the modern West between, on the one hand, the potentials for autonomy and creativity and the proliferation of "open societies" and, on the other hand, the spirit-crushing force of capitalism. These are respectively characterized as the creative imaginary and the capitalist imaginary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> I think that we are at a crossing in the roads of history, history in the grand sense. One road already appears clearly laid out, at least in its general orientation. That's the road of the loss of meaning, of the repetition of empty forms, of conformism, apathy, irresponsibility, and cynicism at the same time as it is that of the tightening grip of the capitalist imaginary of unlimited expansion of "rational mastery," pseudorational pseudomastery, of an unlimited expansion of consumption for the sake of consumption, that is to say, for nothing, and of a technoscience that has become autonomized along its path and that is evidently involved in the domination of this capitalist imaginary. The other road should be opened: it is not at all laid out. It can be opened only through a social and political awakening, a resurgence of the project of individual and collective autonomy, that is to say, of the will to freedom. This would require an awakening of the imagination and of the creative imaginary.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> </div></blockquote> He argues that, in the last two centuries, ideas about autonomy again come to the fore: "This extraordinary profusion reaches a sort of pinnacle during the two centuries stretching between 1750 and 1950. This is a very specific period because of the very great density of cultural creation but also because of its very strong subversiveness."<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lasting_influence">Lasting influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lasting influence">edit</a>]</div> Castoriadis has influenced European (especially continental) thought in important ways. His interventions in sociological and political theory have resulted in some of the most well-known writing to emerge from the continent (especially in the figure of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, who often can be seen to be writing against Castoriadis).<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Hans Joas published a number of articles in American journals in order to highlight the importance of Castoriadis' work to a North American sociological audience,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> and <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_P%C3%A1l_Arnason" class="extiw" title="cs:Johann Pál Arnason">Johann Pál Arnason</a> has been of enduring importance both for his critical engagement with Castoriadis' thought and for his sustained efforts to introduce it to the English speaking public (especially during his editorship of the journal <a href="/wiki/Thesis_Eleven" title="Thesis Eleven">Thesis Eleven</a>).<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In the last few years, there has been growing interest in Castoriadis's thought, including the publication of two monographs authored by Arnason's former students: Jeff Klooger's Castoriadis: Psyche, Society, Autonomy (Brill), and Suzi Adams's Castoriadis's Ontology: Being and Creation (Fordham University Press). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_publications">Major publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major publications">edit</a>]</div> Original French <ul><li>Mai 68 : la brèche [The Breach], <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>, 1968 (under the pseudonym Jean-Marc Coudray; co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Morin" title="Edgar Morin">Edgar Morin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a>)</li> <li>La Société bureaucratique [Bureaucratic Society] in two volumes: Les Rapports de production en Russie and La Révolution contre la bureaucratie, 1973</li> <li>L'Expérience du mouvement ouvrier [The Experience of the Labor Movement] in two volumes: Comment lutter and Prolétariat et organisation, 1974</li> <li>L'Institution imaginaire de la société [The Imaginary Institution of Society], <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Seuil</a>, 1975</li> <li>Les Carrefours du labyrinthe [Crossroads in the Labyrinth], Volume I, 1978</li> <li>Le Contenu du socialisme [On the Content of Socialism], 1979—originally published in three parts in S. ou B. (July 1955; translated in PSW 1, pp. 290–307), S. ou B. (July 1957; translated in PSW 2, pp. 90–154), and S. ou B. (January 1958; translated in PSW 2, pp. 155–192)</li> <li>Capitalisme moderne et révolution [Modern Capitalism and Revolution] in two volumes, 1979</li> <li>De l'écologie à l'autonomie [EA] [From Ecology to Autonomy] (avec <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit" title="Daniel Cohn-Bendit">Daniel Cohn-Bendit</a> et le Public de Louvain-la-Neuve), 1981</li> <li>Devant la guerre [Facing the War], Volume I, 1981 (a second volume was never published)</li> <li>Domaines de l'homme [Domains of Man] (Les carrefours du labyrinthe II), 1986</li> <li>La Brèche: vingt ans après (réédition du livre de 1968 complété par de nouveaux textes) [The Breach: Twenty Years After], 1988</li> <li>Le Monde morcelé [World in Fragments] (Les carrefours du labyrinthe III), 1990</li> <li>La Montée de l'insignifiance [The Rising Tide of Insignificancy] (Les carrefours du labyrinthe IV), 1996</li> <li>Fait et à faire [Done and To Be Done] (Les carrefours du labyrinthe V), 1997</li></ul> Posthumous publications <ul><li>Η Αρχαία Ελληνική Δημοκρατία και η Σημασία της για μας Σήμερα [Ancient Greek Democracy and Its Importance for Us Today], Athens: Ypsilon, 1999 (based on a lecture delivered in <a href="/wiki/Leonidio" title="Leonidio">Leonidio</a> on 17 August 1984)</li> <li>Figures du pensable [Figures of the Thinkable] (Les carrefours du labyrinthe VI), 1999</li> <li>Sur Le Politique de Platon [Commentary on The Statesman of Plato], 1999</li> <li>Sujet et vérité dans le monde social-historique. La création humaine 1 [Subject and Truth in the Social-Historical World. Human Creation 1], 2002</li> <li>Ce qui fait la Grèce, 1. D'Homère à Héraclite. La création humaine 2 [What Makes Greece, 1. From Homer to Heraclitus. Human Creation 2], 2004</li> <li>Φιλοσοφία και επιστήμη. Ένας διάλογος με τον Γεώργιο Λ. Ευαγγελόπουλο [Philosophy and Science. A Discussion with Yorgos L. Evangelopoulos], Athens: Eurasia books, 2004, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-8187-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/960-8187-09-5">960-8187-09-5</a></li> <li>Une Société à la dérive, entretiens et débats 1974–1997 [A Society Adrift], 2005</li> <li>Post-scriptum sur l'insignifiance : entretiens avec <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mermet" class="extiw" title="fr:Daniel Mermet">Daniel Mermet</a>; suivi de dialogue [Postscript on Insignificance], 2007</li> <li>Fenêtre sur le chaos [Window on the Chaos] (compiled by Enrique Escobar, Myrto Gondicas, and Pascal Vernay), Seuil, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-090826-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-090826-9">978-2-02-090826-9</a> (Castoriadis' writings on modern art and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>)</li> <li>Ce qui fait la Grèce, 2. La cité et les lois. La création humaine 3 [What Makes Greece, 2. The City and Laws. Human Creation 3], 2008</li> <li>L'Imaginaire comme tel [The Imaginary As Such], 2008</li> <li>Histoire et création : Textes philosophiques inédits, 1945–1967 [History and Creation: Unedited Philosophical Texts 1945–1967], 2009</li> <li>Ce qui fait la Grèce, 3. Thucydide, la force et le droit. La création humaine 4 [What Makes Greece, 3. Thucydides, Force and Right. Human Creation 4], 2011</li> <li>La Culture de l'égoïsme [The Culture of Egoism] (transcription of an interview that Castoriadis and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Christopher Lasch</a> gave to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> in 1986; translated into French by Myrto Gondicas), Climats, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-128463-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-08-128463-0">978-2-08-128463-0</a> (interview about the topic of the retreat of individuals from public space into <a href="/wiki/Private_sphere" title="Private sphere">private matters</a>)</li> <li>Écrits politiques 1945–1997 [Political Writings 1945–1997] (compiled by Myrto Gondicas, Enrique Escobar and Pascal Vernay), Éditions du Sandre: <ul><li>La Question du mouvement ouvrier [The Question of Workers' Movement] (vols. 1 and 2), 2012</li> <li>Quelle démocratie ? [What Democracy?] (vols. 3 and 4), 2013</li> <li>La Société bureaucratique [The Bureaucratic Society] (vol. 5), 2015</li> <li>Devant la guerre et autres écrits [Facing the War and Other Writings] (vol. 6), TBA<a href="#cite_note-LaProcure-161">[159]</a></li> <li>Sur la dynamique du capitalisme et autres textes, suivi de l'impérialisme et la guerre [On the Dynamics of Capitalism and Other Texts Followed by Imperialism and War] (vol. 7), TBA<a href="#cite_note-LaProcure-161">[159]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dialogue sur l'histoire et l'imaginaire social [Dialogue on History and the Social Imaginary], 2016 (transcription of an interview that Castoriadis gave to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftoleksi.gr/2020/04/24/short-introduction-to-the-political-legacy-of-castoriadis-ebook/">Short Introduction to the Political Legacy of Castoriadis</a>, Tarinski Yavor, Athens: Aftoleksi, 2020.</li></ul> Selected translations of works by Castoriadis <ul><li>The Imaginary Institution of Society [IIS] (trans. Kathleen Blamey). MIT Press, Cambridge 1997 [1987]. 432 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53155-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53155-0">0-262-53155-0</a>. (pb.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-1-6.html">Crossroads in the Labyrinth, Six-Volume Series</a>. Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service. Electronic publication date: March 2022 <ul><li>Vol. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-1.pdf">Crossroads in the Labyrinth</a></li> <li>Vol. 2: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-2-human-domains.pdf">Human Domains</a></li> <li>Vol. 3: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-3-world-in-fragments.pdf">World in Fragments</a></li> <li>Vol. 4: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-4-rising-tide-of-insignificancy.pdf">The Rising Tide of Insignificancy</a></li> <li>Vol. 5: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-5-done-and-to-be-done.pdf">Done and To Be Done</a></li> <li>Vol. 6: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-6-figures-of-the-thinkable.pdf">Figures of the Thinkable</a></li></ul></li> <li>The Castoriadis Reader [CR] (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). Blackwell Publisher, Oxford 1997. 470 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55786-704-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55786-704-6">1-55786-704-6</a>. (pb.)</li> <li>World in Fragments: Writings on Politics, Society, Psychoanalysis, and the Imagination [WIF] (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 1997. 507 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2763-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2763-5">0-8047-2763-5</a>.</li> <li>Political and Social Writings [PSW 1]. Volume 1: 1946–1955. From the Critique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content of Socialism (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1988. 348 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1617-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1617-5">0-8166-1617-5</a>.</li> <li>Political and Social Writings [PSW 2]. Volume 2: 1955–1960. From the Workers' Struggle Against Bureaucracy to Revolution in the Age of Modern Capitalism (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1988. 363 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1619-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1619-1">0-8166-1619-1</a>.</li> <li>Political and Social Writings [PSW 3]. Volume 3: 1961–1979. Recommencing the Revolution: From Socialism to the Autonomous Society (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1992. 405 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2168-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2168-3">0-8166-2168-3</a>.</li> <li>Modern Capitalism and Revolution [MCR] (trans. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Brinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Brinton">Maurice Brinton</a>), London: <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(UK)" title="Solidarity (UK)">Solidarity</a>, 1965 (including an introduction and additional English material by Brinton; the second English edition was published by Solidarity in 1974, with a new introduction by Castoriadis)</li> <li>Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy. Essays in Political Philosophy [PPA] (ed. David Ames Curtis). Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford 1991. 306 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506963-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506963-3">0-19-506963-3</a>.</li> <li>Crossroads in the Labyrinth [CL] (trans. M. H. Ryle/K. Soper). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1984. 345 pp.</li> <li>On Plato's Statesman [OPS] (trans. David Ames Curtis). Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 2002. 227 pp.</li> <li>"The Crisis of Western Societies." <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a> 53 (Fall 1982). New York: Telos Press.</li> <li>Figures of the Thinkable [FT B] (trans. Helen Arnold). Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 2007. 304 pp. (Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/FTPK.html">trans. anon. February 2005</a> [FT A].)</li> <li>A Society Adrift. Interviews and Debates, 1974–1997 [SA] (trans. Helen Arnold). Fordham University Press, New York 2010. 259 pp. (Also trans. anon. October 2010: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/ASA.pdf">A Society Adrift: More Interviews and Discussions on The Rising Tide of Insignificancy, Including Revolutionary Perspectives Today</a>. Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service.)</li> <li>"The Dilapidation of the West: An Interview with Cornelius Castoriadis" (trans. David Ames Curtis), Thesis Eleven, May 1995, 41(1): 94–114.</li> <li>"Psychoanalysis and Politics", in: <a href="/wiki/Sonu_Shamdasani" title="Sonu Shamdasani">Sonu Shamdasani</a> and Michael Münchow (eds.), Speculations After Freud: Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, and Culture, Routledge, 1994, pp. 1–12 (also in: World in Fragments, 1997, pp. 125–136)</li> <li>Postscript on Insignificance: Dialogues with Cornelius Castoriadis [PI B] (ed./trans. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rockhill" title="Gabriel Rockhill">Gabriel Rockhill</a> and John V. Garner). Continuum, London 2011. 160 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3960-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3960-3">978-1-4411-3960-3</a>. (hb.) (Also trans. anon. March 2011: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/PSRTI.pdf">Postscript on Insignificancy, including More Interviews and Discussions on the Rising Tide of Insignificancy, followed by Six Dialogues, Four Portraits and Two Book Reviews</a> [PI A]. Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/RTI.html">The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep)</a> [RTI]. Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service. Electronic publication date: December 2003.</li> <li>Democracy and Relativism: A Debate [DR]. Translated from the French by John V. Garner. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786610959" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786610959">978-1786610959</a>. (Also, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/DR.pdf">trans. anon. January 2013</a>.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/WoC.pdf">Window on the Chaos, Including "How I Didn't Become a Musician</a>" – Beta Version [WC]. Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service. Electronic publication date: July 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socialisme_ou_barbarie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Socialisme_ou_barbarie.JPG/220px-Socialisme_ou_barbarie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Socialisme_ou_barbarie.JPG/330px-Socialisme_ou_barbarie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Socialisme_ou_barbarie.JPG/440px-Socialisme_ou_barbarie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The journal Socialisme ou Barbarie.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">Autopoiesis</a>, a term inspired by Castoriadis' philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism#The_French_autonome_movement" title="Autonomism">The French autonome movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a>, Castoriadis' adopted methodology of studying social meaning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkæstəriˈædɪs/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kastɔʁjadis]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Greek: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[kastoriˈaðis]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Suzi Adams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/108/216">"Towards a Post-Phenomenology of Life: Castoriadis' Naturphilosophie"</a>, Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol. 4, Nos. 1–2 (2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Arato" title="Andrew Arato">Andrew Arato</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8U7MQlYJgZAC">From Neo-Marxism to Democratic Theory. Essays on the Critical Theory of Soviet-Type Societies</a>. M.E. Sharpe, 1993, pp. 122–45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1853-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1853-5">978-0-7656-1853-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Simon Tormey and Jules Townshend. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cjyg3-2qWSwC">Key Thinkers from Critical Theory to Post-Marxism</a>. London: Sage Publications. 2006, pp. 13–37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-716-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-716-1">978-1-84787-716-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Challand-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Challand_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Challand_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Challand_4-2">c</a> Benoît Challand, "Socialisme ou Barbarie or the Partial Encounters Between Anarchism and Critical Marxism", in: Alex Prichard, Ruth Kinna, Dave Berry, Saku Pinta (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PQv7y7zMBsC">Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red</a>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 210–231, esp. 210, "... Castoriadis's evident legacy to Left-libertarian thinking and his radical break with orthodox Marxist-Leninism ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lefort-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lefort_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lefort_5-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a>, Writing: The Political Test, Duke University Press, 2000, Translator's Foreword by David Ames Curtis, p. xxiv, "Castoriadis, the historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Pierre Vidal-Naquet</a>, now Lefort ... are themselves quite articulate in their own right and historically associated with a libertarian socialist outlook..." </li> <li id="cite_note-e319-6"><a href="#cite_ref-e319_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjeili2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ojeili, Chamsy (2001). "Post-Marxism with Substance: Castoriadis and the Autonomy Project". New Political Science. 23 (2): 225–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140120054047">10.1080/07393140120054047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-3148">0739-3148</a>. <q>Receiving his political inheritance from the broad libertarian socialist tradition, Castoriadis continues to challenge the domination of state and capital and to insist on the liberatory possibilities of direct democracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Post-Marxism+with+Substance%3A+Castoriadis+and+the+Autonomy+Project&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-239&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393140120054047&rft.issn=0739-3148&rft.aulast=Ojeili&rft.aufirst=Chamsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirsch_126-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hirsch_126_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirsch_126_7-1">b</a> Arthur Hirsh, The French Left, Black Rose Books, 1982, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Suzi Adams (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ws_aAgAAQBAJ">Cornelius Castoriadis: Key Concepts</a>. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014, "Democracy" entry by Ingerid S. Straume: "[Castoriadis'] thought certainly reflects ideas of radical, participatory and direct democracy, communitarianism and republicanism ...". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7290-7">978-1-4411-7290-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Tassis 2007, pp. 1 and 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Fernando Urribarri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.sagepub.com/content/71/1/40.short">"Castoriadis: the Radical Imagination and the Post-Lacanian Unconscious"</a>, Thesis Eleven, November 2002, 71(1): 40–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> FT B, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_146-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_146_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_146_12-1">b</a> IIS, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_160-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_160_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_160_13-1">b</a> IIS, p. 160: "We do not need, therefore, to 'explain' how and why the imaginary, the imaginary social significations and the institutions that incarnate them, become autonomous." </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_373-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_373_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_373_14-1">b</a> IIS, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_3-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_3_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_3_15-1">b</a> IIS, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_359-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_359_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_359_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_359_16-2">c</a> IIS, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> IIS, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> IIS, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> IIS, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> IIS, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> IIS, p. 282; confer Freud's term (Vorstellungs-) Repräsentanz des Triebes "ideational representative of the drive" (Sigmund Freud, "Die Verdrängung" contained in the volume Internationale Zeitschrift für ärztliche Psychoanalyse, Vol. III, Cahier 3, 1915, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/InternationaleZeitschriftFuumlraumlrztlichePsychoanalyseBandIiiHeft3/Z_III_1915_3#page/n3/mode/2up">p. 130</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> IIS, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> IIS, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> WIF, pp. 131 and 263; Elliott 2003, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> PPA, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Stavrakakis" title="Yannis Stavrakakis">Yannis Stavrakakis</a>. "Creativity and its Limits: Encounters with Social Constructionism and the Political in Castoriadis and Lacan." <a href="/wiki/Constellations_(journal)" title="Constellations (journal)">Constellations</a>, 9(4):522–539 (2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Les carrefours du labyrinthe: Le monde morcelé (1990), p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> WIF, p. 268. (Confer <a href="/wiki/Fichte%27s_original_insight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fichte's original insight">Fichte's original insight</a>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> An Eigenwelt that is organized through its own time (Eigenzeit); WIF, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS,_p._281-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS,_p._281_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS,_p._281_30-1">b</a> IIS, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_46-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_46_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_46_31-1">b</a> IIS, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_343-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_343_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_343_32-1">b</a> "A magma is that from which one can extract (or in which one can construct) an indefinite number of <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">ensemblist</a> organizations but which can never be reconstituted (ideally) by a (finite or infinite) ensemblist composition of these organizations." (IIS, p. 343.) </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_175-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_175_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_175_33-1">b</a> IIS, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_224–5-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_224–5_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_224–5_34-1">b</a> IIS, pp. 224–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> From the Ancient Greek λέγειν "to say, speak" and τεύχειν "to make." </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> This is Castoriadis' version (IIS, p. 104) of Freud's motto Wo Es war, soll Ich werden ("Where Id was, Ego shall come to be"; see Sigmund Freud, Neue Folge der Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse: 31. Vorlesung). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> IIS, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Elucidation is a methodology pertaining to historical research (research on the social-historical conditions of possibility) which is "inseparable from a political aim and a political project" (IIS, pp. 2–3). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> "The institution presupposes the institution: it can exist only if individuals fabricated by the institution make the institution exist" (WIF, p. 315). Klooger has compared Castoriadis' idea of the 'circle of creation' with Heidegger's idea of the '<a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_circle" title="Hermeneutic circle">hermeneutic circle</a>' (Klooger 2009, p. 254). S. Gourgouris (2003) pointed out that the circle of creation is "a circle whose Being is nowhere, since in itself it accounts for the meaning of Being, a meaning that is always inevitably a human ... affair," and that, contrary to what Heidegger advocates, the circle of creation "is never broken by revelation (by 'unconcealment'—<a href="/wiki/Aletheia#Heidegger_and_aletheia" title="Aletheia">aletheia</a>)" (Stathis Gourgouris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUVbzpnJRPAC">Does Literature Think?</a>, Stanford University Press, 2003, p. 153). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The paradox arising from the assertion that historical consciousness universalizes historical knowledge; see IIS, pp. 34–5; Klooger 2009, p. 242; Konstantinos Kavoulakos, "Cornelius Castoriadis on Social Imaginary and Truth", Ariadne 12 (2006), pp. 201–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> IIS, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Castoriadis posits that new <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">forms</a> are radically novel; this, however, does not imply neither that ontological creation has no prior foundation—it is not in nihilo—nor that it has no constraints—it is not cum nihilo. Confer: FT B, pp. 241, 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">Being</a> is creation, vis formandi: not the creation of '<a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">matter-energy</a>,' but the creation of <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">forms</a>" (Fait et à faire, p. 212). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "For what is given in and through history is not the determined sequence of the determined but the emergence of radical otherness, immanent creation, non-trivial novelty." (IIS, p. 184.) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "[T]ime is essentially linked to the emergence of alterity. Time is this emergence as such—whereas space is "only" its necessary concomitant. Time is creation and destruction—that means, time is being in its substantive determinations." (WIF, p. 399.) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> WIF, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> PSW 2, p. 126: "Absolute Wage Equality". </li> <li id="cite_note-Cast1978-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cast1978_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cast1978_48-1">b</a> Cornelius Castoriadis, "From Marx to Aristotle, from Aristotle to Us" (trans. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Arato" title="Andrew Arato">Andrew Arato</a>), <a href="/wiki/Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Research">Social Research</a> 45(4):667–738, 1978, esp. p. 738: "It is a question of the destruction of economic motivations, by destroying the "socially objective" conditions of its [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] possibility: the differentiation of revenues." </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> PSW 2, p. 152: "As for the administration of justice [in a <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(economic_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism (economic system)">socialist economy</a>], it will be in the hands of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rank_and_file" class="extiw" title="wikt:rank and file">rank-and-file</a> bodies." </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> PSW 2, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> PSW 2, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> PSW 3, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "Capitalism can function only by continually drawing upon the genuinely human activity of those subject to it, while at the same time trying to level and dehumanize them as much as possible." (IIS, p. 16.) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> MCR, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> PI A, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> PPA, ch. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> CL, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> FT B, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> CR, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> EA, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Suzi Adams, Jeremy Smith (eds.), Social Imaginaries, 1(1), Spring 2015, p. 38: "Ecological autonomy in [Castoriadis'] assessment is 'the question of the self-limitation of society'..." </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> CL, pp. 153–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Jeff Klooger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ObcK83Qi8QC">Castoriadis: Psyche, Society, Autonomy</a>, BRILL, 2009, pp. 226–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> PPA, ch. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Jens Hoyrup, Ιn Measure, Number, and Weight: Studies in Mathematics and Culture, SUNY Press, 1994, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Cornelius Castoriadis, "Democracy as Procedure and Democracy as Regime", Constellations 4(1):1–18 (1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> IIS, pp. 141, 170, 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> IIS, pp. 54–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> MCR, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> CL, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> FT A: "What Democracy? (including Passion and Knowledge)", p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Nitzan" title="Jonathan Nitzan">Jonathan Nitzan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimshon_Bichler" title="Shimshon Bichler">Shimshon Bichler</a>, Capital as Power: A Study of Order and Creorder, Routledge, 2009, pp. 148–9: "According to Cornelius Castoriadis ..., [e]quivalence in exchange ... came not from anything intrinsic to commodities, but from what the Greek called the nomos. It was rooted not in the material sphere of consumption and production, but in the broader social–legal–historical institutions of society. It was not an objective substance, but a human creation. ... In all pre-capitalist societies, prices – and distribution more generally – were determined through some mixture of social struggles and cooperation. Authoritarian regimes emphasized power and decree, while more egalitarian societies used negotiation, volition and even gifts..." and p. 306: "The power role of the market cannot be overemphasized... Cornelius Castoriadis ... proclaims that 'where there is capitalism, there is no market; and where there is a market, there cannot be capitalism'". </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> IIS, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> CL, pp. 46–115: "Psychoanalysis: Project and Elucidation"; Elliott 2003, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Cornelius Castoriadis, "The State of the Subject Today", American Imago, Winter 1989, 46(4), pp. 371–412 (also in: WIF, pp. 137–171). Cf. V. Karalis (2005). "Castoriadis, Cornelius (1922–97)," in: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Protevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Protevi (page does not exist)">John Protevi</a> (ed.), The Edinburgh Dictionary of Continental Philosophy, Edinburgh University Press, 2005, pp. 86–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> PSW 3, pp. 272–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Christos Memos. "Castoriadis and Social Theory: From Marginalization to Canonization to Re-radicalization". In: Alex Law and Eric Royal Lybeck (eds.). Sociological Amnesia: Cross-currents in Disciplinary History. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-Memos_18-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memos_18_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memos_18_78-1">b</a> Memos 2014, p. 18: "he was ... granted full French citizenship in 1970." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosse_514–5-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_514–5_79-0">^</a> He was known to intimates as "Corneille" (Dosse 2014, pp. 514–5). </li> <li id="cite_note-Bella-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bella_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bella_80-1">b</a> Marianthi Bella, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glinos.gr/v1/public/image/files/30_original.pdf">"In my Neighborhood, Patisia ..."</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glinos_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glinos Foundation">Glinos Foundation</a>, 2013, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblionet-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biblionet_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblionet_81-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblionet.gr/author/6451">"Castoriadis, Cornelius, 1922–1997"</a> at <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="el:Εθνικό Κέντρο Βιβλίου">E.KE.BI / Biblionet</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HC_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HC_82-1">b</a> Cornelius Castoriadis, Histoire et création : Textes philosophiques inédits, 1945–1967, Seuil, 2009, Section I, Chapter 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrift_112-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_112_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_112_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_112_83-2">c</a> Schrift 2006, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Dosse 2014, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agorainternational.org/abouttext.html">"Cornelius Castoriadis Dies at 75"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040614185124/http://www.agorainternational.org/abouttext.html">Archived</a> 2004-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Tassis 2007, p. 4; Tasis 2007, pp. 27–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosse_13-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_13_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_13_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_13_89-2">c</a> Dosse 2014, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Tasis 2007, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-entretien_p._2-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entretien_p._2_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-entretien_p._2_91-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agorainternational.org/enccaiint.pdf">Cornelius Castoriadis/Agora International Interview Cerisy Colloquium (1990)</a>, p. 2 (French original: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agorainternational.org/fr/CCAIINT.pdf">Entretien d'Agora International avec Cornelius Castoriadis au Colloque de Cerisy (1990)</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Dosse 2014, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> At the time, Castoriadis was under the influence of the Trotskyist <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/militant#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Agis_Stinas" title="Agis Stinas">Agis Stinas</a> (Tasis 2007, pp. 40–1). </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Suzi Adams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKRFYgEACAAJ">Castoriadis's Ontology: Being and Creation</a>. New York: Fordham University Press, 2011, p. 218. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-3459-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-3459-2">978-0-8232-3459-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosse_22-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_22_95-0">^</a> Dosse 2014, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-entretien_p._4-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-entretien_p._4_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-entretien_p._4_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-entretien_p._4_96-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agorainternational.org/enccaiint.pdf">Cornelius Castoriadis/Agora International Interview Cerisy Colloquium (1990)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Tasis 2007, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Tasis 2007, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Dosse 2014, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> François Bordes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQqz6w72At0C&pg=PA63">"Exil et création : des penseurs grecs dans la vie intellectuelle française"</a>, in Servanne Jollivet, Christophe Premat, Mats Rosengren, Destins d'exilés, Le Manuscrit, 2011, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastoriadisL'Anti-Mythes1974" class="citation journal cs1">Castoriadis, Cornelius; L'Anti-Mythes (January 1974). "An Interview with C. Castoriadis". <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a> (23): 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+C.+Castoriadis&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1974-01&rft.aulast=Castoriadis&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=%27%27L%27Anti-Mythes%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1974" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Dick (1974). "Introduction to Castoriadis". <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a> (23): 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Castoriadis&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosse_43–4-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_43–4_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_43–4_103-1">b</a> Dosse 2014, pp. 43–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Tasis 2007, pp. 67–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosse_44-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_44_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_44_105-1">b</a> Dosse 2014, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> PSW 1, pp. 135–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "[L]e mode de répartition du produit social est inséparable du mode de production." (P. Chaulieu, "Les rapports de production en Russie", Socialisme ou Barbarie n° 2 (May 1949) reproduced in La Société bureaucratique - Volumes 1–2, Christian Bourgois Éditeur, 1990, p. 164.) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> "L'Idée que l'on puisse dominer la répartition sans dominer la production est de l'enfantillage." (La Société bureaucratique - Volumes 1–2, p. 166.) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Peter Osborne (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zyESK4VH4EC">A Critical Sense: Interviews with Intellectuals</a>, Routledge, 2013, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> "Marxism and Revolutionary Theory" later became the first of the two parts of IIS (the second being "The Social Imaginary and the Institution", a previously unpublished follow-up to "Marxism and Revolutionary Theory"). The relevant quote from IIS, p. 14 is: "Starting from revolutionary Marxism, we have arrived at the point where we have to choose between remaining Marxist and remaining revolutionaries". </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoudinesco" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Roudinesco" title="Élisabeth Roudinesco">Roudinesco, Élisabeth</a>. Jacques Lacan & Co. University of Chicago Press. p. 433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacques+Lacan+%26+Co&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.aulast=Roudinesco&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aulagnier-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aulagnier_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aulagnier_112-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychoanalytikerinnen.de/france_biographies.html#Aulagnier">"Piera Aulagnier née Spairani" entry at Psychoanalytikerinnen.de</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tasis216-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tasis216_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tasis216_113-1">b</a> Tasis 2007, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Sophie de Mijolla-Mellor (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3435301211.html">"Quatrième Groupe (O.P.L.F.), Fourth Group."</a> In: <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Mijolla" title="Alain de Mijolla">A. de Mijolla</a> (Ed.), International dictionary of psychoanalysis, vol. 3 (p. 1429). Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Dosse 2014, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Dosse 2014, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosse_264–5-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_264–5_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dosse_264–5_117-1">b</a> Dosse 2014, pp. 264–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> From the contemporary geological term <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>, "blend of molten or semi-molten rock", from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dma%2Fgma">μάγμα</a>, "thick unguent" (Suzi Adams, ed., 2014, ch. 6). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Klooger, Jeff. "The Guise of Nothing: Castoriadis on Indeterminacy, and its Misrecognition in Heidegger and Sartre," Critical Horizons 14(1), 2013, p. 7: "'Magma' is the name Castoriadis gives to the mode of being which he sees as underlying all others, and which is characterized by an indeterminacy in which particular determinations come to be, but without congealing into inalterable forms, and without diminishing the potential for the emergence of new and different determinations." </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Subsequent attempts by Castoriadis at formalizing the notion of magma were not successful. According to logician Athanassios Tzouvaras, the properties of a magma that Castoriadis proposed were either unformalizable or inconsistent (see Athanassios Tzouvaras, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.auth.gr/tzouvara/Texfiles.htm/Castor.pdf">"Sets with dependent elements: Elaborating on Castoriadis' notion of 'magma'"</a> [n.d.]). </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> FT A: "Imaginary and Imagination at the Crossroads" (essay based on a speech given in <a href="/wiki/Abrantes" title="Abrantes">Abrantes</a> in November 1996), p. 151. The quote appears in a slightly different translation in FT B (Figures of the Thinkable, trans. by Helen Arnold, Stanford University Press, 2007), pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> FT A: "First Institution of Society and Second-Order Institutions" (essay based on a lecture presented on 15 December 1985 in Paris), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastoriadis1980" class="citation journal cs1">Castoriadis, Cornelius (February 1980). "Facing the War". <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a> (46): 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Facing+the+War&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1980-02&rft.aulast=Castoriadis&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Klimis" class="extiw" title="fr:Sophie Klimis">Sophie Klimis</a> and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Van_Eynde" class="extiw" title="fr:Laurent Van Eynde">Laurent Van Eynde</a> (eds.), L'imaginaire selon Castoriadis: thèmes et enjeux, Facultés Universitaires Saint Louis à Bruxelles, 2006, p. 47 n. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Dosse 2014, pp. 305–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> He had proposed in his application form the creation of a Chair in Recherches sur les régimes sociaux contemporains, "Research on contemporary social systems" (Dosse 2014, p. 308), which he eventually occupied. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> OPS, p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Dosse 2014, pp. 350–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Atton" title="Chris Atton">Chris Atton</a>, Alternative Literature: A Practical Guide for Librarians, Gower, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Tasis 2007, pp. 43 and 85 n. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Anon. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/foreword.html">Foreword to The Rising Tide of Insignificancy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Tasis 2007, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol7/no2/economou.html">Alex Economou: Obituary – Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin1997" class="citation web cs1">Morin, Edgar (30 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611154828/http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2191&editorial_id=10264">"An encyclopaedic spirit"</a>. Radical Philosophy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2191&editorial_id=10264">the original</a> on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+encyclopaedic+spirit&rft.pub=Radical+Philosophy&rft.date=1997-12-30&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radicalphilosophy.com%2Fdefault.asp%3Fchannel_id%3D2191%26editorial_id%3D10264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Marcela Tova, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/815/81500904.pdf">"The imaginary term in readings about modernity: Taylor and Castoriadis conceptions"</a>, Revista de Estudios Sociales 9, June 2001, pp. 32–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Chiara Bottici, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Au0YBQAAQBAJ">Imaginal Politics: Images Beyond Imagination and the Imaginary</a>, Columbia University Press, 2014, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Poirier" class="extiw" title="fr:Nicolas Poirier">Nicolas Poirier</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-du-mauss-2003-1-page-383.htm">"Cornelius Castoriadis. L'Imaginaire radical"</a>, Revue du MAUSS, 1/2003 (No. 21), pp. 383–404. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> "The Social Imaginary and the Institution" in IIS, pp. 167–220. Also in CR, pp. 196–217. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Schismenos 2013, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastoriadisL'Anti-Mythes1974" class="citation journal cs1">Castoriadis, Cornelius; L'Anti-Mythes (January 1974). "An Interview with C. Castoriadis". <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a> (23): 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+C.+Castoriadis&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=152&rft.date=1974-01&rft.aulast=Castoriadis&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=%27%27L%27Anti-Mythes%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> "Alienation appears first of all as the alienation of a society to its institutions, as the autonomization of institutions in relation to society." (IIS, p. 115.) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Cornelius Castoriadis. Ce qui fait la Grèce : Tome 3, Thucydide, la force et le droit. Seuil 2011. (Séminaire of 13 February 1985.) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Cornelius Castoriadis (1999). " La rationalité du capitalisme " in Figures du Pensable, Paris: Seuil. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> IIS, pp. 142–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Jacques Derrida. Positions. University of Chicago Press, 1982, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJonuW4L_EC&q=no+concept+is&pg=PA57">p. 57</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Yannis Ktenas. How Castoriadis read Weber: Meaning, values, and imaginary institution. Published: 6 March 2018 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicseminar.org/2018/03/how-castoriadis-read-weber/">PUBLIC SEMINAR</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Ricardo Duchesne. Uniqueness of Western Civilization. BRILL, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWmDPzPo0XAC&q=ontogenetic&pg=PP1">p. 267</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-IIS_23-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_23_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIS_23_148-1">b</a> IIS, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> EA, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> IIS, pp. 223–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> WIF, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> FT B, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Note that he doesn't entirely exclude its definition, in <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>, as a state of maximum entropy. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Castoriadis advocated that "[t]he surging forth [surgissement] of signification—of the institution, of society—is creation and self-creation. ... Signification emerges to cover over the Chaos, thus bringing into being a mode of being that posits itself as negation of the Chaos" (WIF, p. 315). </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> WIF, p. 72; cf. <a href="/wiki/List_of_republics#Middle_Ages" title="List of republics">List of republics § Middle Ages</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> FT A: "Imaginary and Imagination at the Crossroads," p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> FT A: "Imaginary and Imagination at the Crossroads," p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Elliott 2003, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Joas, H. 1989. "Institutionalization as a Creative Process: The Sociological Importance of Cornelius Castoriadis's Political Philosophy", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 4: 5 (March), 1184–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Arnason, J. P. 1989. "Culture and Imaginary Significations", Thesis Eleven, February 1989, 22(1): 25–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-LaProcure-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaProcure_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaProcure_161-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718153609/http://www.laprocure.com/ecrits-politiques-1945-1997-cornelius-castoriadis/9782358211031.html">Ecrits politiques, Cornelius Castoriadis, Livres, LaProcure.com</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dosse" title="François Dosse">François Dosse</a>. Castoriadis. Une vie. Paris: La Découverte, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-7126-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-7126-9">978-2-7071-7126-9</a>.</li> <li>Anthony Elliott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wslr_Esvs1UC">Critical Visions: New Directions in Social Theory</a>. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2690-7">978-0-7425-2690-7</a>.</li> <li>Christos Memos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygC-BQAAQBAJ">Castoriadis and Critical Theory: Crisis, Critique and Radical Alternatives</a>. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03447-2">978-1-137-03447-2</a>.</li> <li>Alan D. Schrift. Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4394-3">978-1-4051-4394-3</a>.</li> <li>Theofanis Tasis. Καστοριάδης. Μια φιλοσοφία της αυτονομίας [Castoriadis. A philosophy of autonomy]. Athens: Eurasia books. December 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-8187-22-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-8187-22-1">978-960-8187-22-1</a>.</li> <li>Theofanis Tassis. Cornelius Castoriadis. Disposition einer Philosophie. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/13006">FU Dissertationen Online</a>.</li> <li>Alexandros Schismenos. Η Ανθρώπινη Τρικυμία. Ψυχή και Αυτονομία στη Φιλοσοφία του Κορνήλιου Καστοριάδη [The Human Tempest. Psyche and Αutonomy in the Philosophy of Cornelius Castoriadis]. Athens: Exarcheia, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-80336-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-618-80336-5-8">978-618-80336-5-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Nelly Andrikopoulou. Το ταξίδι του Ματαρόα, 1945 [Mataroa's Voyage, 1945]. Athens: "Hestia" Printing House, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-05-1348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-05-1348-6">978-960-05-1348-6</a>.</li> <li>Giorgio Baruchello and Ingerid S. Straume (eds.). Creation, Rationality and Autonomy: Essays on Cornelius Castoriadis. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-878-75-6499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-878-75-6499-1">978-878-75-6499-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Brinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Brinton">Maurice Brinton</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ztHKlN_ObwC">For Workers' Power. Selected Writings</a> (ed. <a href="/wiki/David_Goodway" title="David Goodway">David Goodway</a>). Edinburgh/Oakland: AK Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904859-07-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-904859-07-0">1-904859-07-0</a>.</li> <li>David Ames Curtis, "Socialism or Barbarism: The Alternative Presented in the Work of Cornelius Castoriadis." Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales, 86 (December 1989): 293–322. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/13495706/Socialism_or_Barbarism_The_Alternative_Presented_in_the_Work_of_Cornelius_Castoriadis">https://www.academia.edu/13495706/Socialism_or_Barbarism_The_Alternative_Presented_in_the_Work_of_Cornelius_Castoriadis</a>>.</li> <li>Dimitris Eleas. Ιδιωτικός Κορνήλιος: Προσωπική Μαρτυρία για τον Καστοριάδη [Private Cornelius: Personal Testimony about Castoriadis]. Athens: Angelakis, July 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-5011-69-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-618-5011-69-7">978-618-5011-69-7</a>.</li> <li>Andrea Gabler. Antizipierte Autonomie. Zur Theorie und Praxis der Gruppe "Socialisme ou Barbarie" (1949–1967). Hanover: Offizin Verlag, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-930345-64-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-930345-64-9">978-3-930345-64-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Discourse_of_Modernity" title="The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity">The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity</a>: "Excursus on Castoriadis: The Imaginary Institution." Polity Press, 1990, pp. 327–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-0830-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-0830-2">0-7456-0830-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Axel Honneth</a>. "Rescuing the Revolution with an Ontology: On Cornelius Castoriadis' Theory of Society". In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKxkigoKGosC">The Fragmanted World of the Social. Essays in Social and Political Philosophy</a> (ed. Charles Wright), SUNY Press, 1995, pp. 168–183. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0700-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0700-5">978-1-4384-0700-5</a>.</li> <li>Hans Joas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxqc02veu2kC&q=%22">Pragmatism and Social Theory</a>. University of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 154–171. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40042-6">978-0-226-40042-6</a></li> <li>Vrasidas Karalis (ed.). Cornelius Castoriadis and Radical Democracy. Brill, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27858-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27858-5">978-90-04-27858-5</a>.</li> <li>Alexandros Kioupkiolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOKx3wezJ_QC">Freedom After the Critique of Foundations: Marx, Liberalism, Castoriadis and Agonistic Autonomy</a>. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-27912-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-27912-0">0-230-27912-0</a>.</li> <li>Jeff Klooger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ObcK83Qi8QC">Castoriadis: Psyche, Society, Autonomy</a>. Brill, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17529-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17529-7">978-90-04-17529-7</a>.</li> <li>Yannis Ktenas and Alexandros Schismenos.(eds.) Η Σκέψη του Κορνήλιου Καστοριάδη και η Σημασία της για μας Σήμερα [The Thought of Cornelius Castoriadis and its Significance for Us Today]. Athens: Eurasia books. 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-5027-89-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-618-5027-89-6">978-618-5027-89-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Latouche" title="Serge Latouche">Serge Latouche</a>. Cornelius Castoriadis ou l'autonomie radicale. Le Passager Clandestin, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-36935-008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-36935-008-8">978-2-36935-008-8</a>.</li> <li>Yannis Lazaratos, Το παράθυρο του Καστοριάδη. Χάος, Άβυσσος, Απύθμενο. [The Window of Castoriadis. Chaos, Abyss, Grounless]. Athens: Papazisis, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-02-3393-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-02-3393-3">978-960-02-3393-3</a>.</li> <li>Johann Michel. Ricoeur and the Post-Structuralists: Bourdieu, Derrida, Deleuze, Foucault, Castoriadis. Rowman & Littlefield International, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-094-4">978-1-78348-094-4</a>.</li> <li>Mathieu Noury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fss.ulaval.ca/cms_recherche/upload/aspectssociologiques/fichiers/noury2011.pdf">Cornelius Castoriadis, sociologue ? Critique sociologique de l'ontologie de la création imaginaire sociale</a>. Revue Aspects Sociologiques, 18(1), March 2011.</li> <li>Yorgos Oikonomou (ed.), Η Γένεση της Δημοκρατίας και η Σημερινή Κρίση [The Birth of Democracy and Contemporary Crisis]. Athens: Eurasia books. 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-8187-77-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-8187-77-1">978-960-8187-77-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Potte-Bonneville" class="extiw" title="fr:Mathieu Potte-Bonneville">Mathieu Potte-Bonneville</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/risked-democracy-2">"Risked democracy: Foucault, Castoriadis and the Greeks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a> 166 (March/April 2011).</li> <li>Jean-Louis Prat. Introduction à Castoriadis. Paris: La Découverte. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5083-7">978-2-7071-5083-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger</a>, Castoriadis, and the Romance of a National Future." <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Law_Review" title="Northwestern University Law Review">Northwestern University Law Review</a>, 82(2):335–51 (1988).</li> <li>Alexandros Schismenos and Nikos Ioannou. Μετά τον Καστοριάδη. Δρόμοι της Αυτονομίας στον 21ο Αιώνα. [After Castoriadis. Roads to Autonomy in the 21st Century]. Athens: Exarcheia, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-5128-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-618-5128-03-6">978-618-5128-03-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchismenos2018" class="citation web cs1">Schismenos, Alexandros (15 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicseminar.org/2018/01/imagination-and-interpretation/">"Imagination and Interpretation: On the dialogue between Cornelius Castoriadis and Paul Ricoeur"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imagination+and+Interpretation%3A+On+the+dialogue+between+Cornelius+Castoriadis+and+Paul+Ricoeur&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft.aulast=Schismenos&rft.aufirst=Alexandros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicseminar.org%2F2018%2F01%2Fimagination-and-interpretation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schismenos, Alexandros. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/316">"Time in the ontology of Cornelius Castoriadis."</a> SOCRATES. 5(3 and 4):64–81 (April 2018).</li> <li>Alexandros Schismenos, Nikos Ioannou and Chris Spannos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://castoriadis-and-autonomy-book.info/">Castoriadis and Autonomy in the Twenty First Century</a>. London: Bloomsbury, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350123373" title="Special:BookSources/9781350123373">9781350123373</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350123380" title="Special:BookSources/9781350123380">9781350123380</a>.</li> <li>Alexandros Schismenos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/SCHCAH-9">Castoriadis against Heidegger: Time and existence</a>, Montreal: Black Rose Books 2024. ISBN 978-1-55164-815-6, 978-1-55164-817-0.</li> <li>Society of Friends of Cornelius Castoriadis. Ψυχή, Λόγος, Πόλις [Psyche, Logos, Polis]. Athens: Ypsilon, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-17-0219-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-17-0219-3">978-960-17-0219-3</a>.</li> <li>Yannis Stavrakakis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYA251byjVYC">The Lacanian Left: Psychoanalysis, Theory, Politics</a>. Edinburgh University Press, 2007, pp. 37–65. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-7329-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-7329-5">0-7914-7329-5</a>.</li> <li>Yavor Tarinski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftoleksi.gr/2020/04/24/short-introduction-to-the-political-legacy-of-castoriadis-ebook/">Short Introduction to the Political Legacy of Castoriadis</a>. Athens: Aftoleksi, 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesis_Eleven" title="Thesis Eleven">Thesis Eleven</a>, Special Issue 'Cornelius Castoriadis', 49(1), May 1997. London: Sage Publications. ISSN 0725-5136.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(sociologist)" title="John Thompson (sociologist)">John B. Thompson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nryBXmTFw0C">Studies in the Theory of Ideology</a>. University of California Press, 1984, Chapter 1: "Ideology and the Social Imaginary. An Appraisal of Castoriadis and Lefort". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05411-0">978-0-520-05411-0</a>.</li> <li>Marcela Tovar-Restrepo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3j-__aKL888C">Castoriadis, Foucault, and Autonomy: New Approaches to Subjectivity, Society, and Social Change</a>. Continuum International Publishing, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5226-8">978-1-4411-5226-8</a>.</li> <li>Joel Whitebook. "Intersubjectivity and the Monadic Core of the Psyche: Habermas and Castoriadis on the Unconscious". In: Maurizio Passerin d'Entrèves and <a href="/wiki/Seyla_Benhabib" title="Seyla Benhabib">Seyla Benhabib</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4kg3t6j5FgC&q=castoriadis">Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity: Critical Essays on The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity</a>. MIT Press, 1997, pp. 172–193. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54080-3">978-0-262-54080-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Castoriadis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cornelius_Castoriadis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cornelius_Castoriadis" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cornelius_Castoriadis" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anerithmon_gelasma" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:anerithmon gelasma">anerithmon gelasma</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> Overviews <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/castoria">"Cornelius Castoriadis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cornelius+Castoriadis&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fcastoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Interviews <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis.html">Videotaped interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Chris Marker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hs9ZsKj-o1k">Interview with Cornelius Castoriadis for the show "Paraskinio," of the Greek television network ET1 (1984)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (with English subtitles)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inatheque.ina.fr/Ina/ws/dlr/dlweb/general/ResultSet?w=NATIVE%28%27ITOUSTEXT+ph+like+%27%27Cornelius+Castoriadis%27%27%27%29&r=1&rpp=50&upp=0">"Broadcast information on radio interviews with Cornelius Castoriadis"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_de_l%27Audiovisuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National de l'Audiovisuel">Institut National de l'Audiovisuel</a>. Retrieved 17 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadcast+information+on+radio+interviews+with+Cornelius+Castoriadis&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+l%27Audiovisuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finatheque.ina.fr%2FIna%2Fws%2Fdlr%2Fdlweb%2Fgeneral%2FResultSet%3Fw%3DNATIVE%2528%2527ITOUSTEXT%2Bph%2Blike%2B%2527%2527Cornelius%2BCastoriadis%2527%2527%2527%2529%26r%3D1%26rpp%3D50%26upp%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACornelius+Castoriadis" class="Z3988"> (The files and documents kept at the Inathèque de France can be consulted at the consultation centre at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>.)</li></ul> Obituaries; biographies <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/history/articles/1922-1997-cornelius-castoriadis/">Cornelius Castoriadis 1922–1997</a> at the libertarian communist website libcom.org, 27 September 2003</li> <li>David Ames Curtis. "Cornelius Castoriadis: An Obituary." Salmagundi, Spring–Summer 1998: 52–61. Reprinted as "Cornelius Castoriadis: Philosopher of the Social Imagination." Free Associations, 7:3 (1999): 321–30. Available online: <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.agorainternational.org/about.html">http://www.agorainternational.org/about.html</a>>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/symposium-cornelius-castoriadis-1922%e2%80%931997">Symposium: Cornelius Castoriadis, 1922–1997</a>, obituaries and profiles by <a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Axel Honneth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Morin" title="Edgar Morin">Edgar Morin</a>, and Joel Whitebook, <a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a> magazine, July/August 1998 (access restricted to subscribers)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynature.org/vol4/fotopoulos_castor.pdf">"Obituary: Castoriadis and the democratic tradition"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy_%26_Nature" title="Democracy & Nature">Democracy & Nature</a>, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1997)</li></ul> Bibliographies; analyses; critiques <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agorainternational.org">The Cornelius Castoriadis/Agora International Website</a> contains bibliographies and videographies in many languages, a Castoriadis interview, a "Teaching Castoriadis" section, videos from the 1990 Castoriadis Colloqium at Cerisy (France), and the complete text of the Socialisme ou Barbarie magazine series (texts scanned in the original French), as well as "News" items of current and past interest</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://castoriadis.org">L'Association Castoriadis</a> with bibliography, news, media events, original articles (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/castoria/">"Castoriadis"</a>: entry by John V. Garner, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxists.de/trotism/callinicos/4-3_heresies.htm">"Cornelius Castoriadis and the triumph of the will"</a> by Alex Callinicos, Chapter 4.3 of Trotskyism, 1990</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/tags/cornelius-castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a>, critical analysis at the libertarian communist website libcom.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychomedia.it/jep/number6/castoriadis1.htm">"An Introduction to Cornelius Castoriadis' Work"</a> by Fabio Ciaramelli, Journal of European Psychoanalysis #6, Winter 1998 (access restricted to subscribers)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i29/29a01401.htm">"The Strange Afterlife of Cornelius Castoriadis"</a> by Scott McLemee, <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of Higher Education">Chronicle of Higher Education</a>, 26 March 2004 (access restricted to subscribers) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/strange-afterlife.html">reprint</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nome.unak.is/previous-issues/issues/vol3_2/">Full text of the Cornelius Castoriadis symposium</a> held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Akureyri" title="University of Akureyri">University of Akureyri</a>, from the special issue of Nordicum-Mediterraneum, e-magazine of Nordic and Mediterranean studies, December 2008</li> <li>Houston, Christopher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/630731/Islamism_Castoriadis_and_Autonomy">"Islam, Castoriadis and autonomy"</a>. Thesis Eleven, February 2004, 76(1), pp. 49–69</li> <li>Suzi Adams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/516975/Castoriadis_Long_Journey_Through_Nomos_Institution_Creation_Interpretation">"Castoriadis' long journey through Nomos: Institution, creation, interpretation"</a>. Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 70 (June), 269–295 (2008)</li> <li>Linda M.G. Zerilli (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328112200/http://www.arts.yorku.ca/politics/ncanefe/docs/castoriadis%20and%20arendt.pdf">"Castoriadis, Arendt, and the Problem of the New"</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8675.00302">10.1111/1467-8675.00302</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol4/vol4_no2_takis_castoriadis.htm">"The autonomy project and Inclusive Democracy: a critical review of Castoriadis' thought"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a>, The International Journal of <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a>, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/magmareview/docs/athens-nostrikeoutword_1_">"Unities and Tensions in the Work of Cornelius Castoriadis With Some Considerations on the Question of Organization"</a> by David Ames Curtis, talk delivered to "Autonomy or Barbarism"-sponsored event in Athens, 7 December 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewpointmag.com/deviations-part-1-the-castoriadis-pannekoek-exchange/">Exchange of letters between Cornelius Castoriadis and Anton Pannekoek</a>, originally published in Socialisme ou Barbarie, translated and introduced by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewpointmag.com/">Viewpoint Magazine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158030#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118930729">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80040523">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118955364">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118955364">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435511">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV070944">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35026562">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601152&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a 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