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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestral_and_sister_taxa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestral_and_sister_taxa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancestral and sister taxa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestral_and_sister_taxa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Subspecies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Siberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behavior and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reproduction and life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interspecific_predatory_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interspecific_predatory_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Interspecific predatory relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interspecific_predatory_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationships with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationships with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_folklore_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folklore_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In folklore and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folklore_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Attacks on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock_predation_and_crop_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_predation_and_crop_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Livestock predation and crop damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_predation_and_crop_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tameability_and_trainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tameability_and_trainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Tameability and trainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tameability_and_trainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting_and_exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_and_exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Hunting and exploitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting_and_exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asian black bear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatiese_swartbeer" title="Asiatiese swartbeer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Asiatiese swartbeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="دب أسود آسيوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دب أسود آسيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="এছিয়াৰ ক'লা ভালুক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এছিয়াৰ ক'লা ভালুক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiya_qara_ay%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Asiya qara ayısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Asiya qara ayısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آسیا قارا آیی‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسیا قارا آیی‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang_selem_Asia" title="Beruang selem Asia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Beruang selem Asia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="এশীয় কালো ভাল্লুক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এশীয় কালো ভাল্লুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-chiu_o%CD%98-h%C3%AEm" title="A-chiu o͘-hîm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-chiu o͘-hîm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Белагруды мядзведзь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Белагруды мядзведзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Белагруды мядзьведзь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Белагруды мядзьведзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хималайска мечка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хималайска мечка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzh_du_Azia" title="Arzh du Azia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arzh du Azia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_del_Tibet" title="Os del Tibet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Os del Tibet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_thibetanus" title="Ursus thibetanus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ursus thibetanus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medv%C4%9Bd_u%C5%A1at%C3%BD" title="Medvěd ušatý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Medvěd ušatý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravebj%C3%B8rn" title="Kravebjørn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kravebjørn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragenb%C3%A4r" title="Kragenbär – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kragenbär" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shash_bit%C3%A9%C3%A9l_%C5%82igaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Shash bitéél łigaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shash bitéél łigaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragaty_mjadwje%C5%BA" title="Kragaty mjadwjeź – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kragaty mjadwjeź" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_thibetanus" title="Ursus thibetanus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ursus thibetanus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azia_nigra_urso" title="Azia nigra urso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Azia nigra urso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiar_hartz_beltz" title="Asiar hartz beltz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asiar hartz beltz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خرس سیاه آسیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرس سیاه آسیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ours_noir_d%27Asie" title="Ours noir d'Asie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ours noir d'Asie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ar_dubh_%C3%81iseach" title="Béar dubh Áiseach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béar dubh Áiseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziya_kara_ay%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Aziya kara ayısı – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Aziya kara ayısı" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oso_tibetano" title="Oso tibetano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oso tibetano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%ED%9D%91%EA%B3%B0" title="아시아흑곰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아시아흑곰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Հիմալայան արջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմալայան արջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="एशियाई काला भालू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एशियाई काला भालू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuwlak" title="Wuwlak – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuwlak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjese%C4%8Dev_medvjed" title="Mjesečev medvjed – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mjesečev medvjed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang_hitam_asia" title="Beruang hitam asia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beruang hitam asia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_thibetanus" title="Ursus thibetanus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ursus thibetanus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99" title="דוב שחור אסייתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוב שחור אסייתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმალაიური დათვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიმალაიური დათვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogiakiraf_Rupol_(Ursus_thibetanus)" title="Zogiakiraf Rupol (Ursus thibetanus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zogiakiraf Rupol (Ursus thibetanus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D3%A7%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%93" title="Ази шим мӧскӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ази шим мӧскӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80zijas_melnais_l%C4%81cis" title="Āzijas melnais lācis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Āzijas melnais lācis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajinis_lokys" title="Himalajinis lokys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Himalajinis lokys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rv%C3%B6s_medve" title="Örvös medve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örvös medve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="कारी भालु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कारी भालु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Азиска црна мечка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Азиска црна мечка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%89" title="دب اسود آسيوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دب اسود آسيوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruang_hitam_Asia" title="Beruang hitam Asia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Beruang hitam Asia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baribeh_itam_asia" title="Baribeh itam asia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baribeh itam asia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Азийн хар баавгай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Азийн хар баавгай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B6" title="ဟိမဝန္တာ ဝက်ဝံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိမဝန္တာ ဝက်ဝံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziatische_zwarte_beer" title="Aziatische zwarte beer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aziatische zwarte beer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="हिमाली कालो भालु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिमाली कालो भालु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E" title="ツキノワグマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツキノワグマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragebj%C3%B8rn" title="Kragebjørn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kragebjørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragebj%C3%B8rn" title="Kragebjørn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kragebjørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiyo_qora_ayig%CA%BBi" title="Osiyo qora ayigʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Osiyo qora ayigʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%BE" title="ایشیائی کالا رچھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایشیائی کالا رچھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%96" title="آسيايي تور اېږ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آسيايي تور اېږ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Азияись сьӧд ош – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Азияись сьӧд ош" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA_himalajski" title="Niedźwiedź himalajski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niedźwiedź himalajski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urso-negro-asi%C3%A1tico" title="Urso-negro-asiático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urso-negro-asiático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_gulerat" title="Urs gulerat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urs gulerat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Гималайский медведь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гималайский медведь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisien_black_beir" title="Aisien black beir – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aisien black beir" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asian black bear" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medve%C4%8F_u%C5%A1at%C3%BD" title="Medveď ušatý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medveď ušatý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ورچی ڕەشی ئاسیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ورچی ڕەشی ئاسیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Азијски црни медвед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Азијски црни медвед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjese%C4%8Dev_medvjed" title="Mjesečev medvjed – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mjesečev medvjed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruang-hideung_Asia" title="Biruang-hideung Asia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biruang-hideung Asia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauluskarhu" title="Kauluskarhu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kauluskarhu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragbj%C3%B6rn" title="Kragbjörn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kragbjörn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆசியக் கறுப்புக் கரடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசியக் கறுப்புக் கரடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="หมีควาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมีควาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_thibetanus" title="Ursus thibetanus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ursus thibetanus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Азиысь сьӧд гондыр – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Азиысь сьӧд гондыр" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ведмідь гімалайський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ведмідь гімалайський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%BE" title="ایشیائی کالا ریچھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایشیائی کالا ریچھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%82" title="ئاسىيا قارا ئېيىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاسىيا قارا ئېيىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A5u_ng%E1%BB%B1a" title="Gấu ngựa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gấu ngựa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oso_nga_Asyano_nga_itom" title="Oso nga Asyano nga itom – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oso nga Asyano nga itom" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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/><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Early Pliocene–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:218.19498461538px; width:1.8050153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:218.19498461538px; width:1.8050153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:219.19498461538px; width:-0.19498461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_3_(Wroclaw_zoo).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG/220px-Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG/330px-Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG/440px-Ursus_thibetanus_3_%28Wroclaw_zoo%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">At <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Zoo" title="Wrocław Zoo">Wrocław Zoo</a>, Poland </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix I<small> (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ursus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)"><i>Ursus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>U. thibetanus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Ursus thibetanus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">G. Cuvier</a>, 1823</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>7, see <a href="#Taxonomy">text</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_black_bear_distribution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Asian_black_bear_distribution.jpg/220px-Asian_black_bear_distribution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Asian_black_bear_distribution.jpg/330px-Asian_black_bear_distribution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Asian_black_bear_distribution.jpg/440px-Asian_black_bear_distribution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="633" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Asian black bear range in 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Selenarctos thibetanus</i><br /><i>Ursus torquatus</i> (Blandford 1888) </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Asian black bear</b> (<i><b>Ursus thibetanus</b></i>), also known as the <b>Indian black bear</b>, <b>Asiatic black bear</b>, <b>moon bear</b> and <b>white-chested bear</b>, is a medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> native to Asia that is largely adapted to an <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> lifestyle. It lives in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, the Korean Peninsula, China, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, the islands of <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a> in Japan, and Taiwan. It is listed as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>, and is threatened by <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> for its body parts, which are used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestral_and_sister_taxa">Ancestral and sister taxa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancestral and sister taxa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biologically and morphologically, Asian black bears represent the beginning of the arboreal specializations attained by <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears have <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotypes</a> nearly identical to those of the five other <a href="/wiki/Ursus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (genus)">ursine</a> bears, and, as is typical in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, they have 74 <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an evolutionary perspective, Asian black bears are the least changed of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> bears, with certain scientists arguing that it is likely that all other lineages of ursine bear stem from this species.<sup id="cite_ref-gold_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists have proposed that Asian black bears are either a surviving, albeit modified, form of <i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_etruscus" title="Ursus etruscus">Ursus etruscus</a></i>, specifically the early, small variety of the <a href="/wiki/Villafranchian" title="Villafranchian">Middle Villafranchian</a> (Upper Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene)<sup id="cite_ref-etruscan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etruscan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a larger form of <i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_minimus" title="Ursus minimus">Ursus minimus</a></i>, an extinct species that arose 4,000,000 years ago. With the exception of the age of the bones, it is often difficult to distinguish the remains of <i>Ursus minimus</i> with those of modern Asian black bears.<sup id="cite_ref-gold_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian black bears are close relatives to American black bears, with which they share a common European ancestor;<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two species are thought to have diverged 3,000,000 years ago, though genetic evidence is inconclusive. Both the American and Asian black species are considered sister taxa and are more closely related to each other than to the other species of bear.<sup id="cite_ref-world_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known specimens of Asian black bears are known from the Early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> of Moldova.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Merion_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Port Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, greatly resemble the Asian black species.<sup id="cite_ref-etruscan_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etruscan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> study undertaken on Asian black bears suggested that the species arose after the American black bears, while a second study could not statistically resolve the branching order of sloth bears and the two black species, suggesting that these three species underwent a rapid radiation event. A third study suggested that American black bears and Asian black bears diverged as sister taxa after the sloth bear lineage and before the sun bear lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further investigations on the entire mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence indicate that the divergence of continental Asian and Japanese black bear populations might have occurred when bears crossed the land bridge between the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a> and Japan 500,000 years ago, which is consistent with paleontological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subspecies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Asian black bear subspecies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subspecies name</th> <th>Common name</th> <th>Distribution</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><i>Ursus thibetanus formosanus</i> <span style="font-size:87%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Swinhoe" title="Robert Swinhoe">R. Swinhoe</a>, 1864</span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_Black_Bear01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Formosan_Black_Bear01.jpg/180px-Formosan_Black_Bear01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Formosan_Black_Bear01.jpg/270px-Formosan_Black_Bear01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Formosan_Black_Bear01.jpg/360px-Formosan_Black_Bear01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_black_bear" title="Formosan black bear">Formosan black bear</a> </td> <td valign="top">Taiwan </td> <td valign="top">This subspecies lacks the thick neck fur of other subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-cites_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cites-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><i>Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus</i> <span style="font-size:87%;"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Blanford" title="William Thomas Blanford">Blanford</a>, 1877</span> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_-_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_-_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/180px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_-_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_-_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/270px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_-_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_-_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/360px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_-_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_black_bear" title="Balochistan black bear">Balochistan black bear</a> </td> <td valign="top">southern Balochistan<sup id="cite_ref-pocock_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">A small subspecies with relatively short, coarse hair, often reddish-brown rather than black.<sup id="cite_ref-cites_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cites-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pocock_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><i>Ursus thibetanus japonicus</i> <span style="font-size:87%;"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schlegel" title="Hermann Schlegel">Schlegel</a>, 1857</span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic_Black_Bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Asiatic_Black_Bear.jpg/180px-Asiatic_Black_Bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Asiatic_Black_Bear.jpg/270px-Asiatic_Black_Bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Asiatic_Black_Bear.jpg/360px-Asiatic_Black_Bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="713" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_black_bear" title="Japanese black bear">Japanese black bear</a> </td> <td valign="top">Honshū and Shikoku. Extinct on Kyushu. </td> <td valign="top">A small subspecies weighing 60–120 kg (130–260 lb) for the adult male and 40–100 kg (88–220 lb) for the adult female. The average body length is 1.1–1.4 m (3 ft 7 in – 4 ft 7 in).<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lacks the thick neck fur of other subspecies, and has a darker snout.<sup id="cite_ref-cites_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cites-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><i>Ursus thibetanus laniger</i> <span style="font-size:87%;"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Pocock</a>, 1932</span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayan_bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Himalayan_bear.jpg/180px-Himalayan_bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Himalayan_bear.jpg/270px-Himalayan_bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Himalayan_bear.jpg/360px-Himalayan_bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a> </td> <td valign="top">the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><sup id="cite_ref-pocock_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">Distinguished from <i>U. t. thibetanus</i> by its longer, thicker fur and smaller, whiter chest mark.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer, Himalayan black bears occur in warmer areas in Nepal, China, Siberia, and Tibet at elevations of 3,000–3,600 m (9,800–11,800 ft). For winter, they descend as low as 1,500 m (4,900 ft). On average, they measure 1.4–1.6 m (4 ft 7 in – 5 ft 3 in) from nose to tail and weigh from 90–120 kg (200–260 lb), though they may weigh as much as 181 kg (399 lb) in the fall when they are fattening up for hibernation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bears_Of_The_World_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bears_Of_The_World-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><i>Ursus thibetanus mupinensis</i> <span style="font-size:87%;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Heude" title="Pierre Marie Heude">Heude</a>, 1901</span> <br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_black_bear_in_CTNP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asian_black_bear_in_CTNP.jpg/180px-Asian_black_bear_in_CTNP.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asian_black_bear_in_CTNP.jpg/270px-Asian_black_bear_in_CTNP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asian_black_bear_in_CTNP.jpg/360px-Asian_black_bear_in_CTNP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1842" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="top">Indochinese black bear </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> </td> <td valign="top">light-colored, similar to <i>U. t. laniger</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><i>Ursus thibetanus thibetanus</i> <span style="font-size:87%;">Cuvier, 1823</span> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bear.JPG/180px-Bear.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bear.JPG/270px-Bear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bear.JPG/360px-Bear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="top">Tibetan black bear </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mergui" class="mw-redirect" title="Mergui">Mergui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a><sup id="cite_ref-pocock_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">Distinguished from <i>U. t. laniger</i> by its short, thin coat with little to no underwool.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><i>Ursus thibetanus ussuricus</i> <span style="font-size:87%;"><a href="/wiki/Heude" class="mw-redirect" title="Heude">Heude</a>, 1901</span> <p><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_ussuricus_Kaliningrad_Zoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_thibetanus_ussuricus_Kaliningrad_Zoo.JPG/180px-Ursus_thibetanus_ussuricus_Kaliningrad_Zoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_thibetanus_ussuricus_Kaliningrad_Zoo.JPG/270px-Ursus_thibetanus_ussuricus_Kaliningrad_Zoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ursus_thibetanus_ussuricus_Kaliningrad_Zoo.JPG/360px-Ursus_thibetanus_ussuricus_Kaliningrad_Zoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Ussuri_black_bear" title="Ussuri black bear">Ussuri black bear</a> </td> <td valign="top">southern Siberia, northeastern China and the Korean peninsula </td> <td valign="top">the largest subspecies<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cites_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cites-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>, two further subspecies ranged across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and West Asia. These are <i>U. t. mediterraneus</i> from Western Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <i>U. t. permjak</i> from Eastern Europe, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asian black bears are reproductively compatible with several other bear species, and have on occasion produced <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> offspring. According to Jack Hanna's <i>Monkeys on the Interstate</i>, a bear captured in <a href="/wiki/Sanford,_Florida" title="Sanford, Florida">Sanford, Florida</a>, was thought to have been the offspring of an escaped female Asian black bear and a male American black bear, and Scherren's <i>Some notes on hybrid bears</i> published in 1907 mentioned a successful mating between an Asian black bear and a <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, within <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>'s "Las Delicias" Zoo, a female Asian black bear shared its enclosure with a male <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">spectacled bear</a>, and produced several hybrid descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, a possible Asian black bear–<a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bear</a> hybrid cub was captured in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> watershed of eastern Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Asian black bear/brown bear hybrid, taken from a bile farm, is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Animals_Asia_Foundation" title="Animals Asia Foundation">Animals Asia Foundation</a>'s China Moon Bear Rescue as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_V_character.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_V_character.jpg/220px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_V_character.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_V_character.jpg/330px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_V_character.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_V_character.jpg/440px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_V_character.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The white V-shaped chest mark of an Asian black bear</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_skull_-_Kyoto_University_Museum_-_DSC06442.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ursus_thibetanus_skull_-_Kyoto_University_Museum_-_DSC06442.JPG/220px-Ursus_thibetanus_skull_-_Kyoto_University_Museum_-_DSC06442.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ursus_thibetanus_skull_-_Kyoto_University_Museum_-_DSC06442.JPG/330px-Ursus_thibetanus_skull_-_Kyoto_University_Museum_-_DSC06442.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ursus_thibetanus_skull_-_Kyoto_University_Museum_-_DSC06442.JPG/440px-Ursus_thibetanus_skull_-_Kyoto_University_Museum_-_DSC06442.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Asian black bear skull at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University_Museum" title="Kyoto University Museum">Kyoto University Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>The Asian black bear has black fur, a light brown muzzle, and a distinct whitish or creamy patch on the chest, which is sometimes V-shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-Stirling_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stirling-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its ears are bell shaped, proportionately longer than those of other bears, and stick out sideways from the head. Its tail is short, around 11 cm (4.3 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults measure 70–100 cm (28–39 in) at the shoulder, and 120–190 cm (47–75 in) in length. Adult males weigh 60–200 kg (130–440 lb) with an average weight of about 135 kg (298 lb). Adult females weigh 40–125 kg (88–276 lb), and large ones up to 140 kg (310 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-brown_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald,_D._2001_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald,_D._2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Asian black bear is similar in general build to <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>), but is lighter and smaller. The lips and nose are larger and more mobile than those of brown bears. The skulls of the Asian black bear is relatively small, but massive, particularly in the lower jaw. Adult males have skulls measuring 311.7 to 328 mm (12.27 to 12.91 in) in length and 199.5–228 mm (7.85–8.98 in) in width, while female skulls are 291.6–315 mm (11.48–12.40 in) long and 163–173 mm (6.4–6.8 in) wide. Compared to other bears of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (genus)">Ursus</a></i>, the projections of the skull are weakly developed; the <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_crest" title="Sagittal crest">sagittal crest</a> is low and short, even in old specimens, and does not exceed more than 19–20% of the total length of the skull, unlike in the brown bear, which has a sagittal crest comprising up to 41% of the skull's length.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although mostly herbivorous, the jaw structure of Asian black bears is not as specialized for plant eating as that of <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant pandas</a>: Asian black bears have much narrower <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_arch" title="Zygomatic arch">zygomatic arches</a>, and the weight ratio of the two <a href="/wiki/Lateral_pterygoid_muscle" title="Lateral pterygoid muscle">pterygoid muscles</a> is also much smaller in Asian black bears. The lateral slips of the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal muscle">temporal muscles</a> are thicker and stronger in Asian black bears.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a>, the Asian black bear has a powerful upper body for climbing <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, and relatively weak hind legs which are shorter than those in the brown bear and <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Asian black bear with broken hind legs can still climb effectively. It is the most <a href="/wiki/Bipedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipedal">bipedal</a> of all bears, and can walk upright for over 400 m (0.25 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-denver_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denver-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heel pads on the forefeet are larger than those of most other bear species. Their claws, which are primarily used for climbing and digging, are slightly longer on the fore foot at 30–45 mm (1.2–1.8 in) than the back foot at 18–36 mm (0.71–1.42 in),<sup id="cite_ref-cites_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cites-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are larger and more hooked than those of the American black bear. On average, adult Asian black bears are slightly smaller than American black bears, though large males can exceed the size of several other bear species.<sup id="cite_ref-yama_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yama-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The famed British sportsman known as the "Old Shekarry" wrote of how an Asian black bear he shot in India probably weighed no less than 363 kg (800 lb) based on how many people it took to lift its body.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Asian black bear on record allegedly weighed 200 kg (440 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-brown_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoo-kept specimens can weigh up to 225 kg (496 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their senses are more acute than those of brown bears,<sup id="cite_ref-greatsmall_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatsmall-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their eyesight is poor, and their hearing range is moderate, the upper limit being 30 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vitals_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitals-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Asian black bear once ranged as far west as <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it now occurs very patchily throughout its former range, which is limited to Asia. Today, it occurs from southeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> eastward through <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, across the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in India and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to mainland <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Its range in northeastern and <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a> is patchy, and it is absent in much of east-central China. Other population clusters exist in the southern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> and in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. A small remnant population survives in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. It also occurs on the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>, as well as on <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the Chinese island of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It typically inhabits <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forests</a>, mixed forests and thornbrush forests. In the summer, it usually inhabits altitudes of around 3,500 m (11,480 ft) in the Himalayas but rarely above 3,700 m (12,000 ft). In winter, it descends to altitudes below 1,500 m (4,920 ft). In Japan, it also occurs at sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no definitive estimate as to the number of Asian black bears: Japan posed estimates of 8–14,000 bears living on Honshū, though the reliability of this is now doubted.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their reliability is unclear, rangewide estimates of 5–6,000 bears have been presented by Russian biologists. In 2012, Japanese Ministry of the Environment estimated the population at 15–20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rough density estimates without corroborating methodology or data have been made in India and Pakistan, resulting in the estimates of 7–9,000 in India and 1,000 in Pakistan. Unsubstantiated estimates from China give varying estimates between 15 and 46,000,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with a government estimate of 28,000.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh conducted an on-field survey of bears in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2010 that included Asian black bears. The survey was done in 87 different places, mostly in the north-central, northeastern and southeastern areas of Bangladesh that had historical presence of bears. The survey result says that most of the areas still has some isolated small bear populations, mainly the Asian black bears. According to the survey, the most evidence found relating to bears were of Asian black bears that included nests, footprints, local sightings, etc. There are many reports on the presence of Asian black bears in the central, north-central, northeastern and southeastern parts of Bangladesh. </p><p>Although Asian black bears still occur in different parts of Bangladesh, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a>, the population is very small. Conservationists fear that the species will soon be extinct in the country if necessary steps to protect it are not taken in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three subspecies of the Asian black bear occur in China: the Tibetan subspecies (<i>U. thibetanus thibetanus</i>), the Indochinese subspecies (<i>U. thibetanus mupinensis</i>), and the northeastern subspecies (<i>U. thibetanus ussuricus</i>), which is the only subspecies of bear in northeastern China. Asian black bears are mainly distributed in the conifer forests in the cold and temperate zones of northeast China, the main areas being Chang Bai, Zhang Guangcai, Lao Ye, and the Lesser Xingan Mountains. Within <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> province, there are about 100 Asian black bears, which only inhabit the five counties of Xin Bin, Huan Ren, Ben Xi, Kuan Dian, and Fen Cheng. Within <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> province, Asian black bears occur mainly in the counties of Hunchun, Dun Hua, Wangqing, An Tu, Chang Bai, Fu Song, Jiao He, Hua Dian, Pan Shi, and Shu Lan. In <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> province, Asian black bears occur in the counties of Ning An, BaYan, Wu Chang, Tong He, Bao Qing, Fu Yuan, Yi Chun, Tao Shan, Lan Xi, Tie Li, Sun Wu, Ai Hui, De Du, Bei An, and Nen Jiang.<sup id="cite_ref-northeast_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northeast-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This population has a northern boundary of about 50° N and the southern boundary in Feng Cheng is about 40°30" N.<sup id="cite_ref-northeast_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northeast-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Korea, most of the Asian black bears live in the broad-leaved forest of the alpine region, more than 1,500 meters north of <a href="/wiki/Jirisan_National_Park" title="Jirisan National Park">Jirisan</a>. Korean National Park Service announced on April 15, 2018, that eight mother bears gave birth to 11 cubs. Six mother bears living in the wild gave birth to eight cubs. Two mothers that were being taken care by the nature adaptation training center in <a href="/wiki/Gurye_County" title="Gurye County">Gurye</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Jeolla Province</a> gave birth to three cubs. Now, there are 56 Asian black bears living in the wild of Jirisan. If the Korea National Park Service releases three cubs born in natural adaptation training centers at September this year, the number of Asian black bears living in the wild will increase to 59. As a result, the restoration of the target of 50 Asian black bears, or the minimum remaining population, will be achieved two years earlier. It was a goal by 2020. Their next goal is to expand and improve the habitat and to increase the genetic diversity of the Asian black bears in Mt. Jiri.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberia">Siberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Siberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Siberia, the Asian black bear's northern range runs from Innokenti Bay on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a> southwest to the elevated areas of <a href="/wiki/Sikhote_Alin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhote Alin">Sikhote Alin</a> crossing it at the sources of the Samarga River. At this point, the boundary directs itself to the north, through the middle course of the <a href="/wiki/Khor_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Khor River">Khor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anyuy_River_(Sakha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anyuy River (Sakha)">Anyui</a> and Khungari rivers, and comes to the shore of the Amur, crossing it at the level of the mouth of the Gorin River. Along the Amur river, the species' presence has been noted as far as 51° N. Lat. From there, the territorial boundary runs southwest of the river's left bank, passing through the northern part of Lake Bolon and the juncture point of the Kur and <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Tunguska</a>. Asian black bears are encountered in the Urmi's lower course. Within the <a href="/wiki/Ussuri_krai" title="Ussuri krai">Ussuri krai</a>, the species is restricted to broad-leaved Manchurian-type forests.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Taiwan, the endemic subspecies of Asiatic Black Bear, the <a href="/wiki/Formosan_black_bear" title="Formosan black bear">Formosan black bear</a> (<i>Ursus thibetanus formosanus</i>), chiefly is confined to the mountain ranges in the central regions of the island. It can be found along the Central and <a href="/wiki/Snow_Mountain_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Mountain Range">Snow mountain ranges</a>, with populations in the latter being more common. The largest population of bears seem to be Lala mountain in Chatienshan Reserve, the (Snow) Mountain area in <a href="/wiki/Shei-Pa_National_Park" title="Shei-Pa National Park">Sheipa National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taroko_National_Park" title="Taroko National Park">Taroko National Park</a>. These populations' individuals and numbers can be found south to Tawushan Reserve through <a href="/wiki/Yushan_National_Park" title="Yushan National Park">Yushan National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically they are found in rugged areas at elevations of 1,000–3,500 metres (3,300–11,500 ft). The estimated number of individuals in these regions number some 200 to 600 bears.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_and_ecology">Behavior and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Behavior and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_cub_on_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_cub_on_tree.jpg/220px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_cub_on_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_cub_on_tree.jpg/330px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_cub_on_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_cub_on_tree.jpg/440px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_cub_on_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>A cub in a tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Asian black bears are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>, though they become <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> near human habitations. They will walk in a procession of largest to smallest. They are good climbers of rocks and trees, and will climb to feed, rest, sun, elude enemies and hibernate. Some older bears may become too heavy to climb.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half of their life is spent in trees and they are one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Ussuri territory in the Russian Far East, Asian black bears can spend up to 15% of their time in trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears break branches and twigs to place under themselves when feeding on trees, thus causing many trees in their home ranges to have nest-like structures on their tops.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears will rest for short periods in <a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">nests</a> on trees standing fifteen feet or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian black bears do not hibernate over most of their <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a>. They may hibernate in their colder, northern ranges, though some bears will simply move to lower elevations. Nearly all pregnant sows <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernate</a>. Asian black bears prepare their dens for hibernation in mid-October, and will sleep from November until March. Their dens can either be dug-out hollow trees (60 feet above ground), caves or holes in the ground, hollow logs, or steep, mountainous and sunny slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also den in abandoned brown bear dens. Asian black bears tend to den at lower elevations and on less steep slopes than brown bears. Female Asian black bears emerge from dens later than do males, and female Asian black bears with cubs emerge later than barren females.<sup id="cite_ref-denning_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denning-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears tend to be less mobile than brown bears. With sufficient food, Asian black bears can remain in an area of roughly 1–2 km<sup>2</sup> (0.39–0.77 sq mi), and sometimes even as little as 0.5–1 km<sup>2</sup> (0.19–0.39 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian black bears have a wide range of vocalizations, including grunts, whines, roars, slurping sounds (sometimes made when feeding) and "an appalling row" when wounded, alarmed or angry. They emit loud hisses when issuing warnings or threats, and scream when fighting. When approaching other bears, they produce "tut tut" sounds, thought to be produced by bears snapping their tongue against the roof of their mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-vitals_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitals-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When courting, they emit clucking sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_life_cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reproduction and life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_44_days_Feb_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_44_days_Feb_12.jpg/220px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_44_days_Feb_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_44_days_Feb_12.jpg/330px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_44_days_Feb_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_44_days_Feb_12.jpg/440px-Ursus_thibetanus_formosanus_44_days_Feb_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>A 44-day-old Asian black bear</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_black_bear_suckling_cubs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Formosan_black_bear_suckling_cubs.jpg/220px-Formosan_black_bear_suckling_cubs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Formosan_black_bear_suckling_cubs.jpg/330px-Formosan_black_bear_suckling_cubs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Formosan_black_bear_suckling_cubs.jpg/440px-Formosan_black_bear_suckling_cubs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A sow nursing her cubs</figcaption></figure> <p>Within Sikhote-Alin, the breeding season of Asian black bears occurs earlier than in brown bears, starting from mid-June to mid-August. Birth also occurs earlier, in mid-January. By October, the uterine horns of pregnant females grow to 15–22 mm (0.59–0.87 in). By late December, the embryos weigh 75 grams.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sows generally have their first litter at the age of three years.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnant females generally make up 14% of populations. Similar to brown bears, Asian black bears have delayed implantation.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sows usually give birth in caves or hollow trees in winter or early spring after a gestation period of 200–240 days. Cubs weigh 13 ounces at birth, and will begin walking at four days of age, and open their eyes three days later.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skulls of <a href="/wiki/Newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborn">newborn</a> Asian black bear cubs bear great resemblance to those of adult <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Litters can consist of 1–4 cubs, with 2 being the average.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cubs have a slow growth rate, reaching only 2.5 kg by May.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bear cubs will nurse for 104–130 weeks, and become independent at 24–36 months. There is usually a 2–3 year interval period before females produce subsequent litters.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average lifespan in the wild is 25 years, while the oldest Asian black bear in captivity died at the age of 44.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG/220px-19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG/330px-19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG/440px-19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>An Asian black bear feeding on berries</figcaption></figure> <p>Asian black bears are omnivorous, and will feed on <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a> <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termites" class="mw-redirect" title="Termites">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">grubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">garbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrooms">mushrooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwood">dogwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although herbivorous to a greater degree than brown bears,<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more carnivorous than American black bears,<sup id="cite_ref-denver_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denver-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears are not as specialized in their diet as giant pandas are: while giant pandas depend on a constant supply of low calorie, yet abundant foodstuffs, Asian black bears are more opportunistic and have opted for a nutritional boom-or-bust economy. They thus gorge themselves on a variety of seasonal high calorie foods, storing the excess calories as fat, and then hibernate during times of scarcity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears will eat pine nuts and acorns of the previous year in the April–May period. In times of scarcity, they enter river valleys to gain access to hazelnuts and insect larvae in rotting logs. From mid-May through late June, they will supplement their diet with green vegetation and fruit. Through July to September, they will climb trees to eat bird cherries, <a href="/wiki/Pine_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine cone">pine cones</a>, vines and grapes. On rare occasions they will eat dead fish during the spawning season, though this constitutes a much lesser portion of their diet than in brown bears.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, Asian black bears were reported to kill and eat <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuman langur">Hanuman langurs</a> in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They appear to be more carnivorous than most other bears, including <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bears</a>, and will kill <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> with some regularity, including domestic livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild ungulate prey can include <a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">serow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">takin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_tapir" title="Malayan tapir">malayan tapir</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adult <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffaloes</a>, which they kill by breaking their necks.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interspecific_predatory_relationships">Interspecific predatory relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interspecific predatory relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:037tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/037tiger.jpg/220px-037tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/037tiger.jpg/330px-037tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/037tiger.jpg/440px-037tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The dentition of an Asian black bear (below), compared with that of a tiger (above)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Asian black bear's range overlaps with that of the <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a> in central and southern India, the <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bear</a> in Southeast Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> in the southern part of the Russian Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears seem to intimidate <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear" title="Himalayan brown bear">Himalayan brown bears</a> in direct encounters. They eat the fruit dropped by Asian black bears from trees, as they themselves are too large and cumbersome to climb.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam1867_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam1867-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ussuri_brown_bear" title="Ussuri brown bear">Ussuri brown bears</a> may attack Asian black bears.<sup id="cite_ref-denning_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denning-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian black bears are occasionally attacked by <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopards</a> are known to prey on bear cubs younger than two years old. <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">Packs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynxes</a> are potential predators of bear cubs as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears usually dominate <a href="/wiki/Amur_leopard" title="Amur leopard">Amur leopards</a> in physical confrontations in heavily vegetated areas, while leopards are uppermost in open areas, though the outcome of such encounters is largely dependent on the size of the individual animals.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tigers occasionally attack and consume Asian black bears. Russian hunters found their remains in tiger scats, and Asian black bear carcasses showing evidence of tiger predation. To escape tigers, Asian black bears rush up a tree and wait for the tiger to leave, though some tigers will pretend to leave, and wait for the bear to descend. Tigers prey foremost on young bears.<sup id="cite_ref-amur_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amur-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are very tenacious when attacked: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett" title="Jim Corbett">Jim Corbett</a> observed a fight between a tiger and the largest Asian black bear he had ever seen. The bear managed to chase off the tiger, despite having half its nose and scalp torn off. He twice saw Asian black bears carry off tiger kills when the latter was absent.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears are usually safe from tiger attacks once they reach five years of age. One fatal attack of a tiger on a juvenile Asian black bear has been recorded in <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park" title="Jigme Dorji National Park">Jigme Dorji National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tiger_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Siberian tiger was reported to have lured an Asian black bear by imitating its <a href="/wiki/Mating_call" title="Mating call">mating call</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Asian black bears are probably less vulnerable to tiger attacks than brown bears, due to their habit of living in hollows or in close set rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Asian black bear is listed as a protected animal in China's National Protection Wildlife Law, which stipulates that anyone hunting or catching bears without permits will be subject to severe punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Asian black bear is protected in India, due to being listed as vulnerable in the Red Data Book in Appendix I of CITES in India and in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act and its 1991 amendment, it has been difficult to prosecute those accused of poaching Asian black bears due to lack of witnesses and lack of Wildlife Forensic Labs to detect the originality of confiscated animal parts or products. Moreover, due to India's wide-stretching boundaries with other nations such as Pakistan, Tibet, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar, it is difficult to police such borders, which are often in mountainous terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five Asian black bear populations, occurring in Kyushu, Shikoku, West-Chugoku, East-Chugoku and Kii areas, were listed as endangered by the Environmental Agency in the Japanese Red Data Book in 1991. Small isolated populations in the Tanzawa and Shimokita areas of mainland Honshū were listed as endangered in 1995. Beyond recognizing these populations as endangered, there is still a lack of efficient conservation methods for Japanese black bears.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian black bears occur as an infrequent species in the Red Data Book of Russia, thus falling under special protection and hunting is prohibited. There is currently a strong movement to legalize the hunting of Russian black bears, which is supported by most of the local scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of January 30, 1989, Taiwan's Formosan black bears have been listed as an endangered species under the Natural and Cultural Heritage Act on, and was later listed as a Conserved Species Category I.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vietnamese government issued Decision 276/QD, 276/1989, which prohibits the hunting and exporting of Asian black bears. The Red Book of Vietnam lists Vietnamese black bears as endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Korean Government designated the Asian black bear as <a href="/wiki/Natural_monuments_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural monuments of South Korea">Natural Monument</a> No. 329 and it is considered an extinction crisis. At the present time, the Endangered Species Restoration Center of Korea National Park Service is going through species restoration business.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilebear2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bilebear2.jpg/220px-Bilebear2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bilebear2.jpg/330px-Bilebear2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bilebear2.jpg/440px-Bilebear2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">bile bear</a> in a "crush cage" on Huizhou Farm, <a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The main habitat threat to Asian black bears is overcutting of forests, mainly due to human populations increasing to over 430,000 in regions where bears are distributed, in the Shaanxi, Ganshu, and Sichuan provinces. 27 forestry enterprises were built in these areas between 1950 and 1985 (excluding the lumbering units belonging to the county). By the early 1990s, the Asian black bear distribution area was reduced to only one-fifth of the area that existed before the 1940s. Isolated bear populations face environmental and genetic stress in these circumstances. However, one of the most important reasons for their decrease involves overhunting, as Asian black bear paws, gall bladders and cubs have great economic value. Asian black bear harvests are maintained at a high level due to the harm they cause to crops, orchards and bee farms. During the 1950s and 1960s, 1,000 Asian black bears were harvested annually in the Heilongjiang Province. However, purchased furs were reduced by 4/5, even by 9/10 yearly in the late 1970s to the early 1980s. Asian black bears have also been declining annually in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Nations Autonomous Prefecture and the Yunnan Province.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poaching for gall bladders and skin are the main threats faced by Asian black bears in India.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the poaching of Asian black bears is well known throughout Japan, authorities have done little to remedy the situation. The killing of nuisance bears is practiced year-round, and harvest numbers have been on the increase. Box traps have been widely used since 1970 to capture nuisance bears. It is estimated that the number of shot bears will decrease in time, due to the decline of old traditional hunters and the increase of a younger generation less inclined to hunt.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logging is also considered a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Asian black bears have been afforded protection in Russia since 1983, illegal poaching, fueled by a growing demand for bear parts in the Asian market, is still a major threat to the Russian population. Many workers of Chinese and Korean origin, supposedly employed in the timber industry, are actually involved in the illegal trade. Some Russian sailors reportedly purchase bear parts from local hunters to sell them to Japanese and Southeast Asian clients. Russia's rapidly growing timber industry has been a serious threat to the Asian black bear's home range for three decades. The cutting of trees containing cavities deprives Asian black bears of their main source of dens, and forces them to den on the ground or in rocks, thus making them more vulnerable to tigers, brown bears and hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Taiwan, Asian black bears are not actively pursued, though steel traps set out for <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boars</a> have been responsible for unintentional bear trappings.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timber harvesting has largely stopped being a major threat to Taiwan's Asian black bear population, though a new policy concerning the transfer of ownership of hill land from the government to private interests has the potential to affect some lowland habitat, particularly in the eastern part of the nation. The building of new cross island highways through bear habitat is also potentially threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vietnamese black bear populations have declined rapidly due to the pressures of human population growth and unstable settlement. Vietnamese forests have been shrinking: of the 87,000 km<sup>2</sup> (34,000 sq mi) of natural forests, about 1,000 km<sup>2</sup> (390 sq mi) disappear every year. Hunting pressures have also increased with a coinciding decline of environmental awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Korea remains one of two countries to allow <a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">bear bile farming</a> to continue legally. As reported in 2009, approximately 1,374 Asian black bears reside in an estimated 74 bear farms, where they are kept for slaughter to fuel the demands of traditional Asian medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sharp contrast, fewer than 20 Asian black bears can be found at Jirisan Restoration Center, located in Korea's Jirisan National Park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_humans">Relationships with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relationships with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torii_Kiyomasu_I_-_Kintoki_Wrestling_with_a_Black_Bear,_c._1700,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torii_Kiyomasu_I_-_Kintoki_Wrestling_with_a_Black_Bear%2C_c._1700%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg/220px-Torii_Kiyomasu_I_-_Kintoki_Wrestling_with_a_Black_Bear%2C_c._1700%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torii_Kiyomasu_I_-_Kintoki_Wrestling_with_a_Black_Bear%2C_c._1700%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg/330px-Torii_Kiyomasu_I_-_Kintoki_Wrestling_with_a_Black_Bear%2C_c._1700%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Torii_Kiyomasu_I_-_Kintoki_Wrestling_with_a_Black_Bear%2C_c._1700%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg/440px-Torii_Kiyomasu_I_-_Kintoki_Wrestling_with_a_Black_Bear%2C_c._1700%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kintoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintoki">Kintoki</a> Wrestling with a Black Bear</i>, woodblock print by Torii Kiyomasu I, c. 1700, Honolulu Academy of Arts</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_folklore_and_literature">In folklore and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In folklore and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japanese culture, the Asian black bear is traditionally associated with the mountain spirit (<i><a href="/wiki/Yama_no_kami" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama no kami">yama no kami</a></i>) and is characterized variously as "mountain man" (<i><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yamaotoko</i></span></i>), "mountain uncle" (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama no ossan</i></span>), "mountain father" (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama no oyaji</i></span>), a loving mother, and a child. Being a largely solitary creature, the Asian black bear is also viewed as "lonely person" (<i>sabishigariya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-NE_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears feature very little in lowland Japanese folklore, but are prominent in upland Japan, a fact thought to reflect the bear's greater economic value in upland areas. According to the local folklore in Kituarahara-gun in <a href="/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture" title="Niigata Prefecture">Niigata</a>, the Asian black bear received its white mark after being given a silk-wrapped <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a> by <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama no kami</i></span>, which left the mark after being removed.<sup id="cite_ref-yama_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yama-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, the Asian black bear <a href="/wiki/Jambavantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambavantha">Jambavantha</a> (also known as Jambavan or Jamvanta) is believed to have lived from <a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta Yuga</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a>. In the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, Jambavantha assists <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> in finding his wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and battle her abductor, <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian black bears are briefly mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Yann_Martel" title="Yann Martel">Yann Martel</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Pi" class="mw-redirect" title="The Life of Pi">The Life of Pi</a></i>, in which they are described by the protagonist's father as being among the most dangerous animals in his zoo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_humans">Attacks on humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Attacks on humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indianbearhunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Indianbearhunt.jpg/220px-Indianbearhunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Indianbearhunt.jpg/330px-Indianbearhunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Indianbearhunt.jpg/440px-Indianbearhunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>An Asian black bear, shot after charging the "Old Shekarry", as illustrated in <i>Wild Sports of the World: A Boy's Book of Natural History and Adventure</i> (1862)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Performingblackbears.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Performingblackbears.jpg/220px-Performingblackbears.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/71/Performingblackbears.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>A trio of captive Asian black bears around their keeper in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although usually shy and cautious animals, Asian black bears are more aggressive towards humans than the brown bears of Eurasia<sup id="cite_ref-brown_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American black bears. <a href="/wiki/David_W._Macdonald" class="mw-redirect" title="David W. Macdonald">David W. Macdonald</a> theorizes that this greater aggression is an adaptation to being <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> with tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Brigadier General R. G. Burton: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Himalayan black bear is a savage animal, sometimes attacking without provocation, and inflicting horrible wounds, attacking generally the head and face with their claws, while using their teeth also on a prostrate victim. It is not uncommon to see men who have been terribly mutilated, some having the scalp torn from the head, and many sportsmen have been killed by these bears.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>A Book of Man Eaters</i>, Chapter XVII <i>Bears</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In response to a chapter on Asian black bears written by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Armitage_Sterndale" title="Robert Armitage Sterndale">Robert Armitage Sterndale</a> in his <i>Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon</i> on how Asian black bears were no more dangerous than other animals in India, a reader responded with a letter to <i>The Asian</i> on May 11, 1880:<sup id="cite_ref-sterndale_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterndale-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr Sterndale, in the course of his interesting papers on the <i>Mammalia of British India</i>, remarks of <i>Ursus Tibetanus</i>, commonly known as the Himalayan Black Bear, that 'a wounded one will sometimes show fight, but in general it tries to escape.' This description is not, I think, quite correct. As it would lead one to suppose that this bear is not more savage than any other wild animal—the nature of most of the feræ being to try to escape when wounded, unless they see the hunter who has fired at them, when many will charge at once, and desperately. The Himalayan Black Bear will not only do this almost invariably, but often attacks men without any provocation whatever, and is altogether about the most fierce, vicious, dangerous brute to be met with either in the hills or plains of India. [...] These brutes are totally different in their dispositions to the Brown Bear (<i>Ursus Isabellinus</i>), which, however desperately wounded, will never charge. I believe there is no case on record of a hunter being charged by a Brown Bear; or even of natives, under any circumstances, being attacked by one; whereas every one of your readers who has ever marched in the Himalayas must have come across many victims of the ferocity of <i>Ursus Tibetanus</i>.</p></blockquote> <p>At the turn of the 20th century, a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> received dozens of Asian black bear victims annually. When Asian black bears attack humans, they rear up on their hind legs and knock victims over with their front paws. Then they bite them on an arm or leg and snap on the victim's head, this being the most dangerous part of the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bear attacks have been increasing in Kashmir since the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a>. In November 2009, in the Kulgam district of Indian-administered Kashmir, an Asian black bear attacked four <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">insurgents</a> after discovering them in its den, and killed two of them.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, attacks on humans have been increasing yearly, and have occurred largely in the northwestern and western Himalayan region. In the <a href="/wiki/Chamba_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamba District">Chamba District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, the number of Asian black bear attacks on humans has gradually increased from 10 in 1988–89 to 21 in 1991–92. There are no records of predation on humans by Asian black bears in Russia, and no conflicts have been documented in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bear attacks on humans were reported from Junbesi in <a href="/wiki/Langtang_National_Park" title="Langtang National Park">Langtang National Park</a>, Nepal in 2005, and occurred in villages as well as in the surrounding forest.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nine people were killed by Asian black bears in Japan between 1979 and 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2009, an Asian black bear attacked a group of 9 tourists,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seriously injuring four of them at a bus station in the built-up area of <a href="/wiki/Takayama,_Gifu" title="Takayama, Gifu">Takayama, Gifu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of attacks tend to occur when Asian black bears are encountered suddenly, and in close quarters. Because of this, Asian black bears are generally considered more dangerous than brown bears, which live in more open spaces and are thus less likely to be surprised by approaching humans.<sup id="cite_ref-attacks_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attacks-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also likely to attack when protecting food.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2016 saw several attacks by Asian black bears in Japan. In May and June four people were killed by Asian black bears in <a href="/wiki/Akita_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Akita prefecture">Akita prefecture</a> while picking bamboo shoots,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in August a female safari park worker in Gunma prefecture was killed when an Asian black bear climbed into her car and attacked her.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_predation_and_crop_damage">Livestock predation and crop damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Livestock predation and crop damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past, the farmers of the Himalayan lowlands feared Asian black bears more than any other pest, and would erect platforms in the fields, where watchmen would be posted at night and would beat drums to frighten off any interlopers. However, some Asian black bears would grow accustomed to the sound and encroach anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-intel_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intel-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of 1,375 livestock kills examined in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, Asian black bears accounted for 8% of attacks. Livestock predation, overall, was greatest in the summer and autumn periods, which corresponded with a peak in cropping agriculture; livestock are turned out to pasture and forest during the cropping season and, subsequently, are less well-guarded than at other times.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livestock killed by Asian black bears in Himachal Pradesh, India increased from 29 in 1988–1989 to 45 in 1992–1993.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the remoter areas of Japan, Asian black bears can be serious crop predators: the bears feed on cultivated bamboo shoots in spring, on plums, watermelons and corn in the summer, and on persimmons, sweet potatoes and rice in the autumn. Japanese black bears are estimated to damage 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Bee_hive" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee hive">bee hives</a> annually. When feeding on large crops such as <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkins</a>, Asian black bears will ignore the flesh and eat the seeds, thus adversely affecting future harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears can girdle and kill trees by stripping their bark for the sap. This can cause serious economic problems in Asia's valuable timber forests.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s, 400–1,200 hectares of land had been affected by Asian black bears bark-stripping Japanese conifers. There is evidence that 70-year-old conifers (commanding the highest market values) may also have been bark-stripped.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian black bears will prey on livestock if their natural food is in poor supply.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2_30-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been known to attack <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">bullocks</a>, either killing them outright, or eating them alive.<sup id="cite_ref-attacks_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attacks-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tameability_and_trainability">Tameability and trainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tameability and trainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with sun bears, Asian black bears are the most typically used species in areas where bears are used either in performances or as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brown4_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown4-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bears have an outstanding learning ability in captivity, and are among the most common species used in <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> acts.<sup id="cite_ref-brown3_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gary Brown: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Asiatic black bears are the comedians of the performing bears. They appear to appreciate applause and will intentionally move into their prescribed position late to attain laughter and attention. — <a href="#Brown">Brown</a>, <i>The Influence of Bears on Humans</i><sup id="cite_ref-brown3_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Asian black bears are easily <a href="/wiki/Taming" class="mw-redirect" title="Taming">tamed</a>, and can be fed with <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripe_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripe fruit">ripe fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_fat" title="Animal fat">animal fat</a> and sweet foods. Keeping captive Asian black bears is popular in China, especially due to the belief that milking the bear's gall bladder leads to quick prosperity. Asian black bears are also popular as pets in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_and_exploitation">Hunting and exploitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hunting and exploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hunting">Hunting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbearhunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Blackbearhunt.jpg/220px-Blackbearhunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Blackbearhunt.jpg/330px-Blackbearhunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Blackbearhunt.jpg/440px-Blackbearhunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>An Asian black bear hunt, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Howitt" title="Samuel Howitt">Samuel Howitt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i>The Great and Small Game of India, Burma, and Tibet</i>, regarding the hunting of Asian black bears in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Black bear stalking in the forests bordering the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">valley of Kashmir</a> requires much more care than is expended in approaching brown bear on the open hills above, the senses of sight and hearing being more strongly developed in the black than in the brown species. Many of these forests are very dense, so that it requires the eye of an experienced <i>shikari</i> [hunter] to detect the dark forms of the bears while searching for chestnuts on the ground without the advancing party being detected by the vigilant animals.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Great and Small Game of India, Burma, and Tibet</i> p. 367</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selenarctos_thibetanus_fur_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Selenarctos_thibetanus_fur_skin.jpg/220px-Selenarctos_thibetanus_fur_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Selenarctos_thibetanus_fur_skin.jpg/330px-Selenarctos_thibetanus_fur_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Selenarctos_thibetanus_fur_skin.jpg/440px-Selenarctos_thibetanus_fur_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="3229" /></a><figcaption>An Asian black bear skin</figcaption></figure> <p>The book also describes a second method of black bear hunting involving the beating of small patches of forest, when the bears march out in single file. However, black bears were rarely hunted for sport, because of the poor quality of their fur and the ease by which they could be shot in trees, or stalked, as their hearing was poor.<sup id="cite_ref-greatsmall_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatsmall-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shooting_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shooting-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Black bears here afford no sport; it is not shooting at all, it is merely potting a black thing in a tree... I can assure the reader that if he has a fondness for stalking, he will despise bear-killing, and will never shoot at them if there is a chance of anything else. If a man were to hunt for nothing else but bears, and kill a hundred in his six months' leave, he would not have enjoyed such real sport as he would, had he killed ten buck <a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">ibex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">markhoor</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The rifle in Cashmere</i> p. 73–74</cite></div></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-shooting_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shooting-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although easy to track and shoot, Asian black bears were known by British sportsmen to be extremely dangerous when injured. Brigadier General R.G. Burton wrote of how many sportsmen had been killed by Asian black bears after failing to make direct hits.<sup id="cite_ref-attacks_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attacks-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Asian black bears are only legally hunted for sport in Japan and Russia. In Russia, 75–100 Asian black bears are legally harvested annually, though 500 a year are reportedly harvested illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in Japan, which prohibited the killing of animals, the Japanese compromised by devising different strategies in hunting bears. Some, such as the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Kiso_District,_Nagano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiso District, Nagano">Kiso</a> area in the <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano Prefecture</a>, prohibited the practice altogether, while others developed rituals in order to placate the spirits of killed bears. In some Japanese hunting communities, Asian black bears lacking the white chest mark are considered sacred. In the Akita Prefecture, bears lacking the mark were known by <i><a href="/wiki/Matagi" title="Matagi">matagi</a></i> huntsmen as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">minaguro</i></span> (all-black) or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">munaguro</i></span> (black-chested), and were also considered messengers of <i><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama no kami</i></span></i>. If such a bear was shot, the huntsman would offer it to <i><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama no kami</i></span></i>, and give up hunting from that time on. Similar beliefs were held in Nagano, where the completely black Asian black bears were termed <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">nekoguma</i></span> or cat-bear. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Matagi</i></span> communities believed that killing an Asian black bear in the mountains would result in a bad storm, which was linked to the belief that bear spirits could affect weather. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matagi</i></span> would generally hunt Asian black bears in spring or from late autumn to early winter, before they hibernated. In mountain regions, Asian black bears were hunted by driving them upland to a waiting hunter, who would then shoot it. Bear hunting expeditions were preceded by rituals, and could last up to two weeks. After killing the bear, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matagi</i></span> would pray for the bear's soul.<sup id="cite_ref-yama_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yama-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian black bear hunts in Japan are often termed <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuma taiji</i></span>, meaning "bear conquest". The word <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">taiji</i></span> itself is often used in Japanese folklore to describe the slaying of monsters and demons.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku people">Taroko</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun people</a> of Taiwan consider Asian black bears to be almost human in their behaviors, and thus unjust killing of bears is equated with murder and will cause misfortunes such as disease, death, or crop failure. The Bunun people call Asian black bears <i>Aguman</i> or <i>Duman</i>, which means devil. Traditionally, a Bunun hunter who has accidentally trapped an Asian black bear has to build a cottage in the mountains and cremate the bear within it. The hunter must stay in the cottage alone, away from the village until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> harvest, as it is believed that the killing of an Asian black bear will cause the millet crop to burn black. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungpu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungpu (page does not exist)">Tungpu</a> area, Asian black bears are considered animals of the "third category": animals with the most remote relationship to humans and whose activity is restricted outside human settlements. Therefore, when Asian black bears encroach upon human settlements, they are considered ill omens. In this situation, the community can either destroy the trespassing bears or settle somewhere else. The <a href="/wiki/Rukai_people" title="Rukai people">Rukai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan people</a> are permitted to hunt Asian black bears, though they believe that doing so will curse the hunters involved: Rukai people believe that hunting Asian black bears can result in disease. Children are forbidden from eating bear meat, which is itself not permitted to be taken within homes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Products">Products</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asian black bears have been hunted for their body parts in China since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-northeast_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northeast-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, its fur was considered of low value.<sup id="cite_ref-sterndale_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterndale-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greatsmall_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatsmall-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grease was the only practical use for their carcasses in British India, and bears living near villages were considered ideal, as they were almost invariably fatter than forest-dwelling ones.<sup id="cite_ref-shooting_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shooting-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former USSR, the Asian black bear yielded fur, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> of greater quality than those of the brown bear.<sup id="cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">bile</a> is in demand, as it supposedly cures various diseases, treats the accumulation of blood below the skin, and counters toxic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products also include bone 'glue' and fat, both used in traditional medicine and consumed as a tonic. Asian black bear meat is also edible.<sup id="cite_ref-status_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarshelis,_D.Steinmetz,_R.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Garshelis, D. & Steinmetz, R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22824/166528664">"<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2020</b>: e.T22824A166528664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Ursus+thibetanus&rft.volume=2020&rft.pages=e.T22824A166528664&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en&rft.au=Garshelis%2C+D.&rft.au=Steinmetz%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22824%2F166528664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+black+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heptner1972-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heptner1972_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeptner,_V._G.Naumov,_N._P.1992" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1992) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov211998gept#page/712/mode/2up">"White-chested, black bear"</a>. <i>Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola</i> [<i>Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i>]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 713–733.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=White-chested%2C+black+bear&rft.btitle=Mlekopitaju%C5%A1%C4%8Die+Sovetskogo+Soiuza.+Moskva%3A+Vys%C5%A1aia+%C5%A0kola&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=713-733&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+and+the+National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Heptner%2C+V.+G.&rft.au=Naumov%2C+N.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmammalsofsov211998gept%23page%2F712%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+black+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-status-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-status_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Servheen, C., Herrero, S., & Peyton, B. 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Retrieved on 2011-09-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalba_de_AlvaradoCrégut-BonnoureArsuagaCollado_Giraldo2024" class="citation journal cs1">Villalba de Alvarado, Mónica; Crégut-Bonnoure, Evelyne; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Collado Giraldo, Hipólito; van der Made, Jan; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier (February 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027737912300433X">"Pleistocene Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus Cuvier, 1823) in the Iberian Peninsula: new evidence and a complete review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>325</b>: 108385. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024QSRv..32508385V">2024QSRv..32508385V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2023.108385">10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266804633">266804633</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027062911/http://www.natureproducts.net/Ecology/Panda.html">"The Feeding Ecology of Giant Pandas and Asiatic Black Bears in the Tangjiahe Reserve, China"</a>. In Gittleman, J. L. (ed.). <i>Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution</i>. Ithaca: Comstock Pub. Associates. pp. 212–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3027-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-3027-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natureproducts.net/Ecology/Panda.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78FCvEXjW1kC&pg=PR7">Primate anti-predator strategies.</a> Springer Science & Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-34807-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-34807-7">0-387-34807-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brown">Brown</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeas,_J._F.R._S._Hoffmann1987" class="citation journal cs1">Neas, J. F. & R. S. Hoffmann (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-277-01-0001.pdf">"<i>Burdocas taxicolor</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mammalian Species</i> (277): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503907">10.2307/3503907</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503907">3503907</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425175030/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-277-01-0001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphrey, S. R. and Bain, J. R. (1990). <i>Asiatic black bear, Selenarctos thibetanus Cuvier 1823, Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae</i> from <i>Endangered Animals of Thailand</i>, Issue 6 of Flora & Fauna handbook, CRC Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877743-07-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-877743-07-0">1-877743-07-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adam1867-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adam1867_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1867" class="citation book cs1">Adams, A. L. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924022891133/page/n227">"Chapter XI"</a>. <i>Wanderings of a naturalist in India: the western Himalayas, and Cashmere</i>. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. pp. 208–247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XI&rft.btitle=Wanderings+of+a+naturalist+in+India%3A+the+western+Himalayas%2C+and+Cashmere&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=208-247&rft.pub=Edmonston+and+Douglas&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924022891133%2Fpage%2Fn227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+black+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2008" class="citation book cs1">Powell, A. N. W. (2008). <i>Call of the Tiger</i>. 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(1964). "Chapter Eleven: Jungle Contacts-II". <i>The World of the Tiger</i>. Cassel & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Eleven%3A+Jungle+Contacts-II&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Tiger&rft.pub=Cassel+%26+Company&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+black+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiger-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tiger_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=13949">"Himalayan bear killed by tiger: Is it effect of climate change on habitat?"</a>. Kuenselonline.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Himalayan+bear+killed+by+tiger%3A+Is+it+effect+of+climate+change+on+habitat%3F&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuenselonline.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D13949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+black+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeptner,_V._G.Sludskij,_A._A.1992" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/177/mode/2up">"Tiger"</a>. <i>Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola</i> [<i>Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)</i>]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tiger&rft.btitle=Mlekopitaju%C5%A1%C4%8Die+Sovetskogo+Soiuza.+Moskva%3A+Vys%C5%A1aia+%C5%A0kola&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=95-202&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+and+the+National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Heptner%2C+V.+G.&rft.au=Sludskij%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmammalsofsov221992gept%23page%2F177%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+black+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultural Heritage Administration, (1982.11.20), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?region=1&searchCondition=&searchCondition2=&s_kdcd=16&s_ctcd=00&ccbaKdcd=16&ccbaAsno=03290000&ccbaCtcd=ZZ&ccbaCpno=1369903290000&ccbaCndt=&stCcbaAsno=&endCcbaAsno=&stCcbaAsdt=&endCcbaAsdt=&ccbaPcd1=99&culPageNo=24&chGubun=&header=view&returnUrl=%2Fheri%2Fcul%2FculSelectViewList.do&gbn=3&sCond=천연기념물">반달가슴곰</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aapn.org/endangered.html#Bile%20Bears">Asian Animal Protection Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722003454/http://www.aapn.org/endangered.html#Bile%20Bears">Archived</a> July 22, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Aapn.org. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947">"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>5</b>: 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-2">10.1186/1746-4269-5-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947">2630947</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138420">19138420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Bear+bile%3A+dilemma+of+traditional+medicinal+use+and+animal+protection&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630947%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19138420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-2&rft.au=Feng%2C+Y.&rft.au=Siu%2C+K.&rft.au=Wang%2C+N.&rft.au=Ng%2C+K.-M.&rft.au=Tsao%2C+S.-W.&rft.au=Nagamatsu%2C+T.&rft.au=Tong%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+black+bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brown" class="citation book cs1">Brown, G. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatbearalmanac0000brow"><i>The Great Bear Almanac</i></a></span>. Lyons & Burford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-210-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-210-7"><bdi>978-1-55821-210-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Bear+Almanac&rft.pub=Lyons+%26+Burford&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-210-7&rft.au=Brown%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatbearalmanac0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsian+black+bear" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_black_bear&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a></i> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(cats)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(genets)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><br /><i>sensu stricto</i></span><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(mongooses)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(dogs)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(zorro)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lupulella" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bears)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> <small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals<br />or true seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ursus thibetanus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124410" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q124410">Q124410</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ursus_thibetanus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ursus thibetanus">Ursus thibetanus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ursus_thibetanus/">Ursus_thibetanus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=104985">104985</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7F2JC">7F2JC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328069">328069</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/URSUTH">URSUTH</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/17306">17306</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2433425">2433425</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41647">41647</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10223942">10223942</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=621850">621850</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22824">22824</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005937">1005937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000988">14000988</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9642">9642</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/80741/">80741</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=872580">872580</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104029">104029</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/3570">3570</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=18475">18475</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124410#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85119680">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01018064">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529472205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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