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aria-controls="toc-Nutritional_and_health_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nutritional and health aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_and_health_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Essential_fatty_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essential_fatty_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Essential fatty acids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essential_fatty_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dietary sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dietary_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dietary sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dietary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saturated_vs._unsaturated_fats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturated_vs._unsaturated_fats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Saturated vs. unsaturated fats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturated_vs._unsaturated_fats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Cardiovascular disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Bones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposition_and_overall_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposition_and_overall_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Disposition and overall health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposition_and_overall_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monounsaturated_vs._polyunsaturated_fat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monounsaturated_vs._polyunsaturated_fat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Monounsaturated vs. polyunsaturated fat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monounsaturated_vs._polyunsaturated_fat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insulin_resistance_and_sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insulin_resistance_and_sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Insulin resistance and sensitivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insulin_resistance_and_sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Pregnancy disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Cis_fat"_vs._"trans_fat"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Cis_fat"_vs._"trans_fat""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 "Cis fat" vs. "trans fat" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Cis_fat"_vs._"trans_fat"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omega-three_and_omega-six_fatty_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omega-three_and_omega-six_fatty_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Omega-three and omega-six fatty acids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omega-three_and_omega-six_fatty_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interesterification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interesterification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Interesterification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interesterification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rancification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rancification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Rancification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rancification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Role in disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Guidelines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_triglyceride_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_triglyceride_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Reducing triglyceride levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_triglyceride_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fat</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" > 95 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet" title="Vet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86" title="دهن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دهن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graixa" title="Graixa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Graixa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2simi" title="Grâsimi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Grâsimi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="চৰ্বী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰ্বী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasa" title="Grasa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grasa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91andy" title="Ñandy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñandy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lik%27i" title="Lik'i – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lik'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muluk" title="Muluk – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Muluk" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="স্নেহ পদার্থ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্নেহ পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamak" title="Lamak – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lamak" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-nn%CC%82g" title="Jī-nn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-nn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мазнина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мазнина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzoni" title="Druzoni – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Druzoni" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greix" title="Greix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Greix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuky" title="Tuky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tuky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafuta" title="Mafuta – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mafuta" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braster" title="Braster – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Braster" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedtstof" title="Fedtstof – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fedtstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fette" title="Fette – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fette" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasvad" title="Rasvad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rasvad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Λίπος (χημεία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίπος (χημεία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasa" title="Grasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graso" title="Graso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Graso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koipe" title="Koipe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koipe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="چربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graisse" title="Graisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saill" title="Saill – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saill" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graxa" title="Graxa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Graxa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80" title="ચરબી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચરબી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9" title="지방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA" title="Ճարպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճարպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="वसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masti" title="Masti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Masti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lemak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="שומן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שומן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lemak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೊಬ್ಬು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಬ್ಬು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba" title="Taba – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Taba" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცხიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Май – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Май" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafuta_(chakula)" title="Mafuta (chakula) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mafuta (chakula)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2_gra" title="Kò gra – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kò gra" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingue" title="Pingue – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pingue" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauki" title="Tauki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tauki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taukai" title="Taukai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taukai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8t" title="Vèt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vèt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zs%C3%ADrok" title="Zsírok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsírok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matavy" title="Matavy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matavy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="കൊഴുപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊഴുപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="चरबी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चरबी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3" title="ციმუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ციმუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lemak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro" title="Uro – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Uro" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet" title="Vet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet" title="Vet – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vet" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="दाः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दाः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" title="脂肪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脂肪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4%C3%A4t" title="Fäät – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fäät" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fett" title="Fett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feitt" title="Feitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Feitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matyire_grasse" title="Matyire grasse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Matyire grasse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="چربی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چربی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82uszcze" title="Tłuszcze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tłuszcze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordura" title="Gordura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gordura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%83sime" title="Grăsime – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grăsime" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wira" title="Wira – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wira" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Тукы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тукы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Жиры (диетология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жиры (диетология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" title="Fat – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fat" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndyra" title="Yndyra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yndyra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="මේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" title="Fat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%BB%D9%8A" title="چرٻي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چرٻي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1%C4%8Dobe" title="Maščobe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maščobe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux" title="Dux – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dux" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چەوری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەوری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Масти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Масти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast" title="Mast – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mast" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lemak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasva" title="Rasva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rasva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fett" title="Fett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba" title="Taba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கொழுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொழுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="కొలెస్టరాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొలెస్టరాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ไขมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไขมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9F_(beslenme)" title="Yağ (beslenme) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yağ (beslenme)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Жири – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жири" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="چربی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چربی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A9o" title="Chất béo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất béo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambok" title="Tambok – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tambok" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" title="脂肪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脂肪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E8%86%8F" title="肥膏 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肥膏" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauk%C4%81" title="Taukā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Taukā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" title="脂肪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脂肪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Fat">reviewed</a> on 15 February 2025.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Esters of fatty acid or triglycerides</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of nutrient in food. For fat in animals, see <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a>. For chemistry of fats, see <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fat (disambiguation)">Fat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A space-filling model of an unsaturated triglyceride." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png/220px-Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png/330px-Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png/440px-Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Idealized representation of a molecule of a typical <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a>, the main type of fat. Note the three fatty acid chains attached to the central glycerol portion of the molecule.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_composition_in_foods.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fat_composition_in_foods.svg/220px-Fat_composition_in_foods.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="1283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fat_composition_in_foods.svg/330px-Fat_composition_in_foods.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fat_composition_in_foods.svg/440px-Fat_composition_in_foods.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="2397" /></a><figcaption>Composition of fats from various foods, as percentage of their total fat</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#eee">Types of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">fats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" title="Unsaturated fat">Unsaturated fat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated fat</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acid</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">Omega−3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">Omega−6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-7_fatty_acid" title="Omega-7 fatty acid">Omega−7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid" title="Omega-9 fatty acid">Omega−9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">Triglyceride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Manufactured fats</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_hydrogenation" title="Fat hydrogenation">Fat hydrogenation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_interesterification" title="Fat interesterification">Fat interesterification</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fats" title="Template:Fats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats" title="Template talk:Fats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrition science">nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, fat usually means any <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, or a mixture of such <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-webster-1">[1]</a> The term often refers specifically to <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> (triple esters of <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>), that are the main components of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">fatty tissue</a> in animals;<a href="#cite_note-sand2016-2">[2]</a> or, even more narrowly, to triglycerides that are solid or semisolid at room temperature, thus excluding <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a>. The term may also be used more broadly as a synonym of <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a>—any substance of biological relevance, composed of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, that is insoluble in water but soluble in <a href="/wiki/Non-polar_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-polar solvent">non-polar solvents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-webster-1">[1]</a> In this sense, besides the triglycerides, the term would include several other types of compounds like <a href="/wiki/Monoglyceride" title="Monoglyceride">mono-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">diglycerides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterols</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>),<a href="#cite_note-webster-1">[1]</a> and free fatty acids, which are usually present in human diet in smaller amounts.<a href="#cite_note-sand2016-2">[2]</a> Fats are one of the three main <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macronutrient</a> groups in human <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-webster-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-mckin2014-3">[3]</a> and the main components of common food products like <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_pork" title="Salt pork">salt pork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oils</a>. They are a major and dense source of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> for many animals and play important structural and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">metabolic</a> functions in most living beings, including energy storage, waterproofing, and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-khan0000-4">[4]</a> The human body can produce the fat it requires from other food ingredients, except for a few <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a> that must be included in the diet. Dietary fats are also the carriers of some <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</a> ingredients and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">not water-soluble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sand2016-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_importance">Biological importance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biological importance">edit</a>]</div> In humans and many animals, fats serve both as energy sources and as stores for energy in excess of what the body needs immediately. Each gram of fat when burned or metabolized releases about nine <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">food calories</a> (37 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a> = 8.8 <a href="/wiki/Kcal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kcal">kcal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-uksi1996-5">[5]</a> Fats are also sources of <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>, an important dietary requirement. <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a> are fat-soluble, meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported in conjunction with fats. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function. Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance, whether chemical or biotic, reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute—or at least maintain equilibrium of—the offending substances by storing it in new fat tissue.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> This helps to protect vital organs, until such time as the offending substances can be metabolized or removed from the body by such means as <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>, accidental or intentional <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebum">sebum</a> excretion, and <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> growth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adipose_tissue">Adipose tissue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adipose tissue">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatmouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fatmouse.jpg/220px-Fatmouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fatmouse.jpg/330px-Fatmouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fatmouse.jpg/440px-Fatmouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a> mouse on the left has large stores of adipose tissue. For comparison, a mouse with a normal amount of adipose tissue is shown on the right.</figcaption></figure> In animals, <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>, or fatty tissue is the body's means of storing metabolic energy over extended periods of time. <a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">Adipocytes</a> (fat cells) store fat derived from the diet and from liver <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. Under energy stress these cells may degrade their stored fat to supply fatty acids and also glycerol to the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a>. These metabolic activities are regulated by several hormones (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>). Adipose tissue also secretes the hormone <a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">leptin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hprot0000-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_processing">Production and processing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production and processing">edit</a>]</div> A variety of chemical and physical techniques are used for the production and processing of fats, both industrially and in cottage or home settings. They include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pressing">Pressing</a> to extract liquid fats from fruits, seeds, or <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> from <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">Solvent extraction</a> using solvents like <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">supercritical carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(animal_products)" title="Rendering (animal products)">Rendering</a>, the melting of fat in adipose tissue, e.g. to produce tallow, lard, <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churning_(butter)" title="Churning (butter)">Churning</a> of milk to produce butter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_hydrogenation" title="Fat hydrogenation">Hydrogenation</a> to increase the degree of saturation of the fatty acids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_interesterification" title="Fat interesterification">Interesterification</a>, the rearrangement of fatty acids across different triglycerides</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterization_(of_oil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winterization (of oil)">Winterization</a> to remove oil components with higher melting points</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarification</a> of butter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid metabolism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">Lipid metabolism</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic lipase">pancreatic lipase</a> acts at the ester bond, hydrolyzing the bond and "releasing" the fatty acid. In triglyceride form, lipids cannot be absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>. Fatty acids, monoglycerides (one glycerol, one fatty acid), and some diglycerides are absorbed by the duodenum, once the triglycerides have been broken down. In the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>, following the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">lipases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, triglycerides are split into monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids in a process called <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>. They are subsequently moved to absorptive <a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">enterocyte</a> cells lining the intestines. The triglycerides are rebuilt in the enterocytes from their fragments and packaged together with <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and proteins to form <a href="/wiki/Chylomicron" title="Chylomicron">chylomicrons</a>. These are excreted from the cells and collected by the lymph system and transported to the large vessels near the heart before being mixed into the blood. Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy. Liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. When the body requires <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> as an energy source, the hormone <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by <a href="/wiki/Hormone-sensitive_lipase" title="Hormone-sensitive lipase">hormone-sensitive lipase</a> to release free fatty acids. As the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> cannot utilize fatty acids as an energy source (unless converted to a <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a>),<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> component of triglycerides can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> by conversion into <a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate" title="Dihydroxyacetone phosphate">dihydroxyacetone phosphate</a> and then into <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</a>, for brain fuel when it is broken down. Fat cells may also be broken down for that reason if the brain's needs ever outweigh the body's. Triglycerides cannot pass through cell membranes freely. Special enzymes on the walls of blood vessels called <a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase" title="Lipoprotein lipase">lipoprotein lipases</a> must break down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can then be taken up by cells via <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_transport_proteins" title="Fatty acid transport proteins">fatty acid transport proteins</a> (FATPs). Triglycerides, as major components of <a href="/wiki/Very-low-density_lipoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-low-density lipoprotein">very-low-density lipoprotein</a> (VLDL) and <a href="/wiki/Chylomicron" title="Chylomicron">chylomicrons</a>, play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat. They contain more than twice as much energy (approximately 9 kcal/g or 38 <a href="/wiki/Joules" class="mw-redirect" title="Joules">kJ</a>/g) as <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (approximately 4 kcal/g or 17 kJ/g).<a href="#cite_note-drummond-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_and_health_aspects">Nutritional and health aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nutritional and health aspects">edit</a>]</div> The most common type of fat, in human diet and most living beings, is a <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a>, an ester of the triple <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> H(–CHOH–) 3H and three fatty acids. The molecule of a triglyceride can be described as resulting from a <a href="/wiki/Condensation_reaction" title="Condensation reaction">condensation reaction</a> (specifically, <a href="/wiki/Esterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Esterification">esterification</a>) between each of glycerol's –OH groups and the HO– part of the carboxyl group <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>HO(O=)C− of each fatty acid, forming an <a href="/wiki/Ester_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ester group">ester bridge</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">−O−(O=)C− with elimination of a water molecule H 2O. Other less common types of fats include <a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">diglycerides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monoglyceride" title="Monoglyceride">monoglycerides</a>, where the esterification is limited to two or just one of glycerol's –OH groups. Other alcohols, such as <a href="/wiki/Cetyl_alcohol" title="Cetyl alcohol">cetyl alcohol</a> (predominant in <a href="/wiki/Spermaceti" title="Spermaceti">spermaceti</a>), may replace glycerol. In the <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>, one of the fatty acids is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> or a monoester thereof. The benefits and risks of various amounts and types of dietary fats have been the object of much study, and are still highly controversial topics.<a href="#cite_note-dona2005-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-fbhu2001-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-hoop2001-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-bray2004-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essential_fatty_acids">Essential fatty acids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Essential fatty acids">edit</a>]</div> There are two <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a> (EFAs) in human nutrition: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">alpha-Linolenic acid</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega-6 fatty acid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-moza2006-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-uksi1996-5">[5]</a> The adult body can synthesize other lipids that it needs from these two. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dietary_sources">Dietary sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dietary sources">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption align="center">Properties of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2">Type</th> <th rowspan="2">Processing treatment<a href="#cite_note-The_margarine_shall_be_made_from_one_or_more_of_the_following_vegetable_oils;_canola,_safflower,_sunflower,_corn,_soybean,_or_peanut_oil.-17">[17]</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acids">Saturated</a> fatty acids</th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Monounsaturated fatty acids">Monounsaturated</a> fatty acids</th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acids">Polyunsaturated</a> fatty acids</th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">Smoke point</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total<a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-15">[15]</a></th> <th rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic</a> acid (ω−9)</th> <th>Total<a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-15">[15]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic</a> acid (ω−3)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic</a> acid (ω−6)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_ratio_in_food" title="Fatty acid ratio in food">ω−6:3 ratio</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td> <td></td> <td>11.6</td> <td>70.6</td> <td>52–66 <a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td> <td>13.5</td> <td>1</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>12.5:1</td> <td>250 °C (482 °F)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut#Oil" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td> <td></td> <td>24.8</td> <td>32.7</td> <td>31.3</td> <td>42.0</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>41.9</td> <td>419:1</td> <td>208 °C (406 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Rao-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Canola</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td> <td></td> <td>7.4</td> <td>63.3</td> <td>61.8</td> <td>28.1</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>18.6</td> <td>2:1</td> <td>204 °C (400 °F)<a href="#cite_note-post-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td> <td></td> <td>82.5</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>6</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>0.019</td> <td>1.68</td> <td>88:1</td> <td>175 °C (347 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Rao-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td> <td></td> <td>12.9</td> <td>27.6</td> <td>27.3</td> <td>54.7</td> <td>1</td> <td>58</td> <td>58:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<a href="#cite_note-post-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td> <td></td> <td>25.9</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>19</td> <td>51.9</td> <td>1</td> <td>54</td> <td>54:1</td> <td>216 °C (420 °F)<a href="#cite_note-post-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated fat">hydrogenated</a></td> <td>93.6</td> <td>1.5</td> <td></td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>1.5:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Flaxseed/linseed</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td> <td></td> <td>9.0</td> <td>18.4</td> <td>18</td> <td>67.8</td> <td>53</td> <td>13</td> <td>0.2:1</td> <td>107 °C (225 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed</a></td> <td> </td> <td>10.4</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>14.3  </td> <td>74.9</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>74.7</td> <td>very high</td> <td>216 °C (421 °F)<a href="#cite_note-nmi-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp seed</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></td> <td></td> <td>7.0</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>82.0</td> <td>22.0</td> <td>54.0</td> <td>2.5:1</td> <td>166 °C (330 °F)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">High-oleic safflower oil</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td> <td></td> <td>7.5</td> <td>75.2</td> <td>75.2</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>0</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>very high</td> <td>212 °C (414 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Rao-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive</a> (extra virgin)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td> <td></td> <td>13.8</td> <td>73.0</td> <td>71.3</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>14:1</td> <td>193 °C (380 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Rao-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td> <td></td> <td>49.3</td> <td>37.0</td> <td>40</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>45.5:1</td> <td>235 °C (455 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td> <td>hydrogenated</td> <td>88.2</td> <td>5.7</td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td> <td></td> <td>16.2</td> <td>57.1</td> <td>55.4</td> <td>19.9</td> <td>0.318</td> <td>19.6</td> <td>61.6:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<a href="#cite_note-post-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></td> <td></td> <td>25</td> <td>38.4</td> <td>38.4</td> <td>36.6</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>34.4<a href="#cite_note-baileys-38">[38]</a></td> <td>15.6:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></td> <td></td> <td>14.2</td> <td>39.7</td> <td>39.3</td> <td>41.7</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>41.3</td> <td>138:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td> <td></td> <td>15.6</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>22.6</td> <td>57.7</td> <td>7</td> <td>51</td> <td>7.3:1</td> <td>238 °C (460 °F)<a href="#cite_note-post-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated fat">partially hydrogenated</a></td> <td>14.9</td> <td>43.0</td> <td>42.5</td> <td>37.6</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>34.9</td> <td>13.4:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td> <td></td> <td>8.99</td> <td>63.4</td> <td>62.9</td> <td>20.7</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>20.5</td> <td>128:1</td> <td>227 °C (440 °F)<a href="#cite_note-post-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td> <td>unrefined</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>22.2</td> <td>63.3</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>52.9</td> <td>5:1</td> <td>160 °C (320 °F)<a href="#cite_note-BoH-45">[45]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturated_vs._unsaturated_fats">Saturated vs. unsaturated fats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saturated vs. unsaturated fats">edit</a>]</div> Different foods contain different amounts of fat with different proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Some animal products, like <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a> made with whole or reduced fat milk like <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> have mostly saturated fatty acids (and some have significant contents of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary cholesterol">dietary cholesterol</a>). Other animal products, like <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a>, and seafood have mostly unsaturated fats. Industrialized <a href="/wiki/Baked_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked goods">baked goods</a> may use fats with high unsaturated fat contents as well, especially those containing <a href="/wiki/Partially_hydrogenated_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Partially hydrogenated oil">partially hydrogenated oils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Processed_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed food">processed foods</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Deep-fried" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-fried">deep-fried</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil#Hydrogenation" title="Vegetable oil">hydrogenated oil</a> are high in saturated fat content.<a href="#cite_note-aha2014-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-husp2014-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-choo2020-48">[48]</a> Plants and fish oil generally contain a higher proportion of unsaturated acids, although there are exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">palm kernel oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reec2002-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-choos2015b-50">[50]</a> Foods containing unsaturated fats include <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Scientific_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific studies">scientific studies</a> have found that replacing saturated fats with cis unsaturated fats in the diet reduces risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a> (CVDs),<a href="#cite_note-hoop2020e-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, or death.<a href="#cite_note-sacks2017-52">[52]</a> These studies prompted many medical organizations and public health departments, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO),<a href="#cite_note-who2015-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-who0000-54">[54]</a> to officially issue that advice. Some countries with such recommendations include: <ul><li>United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-htuk0000xd-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-nhsuk0000xe-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nhsuk2018-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-nhsuk0000v-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhfuk0000w-59">[59]</a></li> <li>United States<a href="#cite_note-sacks2017-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-htus2015-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-usda0000r-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdc2004-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDA2005u-63">[63]</a></li> <li>India<a href="#cite_note-india0000xf-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-india0000-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Canada<a href="#cite_note-choos2018q-66">[66]</a></li> <li>Australia<a href="#cite_note-ausmd2012-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Singapore<a href="#cite_note-sing0000-68">[68]</a></li> <li>New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-newz0000-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Hong Kong<a href="#cite_note-hong0000-70">[70]</a></li></ul> A 2004 review concluded that "no lower safe limit of specific saturated fatty acid intakes has been identified" and recommended that the influence of varying saturated fatty acid intakes against a background of different individual lifestyles and genetic backgrounds should be the focus in future studies.<a href="#cite_note-germ2004-71">[71]</a> This advice is often oversimplified by labeling the two kinds of fats as bad fats and good fats, respectively. However, since the fats and oils in most natural and traditionally processed foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids,<a href="#cite_note-stor1996-72">[72]</a> the complete exclusion of saturated fat is unrealistic and possibly unwise. For instance, some foods rich in saturated fat, such as coconut and palm oil, are an important source of cheap dietary calories for a large fraction of the population in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-who2003s-73">[73]</a> Concerns were also expressed at a 2010 conference of the <a href="/wiki/American_Dietetic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Dietetic Association">American Dietetic Association</a> that a blanket recommendation to avoid saturated fats could drive people to also reduce the amount of polyunsaturated fats, which may have health benefits, and/or replace fats by refined carbohydrates — which carry a high risk of obesity and heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-zelm2011-74">[74]</a> For these reasons, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, for example, recommends to consume less than 10% (7% for high-risk groups) of calories from saturated fat, with 15-30% of total calories from all fat.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-who2003s-73">[73]</a> A general 7% limit was recommended also by the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> (AHA) in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-lich2006-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-smith2004-77">[77]</a> The WHO/FAO report also recommended replacing fats so as to reduce the content of myristic and palmitic acids, specifically.<a href="#cite_note-who2003s-73">[73]</a> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, prevalent in many countries in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> area, includes more total fat than the diet of Northern European countries, but most of it is in the form of unsaturated fatty acids (specifically, monounsaturated and omega-3) from olive oil and fish, vegetables, and certain meats like lamb, while consumption of saturated fat is minimal in comparison. A 2017 review found evidence that a Mediterranean-style diet could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, overall cancer incidence, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and mortality rate.<a href="#cite_note-dinu2017-78">[78]</a> A 2018 review showed that a Mediterranean-like diet may improve overall health status, such as reduced risk of non-communicable diseases. It also may reduce the social and economic costs of diet-related illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-mart2018xh-79">[79]</a> A small number of contemporary reviews have challenged this negative view of saturated fats. For example, an evaluation of evidence from 1966 to 1973 of the observed health impact of replacing dietary <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> with <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> found that it increased rates of death from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-sydn0000-80">[80]</a> These studies have been disputed by many scientists,<a href="#cite_note-will2017-81">[81]</a> and the consensus in the medical community is that saturated fat and cardiovascular disease are closely related.<a href="#cite_note-souza2015-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-rams2013-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-rams2016-84">[84]</a> Still, these discordant studies fueled debate over the merits of substituting polyunsaturated fats for saturated fats.<a href="#cite_note-weyl2015-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat_and_cardiovascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease">Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease</a></div> The effect of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease has been extensively studied.<a href="#cite_note-hoop2020e-51">[51]</a> The general consensus is that there is evidence of moderate-quality of a strong, consistent, and graded relationship between saturated fat intake, <a href="/wiki/Blood_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cholesterol">blood cholesterol</a> levels, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-sacks2017-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-hoop2020e-51">[51]</a> The relationships are accepted as causal,<a href="#cite_note-grah2007-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-laba2011-87">[87]</a> including by many government and medical organizations.<a href="#cite_note-who2003s-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-kris2007f-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-bda0000-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-sacks2017-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-wohf2017-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-nhsuk0000-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA2009h-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-efsa2010-93">[93]</a> A 2017 review by the AHA estimated that replacement of saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat in the American diet could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 30%.<a href="#cite_note-sacks2017-52">[52]</a> The consumption of saturated fat is generally considered a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Dyslipidemia" title="Dyslipidemia">dyslipidemia</a>—abnormal blood lipid levels, including high total cholesterol, high levels of triglycerides, high levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL, "bad" cholesterol) or low levels of <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">high-density lipoprotein</a> (HDL, "good" cholesterol). These parameters in turn are believed to be risk indicators for some types of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-fphuk0000-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-who2003k-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-irhf0000-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-usda2010m-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-cann2007-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-wohf2017-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-cata2011-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-aha0000xc-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-merck0000-101">[101]</a> These effects were observed in children too.<a href="#cite_note-sanch2008-102">[102]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analyses</a> (reviews and consolidations of multiple previously published experimental studies) have confirmed a significant relationship between saturated fat and high <a href="/wiki/Serum_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum cholesterol">serum cholesterol</a> levels,<a href="#cite_note-sacks2017-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-clarke1997-103">[103]</a> which in turn have been claimed to have a causal relation with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Lipid_hypothesis" title="Lipid hypothesis">lipid hypothesis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-buck1999-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewin2007-105">[105]</a> However, high cholesterol may be caused by many factors. Other indicators, such as high LDL/HDL ratio, have proved to be more predictive.<a href="#cite_note-lewin2007-105">[105]</a> In a study of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> in 52 countries, the <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_B" title="Apolipoprotein B">ApoB</a>/<a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolipoprotein A1">ApoA1</a> (related to LDL and HDL, respectively) ratio was the strongest predictor of CVD among all risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-laba2011n-106">[106]</a> There are other pathways involving <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> levels, <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin sensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial function</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrombogenicity" title="Thrombogenicity">thrombogenicity</a>, among others, that play a role in CVD, although it seems, in the absence of an adverse blood lipid profile, the other known risk factors have only a weak <a href="/wiki/Atherogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atherogenic">atherogenic</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-laba2011p-107">[107]</a> Different saturated fatty acids have differing effects on various lipid levels.<a href="#cite_note-thij2005-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cancer">Cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cancer">edit</a>]</div> The evidence for a relation between saturated fat intake and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> is significantly weaker, and there does not seem to be a clear medical consensus about it. <ul><li>Several reviews of <a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">case–control studies</a> have found that saturated fat intake is associated with increased breast cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>Another review found limited evidence for a positive relationship between consuming animal fat and incidence of <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-xxxx2009a-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Other meta-analyses found evidence for increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a> by high consumption of saturated fat.<a href="#cite_note-hunch2001-113">[113]</a></li> <li>Some studies have indicated that serum <a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">myristic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-mann2003-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-crowe2008-115">[115]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-crowe2008-115">[115]</a> and dietary myristic<a href="#cite_note-kura2008-116">[116]</a> and palmitic<a href="#cite_note-kura2008-116">[116]</a> saturated fatty acids and serum palmitic combined with <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol#Alpha-tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">alpha-tocopherol</a> supplementation<a href="#cite_note-mann2003-114">[114]</a> are <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer#Oils_and_fatty_acids" title="Prostate cancer">associated with increased risk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> in a dose-dependent manner. These associations may, however, reflect differences in intake or metabolism of these fatty acids between the precancer cases and controls, rather than being an actual cause.<a href="#cite_note-crowe2008-115">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bones">Bones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bones">edit</a>]</div> Various animal studies have indicated that the intake of saturated fat has a negative effect on the <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">mineral density of bones</a>. One study suggested that men may be particularly vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-corw2006-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disposition_and_overall_health">Disposition and overall health</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disposition and overall health">edit</a>]</div> Studies have shown that substituting monounsaturated fatty acids for saturated ones is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure. More physical activity, less anger, and less irritability were associated with a higher-oleic acid diet than one of a <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a> diet.<a href="#cite_note-kien2013-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatchart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fatchart.svg/220px-Fatchart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fatchart.svg/330px-Fatchart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fatchart.svg/440px-Fatchart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Amounts of fat types in selected foods</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monounsaturated_vs._polyunsaturated_fat">Monounsaturated vs. polyunsaturated fat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monounsaturated vs. polyunsaturated fat">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG/300px-Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG/450px-Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG/600px-Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of a triglyceride with a saturated fatty acid (top), a monounsaturated one (middle) and a polyunsaturated one (bottom).</figcaption></figure> The most common fatty acids in human diet are unsaturated or mono-unsaturated. Monounsaturated fats are found in animal flesh such as red <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, whole milk products, nuts, and high fat fruits such as olives and avocados. Olive oil is about 75% monounsaturated fat.<a href="#cite_note-abdu2017-119">[119]</a> The high oleic variety <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">sunflower oil</a> contains at least 70% monounsaturated fat.<a href="#cite_note-huth2015-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashews</a> are both about 58% monounsaturated fat.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a> (beef fat) is about 50% monounsaturated fat,<a href="#cite_note-nrc1974-122">[122]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a> is about 40% monounsaturated fat.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Other sources include <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">avocado oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macadamia_nut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Macadamia nut oil">macadamia nut oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">grapeseed oil</a>, groundnut oil (<a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">peanut oil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">sesame oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">corn oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popcorn" title="Popcorn">popcorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grain</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">almond oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">hemp oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tea-oil_camellia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea-oil camellia">tea-oil camellia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aizp2015-124">[124]</a> Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, seed oils, and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-osu2014-125">[125]</a> Food sources of polyunsaturated fats include:<a href="#cite_note-osu2014-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-usda2011a-126">[126]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Food source (100g)</th> <th>Polyunsaturated fat (g) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnuts">Walnuts</a></td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a></td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seeds</a></td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seed">Sesame seeds</a></td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia seeds</a></td> <td>23.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peanut#Dry_roasted_peanuts" title="Peanut">Unsalted peanuts</a></td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter" title="Peanut butter">Peanut butter</a></td> <td>14.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></td> <td>13.5<a href="#cite_note-self0000-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a> </td> <td>12.82<a href="#cite_note-usda2015b-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">Seaweed</a></td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardines">Sardines</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">Soybeans</a></td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Wild salmon</a></td> <td>17.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a></td> <td>9.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insulin_resistance_and_sensitivity">Insulin resistance and sensitivity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Insulin resistance and sensitivity">edit</a>]</div> MUFAs (especially oleic acid) have been found to lower the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>; PUFAs (especially large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a>) and SFAs (such as <a href="/wiki/Arachidic_acid" title="Arachidic acid">arachidic acid</a>) increased it. These ratios can be indexed in the <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> of human <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> and in other tissues as well. This relationship between dietary fats and insulin resistance is presumed secondary to the relationship between insulin resistance and <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, which is partially modulated by dietary fat ratios (<a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 fatty acids">omega−3</a>/<a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-6 fatty acids">6</a>/<a href="/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-9 fatty acids">9</a>) with both omega−3 and −9 thought to be anti-inflammatory, and omega−6 pro-inflammatory (as well as by numerous other dietary components, particularly <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_polyphenols" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of polyphenols">polyphenols</a> and exercise, with both of these anti-inflammatory). Although both pro- and anti-inflammatory types of fat are <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biologically</a> necessary, fat dietary ratios in most US diets are skewed towards omega−6, with subsequent disinhibition of inflammation and potentiation of insulin resistance.<a href="#cite_note-stor1996-72">[72]</a> This is contrary to the suggestion that polyunsaturated fats are shown to be protective against insulin resistance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The large scale KANWU study found that increasing MUFA and decreasing SFA intake could improve insulin sensitivity, but only when the overall fat intake of the diet was low.<a href="#cite_note-vess2001-129">[129]</a> However, some MUFAs may promote <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a> (like the SFAs), whereas PUFAs may protect against it.<a href="#cite_note-love2002-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-fuku2004-131">[131]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cancer_2">Cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cancer">edit</a>]</div> Levels of oleic acid along with other MUFAs in red blood cell membranes were positively associated with breast cancer risk. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturation_index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturation index (page does not exist)">saturation index</a> (SI) of the same membranes was inversely associated with breast cancer risk. MUFAs and low SI in erythrocyte membranes are predictors of postmenopausal breast cancer. Both of these variables depend on the activity of the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Delta-9_desaturase" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-9 desaturase">delta-9 desaturase</a> (Δ9-d).<a href="#cite_note-pala2001-132">[132]</a> Results from <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational clinical trials</a> on PUFA intake and cancer have been inconsistent and vary by numerous factors of cancer incidence, including gender and genetic risk.<a href="#cite_note-nihw2016-133">[133]</a> Some studies have shown associations between higher intakes and/or blood levels of omega-3 PUFAs and a decreased risk of certain cancers, including breast and colorectal cancer, while other studies found no associations with cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-nihw2016-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-patt2011xk-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pregnancy_disorders">Pregnancy disorders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pregnancy disorders">edit</a>]</div> Polyunsaturated fat supplementation was found to have no effect on the incidence of pregnancy-related disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> or <a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">preeclampsia</a>, but may increase the length of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> slightly and decreased the incidence of early premature births.<a href="#cite_note-osu2014-125">[125]</a> Expert panels in the United States and Europe recommend that pregnant and lactating women consume higher amounts of polyunsaturated fats than the general population to enhance the DHA status of the fetus and newborn.<a href="#cite_note-osu2014-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Cis_fat"_vs._"trans_fat"">"Cis fat" vs. "trans fat"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Cis fat" vs. "trans fat"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></div> In nature, unsaturated fatty acids generally have double bonds in <a href="/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism" title="Cis–trans isomerism">cis configuration</a> (with the adjacent C–C bonds on the same side) as opposed to trans.<a href="#cite_note-mart2007-135">[135]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">trans fatty acids</a> (TFAs) occur in small amounts in meat and milk of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> (such as cattle and sheep),<a href="#cite_note-kuhnt2011-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> typically 2–5% of total fat.<a href="#cite_note-tfca2006-138">[138]</a> Natural TFAs, which include <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_linoleic_acid" title="Conjugated linoleic acid">conjugated linoleic acid</a> (CLA) and <a href="/wiki/Vaccenic_acid" title="Vaccenic acid">vaccenic acid</a>, originate in the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a> of these animals. CLA has two double bonds, one in the cis configuration and one in trans, which makes it simultaneously a cis- and a trans-fatty acid.<a href="#cite_note-mejo0000-139">[139]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Trans fat contents in various natural and traditionally processed foods, in g per 100 g <a href="#cite_note-tarr2006-140">[140]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Food type </th> <th>Trans fat content </th></tr> <tr> <td>butter </td> <td>2 to 7 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>whole milk </td> <td>0.07 to 0.1 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>animal fat </td> <td>0 to 5 g<a href="#cite_note-tfca2006-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ground beef </td> <td>1 g </td></tr></tbody></table> The processing of fats by hydrogenation can convert some unsaturated fats into trans fat]]s. The presence of trans fats in various processed foods has received much attention. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaryn_022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Margaryn_022.jpg/290px-Margaryn_022.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Margaryn_022.jpg/435px-Margaryn_022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Margaryn_022.jpg/580px-Margaryn_022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a>, a common product that can contain trans fats</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crisco_Cookbook_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crisco_Cookbook_1912.jpg/220px-Crisco_Cookbook_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Crisco_Cookbook_1912.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> Cover of original <a href="/wiki/Crisco" title="Crisco">Crisco</a> cookbook, 1912. Crisco was made by hydrogenating cottonseed oil. The formula was revised in the 2000s and now has only a small amount of trans fat.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omega-three_and_omega-six_fatty_acids">Omega-three and omega-six fatty acids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Omega-three and omega-six fatty acids">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">Omega-3 fatty acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">Omega-6 fatty acid</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">ω−3 fatty acids</a> have received substantial attention. Among omega-3 fatty acids, neither long-chain nor short-chain forms were consistently associated with breast cancer risk. High levels of <a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> (DHA), however, the most abundant omega-3 <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acid">polyunsaturated fatty acid</a> in erythrocyte (<a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</a>) membranes, were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pala2001-132">[132]</a> The DHA obtained through the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids is positively associated with cognitive and behavioral performance.<a href="#cite_note-rest2008-141">[141]</a> In addition, DHA is vital for the <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey matter</a> structure of the human brain, as well as retinal stimulation and <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-osu2014-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interesterification">Interesterification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interesterification">edit</a>]</div> Some studies have investigated the health effects of interesterified (IE) fats, by comparing diets with IE and non-IE fats with the same overall fatty acid composition.<a href="#cite_note-mens2016-142">[142]</a> Several experimental studies in humans found no statistical difference on fasting blood lipids between a diet with large amounts of IE fat, having 25-40% C16:0 or C18:0 on the 2-position, and a similar diet with non-IE fat, having only 3-9% C16:0 or C18:0 on the 2-position.<a href="#cite_note-zock1995-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-nest1995-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-meij1997-145">[145]</a> A negative result was obtained also in a study that compared the effects on blood <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> levels of an IE fat product mimicking <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a> and the real non-IE product.<a href="#cite_note-gran1970-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-berry2007a-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-zamp1994-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-ylij2001-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-berry2007b-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-summ1999-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-chris2000b-152">[152]</a> A 2007 study funded by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board<a href="#cite_note-sund2007-153">[153]</a> claimed that replacing natural <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> by other interesterified or partially hydrogenated fats caused adverse health effects, such as higher <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a>/<a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL</a> ratio and <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">plasma glucose levels</a>. However, these effects could be attributed to the higher percentage of saturated acids in the IE and partially hydrogenated fats, rather than to the IE process itself.<a href="#cite_note-dest2007-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-mens2003-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rancification">Rancification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rancification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">Rancidification</a></div> Unsaturated fats undergo <a href="/wiki/Auto-oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-oxidation">auto-oxidation</a>, which involves replacement of a C-H bond with C-OH unit. The process requires oxygen (air) and is accelerated by the presence of traces of metals, which serve as catalysts. Doubly unsaturated fatty acids are particularly prone to this reaction. Vegetable oils resist this process to a small degree because they contain antioxidants, such as <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherol</a>. Fats and oils often are treated with <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a> to remove the metal catalysts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_disease">Role in disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Role in disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypertriglyceridemia" title="Hypertriglyceridemia">Hypertriglyceridemia</a></div> In the human body, high levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream have been linked to <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">heart disease</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-drummond-9">[9]</a> However, the relative negative impact of raised levels of triglycerides compared to that of LDL:HDL ratios is as yet unknown. The risk can be partly accounted for by a strong inverse relationship between triglyceride level and HDL-cholesterol level. But the risk is also due to high triglyceride levels increasing the quantity of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein#LDL_size_patterns" title="Low-density lipoprotein">small, dense LDL particles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidelines">Guidelines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Guidelines">edit</a>]</div> <div class="noprint"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png/450px-Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png/675px-Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png/900px-Blood_values_sorted_by_mass_and_molar_concentration.png 2x" data-file-width="6798" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests" title="Reference ranges for blood tests">Reference ranges for blood tests</a>, showing usual ranges for triglycerides (increasing with age) in orange at right.</figcaption></figure></div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Cholesterol_Education_Program" title="National Cholesterol Education Program">National Cholesterol Education Program</a> has set guidelines for triglyceride levels:<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Level </th> <th rowspan="2">Interpretation </th></tr> <tr> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">mg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Decilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Decilitre">dL</a>) </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mmol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>< 150 </td> <td>< 1.70 </td> <td>Normal range – low risk </td></tr> <tr> <td>150–199 </td> <td>1.70–2.25 </td> <td>Slightly above normal </td></tr> <tr> <td>200–499 </td> <td>2.26–5.65 </td> <td>Some risk </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 or higher </td> <td>> 5.65 </td> <td>Very high – high risk </td></tr></tbody></table> These levels are tested after <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Medical_application" title="Fasting">fasting</a> 8 to 12 hours. Triglyceride levels remain temporarily higher for a period after eating. The AHA recommends an optimal triglyceride level of 100 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) or lower to improve heart health.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_triglyceride_levels">Reducing triglyceride levels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reducing triglyceride levels">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Hypertriglyceridemia#Treatment" title="Hypertriglyceridemia">Hypertriglyceridemia § Treatment</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypertriglyceridemia&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Lifestyle changes including weight loss, exercise and dietary modification may improve hypertriglyceridemia.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hypertriglyceridemia_CPG2012-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hypertriglyceridemia_Nordestgaard2014-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> This may include dietary changes such as restriction of fat and carbohydrates (specifically <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a><a href="#cite_note-Hypertriglyceridemia_Nordestgaard2014-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar-sweetened_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar-sweetened beverages">sugar-sweetened beverages</a><a href="#cite_note-Hypertriglyceridemia_CPG2012-162">[162]</a>) and increased consumption of <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> from algae, nuts, and seeds.<a href="#cite_note-Hypertriglyceridemia_TheLipid2008-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The decision to treat hypertriglyceridemia with medication depends on the levels and on the presence of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Very high levels that would increase the risk of pancreatitis is treated with a drug from the <a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">fibrate</a> class. <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">Niacin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> as well as drugs from the <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statin</a> class may be used in conjunction, with statins being the main drug treatment for moderate hypertriglyceridemia where reduction of cardiovascular risk is required.<a href="#cite_note-Hypertriglyceridemia_CPG2012-162">[162]</a> Medications are recommended in those with high levels of triglycerides that are not corrected with lifestyle modifications, with <a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">fibrates</a> being recommended first.<a href="#cite_note-Hypertriglyceridemia_CPG2012-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epanova_(omega-3-carboxylic_acids)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epanova (omega-3-carboxylic acids)">Epanova (omega-3-carboxylic acids)</a> is another prescription drug used to treat very high levels of blood triglycerides.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_fat" title="Animal fat">Animal fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet and heart disease">Diet and heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_composition_data" title="Food composition data">Food composition data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western pattern diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-webster-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webster_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webster_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webster_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webster_1-3">d</a> Entry for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fat">"fat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725084302/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fat">Archived</a> 2020-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the online Merriam-Webster disctionary, sense 3.2. Accessed on 2020-08-09 </li> <li id="cite_note-sand2016-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sand2016_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sand2016_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sand2016_2-2">c</a> Thomas A. B. Sanders (2016): "The Role of Fats in Human Diet". Pages 1-20 of Functional Dietary Lipids. 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aria-labelledby="Edible_fats_and_oils120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats_and_oils" title="Template talk:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_fats_and_oils120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible fats and oils</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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