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class="vector-toc-link" href="#NIST"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>NIST</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NIST-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PMI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PMI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>PMI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PMI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_general_and_historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_general_and_historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other general and historic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_general_and_historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_meanings_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_meanings_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other meanings and controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_meanings_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code-based_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code-based_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Code-based analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code-based_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Maintainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_critical_programming_errors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_critical_programming_errors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Identifying critical programming errors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_critical_programming_errors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operationalized_quality_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operationalized_quality_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Operationalized quality models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operationalized_quality_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جودة البرمجيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جودة البرمجيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Качествен програмен код – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Качествен програмен код" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitat_del_programari" title="Qualitat del programari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qualitat del programari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarequalit%C3%A4t" title="Softwarequalität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Softwarequalität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidad_de_software" title="Calidad de software – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calidad de software" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کیفیت نرم‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیفیت نرم‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualit%C3%A9_logicielle" title="Qualité logicielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qualité logicielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%ED%92%88%EC%A7%88" title="소프트웨어 품질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 품질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualit%C3%A0_del_software" title="Qualità del software – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qualità del software" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmat%C5%ABras_kvalit%C4%81te" title="Programmatūras kvalitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Programmatūras kvalitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Квалитет на софтвер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квалитет на софтвер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA" title="ソフトウェア品質 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソフトウェア品質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasturiy_ta%27minot_sifat_tamoillari" title="Dasturiy ta'minot sifat tamoillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dasturiy ta'minot sifat tamoillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jako%C5%9B%C4%87_oprogramowania" title="Jakość oprogramowania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakość oprogramowania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualidade_de_software" title="Qualidade de software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Qualidade de software" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Качество программного обеспечения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Качество программного обеспечения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjelmiston_laatu" title="Ohjelmiston laatu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohjelmiston laatu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Якість програмного забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Якість програмного забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Chất lượng phần mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất lượng phần mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E8%B3%AA%E7%B4%A0" title="軟件質素 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軟件質素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="软件质量 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="软件质量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1412670#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Refers to two related but distinct notions: functional quality and structural quality</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Software_quality" title="Special:EditPage/Software quality">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Software+quality%22">"Software quality"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Software+quality%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Software+quality%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Software+quality%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Software+quality%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Software+quality%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, <b>software quality</b> refers to two related but distinct notions:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Software's functional quality reflects how well it complies with or conforms to a given design, based on <a href="/wiki/Functional_requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional requirements">functional requirements</a> or specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That attribute can also be described as the fitness for the purpose of a piece of software or how it compares to competitors in the marketplace as a worthwhile <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the degree to which the <a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation#Software_validation" title="Software verification and validation">correct</a> software was produced.</li> <li>Software structural quality refers to how it meets <a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-functional requirements">non-functional requirements</a> that support the delivery of the functional requirements, such as robustness or maintainability. It has a lot more to do with the degree to which the software works as <a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation#Software_verification" title="Software verification and validation">needed</a>.</li></ul> <p>Many aspects of structural quality can be evaluated only <a href="/wiki/Static_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static testing">statically</a> through the analysis of the software's inner structure, its source code (see <a href="/wiki/Software_metric" title="Software metric">Software metrics</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the unit level, and at the system level (sometimes referred to as end-to-end testing<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which is in effect how its architecture adheres to sound principles of <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">software architecture</a> outlined in a paper on the topic by <a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a> (OMG).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some structural qualities, such as <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>, can be <a href="/wiki/Usability_testing#Methods" title="Usability testing">assessed</a> only <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_testing" title="Dynamic testing">dynamically</a> (users or others acting on their behalf interact with the software or, at least, some prototype or partial implementation; even the interaction with a mock version made in cardboard represents a dynamic test because such version can be considered a prototype). Other aspects, such as reliability, might involve not only the software but also the underlying hardware, therefore, it can be assessed both statically and dynamically (<a href="/wiki/Stress_testing_(software)" title="Stress testing (software)">stress test</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Using <a href="/wiki/Test_automation" title="Test automation">automated tests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitness_function" title="Fitness function">fitness functions</a> can help to maintain some of the quality related attributes. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Functional quality is typically assessed dynamically but it is also possible to use static tests (such as <a href="/wiki/Software_review" title="Software review">software reviews</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historically, the structure, classification, and terminology of attributes and metrics applicable to <a href="/wiki/Software_quality_management" title="Software quality management">software quality management</a> have been derived or extracted from the <a href="/wiki/ISO_9126" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9126">ISO 9126</a> and the subsequent <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_25000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 25000 (page does not exist)">ISO/IEC 25000</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these models (see Models), the <a href="/wiki/CISQ" title="CISQ">Consortium for IT Software Quality</a> (CISQ) has defined five major desirable structural characteristics needed for a piece of software to provide <a href="/wiki/Business_value" title="Business value">business value</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reliability, Efficiency, Security, Maintainability, and (adequate) Size.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Software quality measurement quantifies to what extent a software program or system rates along each of these five dimensions. An aggregated measure of software quality can be computed through a qualitative or a quantitative scoring scheme or a mix of both and then a weighting system reflecting the priorities. This view of software quality being positioned on a linear continuum is supplemented by the analysis of "critical programming errors" that under specific circumstances can lead to catastrophic outages or performance degradations that make a given system unsuitable for use regardless of rating based on aggregated measurements. Such programming errors found at the system level represent up to 90 percent of production issues, whilst at the unit-level, even if far more numerous, programming errors account for less than 10 percent of production issues (see also <a href="/wiki/Ninety%E2%80%93ninety_rule" title="Ninety–ninety rule">Ninety–ninety rule</a>). As a consequence, code quality without the context of the whole system, as <a href="/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming" title="W. Edwards Deming">W. Edwards Deming</a> described it, has limited value.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To view, explore, analyze, and communicate software quality measurements, concepts and techniques of <a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">information visualization</a> provide visual, interactive means useful, in particular, if several software quality measures have to be related to each other or to components of a software or system. For example, <a href="/wiki/Software_map" title="Software map">software maps</a> represent a specialized approach that "can express and combine information about software development, software quality, and system dynamics".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Software quality also plays a role in the release phase of a software project. Specifically, the quality and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Release_management" title="Release management">release processes</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patch processes</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">configuration management</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are important parts of an overall software engineering process.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software quality is motivated by at least two main perspectives: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk Management">Risk management</a>: Software failure has caused more than inconvenience. Software errors can cause human fatalities (see for example: <a href="/wiki/List_of_software_bugs" title="List of software bugs">List of software bugs</a>). The causes have ranged from poorly designed user interfaces to direct <a href="/wiki/Programming_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming error">programming errors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see for example <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737#Accidents_and_incidents" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737 case</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sudden_unintended_acceleration" title="Sudden unintended acceleration">Unintended acceleration</a> cases<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Therac-25" title="Therac-25">Therac-25</a> cases.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in requirements for the development of some types of software, particularly and historically for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">software embedded</a> in medical and other devices that regulate critical infrastructures: "[Engineers who write embedded software] see Java programs stalling for one third of a second to perform garbage collection and update the user interface, and they envision airplanes falling out of the sky.".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, within the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA), the FAA Aircraft Certification Service provides software programs, policy, guidance and training, focus on software and Complex Electronic Hardware that has an effect on the airborne product (a "product" is an aircraft, an engine, or a propeller).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certification standards such as <a href="/wiki/DO-178C" title="DO-178C">DO-178C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">IEC 62304</a>, etc. provide guidance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost management">Cost management</a>: As in any other fields of engineering, a software product or service governed by good software quality costs less to maintain, is easier to understand and can change more cost-effective in response to pressing business needs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industry data demonstrate that poor application structural quality in core <a href="/wiki/Business_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Business application">business applications</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">enterprise resource planning</a> (ERP), <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a> (CRM) or large <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a> systems in financial services) results in cost, schedule overruns and creates waste in the form of rework (see <a href="/wiki/Muda_(Japanese_term)" title="Muda (Japanese term)">Muda (Japanese term)</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, poor structural quality is strongly correlated with high-impact business disruptions due to corrupted data, application outages, security breaches, and performance problems.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>CISQ reports on the cost of poor quality estimates an impact of: <ul><li>$2.08 trillion in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.it-cisq.org/the-cost-of-poor-quality-software-in-the-us-a-2018-report/The-Cost-of-Poor-Quality-Software-in-the-US-2018-Report.pdf">$2.84 trillion in 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li>IBM's Cost of a Data Breach Report 2020 estimates that the average global costs of a data breach:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>$3.86 million</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO">ISO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ISO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software quality is the "capability of a software product to conform to requirements."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while for others it can be synonymous with customer- or value-creation<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even defect level.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software quality measurements can be split into three parts: process quality, product quality which includes internal and external properties and lastly, quality in use, which is the effect of the software.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASQ">ASQ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ASQ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Quality" title="American Society for Quality">ASQ</a> uses the following definition: <i>Software quality</i> describes the desirable attributes of software products. There are two main approaches exist: defect management and quality attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NIST">NIST</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NIST"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software Assurance (SA) covers both the property and the process to achieve it:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>[Justifiable] confidence that software is free from vulnerabilities, either intentionally designed into the software or accidentally inserted at any time during its life cycle and that the software functions in the intended manner</li> <li>The planned and systematic set of activities that ensure that software life cycle processes and products conform to requirements, standards, and procedures</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PMI">PMI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: PMI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a> Guide "Software Extension" defines not <i>"Software quality"</i> itself, but Software Quality Assurance (SQA) as <i>"a continuous process that audits other software processes to ensure that those processes are being followed (includes for example a software quality management plan)."</i> whereas Software Quality Control (SCQ) means <i>"taking care of applying methods, tools, techniques to ensure satisfaction of the work products toward quality requirements for a software under development or modification."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_general_and_historic">Other general and historic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other general and historic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first definition of quality history remembers is from Shewhart in the beginning of 20th century: <i>"There are two common aspects of quality: one of them has to do with the consideration of the quality of a thing as an objective reality independent of the existence of man. The other has to do with what we think, feel or sense as a result of the objective reality. In other words, there is a subjective side of quality."</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kitchenham" title="Barbara Kitchenham">Kitchenham</a> and Pfleeger, further reporting the teachings of David Garvin, identify five different perspectives on quality:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The transcendental perspective deals with the metaphysical aspect of quality. In this view of quality, it is "something toward which we strive as an ideal, but may never implement completely".<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchenham1996_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchenham1996-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can hardly be defined, but is similar to what a federal judge once commented about obscenity: "I know it when I see it".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The user perspective is concerned with the appropriateness of the product for a given context of use. Whereas the transcendental view is ethereal, the user view is more concrete, grounded in the product characteristics that meet user's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchenham1996_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchenham1996-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The manufacturing perspective represents quality as conformance to requirements. This aspect of quality is stressed by standards such as ISO 9001, which defines quality as "the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements" (ISO/IEC 9001<sup id="cite_ref-ISO9001_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO9001-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li>The product perspective implies that quality can be appreciated by measuring the inherent characteristics of the product.</li> <li>The final perspective of quality is value-based.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective recognizes that the different perspectives of quality may have different importance, or value, to various stakeholders.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The problem inherent in attempts to define the quality of a product, almost any product, was stated by the master Walter A. Shewhart. The difficulty in defining quality is to translate the future needs of the user into measurable characteristics, so that a product can be designed and turned out to give satisfaction at a price that the user will pay. This is not easy, and as soon as one feels fairly successful in the endeavor, he finds that the needs of the consumer have changed, competitors have moved in, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Deming1988_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deming1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming" title="W. Edwards Deming">W. Edwards Deming</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Quality is a customer determination, not an engineer's determination, not a marketing determination, nor a general management determination. It is based on the customer's actual experience with the product or service, measured against his or her requirements -- stated or unstated, conscious or merely sensed, technically operational or entirely subjective -- and always representing a moving target in a competitive market.<sup id="cite_ref-Feigenbaum_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feigenbaum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The word quality has multiple meanings. Two of these meanings dominate the use of the word: 1. Quality consists of those product features which meet the need of customers and thereby provide product satisfaction. 2. Quality consists of freedom from deficiencies. Nevertheless, in a handbook such as this it is convenient to standardize on a short definition of the word quality as "fitness for use".<sup id="cite_ref-Juran1988_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juran1988-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeMarco" title="Tom DeMarco">Tom DeMarco</a> has proposed that "a product's quality is a function of how much it changes the world for the better."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This can be interpreted as meaning that functional quality and user satisfaction are more important than structural quality in determining software quality. </p><p>Another definition, coined by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Weinberg" title="Gerald Weinberg">Gerald Weinberg</a> in Quality Software Management: Systems Thinking, is "Quality is value to some person."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_meanings_and_controversies">Other meanings and controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other meanings and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the challenges in defining quality is that "everyone feels they understand it"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)#Notable_definitions" title="Quality (business)">definitions of software quality</a> could be based on extending the various descriptions of the concept of quality used in business. </p><p>Software quality also often gets mixed-up with <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality Assurance</a> or Problem Resolution Management<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">Quality Control</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a>. It does over-lap with before mentioned areas (see also PMI definitions), but is distinctive as it does not solely focus on testing but also on processes, management, improvements, assessments, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="SoftwareQualityMeasurement"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the concepts presented in this section are applicable to both structural and functional software quality, measurement of the latter is essentially performed through <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing is not enough: According to one study, "individual programmers are less than 50% efficient at finding bugs in their own software. And most forms of testing are only 35% efficient. This makes it difficult to determine [software] quality."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoftwareQualityCharacteristicAttributeRelationship.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/SoftwareQualityCharacteristicAttributeRelationship.png/310px-SoftwareQualityCharacteristicAttributeRelationship.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/SoftwareQualityCharacteristicAttributeRelationship.png/465px-SoftwareQualityCharacteristicAttributeRelationship.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/54/SoftwareQualityCharacteristicAttributeRelationship.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Relationship between software desirable characteristics (right) and measurable attributes (left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Software quality measurement is about quantifying to what extent a system or software possesses desirable characteristics. This can be performed through qualitative or quantitative means or a mix of both. In both cases, for each desirable characteristic, there are a set of measurable attributes the existence of which in a piece of software or system tend to be correlated and associated with this characteristic. For example, an attribute associated with portability is the number of target-dependent statements in a program. More precisely, using the <a href="/wiki/Quality_Function_Deployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality Function Deployment">Quality Function Deployment</a> approach, these measurable attributes are the "hows" that need to be enforced to enable the "whats" in the Software Quality definition above. </p><p>The structure, classification and terminology of attributes and metrics applicable to software quality management have been derived or extracted from the <a href="/wiki/ISO_9126" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9126">ISO 9126-3</a> and the subsequent ISO/IEC 25000:2005 quality model. The main focus is on internal structural quality. Subcategories have been created to handle specific areas like business application architecture and technical characteristics such as data access and manipulation or the notion of transactions. </p><p>The dependence tree between software quality characteristics and their measurable attributes is represented in the diagram on the right, where each of the 5 characteristics that matter for the user (right) or owner of the business system depends on measurable attributes (left): </p> <ul><li>Application Architecture Practices</li> <li>Coding Practices</li> <li>Application Complexity</li> <li>Documentation</li> <li>Portability</li> <li>Technical and Functional Volume</li></ul> <p>Correlations between programming errors and production defects unveil that basic code errors account for 92 percent of the total errors in the source code. These numerous code-level issues eventually count for only 10 percent of the defects in production. Bad software engineering practices at the architecture levels account for only 8 percent of total defects, but consume over half the effort spent on fixing problems, and lead to 90 percent of the serious reliability, security, and efficiency issues in production.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code-based_analysis">Code-based analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Code-based analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the existing software measures count structural elements of the application that result from parsing the source code for such individual instructions<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tokens<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> control structures (<a href="/wiki/Software_complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Software complexity">Complexity</a>), and objects.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Software quality measurement is about quantifying to what extent a system or software rates along these dimensions. The analysis can be performed using a qualitative or quantitative approach or a mix of both to provide an aggregate view [using for example weighted average(s) that reflect relative importance between the factors being measured]. </p><p>This view of software quality on a linear continuum has to be supplemented by the identification of discrete <a href="#CriticalProgrammingErrors">Critical Programming Errors</a>. These vulnerabilities may not fail a test case, but they are the result of bad practices that under specific circumstances can lead to catastrophic outages, performance degradations, security breaches, corrupted data, and myriad other problems<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that make a given system de facto unsuitable for use regardless of its rating based on aggregated measurements. A well-known example of vulnerability is the <a href="/wiki/Common_Weakness_Enumeration" title="Common Weakness Enumeration">Common Weakness Enumeration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a repository of vulnerabilities in the source code that make applications exposed to security breaches. </p><p>The measurement of critical application characteristics involves measuring structural attributes of the application's architecture, coding, and in-line documentation, as displayed in the picture above. Thus, each characteristic is affected by attributes at numerous levels of abstraction in the application and all of which must be included in calculating the characteristic's measure if it is to be a valuable predictor of quality outcomes that affect the business. The layered approach to calculating characteristic measures displayed in the figure above was first proposed by Boehm and his colleagues at TRW (Boehm, 1978)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the approach taken in the ISO 9126 and 25000 series standards. These attributes can be measured from the parsed results of a static analysis of the application source code. Even dynamic characteristics of applications such as reliability and performance efficiency have their causal roots in the static structure of the application. </p><p>Structural quality analysis and measurement is performed through the analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">software framework</a>, <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a> in relationship to principles and standards that together define the conceptual and logical architecture of a system. This is distinct from the basic, local, component-level code analysis typically performed by <a href="/wiki/Development_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Development tool">development tools</a> which are mostly concerned with implementation considerations and are crucial during <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a> activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability">Reliability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The root causes of poor reliability are found in a combination of non-compliance with good architectural and coding practices. This non-compliance can be detected by measuring the static quality attributes of an application. Assessing the static attributes underlying an application's reliability provides an estimate of the level of business risk and the likelihood of potential application failures and defects the application will experience when placed in operation. </p><p>Assessing reliability requires checks of at least the following software engineering best practices and technical attributes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Application Architecture Practices</li> <li>Coding Practices</li> <li>Complexity of algorithms</li> <li>Complexity of programming practices</li> <li>Compliance with Object-Oriented and Structured Programming best practices (when applicable)</li> <li>Component or pattern re-use ratio</li> <li>Dirty programming</li> <li>Error & Exception handling (for all layers - GUI, Logic & Data)</li> <li>Multi-layer design compliance</li> <li>Resource bounds management</li> <li>Software avoids patterns that will lead to unexpected behaviors</li> <li>Software manages data integrity and consistency</li> <li>Transaction complexity level</li></ul> </div> <p>Depending on the application architecture and the third-party components used (such as external libraries or frameworks), custom checks should be defined along the lines drawn by the above list of best practices to ensure a better assessment of the reliability of the delivered software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with Reliability, the causes of performance inefficiency are often found in violations of good architectural and coding practice which can be detected by measuring the static quality attributes of an application. These static attributes predict potential operational performance bottlenecks and future scalability problems, especially for applications requiring high execution speed for handling complex algorithms or huge volumes of data. </p><p>Assessing performance efficiency requires checking at least the following software engineering best practices and technical attributes: </p> <ul><li>Application Architecture Practices</li> <li>Appropriate interactions with expensive and/or remote resources</li> <li>Data access performance and data management</li> <li>Memory, network and disk space management</li> <li>Compliance with Coding Practices<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Best_coding_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Best coding practices">Best coding practices</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software quality includes <a href="/wiki/Software_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Software security">software security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many security vulnerabilities result from poor coding and architectural practices such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are well documented in lists maintained by CWE,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the SEI/Computer Emergency Center <a href="/wiki/CERT_Coordination_Center" title="CERT Coordination Center">(CERT)</a> at Carnegie Mellon University.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assessing security requires at least checking the following software engineering best practices and technical attributes: </p> <ul><li>Implementation, Management of a security-aware and hardening development process, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Security_Development_Lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Development Lifecycle">Security Development Lifecycle</a> (Microsoft) or IBM's Secure Engineering Framework.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Secure Application Architecture Practices<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multi-layer design compliance</li> <li>Security best practices (Input Validation, SQL Injection, Cross-Site Scripting, Access control etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Secure and good Programming Practices<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Error & Exception handling</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintainability">Maintainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Maintainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maintainability includes concepts of modularity, understandability, changeability, testability, reusability, and transferability from one development team to another. These do not take the form of critical issues at the code level. Rather, poor maintainability is typically the result of thousands of minor violations with best practices in documentation, complexity avoidance strategy, and basic programming practices that make the difference between clean and easy-to-read code vs. unorganized and difficult-to-read code.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assessing maintainability requires checking the following software engineering best practices and technical attributes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Application Architecture Practices</li> <li>Architecture, Programs and Code documentation embedded in source code</li> <li>Code readability</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_smells" class="mw-redirect" title="Code smells">Code smells</a></li> <li>Complexity level of transactions</li> <li>Complexity of algorithms</li> <li>Complexity of programming practices</li> <li>Compliance with Object-Oriented and Structured Programming best practices (when applicable)</li> <li>Component or pattern re-use ratio</li> <li>Controlled level of dynamic coding</li> <li>Coupling ratio</li> <li>Dirty programming</li> <li>Documentation</li> <li>Hardware, OS, middleware, software components and database independence</li> <li>Multi-layer design compliance</li> <li>Portability</li> <li>Programming Practices (code level)</li> <li>Reduced <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_code" title="Duplicate code">duplicate code</a> and functions</li> <li>Source code file organization cleanliness</li></ul> </div> <p>Maintainability is closely related to Ward Cunningham's concept of <a href="/wiki/Technical_debt" title="Technical debt">technical debt</a>, which is an expression of the costs resulting of a lack of maintainability. Reasons for why maintainability is low can be classified as reckless vs. prudent and deliberate vs. inadvertent,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often have their origin in developers' inability, lack of time and goals, their carelessness and discrepancies in the creation cost of and benefits from documentation and, in particular, maintainable <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Measuring software size requires that the whole source code be correctly gathered, including database structure scripts, data manipulation source code, component headers, configuration files etc. There are essentially two types of software sizes to be measured, the technical size (footprint) and the functional size: </p> <ul><li>There are several <a href="/wiki/Software_Sizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Sizing">software technical sizing</a> methods that have been widely described. The most common technical sizing method is number of <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Lines of Code">Lines of Code</a> (#LOC) per technology, number of files, functions, classes, tables, etc., from which backfiring Function Points can be computed;</li> <li>The most common for measuring functional size is <a href="/wiki/Function_point" title="Function point">function point</a> analysis. Function point analysis measures the size of the software deliverable from a user's perspective. Function point sizing is done based on user requirements and provides an accurate representation of both size for the developer/estimator and value (functionality to be delivered) and reflects the business functionality being delivered to the customer. The method includes the identification and weighting of user recognizable inputs, outputs and data stores. The size value is then available for use in conjunction with numerous measures to quantify and to evaluate software delivery and performance (development cost per function point; delivered defects per function point; function points per staff month.).</li></ul> <p>The function point analysis sizing standard is supported by the International Function Point Users Group (<a href="/wiki/IFPUG" title="IFPUG">IFPUG</a>). It can be applied early in the software development life-cycle and it is not dependent on lines of code like the somewhat inaccurate Backfiring method. The method is technology agnostic and can be used for comparative analysis across organizations and across industries. </p><p>Since the inception of Function Point Analysis, several variations have evolved and the family of functional sizing techniques has broadened to include such sizing measures as COSMIC, NESMA, Use Case Points, FP Lite, Early and Quick FPs, and most recently Story Points. Function Point has a history of statistical accuracy, and has been used as a common unit of work measurement in numerous application development management (ADM) or outsourcing engagements, serving as the "currency" by which services are delivered and performance is measured. </p><p>One common limitation to the Function Point methodology is that it is a manual process and therefore it can be labor-intensive and costly in large scale initiatives such as application development or outsourcing engagements. This negative aspect of applying the methodology may be what motivated industry IT leaders to form the Consortium for IT Software Quality focused on introducing a computable metrics standard for automating the measuring of software size while the IFPUG keep promoting a manual approach as most of its activity rely on FP counters certifications. </p><p><a href="/wiki/CISQ" title="CISQ">CISQ</a> defines Sizing as to estimate the size of software to support cost estimating, progress tracking or other related software project management activities. Two standards are used: <i>Automated Function Points</i> to measure the functional size of software and <i>Automated Enhancement Points</i> to measure the size of both functional and non-functional code in one measure.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identifying_critical_programming_errors">Identifying critical programming errors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Identifying critical programming errors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="CriticalProgrammingErrors"></span> Critical Programming Errors are specific architectural and/or coding bad practices that result in the highest, immediate or long term, business disruption risk.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are quite often technology-related and depend heavily on the context, business objectives and risks. Some may consider respect for naming conventions while others – those preparing the ground for a knowledge transfer for example – will consider it as absolutely critical. </p><p>Critical Programming Errors can also be classified per CISQ Characteristics. Basic example below: </p> <ul><li>Reliability <ul><li>Avoid software patterns that will lead to unexpected behavior (<a href="/wiki/Uninitialized_variable" title="Uninitialized variable">Uninitialized variable</a>, null pointers, etc.)</li> <li>Methods, procedures and functions doing Insert, Update, Delete, Create Table or Select must include error management</li> <li>Multi-thread functions should be made thread safe, for instance servlets or <a href="/wiki/Apache_Struts" title="Apache Struts">struts</a> action classes must not have instance/non-final static fields</li></ul></li> <li>Efficiency <ul><li>Ensure centralization of client requests (incoming and data) to reduce network traffic</li> <li>Avoid SQL queries that don't use an index against large tables in a loop</li></ul></li> <li>Security <ul><li>Avoid fields in servlet classes that are not final static</li> <li>Avoid data access without including error management</li> <li>Check control return codes and implement error handling mechanisms</li> <li>Ensure input validation to avoid cross-site scripting flaws or SQL injections flaws</li></ul></li> <li>Maintainability <ul><li>Deep inheritance trees and nesting should be avoided to improve comprehensibility</li> <li>Modules should be loosely coupled (fanout, intermediaries) to avoid propagation of modifications</li> <li>Enforce homogeneous naming conventions</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operationalized_quality_models">Operationalized quality models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operationalized quality models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newer proposals for quality models such as <a href="/wiki/Squale" title="Squale">Squale</a> and Quamoco<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> propagate a direct integration of the definition of quality attributes and measurement. By breaking down quality attributes or even defining additional layers, the complex, abstract quality attributes (such as reliability or maintainability) become more manageable and measurable. Those quality models have been applied in industrial contexts but have not received widespread adoption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_coding_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Best coding practices">Best coding practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_conventions" title="Coding conventions">Coding conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(computer_science)" title="Cohesion (computer science)">Cohesion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupling (computer science)">Coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bug">Computer bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclomatic_complexity" title="Cyclomatic complexity">Cyclomatic complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_criticality" title="Defect criticality">Defect criticality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GQM" title="GQM">GQM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">ISO/IEC 9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination - ISO/IEC 15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_style" title="Programming style">Programming style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">Quality</a>: <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Total_quality_management" title="Total quality management">total quality management</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_management" title="Requirements management">Requirements management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_(project_management)" title="Scope (project management)">Scope (project management)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">Software bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_control" title="Software quality control">Software quality control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_metric" title="Software metric">Software metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_reusability" class="mw-redirect" title="Software reusability">Software reusability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_standard" title="Software standard">Software standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">Static program analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testability" title="Software testability">Testability</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> OS <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/quality">Quality Guidelines</a> including checklists for UI, Security, etc. July 2021</li> <li>Association of Maritime Managers in Information Technology & Communications (AMMITEC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ammitec.org/images/AMMITEC_Maritime_Software_Quality_Guidelines_v1.pdf">Maritime Software Quality Guidelines</a>. September 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capers_Jones" title="Capers Jones">Capers Jones</a> and Olivier Bonsignour, "The Economics of Software Quality", Addison-Wesley Professional, 1st edition, December 31, 2011, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-258220-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-258220-9">978-0-13-258220-9</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnescatlab.github.io/">CAT Lab - CNES Code Analysis Tools Laboratory</a> (on GitHub)</li> <li>Girish Suryanarayana, Software Process versus Design Quality: Tug of War?<sup id="cite_ref-ieeesw_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeesw-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ho-Won Jung, Seung-Gweon Kim, and Chang-Sin Chung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MS.2004.1331309">Measuring software product quality: A survey of ISO/IEC 9126</a>. <i>IEEE Software</i>, 21(5):10–13, September/October 2004.</li> <li>International Organization for Standardization. <i>Software Engineering—Product Quality—Part 1: Quality Model</i>. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. ISO/IEC 9126-1:2001(E).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/presentations/esepg.cfm">Measuring Software Product Quality: the ISO 25000 Series and CMMI (SEI site)</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv-web3.library.cornell.edu/abs/1408.3253">MSQF - A measurement based software quality framework</a></i> Cornell University Library</li> <li>Omar Alshathry, Helge Janicke, "Optimizing Software Quality Assurance," compsacw, pp. 87–92, 2010 IEEE 34th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops, 2010.</li> <li>Robert L. Glass. <i>Building Quality Software</i>. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1992.</li> <li>Roland Petrasch, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258105237_The_Definition_of_Software_Quality-_A_Practical_Approach">The Definition of 'Software Quality': A Practical Approach</a>", ISSRE, 1999</li> <li>Software Quality Professional,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Quality" title="American Society for Quality">American Society for Quality</a> (ASQ)</li> <li>Software Quality Journal<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinellis2006" class="citation book cs1">Spinellis, Diomidis (2006-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spinellis.gr/codequality/"><i>Code quality: the open source perspective</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-16607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-16607-4"><bdi>978-0-321-16607-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+quality%3A+the+open+source+perspective&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey%2C+US&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft.isbn=978-0-321-16607-4&rft.aulast=Spinellis&rft.aufirst=Diomidis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spinellis.gr%2Fcodequality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stephen H. Kan. <i>Metrics and Models in Software Quality Engineering</i>. 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Springer, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://re-magazine.ireb.org/articles/learning-from-history-the-case-of-software-requirements-engineering/">"Learning from history: The case of Software Requirements Engineering – Requirements Engineering Magazine"</a>. <i>Learning from history: The case of Software Requirements Engineering – Requirements Engineering Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2006), <i>Code Quality</i>, Addison Wesley</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+Quality&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Spinellis&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_quality&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_quality" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software quality">Software quality</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/when-code-is-king-mastering-automotive-software-excellence">When code is king: Mastering automotive software excellence</a> (McKinsey, 2021)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/lectures/2016_issre.pdf">Embedded System Software Quality: Why is it so often terrible? What can we do about it?</a> (by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/">Philip Koopman</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.it-cisq.org/standards/code-quality-standards/">Code Quality Standards</a> by <a href="/wiki/CISQ" title="CISQ">CISQ</a>™</li> <li>CISQ Blog: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blog.it-cisq.org">https://blog.it-cisq.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microelectronics.esa.int/vhdl/pss/PSS-05-11.pdf">Guide to software quality assurance</a> (ESA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emits.sso.esa.int/emits-doc/e_support/Bssc962.pdf">Guide to applying the ESA software engineering standards to small software projects</a> (ESA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ivv/pdf/192949main_ESA_Garcia.pdf">An Overview of ESA Software Product Assurance Services</a> (NASA/ESA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsoares.medium.com/our-approach-to-quality-in-volkswagen-software-dev-center-lisbon-72f5728e2235">Our approach to quality in Volkswagen Software Dev Center Lisbon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://google.github.io/styleguide/">Google Style Guides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2011/03/Ensuring-Product-Quality-Google/">Ensuring Product Quality at Google</a> (2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sma.nasa.gov/sma-disciplines/software-assurance">NASA Software Assurance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/itl/ssd/software-quality-group">NIST Software Quality Group</a></li> <li>OMG/CISQ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.it-cisq.org/standards/automated-function-points/">Automated Function Points</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO/IEC_19515&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO/IEC 19515 (page does not exist)">ISO/IEC 19515</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omg.org/spec/ATDM/">OMG Automated Technical Debt Standard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://re-magazine.ireb.org/articles/automated-quality-assurance">Automated Quality Assurance</a> (articled in <a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a> by Harry Sneed)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/publications/structured-testing-testing-methodology-using-cyclomatic-complexity-metric">Structured Testing: A Testing Methodology Using the Cyclomatic Complexity Metric</a> (1996)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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