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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Product_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Product classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Product_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Product classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Product_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>By use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_international_product_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_international_product_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>National and international product classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_international_product_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Product model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Product information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Product_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Product information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Product_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Produce_traceability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produce_traceability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Produce traceability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produce_traceability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_passports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_passports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Product passports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_passports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_information_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_information_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Product information management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_information_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Product (business)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="منتج (اقتصاد) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منتج (اقتصاد)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99hsul_(biznes)" title="Məhsul (biznes) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhsul (biznes)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84" title="محصول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="محصول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81)" title="Прадукт (бізнес) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прадукт (бізнес)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81)" title="Продукт (бизнес) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Продукт (бизнес)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_(Wirtschaft)" title="Produkt (Wirtschaft) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Produkt (Wirtschaft)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvod_(ekonomija)" title="Proizvod (ekonomija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proizvod (ekonomija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producte_(m%C3%A0rqueting)" title="Producte (màrqueting) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Producte (màrqueting)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_(obchod)" title="Produkt (obchod) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Produkt (obchod)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_(erhverv)" title="Produkt (erhverv) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Produkt (erhverv)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_(Wirtschaft)" title="Produkt (Wirtschaft) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Produkt (Wirtschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toode" title="Toode – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toode" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Εμπόρευμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμπόρευμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producto_(mercadotecnia)" title="Producto (mercadotecnia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Producto (mercadotecnia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkto_(ekonomio)" title="Produkto (ekonomio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Produkto (ekonomio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="فراورده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراورده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84_(%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD)" title="Արտադրանք (բիզնես) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտադրանք (բիզնես)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="उत्पाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्पाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvod" title="Proizvod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proizvod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produk" title="Produk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Produk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhiqizo_(womhwebo)" title="Umkhiqizo (womhwebo) – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umkhiqizo (womhwebo)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodotto_(economia)" title="Prodotto (economia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prodotto (economia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8" title="מוצר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוצר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwodui_(ekonomi)" title="Pwodui (ekonomi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwodui (ekonomi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkts" title="Produkts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Produkts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktas" title="Produktas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Produktas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perduk" title="Perduk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Perduk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Бүтээгдэхүүн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүтээгдэхүүн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(economie)" title="Product (economie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Product (economie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%93%81" title="商品 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="商品" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_(%C3%B8konomi)" title="Produkt (økonomi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Produkt (økonomi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsulot" title="Mahsulot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mahsulot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_(%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਉਤਪਾਦ (ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਤਪਾਦ (ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="تولید (سوداگري) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تولید (سوداگري)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_(marketing)" title="Produkt (marketing) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Produkt (marketing)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produto_(marketing)" title="Produto (marketing) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Produto (marketing)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produs_(marketing)" title="Produs (marketing) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Produs (marketing)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81)" title="Продукт (бизнес) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Продукт (бизнес)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Табаар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Табаар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Product (business)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDrobok" title="Výrobok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výrobok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_(posel)" title="Produkt (posel) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Produkt (posel)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C)" title="بەرھەم (کاسبی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرھەم (کاسبی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Производ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Производ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvod" title="Proizvod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proizvod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuote" title="Tuote – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuote" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produkt_(ekonomi)" title="Produkt (ekonomi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Produkt (ekonomi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Продукт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Продукт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88)" title="ผลิตภัณฑ์ (ธุรกิจ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผลิตภัณฑ์ (ธุรกิจ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCn_(i%C5%9Fletme)" title="Ürün (işletme) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ürün (işletme)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Продукт (економіка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Продукт (економіка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anything that can be offered to a market</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Product_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Product (disambiguation)">Product</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredmeyer_edit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fredmeyer_edit_1.jpg/220px-Fredmeyer_edit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fredmeyer_edit_1.jpg/330px-Fredmeyer_edit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fredmeyer_edit_1.jpg/440px-Fredmeyer_edit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Products on shelves at a <a href="/wiki/Fred_Meyer" title="Fred Meyer">Fred Meyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypermarket" title="Hypermarket">hypermarket</a> <a href="/wiki/Superstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstore">superstore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, a <b>product</b> is an object, or system, or service made available for <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> use as of the consumer demand; it is anything that can be offered to a domestic or an international market to satisfy the desire or need of a <a href="/wiki/Customer" title="Customer">customer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">retailing</a>, products are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Merchandising" title="Merchandising">merchandise</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, products are bought as <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> and then sold as <a href="/wiki/Finished_goods" title="Finished goods">finished goods</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">service</a> is also regarded as a type of product. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, products are the formal definition of the <a href="/wiki/Product_breakdown_structure" title="Product breakdown structure">project deliverables</a> that make up or contribute to delivering the objectives of the project. </p><p>A related concept is that of a sub-product, a secondary but useful result of a <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> process. </p><p>Dangerous products, particularly physical ones, that cause injuries to consumers or bystanders may be subject to <a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">product liability</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_classification">Product classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Product classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurail_Pass_and_Guide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Eurail_Pass_and_Guide.jpg/220px-Eurail_Pass_and_Guide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Eurail_Pass_and_Guide.jpg/330px-Eurail_Pass_and_Guide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Eurail_Pass_and_Guide.jpg/440px-Eurail_Pass_and_Guide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3546" data-file-height="2973" /></a><figcaption>Eurail, a type of rail pass for multiple journeys by train, an intangible product</figcaption></figure> <p>A product can be classified as <a href="/wiki/Tangible_asset" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible asset">tangible</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intangible_asset" title="Intangible asset">intangible</a>. A tangible product is an actual physical object that can be perceived by touch such as a building, vehicle, gadget, or clothing. An intangible product is a product that can only be perceived indirectly such as an insurance policy. These <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a> can be broadly classified under intangible products, which can be <a href="/wiki/Durable_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Durable goods">durable or nondurable</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_use">By use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its online product catalog, retailer <a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears, Roebuck and Company">Sears, Roebuck and Company</a> divides its products into "departments", then presents products to potential shoppers according to (1) function or (2) brand.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each product has a Sears item number and a manufacturer's model number. Sears uses the departments and product groupings with the intention of helping customers browse products by function or brand within a traditional <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department-store</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_association">By association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A product line is "a group of products that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many businesses offer a range of product lines which may be unique to a single organisation or may be common across the business's industry. In 2002 the US Census compiled revenue figures for the finance and insurance industry by various product lines such as "accident, health and medical insurance premiums" and "income from secured consumer loans".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> industry, product lines are indicated by the type of risk coverage, such as <a href="/wiki/Auto_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto insurance">auto insurance</a>, commercial <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">life insurance</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_international_product_classifications">National and international product classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National and international product classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various classification systems for products have been developed for economic statistical purposes. The NAFTA signatories are working on a system that classifies products called NAPCS as a companion to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" title="North American Industry Classification System">North American Industry Classification System</a> (NAICS).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Union uses a "Classification of Products by Activity" among other product classifications.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations also classifies products for international economic activity reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Aspinwall Classification System</b> <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classifies and rates products based on five variables: </p> <ol><li>Replacement rate (How frequently is the product repurchased?)</li> <li>Gross margin (How much profit is obtained from each product?)</li> <li>Buyer goal adjustment (How flexible are the buyers' purchasing habits with regard to this product?)</li> <li>Duration of product satisfaction (How long will the product produce benefits for the user?)</li> <li>Duration of buyer search behavior (How long will consumers shop for the product?)</li></ol> <p>The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed a commodity and services classification system for use by state and local governments, the <a href="/wiki/NIGP_Code" title="NIGP Code">NIGP Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NIGP Code is used by 33 states within the United States as well as thousands of cities, counties and political subdivisions. The NIGP Code is a hierarchical schema consisting of a 3 digit class, 5 digit class-item, 7 digit class-item-group, and an 11 digit class-item-group-detail.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications of the NIGP Code include vendor registration, inventory item identification, contract item management, spend analysis, and strategic sourcing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_model">Product model <span class="anchor" id="Product_Model"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Product model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A manufacturer usually provides an identifier for each particular design of product they make, known as a <b>model</b>, <b>model variant</b>, or <b>model number</b> (often abbreviated as <b>MN</b>, <b>M/N</b> or <b>model no.</b>, and sometimes as <a href="/wiki/Mark_(designation)" title="Mark (designation)">M- or Mk</a>). For example, <a href="/wiki/Dyson_(company)" title="Dyson (company)">Dyson Ltd</a>, a manufacturer of appliances (mainly vacuum cleaners), requires customers to identify their model in the support section of the website.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand</a> and model can be used together to identify products in the market. The model number is not necessarily the same as the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturer_part_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer part number">manufacturer part number</a> (MPN).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the huge amount of similar products in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a>, there is a special kind of defining a car with options (marks, attributes) that represent the characteristics features of the vehicle. A model of a car is defined by some basic options like body, engine, gearbox, and axles. The variants of a model (often called the <b>trim levels</b>) are built by some additional options like color, seats, wheels, mirrors, other trims, entertainment and assistant systems, etc. Options, that exclude each other (pairwise) build an option family. That means that you can choose only one option for each family and you have to choose exactly one option. </p><p>In addition, a specific unit of a product is often (and in some contexts must be) identified by a <a href="/wiki/Serial_number" title="Serial number">serial number</a>, which is necessary to distinguish products with the same product definition. In the case of automotive products, it is called the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number" title="Vehicle identification number">vehicle identification number</a> (VIN), an internationally standardised format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_information">Product information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Product information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Product_analysis" title="Product analysis">Product analysis</a></div> <p>Product information, beyond <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> price information, can include:<sup id="cite_ref-978-0-262-03492-0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-978-0-262-03492-0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Product description – typically on a label on or <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a> of the product or in <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping#Product_selection" title="Online shopping">an online shopping website for it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">Certificates</a> – including <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">related to sustainability</a> and for unobservable quality attributes<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Various types of ratings, comparisons, third-party information, and <a href="/wiki/Customer_review" title="Customer review">customer reviews</a> – including <a href="/wiki/User_review" title="User review">user reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Labels</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – such as <a href="/wiki/Energy_rating_label" title="Energy rating label">energy rating labels</a></li> <li>Information about ingredients</li> <li>Visual content</li> <li>Place/region and company of origin</li> <li>Estimated <a href="/wiki/Expiration_date" title="Expiration date">expiration date</a></li> <li>Safety information</li> <li>Nutrition information, mainly contained <a href="/wiki/Macronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrients">macronutrients</a></li></ul></div> <p>Many of these types of product information are regulated to some degree, such as to some degree prohibiting false or misleading product information or requiring sellers or manufacturers to specify various information such as ingredients of food-, pharmaceutical- and hygiene-products. There also is <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a>. Marketing to entice the shopper<sup id="cite_ref-978-0-262-03492-0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-978-0-262-03492-0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often prioritized over accurate, high-quality or extensive and relevant information. </p><p>Product information is often a key element in the <a href="/wiki/Buyer_decision_process" title="Buyer decision process">buyer decision process</a>. Relevant factors include trust in the accuracy of the information and social normative pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Easily accessible and up-to-date medicinal product information can contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">health literacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online shopping is usually more informationally rich than shopping at physical stores traveled to and usually has higher comparability and customizability.<sup id="cite_ref-978-0-262-03492-0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-978-0-262-03492-0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Production information-related developments can be useful for enabling, facilitating, or shifting towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">sustainable consumption</a> and support more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable product">sustainable products</a>. Environmental <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle assessment</a> (LCA) has been widely used for to assess environmental impacts across the life cycle of products.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment#LCA_dataset_creation" title="Life-cycle assessment">LCA datasets</a> that assess all products in some supermarkets in a standardized way.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumers may seek reliable <a href="/wiki/Data-informed_decision-making" title="Data-informed decision-making">information to evaluate</a> relevant characteristics of products such as durability and reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of 'transparency by design' scenarios have been suggested to "complement the physical product with layers of digital information", improving transparency and traceability (T&T).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The app CodeCheck gives some smartphone users some capability to scan products for assessed ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many labels are considered to be flawed and few have the time to "study the true environmental impact of every purchase". Full product transparency is a concept of making the full life-cycle impacts public.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important element that is required for various product information is <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> transparency, which relates to human rights and <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_sustainability" title="Supply chain sustainability">supply chain sustainability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produce_traceability">Produce traceability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Produce traceability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Produce_traceability" title="Produce traceability">Produce traceability</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Produce_traceability&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Produce_traceability" title="Produce traceability">Produce traceability</a> makes it possible to track produce from its point of origin to a retail location where it is purchased by consumers. </p> Produce <a href="/wiki/Traceability" title="Traceability">traceability</a> is an important link in protecting public health since it allows health agencies to more quickly and accurately identify the source of <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contaminated</a> fruit or vegetables believed to be the cause of an <a href="/wiki/Outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak">outbreak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illness</a>, remove them from the marketplace, and communicate to the supply chain.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product_passports">Product passports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Product passports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the EU, under the renewed <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Product_Policy_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Product Policy Initiative">Sustainable Product Policy Initiative</a>, the inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_Product_Passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Product Passport">Digital Product Passport</a> has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Material_passport" title="Material passport">material passport</a> is a document consisting of all the materials that are included in a product or construction. It consists of a set of data describing defined characteristics of materials in products, useful for recovery, <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>, re-use and various evaluations. They may contribute to a more <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product_information_management">Product information management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Product information management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Product_information_management" title="Product information management">Product information management</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Product_information_management&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Product_information_management" title="Product information management">Product information management</a> (PIM) is the process of <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">managing</a> all the information required to market and sell products through <a href="/wiki/Distribution_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution channel">distribution channels</a>. This product data is created by an internal organization to support a <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_marketing" title="Multichannel marketing">multichannel marketing</a> strategy. A central hub of product data can be used to distribute information to sales channels such as <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> websites, print catalogues, marketplaces such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Google Shopping</a>, social media platforms like <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and electronic <a href="/wiki/Data_feed" title="Data feed">data feeds</a> to trading partners. Moreover, the significant role that PIM plays is reducing the <a href="/wiki/Abandonment_rate" title="Abandonment rate">abandonment rate</a> by giving better product information.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>wide array of products and/or complex product data set</li> <li>frequently changing product characteristics</li> <li>increasing number of sales channels</li> <li>non-uniform information technology infrastructure (plethora of data sources and formats)</li> <li>online business and electronic ordering</li> <li>various locales and localization requirements</li> <li>support SEO strategies of business</li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_plate" title="Builder's plate">Builder's plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturer_part_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer part number">Manufacturer part number</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., and Adam, S. (2006) <i>Marketing</i>, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sears.com">Sears online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217122009/http://www.sears.com/">Archived</a> 2007-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, sears.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When an online Sears customer goes to the "Parts and accessories" section of the website to find parts for a particular Sears item, the "model number" field actually requires a Sears item number, not a manufacturer's model number. This is a typical problem with product codes or item codes that are internally assigned by a company but do not conform to an external standard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKotlerGary_Armstrong1989" class="citation book cs1">Kotler, Philip; Gary Armstrong (1989). <i>Principles of Marketing, fourth edition</i> (Annotated Instructor's ed.). Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 639 (glossary definition). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-706129-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-706129-3"><bdi>0-13-706129-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Marketing%2C+fourth+edition&rft.pages=639+%28glossary+definition%29&rft.edition=Annotated+Instructor%27s&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-13-706129-3&rft.aulast=Kotler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Gary+Armstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/ec02/ec0252slls.pdf">"2002 Economic Census, Finance and Insurance"</a> US Census Bureau, 2002, p.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/eos/www/napcs/index.html">North American Product Classification System</a>, U.S. Census Bureau</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_NOM&StrGroupCode=CLASSIFIC&StrLanguageCode=EN">Eurostat classifications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012145212/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_NOM&StrGroupCode=CLASSIFIC&StrLanguageCode=EN">Archived</a> 2007-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ec.europa.eu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=16">United Nations product classifications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703074531/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=16">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, unstats.un.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/17341697/social-marketing">Leo Aspinwall, 1958</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829162515/http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/17341697/social-marketing">Archived</a> 2013-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Social Marketing AED Resource p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagepub.com/clow/study/articles/PDFs/01_Shaw.pdf">A history of schools of marketing thought, Eric H. Shaw, D.G. Brian Jones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205141121/http://www.sagepub.com/clow/study/articles/PDFs/01_Shaw.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marketing theory Volume 5(3): 239–281, 2005 SAGE, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigp.org">National Institute of Governmental Purchasing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026173727/http://www.nigp.org/">Archived</a> 2008-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, nigp.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigp.com">NIGP Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209070611/http://nigp.com/">Archived</a> 2008-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigp.com/nigp-code-sample-01.jsp">NIGP Code sample</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017101312/http://www.nigp.com/nigp-code-sample-01.jsp">Archived</a> 2008-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.dysoncanada.ca/support/help.asp?article=32">Dyson: Help with your Dyson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827002857/http://www.english.dysoncanada.ca/support/help.asp?article=32">Archived</a> 2011-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SOTW, Celebird, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/base/thread?tid=15712f8613820165&hl=en">"Model Number Vs. MPN"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927042816/http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/base/thread?tid=15712f8613820165&hl=en">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Google Merchant Center: Help forum</i>. August 31, 2009, accessed September 6, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-978-0-262-03492-0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-978-0-262-03492-0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-978-0-262-03492-0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-978-0-262-03492-0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarokinSchulkin2016" class="citation book cs1">Sarokin, David; Schulkin, Jay (26 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8toPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"><i>Missed Information: Better Information for Building a Wealthier, More Sustainable Future</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03492-0"><bdi>978-0-262-03492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missed+Information%3A+Better+Information+for+Building+a+Wealthier%2C+More+Sustainable+Future&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03492-0&rft.aulast=Sarokin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Schulkin%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8toPDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahnSchrammSpiller2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jahn, Gabriele; Schramm, Matthias; Spiller, Achim (1 March 2005). "The Reliability of Certification: Quality Labels as a Consumer Policy Tool". <i>Journal of Consumer Policy</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 53–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10603-004-7298-6">10.1007/s10603-004-7298-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0700">1573-0700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154681347">154681347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Reliability+of+Certification%3A+Quality+Labels+as+a+Consumer+Policy+Tool&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-73&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154681347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-0700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10603-004-7298-6&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft.au=Schramm%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Spiller%2C+Achim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2009" class="citation journal cs1">Horne, Ralph E. (March 2009). "Limits to labels: The role of eco-labels in the assessment of product sustainability and routes to sustainable consumption". <i>International Journal of Consumer Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 175–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1470-6431.2009.00752.x">10.1111/j.1470-6431.2009.00752.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Consumer+Studies&rft.atitle=Limits+to+labels%3A+The+role+of+eco-labels+in+the+assessment+of+product+sustainability+and+routes+to+sustainable+consumption&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-182&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1470-6431.2009.00752.x&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubikFrankl2017" class="citation book cs1">Rubik, Frieder; Frankl, Paolo (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5G1QDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Future of Eco-labelling: Making Environmental Product Information Systems Effective</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-28079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-28079-2"><bdi>978-1-351-28079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Eco-labelling%3A+Making+Environmental+Product+Information+Systems+Effective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.isbn=978-1-351-28079-2&rft.aulast=Rubik&rft.aufirst=Frieder&rft.au=Frankl%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5G1QDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuskRoosenShogren2011" class="citation book cs1">Lusk, Jayson L.; Roosen, Jutta; Shogren, Jason (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3UUYFNnWbEC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Food Consumption and Policy</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956944-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956944-1"><bdi>978-0-19-956944-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Economics+of+Food+Consumption+and+Policy&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956944-1&rft.aulast=Lusk&rft.aufirst=Jayson+L.&rft.au=Roosen%2C+Jutta&rft.au=Shogren%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3UUYFNnWbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayogoZhangPicazo-VelaBahaddin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sayogo, Djoko Sigit; Zhang, Jing; Picazo-Vela, Sergio; Bahaddin, Babak; Luna-Reyes, Luis (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.umm.ac.id/46626/">"Understanding the Intention to Trust Product Information and Certifications to Promote Sustainable Consumption: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Leading+the+way+in+the+global+circular+economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fcircular-economy%2Fpdf%2Fleading_way_global_circular_economy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epc.eu/en/events/Digitalisation-for-a-circular-economy-A-driver~30dbd0">"Digitalisation for a circular economy"</a>. <i>European Policy Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Policy+Centre&rft.atitle=Digitalisation+for+a+circular+economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epc.eu%2Fen%2Fevents%2FDigitalisation-for-a-circular-economy-A-driver~30dbd0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatt2019" class="citation web cs1">Latt, Aung (2019-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2019/03/11/why-pim-is-crucial-to-every-distributors-ecommerce-strategy/">"Why PIM is crucial to every distributor's ecommerce strategy"</a>. <i>Digital Commerce 360</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Commerce+360&rft.atitle=Why+PIM+is+crucial+to+every+distributor%27s+ecommerce+strategy&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft.aulast=Latt&rft.aufirst=Aung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalcommerce360.com%2F2019%2F03%2F11%2Fwhy-pim-is-crucial-to-every-distributors-ecommerce-strategy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProduct+%28business%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2015" class="citation book cs1">Stark, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyFHvgAACAAJ"><i>Product Lifecycle Management: Volume 1: 21st Century Paradigm for Product Realisation</i></a>. 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