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id="toc-Female_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Female choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_courtship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_courtship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Male courtship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_courtship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptic_choice:_sperm_competition_and_postcopulatory_guarding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptic_choice:_sperm_competition_and_postcopulatory_guarding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cryptic choice: sperm competition and postcopulatory guarding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptic_choice:_sperm_competition_and_postcopulatory_guarding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_dimorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_dimorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sexual dimorphism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_dimorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Butterflies in swallowtail family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the anatomy of birds, see <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's wing">Bird's wing</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Birdwings </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdwing_representatives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Male (left) and female (right) representatives of Trogonoptera (top), Troides (middle), and Ornithoptera (bottom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birdwing_representatives.jpg/220px-Birdwing_representatives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birdwing_representatives.jpg/330px-Birdwing_representatives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birdwing_representatives.jpg/440px-Birdwing_representatives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="561" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section">Male (left) and female (right) representatives of <i>Trogonoptera</i> (top), <i>Troides</i> (middle), and <i>Ornithoptera</i> (bottom) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Troidini" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_butterfly" title="Swallowtail butterfly">Papilionidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papilioninae" title="Papilioninae">Papilioninae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Troidini" title="Troidini">Troidini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trogonoptera" title="Trogonoptera">Trogonoptera</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._F._Rippon" title="Robert H. F. Rippon">Rippon</a>, 1890</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides" title="Troides">Troides</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H%C3%BCbner" title="Jacob Hübner">Hübner</a>, 1819</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera" title="Ornithoptera">Ornithoptera</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Boisduval" title="Jean Baptiste Boisduval">Boisduval</a>, 1832</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Birdwings</b> are <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papilionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionidae">swallowtail</a> family, that belong to the genera <i>Trogonoptera</i>, <i>Troides</i>, and <i>Ornithoptera</i>. Most recent authorities recognise 36 species, however, this is debated, and some authorities include additional genera. Birdwings are named for their exceptional size, angular wings, and birdlike flight. They are found across tropical Asia, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">archipelagic Southeast Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. </p><p>Included among the birdwings are some of the largest butterflies in the world: the largest, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_birdwing" title="Queen Alexandra's birdwing">Queen Alexandra's birdwing</a>; the second largest, the <a href="/wiki/Goliath_birdwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliath birdwing">Goliath birdwing</a>; the largest butterfly endemic to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cairns_birdwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns birdwing">Cairns birdwing</a>; and the largest butterfly in India, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_birdwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern birdwing">southern birdwing</a>. Another well-known species is <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Brooke%27s_birdwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah Brooke's birdwing">Rajah Brooke's birdwing</a>, a particularly attractive species named after Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajah</a> of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. </p><p>Due to their size and brightly coloured males, they are popular among collectors of butterflies, but all birdwings are now listed by <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby limiting (and in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_birdwing" title="Queen Alexandra's birdwing">O. alexandrae</a></i> completely banning) international trade. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera_and_species">Genera and species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genera and species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 75%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p><b>genus:</b> <i>Troides</i> </p> <dl><dd><b>subgenus:</b> <i>Ripponia</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_hypolitus" title="Troides hypolitus">Troides hypolitus</a></i> – Rippon's birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>subgenus:</b> <i>Troides</i> <dl><dd><b>species group:</b> <i>Troides aeacus</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_aeacus" title="Troides aeacus">Troides aeacus</a></i> – golden birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_dohertyi" title="Troides dohertyi">Troides dohertyi</a></i> – Talaud black birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_magellanus" title="Troides magellanus">Troides magellanus</a></i> – Magellan birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Troides minos</a></i> – southern birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_plateni" title="Troides plateni">Troides plateni</a></i> – Dr. Platen's birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_prattorum" title="Troides prattorum">Troides prattorum</a></i> – Buru opalescent birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_rhadamantus" title="Troides rhadamantus">Troides rhadamantus</a></i> – golden birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>species group:</b> <i>Troides amphrysus</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_amphrysus" title="Troides amphrysus">Troides amphrysus</a></i> – Malay birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_andromache" title="Troides andromache">Troides andromache</a></i> – Borneo birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_cuneifera" title="Troides cuneifera">Troides cuneifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_miranda" title="Troides miranda">Troides miranda</a></i> – Miranda birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>species group:</b> <i>Troides haliphron</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_criton" title="Troides criton">Troides criton</a></i> – Criton birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_darsius" title="Troides darsius">Troides darsius</a></i> – Sri Lankan birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_haliphron" title="Troides haliphron">Troides haliphron</a></i> – haliphron birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_plato" title="Troides plato">Troides plato</a></i> – silver birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_riedeli" title="Troides riedeli">Troides riedeli</a></i> – Riedel's birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_staudingeri" title="Troides staudingeri">Troides staudingeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_vandepolli" title="Troides vandepolli">Troides vandepolli</a></i> – van de Poll's birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>species group:</b> <i>Troides helena</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_helena" title="Troides helena">Troides helena</a></i> – common birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troides_oblongomaculatus" title="Troides oblongomaculatus">Troides oblongomaculatus</a></i> – oblong-spotted birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p><b>genus:</b> <i>Trogonoptera</i> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trogonoptera_brookiana" title="Trogonoptera brookiana">Trogonoptera brookiana</a></i> – Rajah Brooke's birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trogonoptera_trojana" title="Trogonoptera trojana">Trogonoptera trojana</a></i> – Palawan birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl> <p><b>genus:</b> <i>Ornithoptera</i> </p> <dl><dd><b>subgenus:</b> <i>Aetheoptera</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_victoriae" title="Ornithoptera victoriae">Ornithoptera victoriae</a></i> – Queen Victoria's birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>subgenus:</b> <i>Ornithoptera</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_aesacus" title="Ornithoptera aesacus">Ornithoptera aesacus</a></i> – Obi Island birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_croesus" title="Ornithoptera croesus">Ornithoptera croesus</a></i> – Wallace's golden birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_euphorion" title="Ornithoptera euphorion">Ornithoptera euphorion</a></i> – Cairns birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_priamus" title="Ornithoptera priamus">Ornithoptera priamus</a></i> – common green birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_richmondia" title="Ornithoptera richmondia">Ornithoptera richmondia</a></i> – Richmond birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>subgenus:</b> <i>Schoenbergia</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_chimaera" title="Ornithoptera chimaera">Ornithoptera chimaera</a></i> – chimaera birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_goliath" title="Ornithoptera goliath">Ornithoptera goliath</a></i> – Goliath birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_meridionalis" title="Ornithoptera meridionalis">Ornithoptera meridionalis</a></i> – southern tailed birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_paradisea" title="Ornithoptera paradisea">Ornithoptera paradisea</a></i> – paradise birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_rothschildi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithoptera rothschildi">Ornithoptera rothschildi</a></i> – Rothschild's birdwing</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_tithonus" title="Ornithoptera tithonus">Ornithoptera tithonus</a></i> – Tithonus birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>subgenus:</b> <i>Straatmana</i> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_birdwing" title="Queen Alexandra's birdwing">Ornithoptera alexandrae</a></i> – Queen Alexandra's birdwing</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_hybrids">Natural hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troides_mixtum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troides mixtum (page does not exist)"><i>Troides prattorum</i> × <i>Troides oblongomaculatus bouruensis</i></a> — <i>Troides mixtum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_akakeae" title="Ornithoptera akakeae"><i>Ornithoptera rothschildi</i> × <i>Ornithoptera priamus poseidon</i></a> — <i>Ornithoptera akakeae</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_allotei" title="Ornithoptera allotei"><i>Ornithoptera victoriae</i> × <i>Ornithoptera priamus urvillianus</i></a> — <i>Ornithoptera allotei</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ova">Ova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>, females immediately begin to seek appropriate host plants; climbing <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a> of the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Aristolochia" title="Aristolochia">Aristolochia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pararistolochia" title="Pararistolochia">Pararistolochia</a></i> (both in the family <a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a>) are sought exclusively. The female lays her spherical <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> under the tips of the vine's leaves, one egg per leaf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larva">Larva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Larva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garudasalabhamlarva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Garudasalabhamlarva.jpg/220px-Garudasalabhamlarva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Garudasalabhamlarva.jpg/330px-Garudasalabhamlarva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Garudasalabhamlarva.jpg/440px-Garudasalabhamlarva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Early instar larva of <i>Troides minos</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> are voracious eaters but move very little; a small group will defoliate an entire vine. If starved due to overcrowding, the caterpillars may resort to <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. Fleshy spine-like tubercles line the caterpillars' backs, and their bodies are dark red to brown and velvety black. Some species have tubercles of contrasting colours, often red, or pale "saddle" markings. Like other members of their family, birdwing caterpillars possess a retractable organ behind their heads called an <i><a href="/wiki/Osmeterium" title="Osmeterium">osmeterium</a></i>. Shaped like the forked <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a>, the osmeterium excretes a fetid <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpene</a>-based compound and is deployed when the caterpillar is provoked. The caterpillars are also unappealing to most <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> due to their toxicity: the vines which the caterpillars feed upon contain <a href="/wiki/Aristolochic_acid" title="Aristolochic acid">aristolochic acid</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a> compound known to be <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>. The feeding caterpillars incorporate and concentrate the aristolochic acid into their tissues, where the poison will persist through <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphosis (biology)">metamorphosis</a> and into adulthood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pupa">Pupa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pupa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troides.victoriae.pupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Troides.victoriae.pupa.jpg/220px-Troides.victoriae.pupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Troides.victoriae.pupa.jpg/330px-Troides.victoriae.pupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Troides.victoriae.pupa.jpg/440px-Troides.victoriae.pupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Pupa of <i>Ornithoptera victoriae</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Birdwing <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysalis">chrysalids</a> are <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> to look like a dead leaf or twig. Before <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupating</a>, the caterpillars may wander considerable distances from their host plants. In <i>O. alexandrae</i>, it takes about four months to get from egg to adult. Barring predation, this species can also survive up to three months as an adult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imago">Imago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Imago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birdwings inhabit <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> and adults are usually glimpsed along the forest periphery. They feed upon—and are important long-range <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> of—nectar-bearing <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> of the forest canopy, as well as terrestrial flowers, such as <a href="/wiki/Lantana" title="Lantana">lantana</a>. They are strong flyers and seek sunlit spots in which to bask. </p><p>Breeding behaviour varies little between species; the female's role is relatively passive, slowly fluttering from perch to perch while the male performs an elaborate, quivering yet stationary dance 20–50 cm above her. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoptera_euphorion,_Melbourne_Zoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ornithoptera_euphorion%2C_Melbourne_Zoo.JPG/220px-Ornithoptera_euphorion%2C_Melbourne_Zoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ornithoptera_euphorion%2C_Melbourne_Zoo.JPG/330px-Ornithoptera_euphorion%2C_Melbourne_Zoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ornithoptera_euphorion%2C_Melbourne_Zoo.JPG/440px-Ornithoptera_euphorion%2C_Melbourne_Zoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4413" data-file-height="3486" /></a><figcaption>Copulating pair of <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_euphorion" title="Ornithoptera euphorion">Ornithoptera euphorion</a></i> (female above, male below). The sexes are quite dissimilar in appearance, as is typical of species in the genus <i>Ornithoptera</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Birdwings are typified by large size (up to a maximum body length of 7.6 cm or 3 inches and a wingspan of 28 cm or 11 inches in <i>O. alexandrae</i>), showy colouration (in contrasting shades of green, yellow, black, white, and sometimes blue or orange), and slender, lanceolate forewings. With few exceptions (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinean</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_meridionalis" title="Ornithoptera meridionalis">O. meridionalis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_paradisea" title="Ornithoptera paradisea">O. paradisea</a></i>), the hindwings lack tails. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> is strong in <i>Ornithoptera</i> species only, where males are black combined with bright iridescent green, blue, orange, or yellow while the larger and less colourful females are overall black or dark brownish with white, pale brown, or yellow markings. </p><p>Males and females of most <i>Troides</i> birdwings are similar and have jet black to brown dorsal forewings, often with the <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> bordered in grey to creamy white. At least one of these darkly-coloured species (<i><a href="/wiki/Troides_rhadamantus" title="Troides rhadamantus">T. rhadamantus</a></i>) possesses <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptors</a> on the anal veins (A2 and A3) of the wings and on the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennal</a> clubs. The antennal receptors of the clubs—which also possess <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygroreceptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hygroreceptor (page does not exist)">hygroreceptors</a> that measure atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>—are known as <i>sensilla basiconica</i>. The thermoreceptors are sensitive to sudden increases in temperature; they are thought to help the butterfly <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulate</a> and avoid overheating while basking. </p><p>The colours of most species are <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmentary</a> (via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiliochrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papiliochrome (page does not exist)">papiliochrome</a>); but two species, <i><a href="/wiki/Troides_magellanus" title="Troides magellanus">Troides magellanus</a></i> and the much rarer <i><a href="/wiki/Troides_prattorum" title="Troides prattorum">T. prattorum</a></i>, are noted for their use of limited-view <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a>: the yellow of the dorsal hindwings is modified by bright blue-green iridescence which is only seen when the butterfly is viewed at a narrow, oblique angle. This "grazing iridescence" is brought about through <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> (after back-reflection) by the wings' extremely steeply-set, multilayered rib-like <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a> (rather than the ridge-lamellae of most other iridescent butterflies, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Morpho_(genus)" title="Morpho (genus)">Morpho</a></i> species). Such limited-view iridescence was previously only known from one other species, the <a href="/wiki/Riodinidae" title="Riodinidae">riodinid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ancyluris_meliboeus" title="Ancyluris meliboeus">Ancyluris meliboeus</a></i>. In <i>A. meliboeus</i>, however, the iridescence is produced by ridge-lamellar scales and features a wider range of colours. </p><p>The close evolutionary relationship between <i>Troides</i> and <i>Ornithoptera</i> butterflies is well demonstrated by the fact that commercial breeders have produced numerous <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> between the two. </p><p>The final and smallest genus is <i>Trogonoptera</i> with just two species. They resemble each other, being overall black with iridescent green markings and a red head. Females are duller than males. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birdwings are generally found from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> to northern <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. <i>Trogonoptera brookiana</i> inhabits the <a href="/wiki/Thai-Malay_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai-Malay Peninsula">Thai-Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natuna_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Natuna Islands">Natuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and various surrounding islands.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arkive_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arkive-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Trogonoptera trojana</i> is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. <i>Troides</i> species are distributed widely across the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Red_Book_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_Book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but may be found as far east as <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Troides_oblongomaculatus" title="Troides oblongomaculatus">Troides oblongomaculatus</a></i>. Some species may be found as far west as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and are the westernmost distributed of all birdwings. All <i>Ornithoptera</i> species are found in the northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian realm</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Max_Carl_Wilhelm_Weber" title="Max Carl Wilhelm Weber">Weber's line</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, New Guinea, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands</a>, and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngypalnet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngypalnet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outlier is <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_richmondia" title="Ornithoptera richmondia">Ornithoptera richmondia</a></i>, which may be found in far northeastern <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in the southernmost area of its range; the southernmost distribution of all birdwings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_protection">Status and protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Status and protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoptera_alexandrae_nash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ornithoptera_alexandrae_nash.jpg/220px-Ornithoptera_alexandrae_nash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ornithoptera_alexandrae_nash.jpg/330px-Ornithoptera_alexandrae_nash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ornithoptera_alexandrae_nash.jpg/440px-Ornithoptera_alexandrae_nash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_alexandrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithoptera alexandrae">O. alexandrae</a></i> has a very small distribution and is the only birdwing on Appendix I of <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_birdwing" title="Queen Alexandra's birdwing">Queen Alexandra's birdwing</a> (<i>O. alexandrae</i>), all birdwings are listed in <a href="/wiki/CITES#Appendix_II" title="CITES">Appendix II</a> of <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accordingly their trade is restricted in countries that have signed the CITES convention. Exceptions are made for captive-reared specimens, which mainly originate from ranches in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CaptiveRearing_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaptiveRearing-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species of all three genera have now been reared in captivity, though with significant differences in the quantities reared of each species.<sup id="cite_ref-CaptiveRearing_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaptiveRearing-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>O. alexandrae</i> is listed on <a href="/wiki/CITES#Appendix_I" title="CITES">Appendix I</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITES_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore cannot legally be traded internationally. At the 2006 meeting of the CITES Animals Committee some suggested <i>O. alexandrae</i> should be moved to Appendix II, as the conservation benefits of sustainable management perhaps are higher than those of the trade ban.<sup id="cite_ref-CITES2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three <i>Troides</i> and eight <i>Ornithoptera</i> species have been given assessments by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>, with classifications ranging from "least concern" to "endangered".<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richmond_birdwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond birdwing">Richmond birdwings</a> (<i>O. richmondia</i>) depend on the plant <i><a href="/wiki/Aristolochia_praevenosa" title="Aristolochia praevenosa">Aristolochia praevenosa</a></i> which they need for their caterpillars. However, the very similar <i><a href="/wiki/Aristolochia_elegans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristolochia elegans">Aristolochia elegans</a></i> (Dutchman's pipe) which can be found in many Australian backyards, kills the caterpillars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ornithoptera</i>, or the genus of birdwing butterflies, usually reproduce sexually and are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In butterflies sex is determined by a <a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">WW/WZ system</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Heterogametic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogametic">heterogametic</a> female, reverse of that found in mammals and many other insects, which have a heterogametic male.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During copulation males will transfer an ejaculate containing both sperm and accessory substances that can make up to fifteen percent of a males body mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mating_systems">Mating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating systems">Mating systems</a>, first explored in evolutionary terms by Darwin, includes all behaviours associated with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mating systems include all costs and benefits, pre- and postcopulatory competitions, displays and <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a>. Butterfly mating systems have great variation, including strict monandry, one male and one female, to <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_animals" title="Polyandry in animals">polyandry</a>, having many mates of the opposite sex. Typically <i>Ornithoptera</i> tend to be <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy" title="Animal sexual behaviour">polygamous</a>, mating with more than one individual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_choice">Female choice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Female choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Female_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Female choice">Female choice</a> can have a serious impact on mate selection and successful reproduction. Several species of <i>Ornithoptera</i> have been known to create hybrids if they have no access to their own species.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Troides oblongamaculatus</i> females have been known to choose to mate with other species such as <i>Ornithoptera priamus poseidon</i>, which will attempt mating if their own species is not to be found near by. The females will typically resist mating attempts by covering their abdomen with their forewings or dropping to the ground, making mating near impossible. Although the females usually resist these mating attempts, they have been noted to be more susceptible if they have not had previous encounters with males of their own species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_courtship">Male courtship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Male courtship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some male <i>Ornithoptera</i> species demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courtship</a> behaviour. <i>Ornithoptera priamus posedion</i> males will approach a female carefully, and examine the female for several minutes. After consideration, the male may choose to hover twenty to thirty centimeters above the female, displaying the bright yellow marking on its hindwings. Meanwhile, the forewings will move forward, exposing the abdomen and androconial hair tufts. Mating is only attempted when the female has ceased to flap her wings.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After about thirty seconds of the display, the male will attempt copulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptic_choice:_sperm_competition_and_postcopulatory_guarding">Cryptic choice: sperm competition and postcopulatory guarding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cryptic choice: sperm competition and postcopulatory guarding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many animals, females often mate with more than one male.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males who are able will adapt strategies such as postcopulatory guarding to ensure the paternity of the offspring. Following insemination, it is common for the male <i>Ornithoptera</i> to produce a <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">mating plug</a>, which will seal the ostium bursae and prevent remating by the female, as new sperm is unable to enter the opening. The plug does not impede oviposition and may stay in place for the duration of the female's life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sexual dimorphism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> is very prominent in <i>Ornithoptera</i> species, the males being black with brightly colored markings of blue, green, orange or yellow and the females are overall black or dark brown.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sexual dichromatism functions in mate recognition by the use of photoreceptors. Due to the protected nature of <i>Ornithoptera</i> it has been difficult to study the spectral sensitivities of the sexes although this difference in coloration alludes to the idea of sensory exploitation of the female's photoreceptors. The sensory bias of females to select for males with brighter wings has yet to be studied in <i>Ornithoptera</i>. </p><p>Gyanandromorphism is a very rare condition in which an organism simultaneously expresses both male and female phenotypes. It is only observed in species that express strong sexual dimorphism. Gynandromorphs are suspected to be due to genetic errors associated with cell division such as nondisjunction, as well as fertilization of binucleate ova and fertilisation of multiple sperm that may fuse and act as a second nucleus. <i>Ornithoptera</i> is known to commonly exhibit this phenomenon, but little to no research has been successful in determining why. Those who experience this phenomenon, usually females, show male-pigmented tissues on their wings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_insects" title="List of largest insects">List of largest insects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_references">Cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CITES-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CITES_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CITES_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CITES_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">CITES (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">Appendices I, II and III.</a></i> Version 27 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World of Birdwing Butterflies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nagypal.net/ttbrooki.htm">Trogonoptera brookiana.</a> Accessed 20 May 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arkive-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arkive_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ARKive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205094236/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/invertebrates_terrestrial_and_freshwater/Trogonoptera_brookiana/">Rajah Brooke’s birdwing.</a> Accessed 20 May 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Red_Book-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Red_Book_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMorris1985" class="citation book cs1">Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98674#page/7/mode/1up"><i>Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book</i></a>. Gland & Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-603-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-603-6"><bdi>978-2-88032-603-6</bdi></a> – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Threatened+Swallowtail+Butterflies+of+the+World%3A+The+IUCN+Red+Data+Book&rft.place=Gland+%26+Cambridge&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-2-88032-603-6&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=N.+Mark&rft.au=Morris%2C+Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F98674%23page%2F7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ngypalnet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ngypalnet_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nagypal.net/ttpriamu.htm">Ngypalnet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaptiveRearing-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CaptiveRearing_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaptiveRearing_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/review_butterflies.pdf">Review of trade in ranched birdwing butterflies.</a> European Commission, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITES2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CITES2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CITES (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisd.ca/vol21/enb2149e.html">Earth Negotiations Bulletin.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182830/http://www.iisd.ca/vol21/enb2149e.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Summary of the 22nd Meeting of the CITES Animals Committee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">IUCN Red List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org/">Archived</a> June 27, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, entries for <i>Troides</i> and <i>Ornithoptera</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Straatman, R. Hybridisation of Birdwing Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) In Papua New Guinea. The Lepidopterological Society of Japan. <i>Tyô to Ga</i> (<i>Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan</i>) Vol. 27, No, 4 1976 156-162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nielsen, J. (2010). A Review of Synandromorphism in the Genus Ornithoptera Boisduval, (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomologist, 37(3): 105-112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emlen ST, Oring LW. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215-223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orr, A. (1999). Possible Postcopulatory Mate Guarding in Ornithopter Euphorion (Gray) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomologist, 26 (3): 71-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satoh, Y. Yano, S. Takafuji, A. Mating strategy of spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) males: postcopulatory guarding to assure paternity. (2001). Applied Entomology, 36 (1): 41-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilts, B. D., Matsushita, A., Arikawa, K., & Stavenga, D. G. (2015). Spectrally tuned structural and pigmentary coloration of birdwing butterfly wing scales. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 12(111), 20150717. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0717">http://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0717</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_references">Other references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>d'Abrera, Bernard. (1975). <i>Birdwing Butterflies of the World</i> Hill House Publishers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0947352422" title="Special:BookSources/0947352422">0947352422</a></li> <li>American Museum of Natural History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050817204117/http://sciencebulletins.amnh.org/biobulletin/biobulletin/story845.html">BioBulletin: Birdwing butterflies</a> Retrieved June 28, 2005</li> <li>Campbell, A.L., Naik, R.R., Sowards, L., and Stone, M.O. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030615223813/http://web.neurobio.arizona.edu/gronenberg/nrsc581/thermo/biologicalinfraredsenses.pdf">Biological infrared imaging and sensing</a>. <i>Micron 33</i>, 211–225.</li> <li>Igarashi, S. (1979). Papilionidae and their early stages. Volume I Text (in Japanese), Volume 2 Plates. Kodansha, Tokyo.</li> <li>Parsons, M.J. (1996). A phylogenetic reappraisal of the birdwing genus <i>Ornithoptera</i> (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini) and a new theory of its evolution in relation to Gondwanan vicariance biogeography <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Natural_History" title="Journal of Natural History">Journal of Natural History</a></i> Volume 30, Issue 11:1707-1736.</li> <li>Parsons, M.J. (1996). Gondwanan evolution of the troidine swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): Cladistic reappraisals using mainly immature stage characters, with focus on the birdwings Ornithoptera Boisduval <i>Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History</i> 15: 43-118, 34 figures, 2 tables <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011112132/http://www.kmnh.jp/publication/ronbun_pdf/15-43-E-Parsons.pdf">pdf</a></li> <li>Parsons, M.J. (1992). The butterfly farming and trading industry in the Indo-Australian region and its role in tropical forest conservation. <i>Tropical Lepidoptera</i> 3 (Suppl. 1): 1-31.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.troplep.org/TLR/3supplement1/pdf001.pdf">pdf Full text</a></li> <li>Reed, R.D., and Sperling, F.A.H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Papilionidae&contgroup=Papilionoidea">Tree of Life: Papilionidae</a> Retrieved June 28, 2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavela2019" class="citation web cs1">Savela, Markku (March 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/papilionidae/papilioninae/troides/">"<i>Troides</i> Hübner, [1819]"</a>. <i>Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lepidoptera+and+Some+Other+Life+Forms&rft.atitle=Troides+H%C3%BCbner%2C+%5B1819%5D&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.aulast=Savela&rft.aufirst=Markku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nic.funet.fi%2Fpub%2Fsci%2Fbio%2Flife%2Finsecta%2Flepidoptera%2Fditrysia%2Fpapilionoidea%2Fpapilionidae%2Fpapilioninae%2Ftroides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirdwing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vukusic, P., Sambles, J. R., and Ghiradella, H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829194840/http://newton.ex.ac.uk/research/emag/butterflies/classification_page.htm">Optical classification of microstructure in butterfly wing-scales</a>. <i>Photonics Science News</i>, 6, 66–66.</li> <li>Nagypal, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nagypal.net">The World of Birdwing Butterflies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207013456/http://www.nagypal.net/">Archived</a> 2009-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Haugum, Jan. (1981). Notes on the <i>Aristolochia</i> of the Papuan Region, with particular reference to the larval foodplants of the Ornithoptera. <i>Lep. Group Newsl.</i> 2(10), pp. 171–178</li> <li>Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1978). <i>A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies</i>. Volume 1, Part 1. Introduction, <i>Ornithoptera</i> (<i>Aetheoptera</i>)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(1)</li> <li>Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1979). <i>A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies</i>. Volume 1, Part 2. <i>Ornithoptera</i> (<i>Ornithoptera</i>)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(2)</li> <li>Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1980). <i>A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies</i>. Volume 1, Part 3. <i>Ornithoptera</i> (<i>Schoenbergia</i>)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(3)</li> <li>Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1981). <i>A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies</i>. Volume 2, Part 1. <i>Trogonoptera</i> & <i>Ripponia</i>., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(1)</li> <li>Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1982). <i>A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies</i>. Volume 2, Part 2. <i>Troides</i>; <i>amphrysus</i> & <i>haliphron groups</i>., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(2)</li> <li>Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1983). <i>A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies</i>. Volume 2, Part 3. <i>Troides</i>; <i>helena</i> and <i>aeacus</i> groups., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(3)</li> <li>Kiyotaro Kondo, Tsutomu Shinkawa & Hirotaka Matsuka. (2003). Molecular systematics of birdwing butterflies (Papilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene <i>Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society</i> 57:17-24 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peabody.research.yale.edu/jls/pdfs/2000s/2003/2003-57(1)17-Kondo.pdf">pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Fernando_Rippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Henry Fernando Rippon">Robert Henry Fernando Rippon</a> (1898 to 1906) <i>Icones Ornithopterorum</i> [London] Published by the author at Upper Norwood, London, S.E.</li> <li>Schäffler, Oliver . (2001). <i>Schmetterlinge der Erde</i>, <i>Butterflies of the World</i> Part XII (12), Papilionidae VI: <i>Ornithoptera</i> Edited by Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Keltern: Goecke & Evers; Canterbury: Hillside Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783931374839" title="Special:BookSources/9783931374839">9783931374839</a> Supplement to von Knötgen, 1997</li> <li>von Knötgen, Béla. (1997). Ornithoptera: Ornithoptera Schönbergia, Aetheoptera Wangen (Allemagne): MGG Verlag, 1997. Parallel text in German, English and French.</li> <li>Darby, A.W. (1982). "The female genitalia of the Birdwing Butterflies, part 1 <i>Lepidoptera Group 68</i>. Vejle. 1982. <small>Showing female genitalia of <i>T. helena cerberus, O. priamus richmondia, O. priamus arruana, T. brookiana albescens</i></small>.</li> <li>Darby, A.W. (1983). "The female genitalia of the Birdwing Butterflies, part 2. <i>Lepidoptera Group</i> 68. Vejle. 1983. <small>Showing female genitalia of <i>O. goliath procus, T. amphrysus ruficollis, T. a. flavicollis, T. miranda miranda, T. m. neomiranda, T. cuneifera paeninsulae, T. helena cerberus, T. h. hephaestus, T. oblongomaculatus oblongomaculatus, T. o. bouruensis, T. o. papuensis, T. aeacus aeacus, T. a. thomsonii, T. aeacus formosanus, T. rhadamantus rhadamantus, T. r. dohertyi, T. r. plateni, T. vandepolli vandepolli, T. v. honrathiana, T. criton, T. darsius, T. haliphron haliphron, T. h. socrates, T. h. iris, T. h. naias, T. h. pallens, T. prattorum, T. magellanus sonani, T. hypolitus hypolitus</i></small>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eol.org/pages/15904/media">Images representing <i>Ornithoptera</i></a>, at EoL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601083415/http://en.butterflycorner.net/Genus-ORNITHOPTERA.937.0.html">Butterflycorner.net</a> (English/German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insecta.pro/genus/troides/">"Genus <i>Troides</i>"</a>. <i>Insecta.pro</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ch2m-nitu/toribaee.htm">Birdwings on postage stamps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pteron-world.com/topics/classfication/papilionidae/troidini.html">Pteron</a> Birdwing Gallery. In Japanese but with <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial</a> names.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikimedia_sister_projects">Wikimedia sister projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birdwing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Wikimedia sister projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ornithoptera"><i>Ornithoptera</i></a> and <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Troides"><i>Troides</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a class="external text" 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birdwings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birdwing" title="Template:Birdwing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birdwing" title="Template talk:Birdwing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birdwing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birdwing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birdwings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birdwings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Trogonoptera</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trogonoptera_brookiana" title="Trogonoptera brookiana"><i>T. brookiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogonoptera_trojana" title="Trogonoptera trojana"><i>T. trojana</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Troides</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troides_aeacus" title="Troides aeacus"><i>T. aeacus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_amphrysus" title="Troides amphrysus"><i>T. amphrysus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_andromache" title="Troides andromache"><i>T. andromache</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_criton" title="Troides criton"><i>T. criton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_cuneifera" title="Troides cuneifera"><i>T. cuneifera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_darsius" title="Troides darsius"><i>T. darsius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_dohertyi" title="Troides dohertyi"><i>T. dohertyi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_haliphron" title="Troides haliphron"><i>T. haliphron</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_helena" title="Troides helena"><i>T. helena</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_hypolitus" title="Troides hypolitus"><i>T. hypolitus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_magellanus" title="Troides magellanus"><i>T. magellanus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos"><i>T. minos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_miranda" title="Troides miranda"><i>T. miranda</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_oblongomaculatus" title="Troides oblongomaculatus"><i>T. oblongomaculatus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_plateni" title="Troides plateni"><i>T. plateni</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_plato" title="Troides plato"><i>T. plato</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_prattorum" title="Troides prattorum"><i>T. prattorum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_rhadamantus" title="Troides rhadamantus"><i>T. rhadamantus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_riedeli" title="Troides riedeli"><i>T. riedeli</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_staudingeri" title="Troides staudingeri"><i>T. staudingeri</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troides_vandepolli" title="Troides vandepolli"><i>T. vandepolli</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ornithoptera</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_aesacus" title="Ornithoptera aesacus"><i>O. aesacus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_birdwing" title="Queen Alexandra's birdwing"><i>O. alexandrae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_chimaera" title="Ornithoptera chimaera"><i>O. chimaera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_croesus" title="Ornithoptera croesus"><i>O. croesus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_euphorion" title="Ornithoptera euphorion"><i>O. euphorion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_goliath" title="Ornithoptera goliath"><i>O. goliath</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_meridionalis" title="Ornithoptera meridionalis"><i>O. meridionalis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_paradisea" title="Ornithoptera paradisea"><i>O. paradisea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_priamus" title="Ornithoptera priamus"><i>O. priamus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_richmondia" title="Ornithoptera richmondia"><i>O. richmondia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild%27s_birdwing" title="Rothschild's birdwing"><i>O. rothschildi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_tithonus" title="Ornithoptera tithonus"><i>O. tithonus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_victoriae" title="Ornithoptera victoriae"><i>O. victoriae</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Natural <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_akakeae" title="Ornithoptera akakeae"><i>O. akakeae</i></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ornithoptera_allotei" title="Ornithoptera allotei"><i>O. allotei</i></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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