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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_version_for_Simplified_Chinese,_Traditional_Chinese,_and_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Original version for Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, and English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_version_for_Simplified_Chinese,_Traditional_Chinese,_and_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1978–1982_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1978–1982_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1978–1982 version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1978–1982_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">March of the Volunteers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%ACy%C7%92ngj%C5%ABn_J%C3%ACnx%C3%ADngq%C7%94" title="Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مسيرة المتطوعين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيرة المتطوعين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiyongjun_Jinxingqu" title="Yiyongjun Jinxingqu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yiyongjun Jinxingqu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Xalq_Respublikas%C4%B1_himni" title="Çin Xalq Respublikası himni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin Xalq Respublikası himni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="স্বেচ্ছাসেবকদের কুচকাওয়াজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বেচ্ছাসেবকদের কুচকাওয়াজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%AB-i%C3%B3ng-kun_Ch%C3%ACn-h%C3%AAng-khek" title="Gī-ióng-kun Chìn-hêng-khek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gī-ióng-kun Chìn-hêng-khek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гімн Кітая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гімн Кітая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E" title="Гімн Кітаю – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гімн Кітаю" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Химн на Китай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химн на Китай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxa_dels_voluntaris" title="Marxa dels voluntaris – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marxa dels voluntaris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymna_%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_lidov%C3%A9_republiky" title="Hymna Čínské lidové republiky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hymna Čínské lidové republiky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_frivilliges_march" title="De frivilliges march – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De frivilliges march" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsch_der_Freiwilligen" title="Marsch der Freiwilligen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marsch der Freiwilligen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%97%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%8A%DE%B0_%DE%8B%DE%A8_%DE%88%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%90%DE%B0" title="މާރޗް އޮފް ދި ވޮލަންޓިއަރސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މާރޗް އޮފް ދި ވޮލަންޓިއަރސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiyongjun_Jinxingqu" title="Yiyongjun Jinxingqu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yiyongjun Jinxingqu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εθνικός ύμνος της Κίνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικός ύμνος της Κίνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_de_los_voluntarios" title="Marcha de los voluntarios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcha de los voluntarios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mar%C5%9Do_de_la_Volontuloj" title="La Marŝo de la Volontuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Marŝo de la Volontuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boluntarioen_martxa" title="Boluntarioen martxa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boluntarioen martxa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سرود ملی چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرود ملی چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marche_des_Volontaires" title="La Marche des Volontaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Marche des Volontaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%BAl_na_n%C3%93glach" title="Siúl na nÓglach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siúl na nÓglach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_dos_Voluntarios" title="Marcha dos Voluntarios – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marcha dos Voluntarios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="중화인민공화국의 국가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화인민공화국의 국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Չինաստանի օրհներգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստանի օրհներգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="स्वयंसेवकों का कदमताल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वयंसेवकों का कदमताल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1_dobrovoljaca" title="Marš dobrovoljaca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marš dobrovoljaca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Para_Sukarelawan" title="Barisan Para Sukarelawan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barisan Para Sukarelawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_dei_volontari" title="Marcia dei volontari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcia dei volontari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="המנון הרפובליקה העממית של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המנון הרפובליקה העממית של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Para_Sukarelawan" title="Barisan Para Sukarelawan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Barisan Para Sukarelawan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთის ჰიმნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთის ჰიმნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Қытай әнұраны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай әнұраны" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iter_Voluntariorum" title="Iter Voluntariorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iter Voluntariorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%ABvpr%C4%81t%C4%ABgo_mar%C5%A1s" title="Brīvprātīgo maršs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brīvprātīgo maršs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_Liaudies_Respublikos_himnas" title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublikos himnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublikos himnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_di_Volontari" title="Marcia di Volontari – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Marcia di Volontari" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_himnusza" title="Kína himnusza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kína himnusza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%89" title="نشيد الصين الوطنى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نشيد الصين الوطنى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Para_Sukarelawan" title="Barisan Para Sukarelawan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barisan Para Sukarelawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бүгд Найрамдах Хятад Ард Улсын төрийн дуулал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүгд Найрамдах Хятад Ард Улсын төрийн дуулал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="စေတနာ့ဝန်ထမ်းများ၏ ချီတက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စေတနာ့ဝန်ထမ်းများ၏ ချီတက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_van_de_vrijwilligers" title="Mars van de vrijwilligers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mars van de vrijwilligers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%87%E8%BB%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2" title="義勇軍進行曲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="義勇軍進行曲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_frivilliges_marsj" title="De frivilliges marsj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De frivilliges marsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86" title="رضاکاراں دا مارچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رضاکاراں دا مارچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ភ្លេងជាតិចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្លេងជាតិចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej" title="Hymn Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hymn Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_dos_Volunt%C3%A1rios" title="Marcha dos Voluntários – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcha dos Voluntários" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C8%99ul_Voluntarilor" title="Marșul Voluntarilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marșul Voluntarilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гимн Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гимн Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="March of the Volunteers" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairch_o_the_Volunteers" title="Mairch o the Volunteers – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mairch o the Volunteers" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="March of the Volunteers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A" title="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochod_dobrovo%C4%BEn%C3%ADkov" title="Pochod dobrovoľníkov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pochod dobrovoľníkov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1_prostovoljcev" title="Marš prostovoljcev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marš prostovoljcev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_Chi%C5%84skij_Ludowyj_Republiki" title="Hymn Chińskij Ludowyj Republiki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hymn Chińskij Ludowyj Republiki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Химна Кине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Химна Кине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1_dobrovoljaca" title="Marš dobrovoljaca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marš dobrovoljaca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapaaehtoisten_marssi" title="Vapaaehtoisten marssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapaaehtoisten marssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_frivilligas_marsch" title="De frivilligas marsch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De frivilligas marsch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%ACy%C7%92ngj%C5%ABn_J%C3%ACnx%C3%ADngq%C7%94" title="Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="சீன நாட்டுப்பண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன நாட்டுப்பண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кытай гимны – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай гимны" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%BA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%BA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="อี้หย่งจฺวินจิ้นสิงฉฺวี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อี้หย่งจฺวินจิ้นสิงฉฺวี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6n%C3%BCll%C3%BCler_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Gönüllüler Marşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gönüllüler Marşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Марш добровольців – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марш добровольців" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86" title="رضاکاروں کا مارچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رضاکاروں کا مارچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%89" title="پىدائىيلار مارشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىدائىيلار مارشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiyungjginh_Cinhingzgiz" title="Yiyungjginh Cinhingzgiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yiyungjginh Cinhingzgiz" 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searchaux" style="display:none">National anthem of the People's Republic of China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chinese National Anthem" redirects here. For the national anthem of the Republic of China, see <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">National Anthem of the Republic of China</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title infobox-anthem-caption"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">义勇军进行曲</span></span></li><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yìyǒngjūn jìnxíngqǔ</i></span></li></ul></div></span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">English: March of the Volunteers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_the_Volunteers_(Pathe_Records_%E2%80%93_1935).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Original single released in 1935"><img alt="Original single released in 1935" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/March_of_the_Volunteers_%28Pathe_Records_%E2%80%93_1935%29.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="font-weight:bold;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />National anthem of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Military anthem of the <a href="/wiki/200th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" title="200th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">200th Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1938–1949)</span></li></ul></div><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lyrics</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a>, 1934</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Music</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nie_Er" title="Nie Er">Nie Er</a>, 16 May 1935</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>January 1938</li><li>(200th Division)</li></ul></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap">27 September 1949</span></li></ul></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>4 December 1982</li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of the People's Republic of China">official</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 July 1997</li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>20 December 1999</li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-macao_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>14 March 2004</li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Constitution">constitutional</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 October 2017</li><li>(legalised)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #E6E8FA">Audio sample</th></tr><tr class="haudio"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:1em"><div style="display:inline-block;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ml&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ml" label="മലയാളം ‪(ml)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=sah&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sah" label="саха тыла ‪(sah)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=war&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="war" label="Winaray ‪(war)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-mo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-MO" label="中文（澳門） ‪(zh-mo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="description">U.S. Navy Band instrumental version</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg" title="File:March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg">file</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">help</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">March of the Volunteers</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8B%87%E5%86%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:义勇军">义勇军</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:进行曲">进行曲</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%87%E8%BB%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:義勇軍">義勇軍</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:進行曲">進行曲</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">March of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_volunteer_armies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese volunteer armies">Righteous and Brave Armies</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄧˋ   ㄩㄥˇ   ㄐㄩㄣ</li><li>ㄐㄧㄣˋ   ㄒㄧㄥˊ   ㄑㄩˇ</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yihyeongjiun Jinnshyngcheu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span>I<sup>4</sup>-yung<sup>3</sup>-chün<sup>1</sup></span></li><li><span>Chin<sup>4</sup>-hsing<sup>2</sup>-ch</span>ʻ<span>ü<sup>3</sup></span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yì-yǒng-jyun Jìn-síng-cyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yìyǔngjyūn Jìnsyíngchyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[î.jʊ̀ŋ.tɕýn tɕîn.ɕǐŋ.tɕʰỳ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yihyúhnggwān Jeunhàhngkūk</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">ji6 jung5 gwan1 zeon3 hang4 kuk1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[ji˨ jʊŋ˩˧ kʷɐn˥ tsɵn˧ hɐŋ˩ kʰʊk̚˥]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">March of the Anti-Manchukuo Counter-Japan Volunteers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%BB%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:反满">反满</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:抗日">抗日</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8B%87%E5%86%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:义勇军">义勇军</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:进行曲">进行曲</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%BB%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:反滿">反滿</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:抗日">抗日</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%87%E8%BB%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:義勇軍">義勇軍</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:進行曲">進行曲</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fǎnmǎn Kàngrì Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Fǎnmǎn Kàngrì Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄈㄢˇ   ㄇㄢˇ   ㄎㄤˋ   ㄖˋ   ㄧˋ   ㄩㄥˇ   ㄐㄩㄣ   ㄐㄧㄣˋ   ㄒㄧㄥˊ   ㄑㄩˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Fan<sup>3</sup>-man<sup>3</sup> K</span>ʻ<span>ang<sup>4</sup>-jih<sup>4</sup> I<sup>4</sup>-yung<sup>3</sup>-chün<sup>1</sup> Chin<sup>4</sup>-hsing<sup>2</sup>-ch</span>ʻ<span>ü<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Fǎn-mǎn Kàng-rìh Yì-yǒng-jyun Jìn-síng-cyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[fàn.màn kʰâŋ.ɻɻ̩̂ î.jʊ̀ŋ.tɕýn tɕîn.ɕǐŋ.tɕʰỳ]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">National Anthem of the People's Republic of China</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:国歌">国歌</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:國歌">國歌</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Zhōnghuá Rénmín</li><li>Gònghéguó Guógē</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Zhōnghuá Rénmín</li><li>Gònghéguó Guógē</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄓㄨㄥ   ㄏㄨㄚˊ</li><li>ㄖㄣˊ   ㄇㄧㄣˊ</li><li>ㄍㄨㄥˋ   ㄏㄜˊ   ㄍㄨㄛˊ</li><li>ㄍㄨㄛˊ   ㄍㄜ</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Jonghwa Renmin</li><li>Gonqhergwo Gwoge</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span>Chung<sup>1</sup>-hua<sup>2</sup> Jen<sup>2</sup>-min<sup>2</sup></span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Jhong-huá Rén-mín</li><li>Gòng-hé-guó Guó-gē</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Jūnghwá Rénmín</li><li>Gùnghégwó Gwógē</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mandarin pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.xwǎ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɻə̌n.mǐn]</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Gwokgō</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 gwok3 go1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʊŋ˥ wa˩ jɐn˩ mɐn˩ kʊŋ˨ wɔ˩ kʷɔk̚˧ kʷɔk̚˧ kɔ˥]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "<b>March of the Volunteers</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally titled the "<b>March of the Anti-Manchukuo Counter-Japan Volunteers</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been the official <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> since 1978. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_anthems" title="Historical Chinese anthems">previous Chinese state anthems</a>, it was written entirely in <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">vernacular Chinese</a>, rather than in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> saw a boom of nationalistic arts and literature in China. This song had its lyrics written first by the communist playwright <a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a> in 1934, then <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">set to melody</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nie_Er" title="Nie Er">Nie Er</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">arranged</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Avshalomov" title="Aaron Avshalomov">Aaron Avshalomov</a> for the communist-aligned <a href="/wiki/Chinese_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese film">film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Troubled_Times" title="Children of Troubled Times">Children of Troubled Times</a></i> (1935).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a famous <a href="/wiki/Military_anthem_of_China" title="Military anthem of China">military song</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> beyond the communist faction, most notably the Nationalist general <a href="/wiki/Dai_Anlan" title="Dai Anlan">Dai Anlan</a> designated it to be the anthem of the <a href="/wiki/200th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" title="200th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">200th Division</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Expeditionary_Force" title="Chinese Expeditionary Force">fought in Burma</a>. It was adopted as the PRC's provisional anthem in 1949 in place of the "<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Three Principles of the People</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Internationale_in_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internationale in Chinese">Communist "Internationale"</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Tian Han was criticized and placed in prison, where he died in 1968. The song was briefly and unofficially replaced by "<a href="/wiki/The_East_Is_Red_(song)" title="The East Is Red (song)">The East Is Red</a>", then reinstated but played without lyrics, restored to official status in 1978 with altered lyrics, before the original version was fully restored in 1982. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:300"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_anthems" title="Historical Chinese anthems">National anthems of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/Pu_Tian_Yue" title="Pu Tian Yue">Pu Tian Yue</a>" (unofficial)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1878–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/Tune_of_Li_Zhongtang" title="Tune of Li Zhongtang">Tune of Li Zhongtang</a>" (unofficial)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1906</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/Praise_the_Dragon_Flag" title="Praise the Dragon Flag">Praise the Dragon Flag</a>" (unofficial)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1906–1911</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a>"</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Song of Five Races Under One Union">Song of Five Races Under One Union</a>"</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1912–1913</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/Song_to_the_Auspicious_Cloud" title="Song to the Auspicious Cloud">Song to the Auspicious Cloud</a>"</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1913–1915</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe" title="China Heroically Stands in the Universe">China Heroically Stands in the Universe</a>"</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/Song_to_the_Auspicious_Cloud" title="Song to the Auspicious Cloud">Song to the Auspicious Cloud</a>"</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921–1928</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Three Principles of the People</a>"</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1930–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/21px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/32px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/42px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1931–1937</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">March of the Volunteers</a>"</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1949–present</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_anthems_of_China" title="Template:National anthems of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_anthems_of_China" title="Template talk:National anthems of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_anthems_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National anthems of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tian_Han_and_Nie_Er.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tian_Han_and_Nie_Er.jpg/220px-Tian_Han_and_Nie_Er.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tian_Han_and_Nie_Er.jpg/330px-Tian_Han_and_Nie_Er.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tian_Han_and_Nie_Er.jpg/440px-Tian_Han_and_Nie_Er.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nie_Er" title="Nie Er">Nie Er</a> <i>(left)</i> and <a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a> <i>(right)</i>, photographed in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> in 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> of the "March of the Volunteers", also formally known as the <b>National Anthem of the People's Republic of China</b>, were composed by <a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a> in 1934<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as two <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a> in his poem "The <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall">Great Wall</a>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:萬里長城">萬里長城</a></span></span>), (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8B%87%E5%86%9B%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:义勇军进行曲">义勇军进行曲</a></span></span>) intended either for a play he was working on at the time<sup id="cite_ref-rowhass_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowhass-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as part of the <a href="/wiki/Movie_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie script">script</a> for <a href="/wiki/Diantong_Film_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Diantong Film Company">Diantong</a>'s upcoming film <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Troubled_Times" title="Children of Troubled Times">Children of Troubled Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film is a story about a Chinese intellectual who flees during the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Incident">Shanghai Incident</a> to a life of luxury in <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, only to be driven to <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">fight the Japanese occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> after learning of the death of his friend. <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legends</a> later circulated that Tian wrote it in jail on <a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">rolling paper</a><sup id="cite_ref-rowhass_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowhass-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the liner paper from cigarette boxes<sup id="cite_ref-roo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being arrested in Shanghai by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalists</a>; in fact, he was arrested in Shanghai and held in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> just after completing his draft for the film.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During March<sup id="cite_ref-chih2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chih2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and April 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Nie_Er" title="Nie Er">Nie Er</a> set the words (with minor adjustments)<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to music; in May, Diantong's sound director He Luting had the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Avshalomov" title="Aaron Avshalomov">Aaron Avshalomov</a> arrange their orchestral accompaniment.<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song was performed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Menghe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Menghe (page does not exist)">Gu Menghe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Muzhi" title="Yuan Muzhi">Yuan Muzhi</a>, along with a small and "hastily-assembled" chorus; He Luting consciously chose to use their first take, which preserved the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> accent of several of the men.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 May, Gu and Yuan recorded it in more standard Mandarin for <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathé Orient">Pathé Orient</a>'s Shanghai branch<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ahead of the movie's <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> release, so that it served as a form of advertising for the film.<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally translated as "Volunteers Marching On",<sup id="cite_ref-dianxin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dianxin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> name references the several <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_volunteer_armies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese volunteer armies">volunteer armies</a> that opposed <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a> in the 1930s; the Chinese name is a poetic variation—literally, the "Righteous and Brave Armies"—that also appears in other songs of the time, such as the 1937 "<a href="/wiki/Sword_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword March">Sword March</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg/220px-Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>The poster for <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Troubled_Times" title="Children of Troubled Times">Children of Troubled Times</a></i> (1935), which used the march as its <a href="/wiki/Theme_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme song">theme song</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1935, the same month as the movie's <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> release, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Ji_(composer)" title="Lü Ji (composer)">Lü Ji</a> and other leftists in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> had begun an amateur choir and started promoting a National Salvation singing campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-chih_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chih-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting mass singing associations along the lines established the year before by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Liangmo" title="Liu Liangmo">Liu Liangmo</a>, a Shanghai <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> leader.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the movie <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> did not perform well enough to keep Diantong from closing, its theme song became wildly popular: <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Feng_Zikai" title="Feng Zikai">Feng Zikai</a> reported hearing it being sung by crowds in rural villages from <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> within months of its release<sup id="cite_ref-roo_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, at a performance at a Shanghai sports stadium in June 1936, Liu's chorus of hundreds was joined by its audience of thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Tian Han was imprisoned for two years,<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nie Er fled to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, only to die en route in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-chih2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chih2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Liu Liangmo eventually fled to the U.S. to escape harassment from the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-llm_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The singing campaign continued to expand, particularly after the December 1936 <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a> reduced <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist</a> pressure against leftist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-chih_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chih-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visiting St Paul's Hospital at the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">mission</a> at Guide (now <a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), <a href="/wiki/W.H._Auden" class="mw-redirect" title="W.H. Auden">W.H. Auden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a> reported hearing a "Chee Lai!" treated as a <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> at the mission service and the same tune "set to different words" treated as a favorite song of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earliest_form_of_the_1935_Volunteers_Marching_On_anthem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Earliest_form_of_the_1935_Volunteers_Marching_On_anthem.jpg/200px-Earliest_form_of_the_1935_Volunteers_Marching_On_anthem.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Earliest_form_of_the_1935_Volunteers_Marching_On_anthem.jpg/300px-Earliest_form_of_the_1935_Volunteers_Marching_On_anthem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Earliest_form_of_the_1935_Volunteers_Marching_On_anthem.jpg/400px-Earliest_form_of_the_1935_Volunteers_Marching_On_anthem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>The song's first appearance in print, the May or June 1935 <i><a href="/wiki/Diantong_Film_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Diantong Film Company">Diantong</a> Pictorial</i><sup id="cite_ref-dianxin_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dianxin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_the_Volunteers_(Pathe_Records_-_1935).ogg" title="File:March of the Volunteers (Pathe Records - 1935).ogg">March of the Volunteers (Pathé Records)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="183" data-mwtitle="March_of_the_Volunteers_(Pathe_Records_-_1935).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/March_of_the_Volunteers_%28Pathe_Records_-_1935%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/March_of_the_Volunteers_%28Pathe_Records_-_1935%29.ogg/March_of_the_Volunteers_%28Pathe_Records_-_1935%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé</a> recording of the march appeared prominently in <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>'s 1939 <i><a href="/wiki/The_400_Million" title="The 400 Million">The 400 Million</a></i>, an English-language documentary on the war in China.<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, Lee Pao-chen included it with a parallel English translation in a <a href="/wiki/Song_book" title="Song book">songbook</a> published in the new <a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Chinese capital</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chongqing" title="History of Chongqing">Chongqing</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-chungking_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chungking-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this version would later be disseminated throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for children's musical education during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> before being curtailed at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> published the song's <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> on 24 December, along with an analysis by a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Correspondent" title="Correspondent">correspondent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exile in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1940, Liu Liangmo taught it to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, the college-educated <a href="/wiki/Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot">polyglot</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk-singing</a> son of a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway slaves">runaway slave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-llm_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robeson began performing the song in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Chinese</a> at a large concert in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lewisohn_Stadium" title="Lewisohn Stadium">Lewisohn Stadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-llm_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly in communication with the original lyricist <a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a>, the pair translated it into English<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recorded it in both languages as <span class="nowrap">"Chee Lai!"</span> ("Arise!") for <a href="/wiki/Keynote_Records" title="Keynote Records">Keynote Records</a> in early 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 3-<a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">disc</a> album included a booklet whose preface was written by <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a>, widow of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its initial proceeds were donated to the Chinese resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-roo_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robeson gave further live performances at benefits for the <a href="/wiki/China_Aid_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="China Aid Council">China Aid Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_China_Relief" class="mw-redirect" title="United China Relief">United China Relief</a>, although he gave the stage to Liu and the Chinese themselves for the song's performance at their sold-out concert at <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uline_Arena" title="Uline Arena">Uline Arena</a> on 24 April 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-blow_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blow-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, the march was played locally in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="British Singapore">Singapore</a>, and other locales in <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Robeson recording was played frequently on <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">British</a>, American, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> radio;<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">cover version</a> performed by the <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Force_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Air Force Orchestra">Army Air Force Orchestra</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appears as the introductory music to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s 1944 <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">propaganda film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_China" title="The Battle of China">The Battle of China</a></i> and again during its coverage of the Chinese response to the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a>. </p><p>The "March of the Volunteers" was used as the Chinese national anthem for the first time at the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council#Paris_and_Prague_1949" title="World Peace Council">World Peace Conference</a> in April 1949. Originally intended for <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, French authorities refused so many visas for its delegates that a parallel conference was held in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-santi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> had recently come under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and its delegates attended the Prague conference in China's name. There was controversy over the third line, "The Chinese nation faces its greatest peril", so the writer <a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a> changed it for the event to "The Chinese nation has arrived at its moment of emancipation". The song was personally performed by Paul Robeson.<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June, a committee was set up by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> to decide on an official national anthem for the soon-to-be declared People's Republic of China. By the end of August, the committee had received 632 entries totaling 694 different sets of scores and lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>March of the Volunteers</i> was suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting#Modern_painting" title="Chinese painting">painter</a> <a href="/wiki/Xu_Beihong" title="Xu Beihong">Xu Beihong</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supported by <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to its use centered on the third line, as "The Chinese people face their greatest peril" suggested that China continued to face difficulties. Zhou replied, "We still have <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> enemies in front of us. The more we progress in development, the more the imperialists will hate us, seek to undermine us, attack us. Can you say that we won't be in peril?" His view was supported by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and, on 27 September 1949, the song became the provisional national anthem, just days before the founding of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-provo_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-provo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly fictionalized <a href="/wiki/Biopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopic">biopic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nie_Er_(film)" title="Nie Er (film)">Nie Er</a></i> was produced in 1959 for its 10th anniversary; for its 50th in 1999, <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Anthem_(film)" title="The National Anthem (film)">The National Anthem</a></i> retold the story of the anthem's composition from <a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a>'s point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the song had been popular among <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">war against Japan</a>, its performance was then banned in the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> until the 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv/280px--Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="280" height="210" data-durationhint="117" data-mwtitle="Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv/Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv/Sons_and_Daughters_in_a_Time_of_Storm.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A clip from the film <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Troubled_Times" title="Children of Troubled Times">Children of Troubled Times</a></i> (1935), featuring "March of the Volunteers".</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1 February 1966 <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> article condemning <a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a>'s 1961 <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xie_Yaohuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xie Yaohuan (page does not exist)">Xie Yaohuan</a></i> as a "big poisonous weed"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the opening salvos of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wagner_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which he was imprisoned and his words forbidden to be sung. As a result, there was a time when "<a href="/wiki/The_East_Is_Red_(song)" title="The East Is Red (song)">The East Is Red</a>" served as the PRC's unofficial anthem.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th National Congress</a>, "The March of the Volunteers" began to be played once again from the 20th <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(PRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day (PRC)">National Day</a> Parade in 1969, although performances were solely instrumental. Tian Han died in prison in 1968, but Paul Robeson continued to send the royalties from his American recordings of the song to Tian's family.<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anthem was restored by the <a href="/wiki/5th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="5th National People's Congress">5th National People's Congress</a> on 5 March 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-zhstate_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhstate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with rewritten lyrics including references to the Chinese Communist Party, communism, and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Chairman Mao</a>. Following Tian Han's posthumous <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitation</a> in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>'s consolidation of power over <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> resolved to restore Tian Han's original verses to the march and to elevate its status, making it the country's official national anthem on 4 December 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-zhstate_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhstate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-state_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_the_Volunteers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/March_of_the_Volunteers.png/200px-March_of_the_Volunteers.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/March_of_the_Volunteers.png/300px-March_of_the_Volunteers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/March_of_the_Volunteers.png/400px-March_of_the_Volunteers.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music from Appendix 4 of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>'s Law No.5/1999</figcaption></figure> <p>The anthem's status was enshrined as an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a> on 14 March 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhstate_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhstate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 September 2017, <i>The Law of the National Anthem of the People's Republic of China</i>, which protects the anthem by law, was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> and took effect one month later. The anthem is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">national symbol</a> of China. The anthem should be performed or reproduced especially at celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">national holidays and anniversaries</a>, as well as sporting events. Civilians and organizations should pay respect to the anthem by standing and singing in a dignified manner.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personnel of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Police of the People's Republic of China">People's Police</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> salute when not in formation when the anthem is played, the same case for members of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China" title="Young Pioneers of China">Young Pioneers of China</a> and PLA veterans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_administrative_regions">Special administrative regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Special administrative regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anthem was played during the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_handover_ceremony" title="Hong Kong handover ceremony">handover of Hong Kong</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1997<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">handover of Macau</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in 1999. It was adopted as part of Annex III of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a>, taking effect on 1 July 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-hk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as part of Annex III of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Macau">Basic Law of Macau</a>, taking effect on 20 December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-macao_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macau">Macau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the anthem in the <a href="/wiki/Macau_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Special Administrative Region">Macau Special Administrative Region</a> is particularly governed by Law No.5/1999, which was enacted on 20 December 1999. Article 7 of the law requires that the anthem be accurately performed pursuant to the sheet music in its Appendix 4 and prohibits the lyrics from being altered. Under Article 9, willful alteration of the music or lyrics is <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminally</a> punishable by imprisonment of up to two years or up to 360 <a href="/wiki/Day-fine" title="Day-fine">day-fines</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, although both <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> are official languages of the region, the provided sheet music has its lyrics only in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a>. Mainland China has also passed a similar law in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nonetheless, the Chinese National Anthem in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> now forms a mandatory part of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in Hong Kong">public secondary education in Hong Kong</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-hohoho_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hohoho-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local government issued a circular in May 1998 requiring government-funded schools to perform <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China">flag</a>-raising ceremonies involving the singing of the "March of the Volunteers" on particular days: the first day of school, the "<a href="/wiki/Open_day_(school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open day (school)">open day</a>", <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(PRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day (PRC)">National Day</a> (1 October), New Year's (1 January), the "sport day", <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_Establishment_Day" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day">Establishment Day</a> (1 July), the <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">graduation ceremony</a>, and for some other school-organized events; the circular was also sent to the SAR's <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official policy was long ignored, but—following massive and unexpected public demonstrations in 2003 against proposed anti-subversion laws—the ruling was reiterated in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vicky_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vicky-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by 2008, most schools were holding such ceremonies at least once or twice a year.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(PRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day (PRC)">National Day</a> in 2004, as well, Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Local_programming" title="Local programming">local television networks</a> have also been required to preface their evening news with government-prepared<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promotional videos including the national anthem in Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-vicky_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vicky-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially a pilot program planned for a few months,<sup id="cite_ref-mrwong_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrwong-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has continued ever since. Viewed by many as propaganda,<sup id="cite_ref-mrwong_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrwong-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even after a sharp increase in support in the preceding four years, by 2006, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hongkongers</a> remained neither proud nor fond of the anthem.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 November 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> decided to insert a Chinese National Anthem Law into the Annex III of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a>, which would make it illegal to insult or not show sufficient respect to the Chinese national anthem. On 4 June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem Bill">National Anthem Bill</a> was passed in Hong Kong after being approved by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tune">Tune</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/5/x/5x5j0pyp4kx71pye4mglqdjcr3tkvko/5x5j0pyp.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/5/x/5x5j0pyp4kx71pye4mglqdjcr3tkvko/5x5j0pyp.png" width="770" height="578" alt="
 \relative g' {
 \key g \major \time 2/4
 g8. b16 d8 d8 \bar "|" e4 d4 \bar "|" b8. g16 \times 2/3 {d'8 d d} \bar "|" b4 g4 \bar "|" \times 2/3 {d8 d d} \times 2/3 {d8 d d} \bar "|" g4 r8 d8 \bar "|" \break
 g4. g8 \bar "|" g8. g16 d8 e16 fis16 \bar "|" g4 g4 \bar "|" r8 b8 g8 a16 b16 \bar "|" d4 d4 \bar "|" \break
 b8. b16 g8. b16 \bar "|" d8. b16 a4 \bar "|" a2 \bar "|" e'4^> d4^> \bar "|" a4^> b4^> \bar "|" \break
 d8^> b8^> r8 d8 \bar "|" b8 a16 b16 g4 \bar "|" b4 r4 \bar "|" d,8. e16 g8 g8 \bar "|" b8. b16 d8 d8 \bar "|" \break
 a8 a16 a16 e4 \bar "|" a4. d,8 \bar "|" ^\< g4. g8 \bar "|" b4. b8 \! \bar "|" d2 \bar "|" \break
 g,8. b16 d8 d8 \bar "|" e4 d4 \bar "|" b8. g16 \times 2/3 {d'8 d d} \bar "|" b8 r8 g8 r8 \bar "|" d4^> g4^> \bar "|" \break
 b8. g16 \times 2/3 {d'8 d d} \bar "|" b8 r8 g8 r8 \bar "|" d4^> g4^> \bar "|" d4^> g4^> \bar "|" d4^> g4^> \bar "|" g4^> r4 \bar "|."
 }
 \addlyrics {
 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　起
 来！不愿做奴隶的人们！把我们的血肉，
 筑成我们新的长城！中华民族
 到了最危险的时候，每个人被迫着发出
 最后的吼声。起来！起来！起来！
 我们万众一心，冒着敌人的炮火，前进！
 冒着敌人的炮火，前进！前进！前进！进！
 }
" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/5/x/5x5j0pyp4kx71pye4mglqdjcr3tkvko/5x5j0pyp.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/5/x/5x5j0pyp4kx71pye4mglqdjcr3tkvko/5x5j0pyp.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div> <p>A 1939 bilingual songbook which included the song called it "a good example of...copy[ing] the good points from Western music without impairing or losing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese music">our own national color</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-chungking_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chungking-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nie's piece is a <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">march</a>, a Western form, opening with a <a href="/wiki/Bugle_call" title="Bugle call">bugle call</a> and a motif (with which it also closes) based on an ascending fourth interval from D to G inspired by <a href="/wiki/The_Internationale_in_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internationale in Chinese">"The <i>Internationale</i>"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hojo_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hojo-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rhythmic patterns of triplets, accented downbeats, and syncopation and use (with the exception of one note, F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> in the first verse) of the <a href="/wiki/G_major" title="G major">G major</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hojo_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hojo-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, create an effect of becoming "progressively more Chinese in character" over the course of the tune.<sup id="cite_ref-hohoho_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hohoho-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reasons both musical and political, Nie came to be regarded as a model composer by Chinese musicians in the Maoist era.<sup id="cite_ref-chih2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chih2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Taubman" title="Howard Taubman">Howard Taubman</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> music editor, initially panned the tune as telling us China's "fight is more momentous than her art" although, after US entrance into the war, he called its performance "delightful".<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyrics">Lyrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_version_for_Simplified_Chinese,_Traditional_Chinese,_and_English"><span id="Original_version_for_Simplified_Chinese.2C_Traditional_Chinese.2C_and_English"></span>Original version for Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, and English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Original version for Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, and English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="overflow-x:auto;"> <table cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">Simplified Chinese</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a></span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> lyrics </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"> <td><div lang="zh-hans" style="font-size:100%" class="poem"> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1163242311">.mw-parser-output .templateruby>rt{font-variant-east-asian:ruby;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .templateruby.large{font-size:250%}.mw-parser-output .templateruby.large>rt{font-size:50%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998571036">.mw-parser-output .ruby-zh-p>rt{font-family:"Arial Unicode MS","Bitstream Cyberbit","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Lucida Sans Unicode",inherit}</style><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">起来</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qǐlái!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">不愿</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Búyuàn</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">做</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zuò</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">奴隶</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">núlì</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">de</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人们</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">rénmen!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">把</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Bǎ</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我们</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wǒmen</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">de</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">血肉</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">xuèròu,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>， <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">筑成</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhùchéng</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我们</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wǒmen</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">新的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">xīnde</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">长城</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">chángchéng!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">中华</a></span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhōnghuá</a></span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">民族</a></span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Mínzú</a></span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">到</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">dào</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">了</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">liao</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">最</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zuì</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">危险的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wēixiǎnde</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">时候</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">shíhòu,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>，<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">每个</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Měige</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">rén</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">被迫着</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">bèipòzhe</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">发出</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">fāchū</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">最后的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zuìhòude</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吼声</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">hǒushēng.</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>。<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">起来</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qǐlái!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">起来</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qǐlái!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">起来</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qǐlái!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我们</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wǒmen</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">万众一心</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wànzhòngyīxīn,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>，<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">冒着</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Màozhe</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敌人</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">dírén</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">de</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">炮火</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">pàohuǒ,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>， <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">冒着</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Màozhe</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敌人</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">dírén</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">de</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">炮火</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">pàohuǒ,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>， <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ </p> </div> </td> <td><div lang="zh-hant" style="font-size:100%" class="poem"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">起來<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">不願<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄅㄨ' ㄩㄢ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">做<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄗㄨㄛ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">奴隸<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄋㄨ' ㄌㄧ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">˙ㄉㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">人們<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄖㄣ' ˙ㄇㄣ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">把<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄅㄚˇ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">我們<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄛˇ ˙ㄇㄣ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">˙ㄉㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">血肉<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄒㄩㄝ' ㄖㄡ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>， <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">築成<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄓㄨˋ ㄔㄥ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">我們<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄛˇ ˙ㄇㄣ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">新的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄒㄧㄣ ˙ㄉㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">長城<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄔㄤ' ㄔㄥ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby"><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">中華</a><rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo"><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚ'</a></rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby"><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">民族</a><rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo"><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">ㄇㄧㄣ' ㄗㄨ'</a></rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">到<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄉㄠ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">了<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄌㄧㄠˇ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">最<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄗㄨㄟ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">危險的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄟㄒㄧㄢˇ ˙ㄉㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">時候<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄕ' ㄏㄡˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>，<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">每個<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄇㄟˇ ˙ㄍㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">人<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄖㄣ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">被迫著<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄅㄟ' ㄆㄛ' ˙ㄓㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">發出<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄈㄚㄔㄨ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">最後的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄗㄨㄟ' ㄏㄡ' ˙ㄉㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">吼聲<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄏㄡˇ ㄕㄥ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>。<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">起來<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">起來<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">起來<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">我們<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄛˇ ˙ㄇㄣ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">萬眾一心<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄢ' ㄓㄨㄥ' ㄧˋ ㄒㄧㄣ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>，<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">冒著<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄇㄠ' ˙ㄓㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">敵人<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄉㄧ' ㄖㄣ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">˙ㄉㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">炮火<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄆㄠ' ㄏㄨㄛˇ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>， <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢ' ㄐㄧㄣ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">冒著<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄇㄠ' ˙ㄓㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">敵人<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄉㄧ' ㄖㄣ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">˙ㄉㄜ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">炮火<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄆㄠ' ㄏㄨㄛˇ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>， <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢ' ㄐㄧㄣ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢ' ㄐㄧㄣ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢ' ㄐㄧㄣ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄐㄧㄣ'</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ </p> </div> </td> <td><div lang="en" style="font-size:100%" class="poem"> <p>Arise! Those who refuse to be slaves!<br /> With our flesh and blood, let us build our new Great Wall!<br /> The <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Chinese nation</a> face their greatest peril.<br /> From each one the urgent call for action comes forth.<br /> Arise! Arise! Arise!<br /> Us millions with but one heart,<br /> Braving the enemy's fire, march on!<br /> Braving the enemy's fire, march on!<br /> March on! March on, on! </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="overflow-x:auto;"> <table cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA transcription</a> </th> <th>English translation in <i>Songs of Fighting China</i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"> <td><div style="font-size:100%" class="poem"> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴ laɪ̯³⁵ pu⁵¹ ɥɛn⁵¹ t͡swɔ⁵¹ nu³⁵ li⁵¹ ti⁵¹ ʐən³⁵ mən³⁵]<br /> [pä²¹⁴ wɔ²¹⁴ mən³⁵ ti⁵¹ ɕɥɛ⁵¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ wɔ²¹⁴ mən³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵]<br /> [ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xwä³⁵ min³⁵ t͡su³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ljɑʊ̯²¹⁴ t͡sweɪ̯⁵¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕjɛn²¹⁴ ti⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ xoʊ̯⁵¹]<br /> [meɪ̯²¹⁴ kɤ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ pʰwɔ⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ə fä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡sweɪ̯⁵¹ xoʊ̯⁵¹ ti⁵¹ xoʊ̯²¹⁴ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵]<br /> [t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴ laɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴ laɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴ laɪ̯³⁵]<br /> [wɔ²¹⁴ mən³⁵ wän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ i⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵]<br /> [mɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ə ti³⁵ ʐən³⁵ ti⁵¹ pʰɑʊ̯⁵¹ xwɔ²¹⁴ t͡ɕʰjɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹]<br /> [mɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ə ti³⁵ ʐən³⁵ ti⁵¹ pʰɑʊ̯⁵¹ xwɔ²¹⁴ t͡ɕʰjɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹]<br /> [t͡ɕʰjɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹ t͡ɕʰjɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵¹]<br /></span> </p> </div> </td> <td><div style="font-size:100%" class="poem"> <p>Arise! ye who refuse to be bond slaves!<br /> With our very flesh and blood, Let us build our new Great Wall.<br /> China's masses have met the day of danger,<br /> Indignation fills the hearts of all our countrymen.<br /> Arise! Arise! Arise!<br /> Many hearts with one mind,<br /> Brave the enemy's gunfire, March on!<br /> Brave the enemy's gunfire, March on!<br /> March on!, March on!, On! </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1978–1982_version"><span id="1978.E2.80.931982_version"></span>1978–1982 version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1978–1982 version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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style="overflow-x:auto;"> <table cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">Simplified Chinese</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a></span></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></span></th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> lyrics </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"> <td><div lang="zh-hans" style="font-size:100%" class="poem"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>! <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">各</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gè</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民族</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">mínzú</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">英雄</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">yīngxióng</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">de</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人民</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">rénmín!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">伟大</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wěidà</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">的</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">de</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">共产党</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">gòngchǎndǎng,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">领导</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">lǐngdǎo</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我们</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wǒmen</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">继续</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">jìxù</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">长征</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">chángzhēng!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">万众一心</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wànzhòngyīxīn</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">奔</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">bēn</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">向</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">xiàng</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">共产主义</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">gòngchǎnzhǔyì</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">明天</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">míngtiān!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">建设</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jiànshè</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">祖囯</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zǔguó,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">保卫</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">bǎowèi</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">祖囯</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zǔguó,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">英勇地</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">yīngyǒngde</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">斗争</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">dòuzhēng.</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>。<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我们</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wǒmen</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">千秋万代</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">qiānqiūwàndài,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>，<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高举</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gāojǔ</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a></span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1o_Z%C3%A9d%C5%8Dng" class="mw-redirect" title="Máo Zédōng">Máo Zédōng</a></span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">旗帜</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">qízhì,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>， <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高举</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gāojǔ</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毛泽东</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Máo Zédōng</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">旗帜</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">qízhì,</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>， <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qiánjìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998571036"><ruby lang="Zh-Hans" class="ruby-zh-p templateruby"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">进</span></span><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jìn!</span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>！ </p> </div> </td> <td><div lang="zh-hant" style="font-size:100%" class="poem"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">各<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄍㄜˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">民族<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">英雄<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄧㄥㄒㄩㄥˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄉㄧˊ </rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">人民<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">偉大的<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄟˇ ㄉㄚˋ ㄉㄧˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">共產黨<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">領導<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄌㄧㄥˇ ㄉㄠˇ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">我們<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄛˇ ㄇㄣˊ </rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">繼續<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄐㄧˋ ㄒㄩˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">長征<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄏㄤˊ ㄓㄥ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">萬眾一心<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄢˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄧㄒㄧㄣ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">奔<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄅㄣ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">向<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄒㄧㄤˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">共產主義<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄢˇ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">明天<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄧㄢ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">建設<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄕㄜˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">祖國<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄗㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">保衛<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄅㄠˇ ㄨㄟˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">祖國<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄗㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">英勇地<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄧㄥㄩㄥˇ ㄉㄧˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">鬥爭<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄉㄡˇ ㄓㄥ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>。<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby> ！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">我們<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄛˇ ㄇㄣˊ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">千秋萬代<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢㄑㄧㄡㄨㄢˋ ㄉㄞˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>,<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">高舉<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄍㄠㄐㄩˇ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="毛澤東">毛澤東</a><rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">ㄇㄠˊ ㄗㄜˊ ㄉㄨㄥ</a></rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">旗幟<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧˊ ㄓˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">高舉<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄍㄠㄐㄩˇ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">毛澤東<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄇㄠˊ ㄗㄜˊ ㄉㄨㄥ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">旗幟<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧˊ ㄓˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">前進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby lang="zh-Hant" class="templateruby">進<rp>（</rp><rt class="bopomofo" lang="zh-Bopo">ㄐㄧㄣˋ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>！ </p> </div> </td> <td><div lang="en" style="font-size:100%" class="poem"> <p>March on! People of all heroic nationalities!<br /> The great Communist Party leads us in continuing the Long March,<br /> Millions with but one heart toward a communist tomorrow,<br /> Develop and protect the country in a brave struggle.<br /> March on, march on, march on!<br /> We will for generations,<br /> Raise high Mao Zedong's banner, march on!<br /> Raise high Mao Zedong's banner, march on!<br /> March on! March on! On! </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The march has been <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remixed</a> by various performers: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American musician</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> recorded it in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Chinese</a> and English for the 1941 album <i>Chee Lai! Songs of New China</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Force_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Air Force Orchestra">Army Air Force Orchestra</a> recorded an instrumental version as the theme for <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s 1944 <i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Fight" title="Why We Fight">Why We Fight</a> VI: <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_China" title="The Battle of China">The Battle of China</a></i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian music">Slovenian group</a> <a href="/wiki/Laibach_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laibach (band)">Laibach</a> created an electronic version of the anthem with lyrics in both English and Mandarin for their album <i><a href="/wiki/Volk_(album)" title="Volk (album)">Volk</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">British musician</a> <a href="/wiki/Damon_Albarn" title="Damon Albarn">Damon Albarn</a> included a loose and upbeat version on the <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Journey to the West (album)">soundtrack</a> to his <a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">musical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey:_Journey_to_the_West" title="Monkey: Journey to the West">Monkey: Journey to the West</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/German_music" class="mw-redirect" title="German music">German musician</a> <a href="/wiki/Holger_Czukay" title="Holger Czukay">Holger Czukay</a> included a cut-up instrumental version on his album <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Osten_ist_Rot" title="Der Osten ist Rot">Der Osten ist Rot</a></i> ("The East Is Red").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_anthems" title="Historical Chinese anthems">Historical Chinese anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China">Flag of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">National Emblem of the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including its two <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">义勇军进行曲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">義勇軍進行曲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yìyǒngjūnjìnxíngqǔ</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Zhuyin Fuhao</a>: <span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄧˋ ㄩㄥˇ ㄐㄩㄣㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄑㄩˇ</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">反满抗日义勇军进行曲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">反滿抗日義勇軍進行曲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fǎnmǎnkàngrìyìyǒngjūnjìnxíngqǔ</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Zhuyin Fuhao</a>: <span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄈㄢˇ ㄇㄢˇ ㄎㄤˋ ㄖˋㄧˋ ㄩㄥˇ ㄐㄩㄣㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄑㄩˇ</span><sup id="cite_ref-Yunnan_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunnan_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-宽城_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宽城-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liaoning_Daily_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liaoning_Daily-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pathé's local music director at the time was the French-educated <a href="/wiki/Ren_Guang" title="Ren Guang">Ren Guang</a>, who in 1933 was a founding member of <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a>'s "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Friends_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Friends Society (page does not exist)">Soviet Friends Society</a>"'s Music Group. Prior to his arrest, Tian Han served as the group's head and Nie Er was another charter member. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Liangmo" title="Liu Liangmo">Liu Liangmo</a>, who subsequently did much to popularize the use of the song, had also joined by 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-avant_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nie actually finalized the movie's <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> music in Japan and sent it back to Diantong in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-chichi_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The lyrics, which appeared in the <i>Music Educators' Journal</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are sung verbatim in <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>'s 1969 <i><a href="/wiki/Portnoy%27s_Complaint" title="Portnoy's Complaint">Portnoy's Complaint</a></i>, where Portnoy claims "the rhythm alone can cause my flesh to ripple" and that his elementary school teachers were already calling it the "Chinese national anthem".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This song was also sometimes spelled as <span class="nowrap"><i>Chi Lai</i></span> or <span class="nowrap"><i>Ch'i-Lai</i>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/China_Aid_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="China Aid Council">Washington Committee for Aid to China</a> had previously booked <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution Hall">Constitution Hall</a> but been blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a> owing to Robeson's race. The indignation was great enough that <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">wife</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">the Chinese ambassador</a> joined as sponsors, ensuring that the Uline Arena would accept and <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregate</a> for the single concert. When the organizers offered generous terms to the <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Congress" title="National Negro Congress">National Negro Congress</a> to help fill the larger venue, however, these sponsors withdrew and attempted to cancel the event, owing to the NNC's <a href="/wiki/American_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Communism">Communist</a> ties<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mrs. Roosevelt's personal history with the <a href="/wiki/John_P._Davis" title="John P. Davis">NNC's founder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blow_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blow-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such use continued some time after the "March of the Volunteers"'s nominal rehabilitation in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mistakenly credited to <a href="/wiki/Nie_Er" title="Nie Er">Nie Er</a> & "Xiexing Hai" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Xian_Xinghai" title="Xian Xinghai">Xian Xinghai</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="extiw" title="s:Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region/Annex_III" class="extiw" title="s:Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region/Annex III">Annex III</a>. <a href="/wiki/7th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="7th National People's Congress">7th National People's Congress</a> (Beijing), 4 April 1990. Hosted at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:Main Page">Wikisource</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macao-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macao_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macao_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_the_Macao_Special_Administrative_Region" class="extiw" title="s:Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region">Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_the_Macao_Special_Administrative_Region/Annex_III" class="extiw" title="s:Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region/Annex III">Annex III</a>. <a href="/wiki/8th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="8th National People's Congress">8th National People's Congress</a> (Beijing), 31 March 1993. Hosted at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:Main Page">Wikisource</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#AMENDMENT_FOUR" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Amendment IV, §31</a>. <a href="/wiki/10th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="10th National People's Congress">10th National People's Congress</a> (Beijing), 14 March 2004. Hosted at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:Main Page">Wikisource</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yunnan_2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yunnan_2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF曾永介2012" class="citation journal cs1">曾永介 (25 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414083253/https://taipei.yunnan.tw/index.php/literature/list-5/yunnanliterature42/809-article4212.html">"淺談聶耳名歌「義勇軍進行曲」"</a>. <i>雲南文獻</i> (42). Yunnan Association of Taipei. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taipei.yunnan.tw/index.php/literature/list-5/yunnanliterature42/809-article4212.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB&rft.atitle=%E6%B7%BA%E8%AB%87%E8%81%B6%E8%80%B3%E5%90%8D%E6%AD%8C%E3%80%8C%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%87%E8%BB%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2%E3%80%8D&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft.au=%E6%9B%BE%E6%B0%B8%E4%BB%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaipei.yunnan.tw%2Findex.php%2Fliterature%2Flist-5%2Fyunnanliterature42%2F809-article4212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-宽城-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-宽城_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF曹建民2013" class="citation news cs1">曹建民 (29 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072908/http://www.kcbwg.com/Article/ShowInfo.asp?InfoID=102">"中华人民共和国国歌的诞生源于长城抗战"</a>. <i>Kuancheng History Museum, Hebei, China</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcbwg.com/Article/ShowInfo.asp?InfoID=102">the original</a> on 18 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kuancheng+History+Museum%2C+Hebei%2C+China&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%BA%90%E4%BA%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E6%8A%97%E6%88%98&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.au=%E6%9B%B9%E5%BB%BA%E6%B0%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcbwg.com%2FArticle%2FShowInfo.asp%3FInfoID%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liaoning_Daily-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liaoning_Daily_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF丛焕宇2021" class="citation news cs1">丛焕宇 (8 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106130632/http://ln.people.com.cn/n2/2021/0208/c378317-34570258.html">"红色桓仁是国歌原创素材地"</a>. <i>Liaoning Daily</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ln.people.com.cn/n2/2021/0208/c378317-34570258.html">the original</a> on 6 November 2021 – via People.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liaoning+Daily&rft.atitle=%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E6%A1%93%E4%BB%81%E6%98%AF%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%B4%A0%E6%9D%90%E5%9C%B0&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft.au=%E4%B8%9B%E7%84%95%E5%AE%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fln.people.com.cn%2Fn2%2F2021%2F0208%2Fc378317-34570258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The politics of songs: Myths and symbols in the Chinese communist war music, 1937–1949. CT Hung. <i>Modern Asian Studies,</i> 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang, Natasha N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ySb1Vp-ZgC&pg=PA25"><i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>East Is Red': A Musical Barometer for Cultural Revolution Politics and Culture</i>, pp. 25 ff.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rowhass-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rowhass_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowhass_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rojas, Carlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IaIwmEh-OpsC&pg=PA132"><i>The Great Wall: A Cultural History</i>, p. 132.</a> Harvard University Press (Cambridge), 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674047877" title="Special:BookSources/0674047877">0674047877</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chichi-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chichi_13-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chi, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-daxO76KmV8C&pg=PA217">"'The March of the Volunteers': From Movie Theme Song to National Anthem" in <i>Re-envisioning the Chinese Revolution: The Politics and Poetics of Collective Memories in Reform China</i>, pp. 217 ff.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830013614/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-daxO76KmV8C&pg=PA217">Archived</a> 30 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Woodrow Wilson Center Press (Washington, DC), 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roo_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roo_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roo_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Melvin, Sheila & al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwvECudSl_EC&pg=PA129"><i>Rhapsody in Red: How Western Classical Music Became Chinese</i>, p. 129</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180652/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hwvECudSl_EC&pg=PA129">Archived</a> 25 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Algora Publishing (New York), 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chih2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chih2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chih2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chih2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AjE3HNO7j3kC&pg=PA154">p. 154</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032719/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AjE3HNO7j3kC&pg=PA154">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avant-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liang Luo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1493511/International_Avant-Garde_and_the_Chinese_National_Anthem">"International Avant-garde and the Chinese National Anthem: Tian Han, Joris Ivens, and Paul Robeson" in <i>The Ivens Magazine</i>, No. 16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306150508/https://www.academia.edu/1493511/International_Avant-Garde_and_the_Chinese_National_Anthem">Archived</a> 6 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. European Foundation Joris Ivens (Nijmegen), October 2010. Accessed 22 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dianxin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dianxin_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dianxin_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">《電通半月畫報》</span></span> [<i>Diantong Pictorial</i>], No. 1 (16 May) or No. 2 (1 June). Diantong Film Co. (Shanghai), 1935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yang, Jeff & al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amqzDMOzaCUC&pg=PA136"><i>Once Upon a Time in China: A Guide to Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese Cinema</i>, p. 136.</a> Atria Books (New York), 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chih-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chih_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chih_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu Ching-chih. Translated by Caroline Mason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AjE3HNO7j3kC&pg=PA172"><i>A Critical History of New Music in China</i>, p. 172</a>. Chinese University Press (Hong Kong), 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallicchio, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oh3Cn3YQ0UQC&pg=PA164"><i>The African American Encounter with Japan & China</i>, p. 164.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215914/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oh3Cn3YQ0UQC&pg=PA164">Archived</a> 25 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of North Carolina Press (Chapel Hill), 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-llm-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-llm_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llm_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llm_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu Liangmo. Translated by Ellen Yeung. "The America I Know". <i>China Daily News</i>, 13–17 July 1950. Reprinted as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMvaMuZkwvcC&pg=PA207">"Paul Robeson: The People's Singer (1950)" in <i>Chinese American Voices: From the Gold Rush to the Present</i>, pp. 207 ff.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830013336/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eMvaMuZkwvcC&lpg=PA207">Archived</a> 30 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of California Press (Berkeley), 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_a_War" title="Journey to a War">Journey to a War</a></i>, cited in Chi (2007), p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chungking-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chungking_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chungking_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1939" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Pao-chen (1939). <i>China's Patriots Sing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chungking</a>: The China Information Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Patriots+Sing&rft.place=Chungking&rft.pub=The+China+Information+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Pao-chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Music Educators Journal</i>. National Association for Music Education, 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Philip. <i>Portnoy's Complaint</i>. 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deane, Hugh. <i>Good Deeds & Gunboats: Two Centuries of American-Chinese Encounters</i>, p. 169. China Books & Periodicals (Chicago), 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blow-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blow_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blow_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gellman, Erik S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYZPIE7UKggC&pg=PA136"><i>Death Blow to Jim Crow: The National Negro Congress and the Rise of Militant Civil Rights</i>, pp. 136</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830005424/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vYZPIE7UKggC&pg=PA136">Archived</a> 30 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. University of North Carolina Press (Chapel Hill), 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807835319" title="Special:BookSources/9780807835319">9780807835319</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robeson, Paul Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzFhJ5v0TL0C&pg=PA25"><i>The Undiscovered Paul Robeson: Quest for Freedom, 1939–1976</i>, pp. 25 f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830004858/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MzFhJ5v0TL0C&pg=PA25">Archived</a> 30 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. John Wiley & Sons (Hoboken), 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eagan, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deq3xI8OmCkC&pg=PA390"><i>America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry</i>, pp. 390 f.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135057/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deq3xI8OmCkC&pg=PA390">Archived</a> 1 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Continuum International (New York), 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-santi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-santi_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santi, Rainer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://santibox.ch/Peace/Peacemaking.html#5.%20A%20New%20Start">"100 Years of Peace Making: A History of the International Peace Bureau and Other International Peace Movement Organisations and Networks" in <i>Pax Förlag</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321044904/http://www.santibox.ch/Peace/Peacemaking.html#5.%20A%20New%20Start">Archived</a> 21 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. International Peace Bureau, January 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Liao_Jingwen" title="Liao Jingwen">Liao Jingwen</a>. Translated by Zhang Peiji. <i>Xu Beihong: Life of a Master Painter</i>, pp. 323 f. Foreign Language Press (Beijing), 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-provo-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-provo_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Capital,_Calendar,_National_Anthem_and_National_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="s:Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem and National Flag of the People's Republic of China">Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem, and National Flag of the People's Republic of China</a>. 1st <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (Beijing), 27 September 1949. Hosted at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:Main Page">Wikisource</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"T'ien Han and his Play Hsieh Yao-huan". <i>Current Background</i> (784). Hong Kong: American Consulate General: 1. 30 March 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Background&rft.atitle=T%27ien+Han+and+his+Play+Hsieh+Yao-huan&rft.issue=784&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1966-03-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wagner-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wagner_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner, Rudolf G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zFiHwkpo88C&dq=Xie+Yaohuan&pg=PA80">"Tian Han's Peking Opera <i>Xie Yaohuan</i> (1961)" in <i>The Contemporary Chinese Historical Drama: Four Studies</i>, pp. 80 ff.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119132620/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7zFiHwkpo88C&lpg=PA137&ots=NuM7CzzEhM&dq=Xie%20Yaohuan&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q=Xie%20Yaohuan&f=false">Archived</a> 19 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of California Press (Berkeley), 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520059542" title="Special:BookSources/9780520059542">9780520059542</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2003" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Toby (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5UbE-D5N_cC&pg=PA361"><i>"Broadcasting and Politics Spread Across the World" in </i>Television: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies<i>, Vol. I, p. 361</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415255035" title="Special:BookSources/9780415255035"><bdi>9780415255035</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f5UbE-D5N_cC&pg=PA361">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Broadcasting+and+Politics+Spread+Across+the+World%22+in+Television%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Media+and+Cultural+Studies%2C+Vol.+I%2C+p.+361.&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415255035&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df5UbE-D5N_cC%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhstate-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhstate_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhstate_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhstate_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2005-05/24/content_2615210.htm">《中华人民共和国国歌》</a></span></span> [<i>Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē</i>, "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a> (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-state_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm">"National Anthem"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222856/http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm">Archived</a> 4 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a> (Beijing), 26 August 2014. Accessed 21 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901164600/http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/fujian/site1/20170901/1078d2c86a3d1b138cce01.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国歌法</bdi></a> [The Law of the National Anthem of the People's Republic of China] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Chinese). The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. 1 September 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/fujian/site1/20170901/1078d2c86a3d1b138cce01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E6%B3%95&rft.pub=The+National+People%27s+Congress+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npc.gov.cn%2Fnpc%2Ffujian%2Fsite1%2F20170901%2F1078d2c86a3d1b138cce01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ho Wai-chung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C&pg=PA69"><i>School Music Education and Social Change in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan</i>, p. 69.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103211849/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C&pg=PA69">Archived</a> 3 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Koninklijke Brill NV (Leiden), 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004189171" title="Special:BookSources/9789004189171">9789004189171</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E7%AC%AC5/1999%E8%99%9F%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" class="extiw" title="s:zh:第5/1999號法律">第5/1999號法律國旗、國徽及國歌的使用及保護</a></span></span> [<i>Dì 5/1999 Háo Fǎlǜ: Guóqí, Guóhuī jí Guógē de Shǐyòng jí Bǎohù</i>, "Law №5/1999: The Use and Protection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flag of the People's Republic of China">National Flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">National Emblem</a>, and National Anthem"]. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">Legislative Assembly</a> (Macao), 20 December 1999. Hosted at the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:zh:Main Page">Chinese Wikisource</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/pt:Lei_de_Macau_5_de_1999" class="extiw" title="s:pt:Lei de Macau 5 de 1999">Lei n.º 5/1999: Utilização e protecção da bandeira, emblema e hino nacionais</a></i></span> ["Law №5/1999: The Use and Protection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flag of the People's Republic of China">National Flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">Emblem</a>, and Anthem"]. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">Legislative Assembly</a> (Macao), 20 December 1999. Hosted at the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/pt:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:pt:Main Page">Portuguese Wikisource</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.www.gov.cn/news/top_news/2017/10/01/content_281475895755376.htm">"China's national anthem law takes effect"</a>. <i>english.www.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114073754/http://english.www.gov.cn/news/top_news/2017/10/01/content_281475895755376.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=China%27s+national+anthem+law+takes+effect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.www.gov.cn%2Fnews%2Ftop_news%2F2017%2F10%2F01%2Fcontent_281475895755376.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hohoho-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hohoho_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hohoho_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ho (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C&pg=PA36">p. 36.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020435/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C&lpg=PA36">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ho (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C&pg=PA89">pp. 89 ff.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011421/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C&pg=PA89">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Wing On. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btkuYUgXLRIC&pg=PA36">"The Development of Citizenship Education Curriculum in Hong Kong after 1997: Tensions between National Identity and Global Citizenship" in <i>Citizenship Curriculum in Asia and the Pacific</i>, p. 36.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005406/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=btkuYUgXLRIC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Comparative Education Research Centre (Hong Kong), 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiemenschnitterMadsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Riemenschnitter, Andrea; Madsen, Deborah L. (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjc3zF0hI6wC&pg=PA57"><i>"Positioning at the Margins" in </i>Diasporic Histories: Cultural Archives of Chinese Transnationalism<i>, pp. 57 f.</i></a> Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622090804" title="Special:BookSources/9789622090804"><bdi>9789622090804</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033020/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pjc3zF0hI6wC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Positioning+at+the+Margins%22+in+Diasporic+Histories%3A+Cultural+Archives+of+Chinese+Transnationalism%2C+pp.+57+f.&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2009-08&rft.isbn=9789622090804&rft.aulast=Riemenschnitter&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Deborah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpjc3zF0hI6wC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vicky-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vicky_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vicky_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwXgYeQRVHsC&pg=PA94">"Learning to Love the Motherland: 'National Education' in Post-Retrocession Hong Kong" in <i>Designing History in East Asian Textbooks: Identity Politics and Transnational Aspirations</i>, p. 94</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023017/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QwXgYeQRVHsC&pg=PA94">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Routledge (Abingdon), 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415602525" title="Special:BookSources/9780415602525">9780415602525</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathews, Gordon & al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqmFL5d-bAAC&pg=PA89"><i>Hong Kong, China: Learning to Belong to a Nation</i>, p. 89.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033251/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UqmFL5d-bAAC&pg=PA89">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Routledge (Abingdon), 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415426545" title="Special:BookSources/0415426545">0415426545</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hong Kong 2004: Education</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2004/en/07_11.htm">"Committee on the Promotion of Civic Education"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704092855/https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2004/en/07_11.htm">Archived</a> 4 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Government Yearbook (Hong Kong), 2015. Accessed 25 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mrwong-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mrwong_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mrwong_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wong, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/article/472472/national-anthem-be-broadcast-news">"National Anthem To Be Broadcast before News".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816101148/https://www.scmp.com/article/472472/national-anthem-be-broadcast-news">Archived</a> 16 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>South China Morning Post</i> (Hong Kong), 1 October 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luk, Helen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1238125/posts">"Chinese National Anthem Video Draws Fire from Hong Kong People"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125225011/http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1238125/posts">Archived</a> 25 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Associated Press, 7 October 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/countries/taiwan/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP5Jones.pdf">"Lost in China? Mainlandisation and Resistance in Post-1997 Hong Kong" in <i>Taiwan in Comparative Perspective</i>, Vol. 5, pp. 28–ff.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062021/http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/countries/taiwan/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP5Jones.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> London School of Economics (London), July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathews & al. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqmFL5d-bAAC&pg=PA104">p. 104.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013015/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UqmFL5d-bAAC&pg=PA104">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hongkongfp.com/2020/05/08/chaos-at-hong-kongs-legislature-as-lawmakers-battle-for-control-of-committee-as-democrats-ejected/">"Chaos at Hong Kong's legislature as lawmakers battle for control of committee"</a>. <i>HKFP</i>. 5 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HKFP&rft.atitle=Chaos+at+Hong+Kong%27s+legislature+as+lawmakers+battle+for+control+of+committee&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2020%2F05%2F08%2Fchaos-at-hong-kongs-legislature-as-lawmakers-battle-for-control-of-committee-as-democrats-ejected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-04/hong-kong-legislature-passes-national-anthem-bill-amid-protests/12323024">"Hong Kong passes bill criminalising disrespect of Chinese national anthem"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+passes+bill+criminalising+disrespect+of+Chinese+national+anthem&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-06-04%2Fhong-kong-legislature-passes-national-anthem-bill-amid-protests%2F12323024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hojo-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hojo_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hojo_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Joshua (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-13/howard">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Music for a National Defense": Making Martial Music During the Anti-Japanese War"</a>. <i>Cross-Currents</i>. <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215050/https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-13/howard">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cross-Currents&rft.atitle=%22Music+for+a+National+Defense%22%3A+Making+Martial+Music+During+the+Anti-Japanese+War&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcross-currents.berkeley.edu%2Fe-journal%2Fissue-13%2Fhoward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Pao-Ch'en. Songs of Fighting China [C]. New York: Chinese News Service, Printed in U. S. A. by Alliance-Pacific Press. Inc. 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Robeson's "Chee Lai!" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Paul-Robeson-collection-61-70">Audio</a> hosted at the Internet Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalfolkmusic.org/wordpress/paul-robeson-march-of-the-volunteers/">Lyrics and sheet music</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosted at <i>Political Folk Music</i>. Accessed 22 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonner, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ekAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Revolutionizing Children's Records: 1946–1977</i>, pp. 47 f.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095716/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ekAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scarecrow Press (<a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth, England">Plymouth</a>), 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/volk-limited-edition-mw0000573590">"Laibach: <i>Volk</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102050902/http://www.allmusic.com/album/volk-limited-edition-mw0000573590">Archived</a> 2 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AllMusic (San Francisco), 2015. Accessed 22 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/3qp2">"Monkey: Journey to the West Review"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514220343/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/3qp2/">Archived</a> 14 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC Music (London), 2008. Accessed 18 December 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_of_the_Volunteers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/March_of_the_Volunteers" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/March of the Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A" class="extiw" title="wikisource:zh:中华人民共和国第五届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于中华人民共和国国歌的决定">zh:中华人民共和国第五届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于中华人民共和国国歌的决定</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/guoge/"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国歌</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). Government of the People's Republic of China.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C&rft.pub=Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fguoqing%2Fguoge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+of+the+Volunteers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.gov.cn/audio">National Anthem of the People's Republic of China (EN)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/jingtai/guoge/guoge.wav">Official instrumental version</a>, hosted by the People's Republic of China</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-changshi/china.mp3">Semi-official vocal version</a>, hosted by the China Internet Information Center</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Three Principles of the People</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1943–1949 in the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a> and since 1949 in <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> March of the Volunteers </b><br />1949–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Incumbent</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the Queen</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(until <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a>)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> March of the Volunteers </b><br />1997–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Incumbent</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/A_Portuguesa" title="A Portuguesa">A Portuguesa</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(until <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a>)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> March of the Volunteers </b><br />1999–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Incumbent</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_patriotic_songs288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_patriotic_songs" title="Template:Chinese patriotic songs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_patriotic_songs" title="Template talk:Chinese patriotic songs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_patriotic_songs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese patriotic songs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_patriotic_songs288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chinese patriotic songs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Tian_Yue" title="Pu Tian Yue">Pu Tian Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tune_of_Li_Zhongtang" title="Tune of Li Zhongtang">Tune of Li Zhongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praise_the_Dragon_Flag" title="Praise the Dragon Flag">Praise the Dragon Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_anthem_of_China" title="Military anthem of China">Training Soldier Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Beiyang_Fleet" title="Anthem of the Beiyang Fleet">Anthem of the Beiyang Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (on the Mainland)<br />1912–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_anthems#"How_Great_is_Our_China!" title="Historical Chinese anthems">How Great is Our China!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe" title="China Heroically Stands in the Universe">China Heroically Stands in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Song of Five Races Under One Union">Song of Five Races Under One Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_to_the_Auspicious_Cloud" title="Song to the Auspicious Cloud">Song to the Auspicious Cloud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March of the Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">National Anthem of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China">National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/800_Heroes_Song" title="800 Heroes Song">800 Heroes Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_March" title="The Sword March">The Sword March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Along_the_Songhua_River" title="Along the Songhua River">Along the Songhua River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wall_Ballad" title="The Great Wall Ballad">The Great Wall Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrillas%27_Song" title="Guerrillas' Song">Guerrillas' Song</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Taihang_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In the Taihang Mountains (page does not exist)">In the Taihang Mountains</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%A4%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:在太行山上">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_anthem_of_China" title="Military anthem of China">Marshal Training Soldier Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_anthems#Song_of_the_National_Revolution" title="Historical Chinese anthems">Song of the National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Xi_Gong_Xi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gong Xi Gong Xi">Gong Xi Gong Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">March of the Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers,_Peasants_and_Soldiers,_Unite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workers, Peasants and Soldiers, Unite (page does not exist)">Workers, Peasants and Soldiers, Unite</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%B5%B7%E6%9D%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:工农兵联合起来">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_East_Is_Red_(song)" title="The East Is Red (song)">The East is Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale_in_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internationale in Chinese">The Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Anthem_of_the_Eighth_Route_Army" title="Military Anthem of the Eighth Route Army">Military Anthem of the Eighth Route Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanniwan" title="Nanniwan">Nanniwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_the_Motherland" title="Ode to the Motherland">Ode to the Motherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Military_and_Political_University_of_Resistance_Against_Japan" title="Song of the Military and Political University of Resistance Against Japan">Song of the Military and Political University of Resistance Against Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_anthem_of_China" title="Military anthem of China">Three Rules and Eight Notices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Is_Strength" title="Unity Is Strength">Unity Is Strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanthus_Flowers_Blooming_Everywhere_in_August" title="Osmanthus Flowers Blooming Everywhere in August">Osmanthus Flowers Blooming Everywhere in August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sky_Above_the_Liberated_Zone" title="The Sky Above the Liberated Zone">The Sky Above the Liberated Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=When_the_Motherland_Calls_Upon_Us&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="When the Motherland Calls Upon Us (page does not exist)">When the Motherland Calls Upon Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_Cantata" title="Yellow River Cantata">Yellow River Cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Rear_of_the_Enemy" title="To the Rear of the Enemy">To the Rear of the Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Love_Beijing_Tiananmen" title="I Love Beijing Tiananmen">I Love Beijing Tiananmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Anthem_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army">March of the People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Love_the_Motherland%27s_Blue_Skies" title="I Love the Motherland's Blue Skies">I Love the Motherland's Blue Skies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Motherland" title="My Motherland">My Motherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Live_Comrade_Mao_for_Ten_Thousand_Years" title="Long Live Comrade Mao for Ten Thousand Years">Long Live Comrade Mao for Ten Thousand Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Shines" title="Red Star Shines">Red Star Shines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_is_Good" title="Socialism is Good">Socialism is Good</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Am_a_Soldier_(song)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Am a Soldier (song) (page does not exist)">I Am a Soldier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%91%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:我是一個兵">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E9%9B%B7%E9%94%8B%E5%A5%BD%E6%A6%9C%E6%A0%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:学习雷锋好榜样">Learn from Comrade Lei Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_the_Seas_Depends_on_the_Helmsman" title="Sailing the Seas Depends on the Helmsman">Sailing the Seas Depends on the Helmsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Without_the_Communist_Party,_There_Would_Be_No_New_China" title="Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China">Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Chinese_Heart" title="My Chinese Heart">My Chinese Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_People,_My_Country_(song)" title="My People, My Country (song)">My People, My Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodstained_Glory" title="Bloodstained Glory">Bloodstained Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_to_the_Country" title="Loyalty to the Country">Loyalty to the Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_of_Spring" title="Story of Spring">Story of Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_That_Day_Comes" title="When That Day Comes">When That Day Comes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Revival" title="Towards Revival">Towards Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Love_You,_China" title="I Love You, China">I Love You, China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Great_Road" title="On the Great Road">On the Great Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">on Taiwan</a>)<br />since 1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">National Anthem of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China">National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_the_Republic_of_China" title="Ode to the Republic of China">Ode to the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plum_Blossom" title="The Plum Blossom">The Plum Blossom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/800_Heroes_Song" title="800 Heroes Song">800 Heroes Song</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_Raid_(Chinese_song)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Night Raid (Chinese song) (page does not exist)">Night Raid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E8%A5%B2_(%E8%BB%8D%E6%AD%8C)" class="extiw" title="zh:夜襲 (軍歌)">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Veteran_(Taiwan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Veteran (Taiwan) (page does not exist)">The Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_Memorial_Song" title="Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Song">Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo_Memorial_Song" title="Chiang Ching-kuo Memorial Song">Chiang Ching-kuo Memorial Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_and_Reclaim_the_Mainland" title="Go and Reclaim the Mainland">Go and Reclaim the Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Is_Good" title="Taiwan Is Good">Taiwan Is Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Communist_and_Anti-Russian_Aggression_Song" title="The Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Aggression Song">The Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Aggression Song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anthems_of_Asia184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthems_of_Asia" title="Template:Anthems of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthems_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Anthems of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthems_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthems of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anthems_of_Asia184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">Anthems</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_Home_of_the_Brave" title="This Is the Home of the Brave">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrainona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrainona">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla" title="Amar Sonar Bangla">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druk_tsendhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk tsendhen">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan" title="Allah Peliharakan Sultan">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokor_Reach" title="Nokor Reach">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Republic of China</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1tria" title="Pátria">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawtini_(Ibrahim_Tuqan_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawtini (Ibrahim Tuqan song)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Anthem_of_the_Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Anthem of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%C4%B1%C3%B1_Qazaqstanym" title="Menıñ Qazaqstanym">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegukga" title="Aegukga">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Kuwait" title="National Anthem of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheng_Xat_Lao" title="Pheng Xat Lao">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Lebanon" title="National Anthem of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negaraku" title="Negaraku">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaumii_salaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaumii salaam">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Mongolia" title="National anthem of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Ma_Kyei" title="Kaba Ma Kyei">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayaun_Thunga_Phulka" title="Sayaun Thunga Phulka">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salam_as-Sultani" title="As-Salam as-Sultani">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Taranah" title="Qaumi Taranah">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salam_al-Amiri" title="As-Salam al-Amiri">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Matha" title="Sri Lanka Matha">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humat_ad-Diyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Humat ad-Diyar">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surudi_Milli" title="Surudi Milli">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_Turkmenistan" title="State Anthem of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishy_Bilady" title="Ishy Bilady">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan" title="State Anthem of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_Qu%C3%A2n_Ca" title="Tiến Quân Ca">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Yemen" title="National anthem of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiaaira" title="Aiaaira">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida%27i" title="Fida'i">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of the Republic of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan_the_Formosa" title="Taiwan the Formosa">Taiwan independence movement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Telugu_Thalliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maa Telugu Thalliki">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Mur_Apunar_Desh" title="O Mur Apunar Desh">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_Bharat_Ke_Kanthahar" title="Mere Bharat Ke Kanthahar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpa_Pairi_Ke_Dhar" title="Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jai_Garavi_Gujarat" title="Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mera_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Mera Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jai_Maharashtra_Majha" title="Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sana_Leibak_Manipur" title="Sana Leibak Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Utkala_Janani" title="Bande Utkala Janani">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thai_Valthu_(Puducherry)" title="Tamil Thai Valthu (Puducherry)">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thai_Valthu_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Thai Valthu (Tamil Nadu)">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Jaya_He_Telangana" title="Jaya Jaya He Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Devabhumi_Matribhumi" title="Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Mulia" title="Aceh Mulia">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_DKI_Jakarta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars DKI Jakarta (page does not exist)">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himne_Provinsi_Jambi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himne Provinsi Jambi (page does not exist)">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Jawa_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Jawa Timur (page does not exist)">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Kalimantan_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Kalimantan Timur (page does not exist)">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Kalimantan_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Kalimantan Utara (page does not exist)">North Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sang_Bumi_Ruwa_Jurai" title="Sang Bumi Ruwa Jurai">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Sulawesi_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Sulawesi Selatan (page does not exist)">South Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Kota_Tangerang_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Kota Tangerang Selatan (page does not exist)">South Tengerang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Pemerintah_Daerah_Istimewa_Yogyakarta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (page does not exist)">Yogyakarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ey_Req%C3%AEb" title="Ey Reqîb">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prefecture_songs_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prefecture songs of Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kib%C5%8D_no_Hikari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kibō no Hikari (page does not exist)">Fukuoka Perfecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinano_no_Kuni" title="Shinano no Kuni">Nagano Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokushima_Kenmin_no_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokushima Kenmin no Uta (page does not exist)">Tokushima Perfecture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D-to_Ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tōkyō-to Ka (page does not exist)">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_anthems_of_Malaysia" title="State anthems of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maju_dan_Sejahtera" title="Maju dan Sejahtera">Federal Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_State_Anthem" title="Johor State Anthem">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota" title="Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamat_Sultan" title="Selamat Sultan">Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaka_Maju_Jaya" title="Melaka Maju Jaya">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkatlah_Yang_DiPertuan_Besar_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Berkatlah Yang DiPertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Kami" title="Allah Selamatkan Sultan Kami">Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untuk_Negeri_Kita" title="Untuk Negeri Kita">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan" title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan">Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin,_Amin,_ya_Rabaljalil" title="Amin, Amin, ya Rabaljalil">Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Tanah_Airku" title="Sabah Tanah Airku">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwiku" title="Ibu Pertiwiku">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_Yang_Maha_Mulia" title="Duli Yang Maha Mulia">Selangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_State_Anthem" title="Terengganu State Anthem">Terengganu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watan_Hamara_Azad_Kashmir" title="Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Forever" title="Albay Forever">Albay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_of_Bangsamoro" title="Hymn of Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awit_sa_Bohol" title="Awit sa Bohol">Bohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O,_Capiz" title="O, Capiz">Capiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugbo_(hymn)" title="Sugbo (hymn)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Union_Hymn" title="La Union Hymn">La Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizcaya_Hymn" title="Vizcaya Hymn">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imno_ning_Kapampangan" title="Imno ning Kapampangan">Pampanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luyag_Ko_Tan_Yaman" title="Luyag Ko Tan Yaman">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martsa_ng_Taguig" title="Martsa ng Taguig">Taguig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Altai_Republic" title="National Anthem of the Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Buryatia" title="Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Anthem of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Kamchatka_Krai" title="Anthem of Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka Krai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Khakassia" title="State Anthem of the Republic of Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Khanty%E2%80%93Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthem of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Sakha_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of the Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_%E2%80%93_Tyva_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Men – Tyva Men">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Anthem of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Karakalpakstan" title="State Anthem of the Republic of Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In exile/<br />disputed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qurtulush_Yolida" title="Qurtulush Yolida">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruthu_Paar_Kodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruthu Paar Kodi">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_National_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan National Anthem">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hai_Tanahku_Papua" title="Hai Tanahku Papua">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">ASEAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Former Russian Empire<br />or Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_the_Thunder_of_Victory_Rumble!_(anthem)" title="Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! (anthem)">Russian Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Glorious_Is_Our_Lord_in_Zion" title="How Glorious Is Our Lord in Zion">Russian Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1816)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Russians" title="The Prayer of Russians">Russian Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (1816–33)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Tsar!" title="God Save the Tsar!">Russian Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (1833–1917)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Marseillaise" title="Worker's Marseillaise">Russian Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (then the Russian SFSR, (1917–18)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Glorious_Is_Our_Lord_in_Zion" title="How Glorious Is Our Lord in Zion">Russian State</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–20)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">Russian SFSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (then the Soviet Union, 1918–44)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944–91)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrioticheskaya_Pesnya" title="Patrioticheskaya Pesnya">Russia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944–91)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(then Azerbaijan, 1944–92)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–90)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dideba" title="Dideba">Georgia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–21, 1990–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–91)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Khakassia" title="My Khakassia">Khakassia</a> (Russia) <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–15)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(then Kyrgyzstan, 1946–92)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(then Tajikistan, 1946–94)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(then Turkmenistan, 1946–96)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–91)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_Internationale" title="Tuvan Internationale">Tuva</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921–44)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooruktug_Dolgay_Tangdym" title="Tooruktug Dolgay Tangdym">Tuva</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (1944–2011)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tune_of_Li_Zhongtang" title="Tune of Li Zhongtang">China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896-1906)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praise_the_Dragon_Flag" title="Praise the Dragon Flag">China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1906-1911)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911-1912)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Song of Five Races Under One Union">China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911-1912)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_to_the_Auspicious_Cloud" title="Song to the Auspicious Cloud">China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913-1915, 1921-28)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe" title="China Heroically Stands in the Universe">China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915-1921)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">Communist China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927-1949)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Republic of China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(in the mainland, 1930-1949)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Khmer_Republic" title="March of the Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (1970–75)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dap_Prampi_Mesa_Chokchey" class="mw-redirect" title="Dap Prampi Mesa Chokchey">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (1975–93)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="Anthem of the People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (then the State of Cambodia, 1979–92)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubh_Sukh_Chain" title="Shubh Sukh Chain">Azad Hind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–45)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Korean_Empire" title="National anthem of the Korean Empire">Korea</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902–10)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Manchukuo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932–45)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuun_Langiin_Joroo_Luus" title="Zuun Langiin Joroo Luus">Mongolia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915–24)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Internationale" title="Mongol Internationale">Mongolia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924–50)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awit_sa_Paglikha_ng_Bagong_Pilipinas" title="Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas">Philippines</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1942–45)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chom_Rat_Chong_Charoen" title="Chom Rat Chong Charoen">Siam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1852–71)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulan_Loi_Luean" title="Bulan Loi Luean">Siam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1871–88)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansoen_Phra_Barami" title="Sansoen Phra Barami">Siam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888—1932, now as royal salute)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriman_Gambhir" title="Shriman Gambhir">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchi_Bhumi" title="Vanchi Bhumi">Travancore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937–47)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_G%E1%BB%8Di_C%C3%B4ng_D%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiếng Gọi Công Dân">South Vietnam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948–75)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_mi%E1%BB%81n_Nam" title="Giải phóng miền Nam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969–76)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Islamic world</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Afghanistan_(1926-1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926-1943)">Afghanistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926–43)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="National anthem of the Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943–73)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="National anthem of the Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–78)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="National anthem of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–92)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Islam,_Heart_of_Asia" title="Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia">Afghanistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–96, 2002—06)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="National anthem of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–21)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salam_Affandina" title="Salam Affandina">Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1871–1922, 1936–1958)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslami_ya_Misr" title="Eslami ya Misr">Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–36)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walla_Zaman_Ya_Selahy" title="Walla Zaman Ya Selahy">Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–79)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey_Req%C3%AEb" title="Ey Reqîb">Republic of Mahabad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1829–1922</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Salute_(anthem)" title="Royal Salute (anthem)">Persia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salute_of_the_Sublime_State_of_Persia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salute of the Sublime State of Persia (page does not exist)">Persia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–33)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Iran</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–79)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Iran</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–80)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payandeh_Bada_Iran" title="Payandeh Bada Iran">Iran</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–90)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salam_al-Malaki" title="As-Salam al-Malaki">Iraq</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932–58)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawtini_(L._Zanbaka_song)" title="Mawtini (L. Zanbaka song)">Iraq</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958–1965, 2003–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walla_Zaman_Ya_Selahy" title="Walla Zaman Ya Selahy">Iraq</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–81)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardulfurataini_(national_anthem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardulfurataini (national anthem)">Iraq</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Kuwait" title="National Anthem of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951–78)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawtini_(Ibrahim_Tuqan_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawtini (Ibrahim Tuqan song)">Palestine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Qatar_(1954-1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Qatar (1954-1996)">Qatar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1954–96)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walla_Zaman_Ya_Selahy" title="Walla Zaman Ya Selahy">United Arab Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960–81)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation%27s_Will" title="A Nation's Will">North Yemen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1990)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hong_Kong361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template talk:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hong_Kong361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong" title="Index of articles related to Hong Kong">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Air pollution in Hong Kong">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong protests">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Health_Bureau" title="Food and Health Bureau">Food and Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of companies of Hong Kong">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Employment in Hong Kong">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport of Hong Kong">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of airlines of Hong Kong">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bus services in Hong Kong">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cycling in Hong Kong">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong#Ferries" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">List of roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rail transport in Hong Kong">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of Hong Kong">Taxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hong_Kong" title="Crime in Hong Kong">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prostitution in Hong Kong">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Architecture of Hong Kong">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Chau_Bun_Festival" title="Cheung Chau Bun Festival">Cheung Chau Bun Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Gambling in Hong Kong">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Hong_Kong" title="Graffiti in Hong Kong">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Heritage conservation in Hong Kong">Heritage conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Hong_Kong" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong">Honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Hong Kong">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Lion Rock Spirit">Lion Rock Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDull" title="McDull">McDull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of museums in Hong Kong">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai_jong" title="Ngai jong">Ngai jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Hong_Kong" title="Youth in Hong Kong">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Hong_Kong" title="Shopping in Hong Kong">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong" title="Television in Hong Kong">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJKV" class="mw-redirect" title="CJKV">CJKV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Macau823" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macau_topics" title="Template:Macau topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macau_topics" title="Template talk:Macau topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macau_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macau topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Macau823" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Macau</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest buildings and structures in Macau">Historic structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Elliot" title="Charles Elliot">Charles Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Ljungstedt" title="Anders Ljungstedt">Anders Ljungstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Macau" title="Governor of Macau">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Macau" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Macau">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Portuguese_Macau" title="Military of Portuguese Macau">Military of Portuguese Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Macau" title="Geography of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Geography</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Peninsula" title="Macau Peninsula">Macau Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotai" title="Cotai">Cotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Macau" title="University of Macau">UM Hengqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Macau" title="List of birds of Macau">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MO" title="ISO 3166-2:MO">Geocode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Macau">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Macau" title="Elections in Macau">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Macau" title="Foreign relations of Macau">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Macau#Gaming_law" title="Gambling in Macau">Gaming law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_independence" title="Macau independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Macau" title="Legal system of Macau">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Macau">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Council_of_Macau" title="Municipal Council of Macau">Municipal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipality of the Islands">Municipality of the Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Macau" title="List of political parties in Macau">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Question_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Government</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Administration_and_Justice_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Macau)">Administration and Justice</a></li> <li><a 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