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id="toc-Early_development_in_Shanghai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development_in_Shanghai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early development in Shanghai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development_in_Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development in Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Art festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Public funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowdfunding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowdfunding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Crowdfunding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowdfunding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Private funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jumping_the_shark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumping_the_shark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Jumping the shark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumping_the_shark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All_for_naught" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_for_naught"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>All for naught</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_for_naught-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operas_of_Deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operas_of_Deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operas of Deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operas_of_Deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performers_and_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performers_and_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Performers and roles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performers_and_roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performers and roles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performers_and_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Types of play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Sang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Daan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Zing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Cau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_Cantonese_Opera_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Cantonese_Opera_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Major Cantonese Opera artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_Cantonese_Opera_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Female_Leads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Female_Leads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The Female Leads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Female_Leads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_Vocal_Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_Vocal_Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Female Vocal Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_Vocal_Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Male_Leads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Male_Leads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>The Male Leads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Male_Leads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Male_Vocals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Male_Vocals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Great Male Vocals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Male_Vocals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_Super_Stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_Super_Stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Four Super Stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_Super_Stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_Super_Clowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_Super_Clowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Four Super Clowns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_Super_Clowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Visual elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Visual_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Visual elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Visual_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Makeup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Costumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hairstyle,_hats,_and_helmets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hairstyle,_hats,_and_helmets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Hairstyle, hats, and helmets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hairstyle,_hats,_and_helmets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aural_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aural_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aural elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aural_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aural elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aural_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speech_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Speech types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantonese opera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Cantonese opera" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton-Oper" title="Kanton-Oper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanton-Oper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_cantonais" title="Opéra cantonais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opéra cantonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Kanton" title="Opera Kanton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Opera Kanton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_cantonese" title="Opera cantonese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opera cantonese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonese_opera" title="Kantonese opera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kantonese opera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonesisk_opera" title="Kantonesisk opera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kantonesisk opera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_kanto%C5%84ska" title="Opera kantońska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opera kantońska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonilainen_ooppera" title="Kantonilainen ooppera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kantonilainen ooppera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantonopera" title="Kantonopera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kantonopera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кантонська опера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кантонська опера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B2" title="大戲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大戲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E5%8A%87" title="粵劇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="粵劇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Cantonese opera" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2708318#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese opera tradition originating in Guangdong province</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki 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title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cantonese_opera" title="Special:EditPage/Cantonese opera">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cantonese+opera%22">"Cantonese opera"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cantonese+opera%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cantonese+opera%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cantonese+opera%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cantonese+opera%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cantonese+opera%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Cantonese opera</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancouver_Cantonese_Opera_Extravaganza_22May2005_-_11_crop.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vancouver_Cantonese_Opera_Extravaganza_22May2005_-_11_crop.jpeg/220px-Vancouver_Cantonese_Opera_Extravaganza_22May2005_-_11_crop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vancouver_Cantonese_Opera_Extravaganza_22May2005_-_11_crop.jpeg/330px-Vancouver_Cantonese_Opera_Extravaganza_22May2005_-_11_crop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vancouver_Cantonese_Opera_Extravaganza_22May2005_-_11_crop.jpeg/440px-Vancouver_Cantonese_Opera_Extravaganza_22May2005_-_11_crop.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. 粵劇</li><li>2. 大戲</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. Yuèjù</li><li>2. dàxì</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. ㄩㄝˋ ㄐㄩˋ</li><li>ㄉㄚˋ ㄒㄧˋ</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. <span>Yüeh<sup>4</sup>-chü<sup>4</sup></span></li><li>2. <span>ta<sup>4</sup>-hsi<sup>4</sup></span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. Yuè-jyù</li><li>2. dà-sì</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɥê.tɕŷ]</a></span></li><li>2. <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tâ.ɕî]</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. Yuht kehk</li><li>2. daaih hei</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. jyut6 kek6</li><li>2. daai6 hei3</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. <span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jyt̚˨ kʰɛk̚˨]</a></span></li><li>2. <span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[taj˨ hej˧]</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonese_culture" title="Category:Cantonese culture">the series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture" title="Cantonese culture">Cantonese culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cantonese people in Hong Kong">Cantonese people in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Language</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_poetry" title="Cantonese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_architecture" title="Lingnan architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaolou" title="Diaolou">Diu lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_lau" title="Tong lau">Tong lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Tower" title="Canton Tower">Canton Tower</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Visual arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_ivory_carving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canton ivory carving (page does not exist)">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_jade_carving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canton jade carving (page does not exist)">Jade carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_woodcarving" title="Teochew woodcarving">Teochew woodcarving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_penjing" title="Lingnan penjing">Penjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_porcelain" title="Canton porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_furniture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantonese furniture (page does not exist)">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwan_ware" title="Shiwan ware">Sekwan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_School" title="Lingnan School">School of painting</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Performing arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_culture#Folk_songs" title="Cantonese culture">Folk songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamyam" title="Naamyam">Nam yum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Instrumental music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaohu" title="Gaohu">Gou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema of Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nanquan_(martial_art)" title="Nanquan (martial art)">Martial arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Ga" title="Hung Ga">Hung Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choy_gar" title="Choy gar">Choy gar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_Gar" title="Mok Gar">Mok Gar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choy_Li_Fut" title="Choy Li Fut">Choy Li Fut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chow_Gar" title="Chow Gar">Chow Gar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_sword" title="Butterfly sword">Butterfly sword</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leung cha">Leung cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_sui" title="Tong sui">Tong sui</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism" title="Lingnan Confucianism">Lingnan Confucianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Customs and traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Fair" title="Lunar New Year Fair">New Year flowermarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_dance#Chinese_Southern_Lion" title="Lion dance">Lion dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin_Lai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nin Lai">Nin Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_merchants" title="Cantonese merchants">Commercial traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pre-wedding_customs#Cantonese_traditions" title="Chinese pre-wedding customs">Pre-wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese wedding">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain_hitting" title="Villain hitting">Villain hitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_collecting" title="Bone collecting">Bone collecting</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Taoist deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin" title="Wong Tai Sin">Wong Tai Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Shing" title="Hung Shing">Hung Shing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Kung" title="Tam Kung">Tam Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_(god)" title="Xuanwu (god)">Yunmou</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_folktales" title="Cantonese folktales">Folktales</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Five_Goats" title="The Legend of Five Goats">The Legend of Five Goats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xian" title="Lady Xian">Lady Sin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Cultural symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombax_ceiba" title="Bombax ceiba">Red cotton flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Macau lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Cultural hubs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantonese_culture" title="Template:Cantonese culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cantonese_culture" title="Template talk:Cantonese culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cantonese_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cantonese culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cantonese opera</b> is one of the major categories in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a>, originating in southern China's <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> Province. It is popular in Guangdong, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> and among Chinese communities in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Like all versions of Chinese opera, it is a traditional Chinese art form, involving music, singing, <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a>, and acting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is debate about the origins of Cantonese opera, but it is generally accepted that opera was brought from the northern part of China and slowly migrated to the southern province of Guangdong in the late 13th century, during the late <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>. In the 12th century, there was a theatrical form called the <a href="/wiki/Nanxi_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanxi (Chinese opera)">Nanxi</a> or "Southern drama", which was performed in public theatres of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, then capital of the Southern Song. With the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> army, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gong of Song">Emperor Gong</a> of the Song dynasty fled with hundreds of thousands of Song people into Guangdong in 1276. Among them were Nanxi performers from <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, who brought Nanxi into Guangdong and helped develop the opera traditions in the south. </p><p>Many well-known operas performed today, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Di_N%C3%BC_Hua" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Nü Hua">Tai Nui Fa</a></i> originated in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> and <i>The Purple Hairpin</i> originated in the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>, with lyrics and scripts in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>. Until the 20th century all the female roles were performed by males. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_coloured_photo_of_a_Cantonese_Opera_Male_Dan_performer_as_Hau_Mulan_in_1927,_Hong_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hand_coloured_photo_of_a_Cantonese_Opera_Male_Dan_performer_as_Hau_Mulan_in_1927%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/220px-Hand_coloured_photo_of_a_Cantonese_Opera_Male_Dan_performer_as_Hau_Mulan_in_1927%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hand_coloured_photo_of_a_Cantonese_Opera_Male_Dan_performer_as_Hau_Mulan_in_1927%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/330px-Hand_coloured_photo_of_a_Cantonese_Opera_Male_Dan_performer_as_Hau_Mulan_in_1927%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hand_coloured_photo_of_a_Cantonese_Opera_Male_Dan_performer_as_Hau_Mulan_in_1927%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/440px-Hand_coloured_photo_of_a_Cantonese_Opera_Male_Dan_performer_as_Hau_Mulan_in_1927%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6094" data-file-height="8624" /></a><figcaption>Hand coloured photo of a Cantonese Opera Male Dan performer as Hau Mulan in 1927, Hong Kong</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development_in_Shanghai">Early development in Shanghai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development in Shanghai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1840s, a large number of Guangdong businessmen came to Shanghai for opportunities. They owned abundant resources, therefore, their influence in Shanghai has gradually increased (Song, 1994).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, various clansmen associations have been established to sponsor different cultural activities, Cantonese opera was one of them. From the 1920s to the 1930s, the development of Cantonese opera in Shanghai was very impressive (Chong, 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the department stores opened by the Cantonese businessmen in Shanghai had their Cantonese opera theater companies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Guangdong literati in Shanghai always put great effort into promotions of Guangdong opera. A newspaper recorded that "The Cantonese operas were frequently played at that time. And the actors who came to perform in Shanghai were very famous. Every time many Cantonese merchants made reservations for inviting their guests to enjoy the opera".(Cheng, 2007)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_Hong_Kong">Development in Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development in Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the <a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a> immigrants fled Shanghai to areas such as <a href="/wiki/North_Point" title="North Point">North Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wordie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wordie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their arrival significantly boosted the Cantonese opera fan-base. Also, the Chinese Government wanted to deliver the message of socialist revolution to Chinese people under colonial governance in <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agents of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Chinese government</a> founded newspaper platforms, such as Ta Kung Pao (<span lang="zh">大公報</span>) and Chang Cheung Hua Pao (<span lang="zh">長城畫報</span>) to promote Cantonese Opera to the Hong Kong audience. These new platforms were used to promote new Cantonese Opera releases. This helped to boost the popularity of Cantonese Opera among the Hong Kong audience. Gradually, Cantonese Opera became a part of daily entertainment activity in the colony. </p><p>The popularity of a Cantonese Opera continued to grow during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More theatres were established in Sheung Wan and Sai Wan, which became important entertainment districts. Later, performances began to be held in playgrounds, which provided more opportunities to develop Cantonese Opera in Hong Kong. As the variety of venues grew, so the variety of audiences became wider. However, Cantonese Opera began to decline as TV and cinema started to develop in the late 1960s. Compared to Cantonese Opera, cinema was cheaper and TV was more convenient. Subsequently, some theatres started to be repurposed as commercial or residential buildings. The resulting decline in available theatres further contributed to the decline of Cantonese Opera in the territory. </p><p>Since the demolition of <a href="/wiki/Lee_Theatre" title="Lee Theatre">Lee Theatre</a> and the closing down of many stages (Tai Ping Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Ko_Shing_Theatre" title="Ko Shing Theatre">Ko Shing Theatre</a>, Paladium Theatre, Astor Theatre or former Po Hing Theatre, Kai Tak Amusement Park and <a href="/wiki/Lai_Chi_Kok_Amusement_Park" title="Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park">Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park</a>) that were dedicated to Cantonese genre throughout the decades, Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Theatre" title="Sunbeam Theatre">Sunbeam Theatre</a> is one of the last facilities that is still standing to exhibit Cantonese Opera. </p><p>By the early 1980s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leung_Hon-wai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leung Hon-wai (page does not exist)">Leung Hon-wai</a> was one of the first in his generation of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Artists_Association_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese Artists Association of Hong Kong">Chinese Artists Association of Hong Kong</a> (hkbarwo) who gave classes and actively engaged in talent-hunting. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_Opera_Academy_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantonese Opera Academy of Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Cantonese Opera Academy of Hong Kong</a> classes started in 1980. </p><p>To intensify education in Cantonese opera, they started to run an evening part-time certificate course in Cantonese Opera training with assistance from <a href="/wiki/The_Hong_Kong_Academy_for_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts">The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts</a> in 1998. In 1999, the Association and the Academy further conducted a two-year daytime diploma programme in performing arts in Cantonese Opera in order to train professional actors and actresses. Aiming at further raising the students' level, the Association and the Academy launched an advanced course in Cantonese opera in the next academic year. </p><p>In recent years, the Hong Kong Arts Development Council has given grants to the Love and Faith Cantonese Opera Laboratory to conduct Cantonese opera classes for children and young people. The Leisure and Cultural Services Department has also funded the International Association of Theatre Critics (Hong Kong Branch) to implement the "Cultural Envoy Scheme for Cantonese Opera" for promoting traditional Chinese productions in the community. </p><p>Also, the Hong Kong Government planned to promote Cantonese Opera through different communication channels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wanted to build more theatres for the Hong Kong public to have more opportunities to enjoy Cantonese Opera. The scheme also arrived to develop professional talents in Cantonese Opera. Cantonese Opera became a part of the compulsory Music subject in primary school. For teachers, the Education Bureau provided some training and teaching materials related to Cantonese Opera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_festivals">Art festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first decade of the Hong Kong Arts Festivals and the Festivals of Asian Arts, Cantonese opera performances contributed by those representing the lion share of the market, (well-established troupes, well-known performers Lang Chi Bak as well as <a href="/wiki/Leung_Sing_Poh" title="Leung Sing Poh">Leung Sing Poh</a> in their golden years or prominent performers in their prime) are:- </p><p>Fung Wong-nui (1925–1992) </p> <dl><dd>1974, 2nd Hong Kong Arts Festival (self-financing 3 titles) <dl><dd>《薛平貴》<i>Xue Pinggui</i></dd> <dd>《胡不歸》<i>Time To Go Home</i></dd> <dd>《貍貓換太⼦》<i>Substituting a Racoon for the Prince</i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>1979, 7th Hong Kong Arts Festival*</dd> <dd>1980, 8th Hong Kong Arts Festival</dd></dl> <p>Lam Kar Sing<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1933–2015), bearer of the tradition handed down by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit_Gok_Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sit Gok Sin (page does not exist)">Sit Gok Sin</a> and owner of name brand/tradition (personal art over lucrative "for hire" careers in films or on stage) as well as volunteer tutor to two (<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1987, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) students<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> handpicked right out of training schools </p> <dl><dd>1976, 1st Festival of Asian Arts</dd> <dd>1977, 2nd Festival of Asian Arts <dl><dd>《雙槍陸文龍》<i>Lu Wen-long</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>《紅樓寶黛》 <i><a href="/wiki/Jia_Baoyu" title="Jia Baoyu">Bao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lin_Daiyu" title="Lin Daiyu">Dai</a> of Red Chamber</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd> <dd>1978, 6th Hong Kong Arts Festival* <dl><dd>《梁祝恨史》<i><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Lovers" title="Butterfly Lovers">Butterfly Lovers</a></i> <dl><dd>Yam-Fong title</dd> <dd>For two decades a regular if opposite Lee Bo-ying</dd> <dd>Loong Kim Sang lost the only compatible co-star for this title in 1976</dd> <dd>One of many traceable artistic interpretations of same legend</dd> <dd>Lam forged his own (still opposite Lee Bo-ying) in November 1987 and made that the contemporary prevailing version</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>1978, 3rd Festival of Asian Arts</dd> <dd>1980, 5th Festival of Asian Arts</dd> <dd>1982, 7th Festival of Asian Arts</dd> <dd>1984, Chinese Opera Fortnight (<span lang="zh">中國戲曲匯演</span>) <dl><dd>《胡不歸》<i>Time To Go Home</i> – the contemporary prevailing version<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>《雷鳴金鼓戰笳聲》<i>The Sounds of Battle</i></dd> <dd>《三夕恩情廿載仇》<i>Romance and Hatred</i></dd> <dd>《無情寶劍有情天》<i>Merciless Sword Under Merciful Heaven</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Last time both <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lang_Chi_Bak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lang Chi Bak (page does not exist)">Lang Chi Bak</a> (1904－1992)and <a href="/wiki/Leung_Sing_Poh" title="Leung Sing Poh">Leung Sing Poh</a> performed was in 1979.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Loong_Kim_Sang" title="Loong Kim Sang">Loong Kim Sang</a> </p> <dl><dd>1983, 8th Festival of Asian Arts</dd> <dd>1984, 9th Festival of Asian Arts <dl><dd>《帝女花》<i><a href="/wiki/Di_N%C3%BC_Hua" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Nü Hua">Di Nü Hua</a></i></dd> <dd>《紫釵記》<i>The Purple Hairpin</i></dd> <dd>《紅樓夢》<i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_Red_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream of Red Chamber">Dream of Red Chamber</a></i> <dl><dd>40 years since Yam's best known role and title (opposite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Yim_Nung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Yim Nung (page does not exist)">Chan Yim Nung</a>) in 1944</dd> <dd>New script debuted in November 1983</dd> <dd>Contemporary prevailing version</dd></dl></dd> <dd>《花田八喜》<i>Mistake at the Flower Festival</i></dd> <dd>《再世紅梅記》<i>The Reincarnation of a Beauty</i></dd> <dd>《牡丹亭驚夢》<i>The Peony Pavilion</i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>1985, 10th Festival of Asian Arts</dd></dl> <p>Obscure groups of experimental nature, let alone those late boomers without market value, were not on the map or in the mind of those organizing these events. That changed since the 40 something Leung Hon-wai found his way to the stepping stone or launching pad he desired for pet projects of various nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_funding">Public funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as mostly incomprehensible, see talk page.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cantonese_opera" title="Talk:Cantonese opera">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To continue the tradition by passing on what elders and veterans inherited from former generations and to improve sustainability with new and original music, lyrics and scripts. </p> <ul><li>Cantonese Opera Development Fund<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Arts_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Arts Development Council">Hong Kong Arts Development Council</a>, Grants<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Heritage is as abstract a concept as traditions is while monetary support is real. However, elders are not <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudspersons</a> in any sense and they take public funds for their own reasons. That is, they are knee deep in commercial performances even as a member of the above organizations. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Juren" title="Juren">juren</a> a century ago can be an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">adjunct associate professor</a> now in Hong Kong. How business was conducted in a community by a juren was illustrated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Sze_Tsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Sze Tsang (page does not exist)">Ma Sze Tsang</a> in a film called the <i>Big Thunderstorm (1954)</i>. </p><p>Trend-setting figure, Leung Hon-wai, talked on camera about his doctrine related to new titles he wrote and monetary backings from the various Hong Kong authorities. That is, <i>art festivals</i> provided him financial means, identity, advertising resources and opportunities not otherwise available. Curious audience makes good box-office for the only 2–3 shows of a single new title. In addition, he only paid 50% to collect the new costumes in his possession for future performances of different titles. </p><p>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit_Kok_Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sit Kok Sin (page does not exist)">Sit Kok Sin</a> classic fetched HK$105,200 plus in 2015. The parents who had over 100 years of experience combined found sharing the stage with their son as not feasible without subsidies for Golden Will Chinese Opera Association and Wan Fai-yin, Christina. </p><p><i>Time To Go Home</i> is different from those Leung debuted at arts festivals since:- </p> <ol><li>This 1939 Sit classic has been a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> for new performers to become prominent male leads.</li> <li>It only involves minimum costumes, props and crew size.</li> <li>It is popular as afternoon fillers by third tier performers in bamboo theaters.</li></ol> <p>In 2019, Yuen Siu Fai talked on radio that he found the readily available funding made beneficiaries financially irresponsible, unlike himself and others who put their own money where their mouths were. Yuen, who works regularly for troupes with secure public funding, did not draw a link between his two roles. </p><p>Contrary to Africa, the <i>entire village</i> is responsible for raising the children of a certain crowd only. Both political and social <i><a href="/wiki/Guanxi" title="Guanxi">guanxi</a></i> is making or breaking the future of up-and-coming performers in the same way as whether <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bak_Yuk_Tong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bak Yuk Tong (page does not exist)">Bak Yuk Tong</a> is remembered as one of the Four Super Stars or not. According to Yuen, Bak is anti-communist and therefore his status is different in Mainland China (PRC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowdfunding"><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crowdfunding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_funding">Private funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Private funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Art of Fong Yim-fun Sustainability Project, Shaw College, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">CUHK</a>. <br />In August 2014, the Fong Yim Fun Art Gallery was formally opened.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yim_Fun_Fong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yim Fun Fong">Dr. Yang Leung Yin-fong Katie</a>, the Honorary Life Chairman, donated one of her properties to be the permanent office of the Chinese Artists Association of Hong Kong to provide residences for aged musicians.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jumping_the_shark"><a href="/wiki/Jumping_the_shark" title="Jumping the shark">Jumping the shark</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jumping the shark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuen_Siu_Fai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuen Siu Fai (page does not exist)">Yuen Siu Fai</a> said that old performers are to stay front and center on stage as long as they want to take center stage instead of sharing, let alone ceding, the limelight to the next or even younger generations. Yuen insists that performers without <a href="/wiki/Periorbital_dark_circles#Age" title="Periorbital dark circles">bags under their eyes</a> could not be any good. </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Law_Kar_Ying" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Kar Ying">Law Kar Ying</a> said <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Kam_Tong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Kam Tong (page does not exist)">Chan Kam Tong</a> had already <i>jumped the shark</i> in the mid-1950s, more than ten years before Chan actually left the stage or more than 60 years for it to be confirmed to the public. The (Yuen, Law and others) generation with bags under their eyes picked up where Leung left off. By such, these old performers are upholding the Chan tradition and making up records along the way. However, the Chan <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> of masters needed no directors. </p><p>Two performers Chan worked with closely, who definitely left the stage at will with dignity, are <a href="/wiki/Yam_Kim_Fai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yam Kim Fai">Yam Kim Fai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yim_Fun_Fong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yim Fun Fong">Fong Yim Fun</a>. They both openly rebuked (in 1969 and in 1987 respectively in no harsher way than what <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lam_Kar_Sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lam Kar Sing (page does not exist)">Lam Kar Sing</a> and his wife did in 1983) individual off-springs who were under their wings briefly but officially. The popularity of Yam-Fong in Hong Kong continues to thrive notwithstanding their apparent lack of official successors as Loong Kim Sang and Lee Bo Ying picked up where they left off. </p><p>Cantonese opera in Hong Kong rocketed around 1985/86, according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jian,_born_Lai_Po_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Jian, born Lai Po Yu (page does not exist)">Li Jian, born Lai Po Yu</a>, (<span lang="zh-Hant">黎鍵，原名黎保裕</span>), an observer. <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a> successors to master performers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Bo_Ying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Bo Ying (page does not exist)">Lee Bo Ying</a>, Lam Kar Sing, and <a href="/wiki/Loong_Kim_Sang" title="Loong Kim Sang">Loong Kim Sang</a> all left the stage in or before 1993, last watershed moment of Cantonese opera for Hong Kong and beyond in the 20th century. The consequences are also significant and long lasting. Unlike Fong and Loong, Yam and Lee never returned. </p><p>For the rest of her life, Yam didn't even take the bow at curtain calls although she was in the audience on most days that Loong's troupe performed in Hong Kong. Comfortable enough around Yam, Yuen called Yam lazy because she did not comment on some cake served backstage in those days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_for_naught">All for naught</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: All for naught"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local <a href="/wiki/Teochew_opera" title="Teochew opera">Teochew opera</a> troupes lost their ground regarding live-on-stage <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> opera performances when the business environment was destroyed. Since then, the Teochew category disappeared in Hong Kong. </p><p>Chan Kim-seng, the former chairperson of Chinese Artists Association of Hong Kong, saw similar threats towards Cantonese opera and fought <i>tooth and nail</i> for job security of members. Chan, Representative Inheritor of Cantonese opera in the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, passed away on 19 August 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantonese opera shares many common characteristics with other Chinese theatre genres. Commentators often take pride in the idea that all Chinese theatre styles are similar but with minor variations on the pan-Chinese music-theatre tradition and the basic features or principles are consistent from one local performance form to another. Thus, music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting are all featured in Cantonese opera. Most of the plots are based on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese history</a> and famous <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Chinese classics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">myths</a>. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">philosophies</a> of the Chinese people can be seen in the plays. Virtues (like loyalty, love, patriotism and faithfulness) are often reflected by the operas. </p><p>Some particular features of Cantonese opera are: </p> <ol><li>Cing sik sing (程式性; <i>Jyutping</i>: cing<sup>4</sup> sik<sup>1</sup> sing<sup>3</sup>) – formulaic, formalised.</li> <li>Heoi ji sing (虛擬性; <i>Jyutping</i>: heoi<sup>1</sup> ji<sup>5</sup> sing<sup>3</sup>) – abstraction of reality, distancing from reality.</li> <li>Sin ming sing (鮮明性; <i>Jyutping</i>: sin<sup>1</sup> ming<sup>4</sup> sing<sup>3</sup>) – clear-cut, distinct, unambiguous, well-defined.</li> <li>Zung hap ngai seot jing sik (綜合藝術形式; <i>Jyutping</i>: zung<sup>3</sup> hap<sup>6</sup> ngai<sup>6</sup> seot<sup>6</sup> jing<sup>4</sup> sik<sup>1</sup>) – a composite or synthetic art form.</li> <li>Sei gung ng faat (四功五法; <i>Pinyin</i>: sì gōng wǔ fǎ, <i>Jyutping</i>: sei<sup>3</sup> gung<sup>1</sup> ng<sup>5</sup> faat<sup>3</sup>) – the four skills and the five methods.</li></ol> <p>The <i>four skills</i> and <i>five methods</i> are a simple codification of training areas that theatre performers must master and a metaphor for the most well-rounded and thoroughly-trained performers. The <i>four skills</i> apply to the whole spectrum of vocal and dramatic training: singing, acting/movements, speech delivery, and martial/gymnastic skills; while the <i>five methods</i> are categories of techniques associated with specific body parts: hands, eyes, body, hair, and feet/walking techniques. </p><p>The acting, acrobat, music and singing, live on stage, are well known as essential characteristics of <i>live</i> performances in theaters. Recordings did not replace the human voice backstage behind prop only when choir members were actually introduced to the audience at curtain call. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantonese_Opera_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cantonese_Opera_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-Cantonese_Opera_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cantonese_Opera_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-Cantonese_Opera_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cantonese_Opera_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-Cantonese_Opera_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Cantonese Opera Art Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Before widespread formal education, Cantonese opera taught morals and messages to its audiences rather than being solely entertainment. The government used theatre to promote the idea of <i>be loyal to the emperor and love the country</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忠君愛國</span></span>). Thus, the government examined the theatre frequently and would ban any theatre if a harmful message was conveyed or considered. The research conducted by Lo showed that Cantonese Operatic Singing also relates older people to a sense of collectivism, thereby contributing to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships and promoting successful ageing. (Lo, 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young people construct the rituals of learning Cantonese opera as an important context for their personal development.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operas_of_Deities">Operas of Deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Operas of Deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantonese opera is a kind of Operas of Deities. Operas for Deities are often performed in celebration of folk festivals, birthdays of deities, establishments or renovations of altars and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A community organises a performance of opera, which is used to celebrate the birth of the gods or to cooperate with the martial arts activities, such as "Entertaining People and Entertaining God" and "God and People". These performances can be called " Operas for Deities ". This king of acting originated from the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. It was also called the sacred drama in the performance of God's birthday. It is a meritorious deed for God.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the study, most of the Cantonese operas in Hong Kong belong to the Operas for Deities, and the nature of the preparations of the "God Circus" can be broadly divided into three categories: the celebration of the gods, the Hungry Ghost Festival, the Taiping Qing Dynasty, the temple opening and the traditional festival celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s−1970s, the Chinese opera was at a low ebb. However, due to the support of Opera for Deities, some of the troupes can be continue to perform. In the 1990s, the total performance rate of Operas for Deities has been reduced from two-thirds to two-fifths in the 1980s, there is no such thing as a performance in the Cantonese opera industry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performers_and_roles">Performers and roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Performers and roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_play">Types of play</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Types of play"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of Cantonese opera plays: <i>Mou</i> (武, "martial arts") and <i>Man</i> (文, "highly educated", esp. in poetry and culture). <i>Mou</i> plays emphasize war, the characters usually being generals or warriors. These works contain action scenes and involve a lot of weaponry and armour. <i>Man</i> plays tend to be gentler and more elegant. Scholars are the main characters in these plays. <a href="/wiki/Water_sleeves" title="Water sleeves">Water sleeves</a> are used extensively in <i>man</i> plays to produce movements reflecting the elegance and tenderness of the characters; all female characters wear them. In <i>man</i> plays, characters put a lot of effort into creating distinctive facial expressions and gestures to express their underlying emotions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four types of roles: Sang (<a href="/wiki/Sheng_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheng (Chinese opera)">Sheng</a>), Daan (<a href="/wiki/Dan_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan (Chinese opera)">Dan</a>), Zing (<a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing (Chinese opera)">Jing</a>), and Cau (<a href="/wiki/Chou_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chou (Chinese opera)">Chou</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sang">Sang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:生">生</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sheng_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheng (Chinese opera)">Sheng</a>) are male roles. As in other Chinese operas, there are different types of male roles, such as: </p> <ul><li>Siu<sup>2</sup> Sang<sup>1</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小生</span></span>) – Literally, <i>young gentleman</i>, this role is known as a young scholar.</li> <li>Mou<sup>5</sup> Sang<sup>1</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">武生</span></span>) – Male warrior role.</li> <li>Siu<sup>2</sup> Mou<sup>5</sup> Sang<sup>1</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小武生</span></span>) – Young Warrior (usually not lead actor but a more acrobatic role).</li> <li>Man<sup>4</sup> Mou<sup>5</sup> Sang<sup>1</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文武生</span></span>) – Literally, <i>civilized martial man</i>, this role is known as a clean-shaven scholar-warrior. Actresses for close to a century, of three generations and with huge successes worldwide, usually perform this male role are <a href="/wiki/Yam_Kim_Fai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yam Kim Fai">Yam Kim Fai</a> (mentor and first generation), <a href="/wiki/Loong_Kim_Sang" title="Loong Kim Sang">Loong Kim Sang</a> (protégée and second generation), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koi_Ming_Fai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koi Ming Fai (page does not exist)">Koi Ming Fai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lau_Wai_Ming" title="Lau Wai Ming">Lau Wai Ming</a> (the two youngest listed below both by age and by experience).</li> <li>Lou<sup>5</sup> Sang<sup>1</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">老生</span></span>) – Old man role.</li> <li>Sou<sup>1</sup> Sang<sup>1</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鬚生</span></span>) – Bearded role</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daan">Daan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Daan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Daan (旦; <a href="/wiki/Dan_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan (Chinese opera)">Dan</a>) are female roles. The different forms of female characters are: </p> <ul><li>Faa<sup>1</sup> Daan<sup>2</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">花旦</span></span>) – Literally '<i>flower' of the ball</i>, this role is known as a young belle.</li> <li>Ji<sup>6</sup> Faa<sup>1</sup> Daan<sup>2</sup> (二花旦) – Literally, <i>second flower</i>, this role is known as a supporting female.</li> <li>Mou<sup>5</sup> Daan<sup>2</sup> (武旦) – Female warrior role.</li> <li>Dou<sup>1</sup> Maa<sup>5</sup> Daan<sup>2</sup> (刀馬旦) – Young woman warrior role.</li> <li>Gwai<sup>1</sup> Mun<sup>4</sup> Daan<sup>2</sup> (閨門旦) – Virtuous lady role.</li> <li>Lou<sup>5</sup> Daan<sup>2</sup> (老旦) – Old woman role.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zing">Zing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Zing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zing (淨; <a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing (Chinese opera)">Jing</a>) are known for painted-faces. They are often male characters such as heroes, generals, villains, gods, or demons. Painted-faces are usually: </p> <ul><li>Man<sup>4</sup> Zing<sup>2</sup> (文淨) – Painted-face character that emphasizes singing.</li> <li>Mou<sup>5</sup> Zing<sup>2</sup> (武淨) – Painted-face character that emphasizes martial arts.</li></ul> <p>Some characters with painted-faces are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fei" title="Zhang Fei">Zhang Fei</a> (張飛; Zœng<sup>1</sup> Fei<sup>1</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Wei_Yan" title="Wei Yan">Wei Yan</a> (魏延; Ngai<sup>6</sup> Jin<sup>4</sup>) from <i>Three Humiliations of Zhou Yu</i> (三氣周瑜; Saam<sup>1</sup> Hei<sup>3</sup> Zau<sup>1</sup> Jyu<sup>4</sup>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> (項羽; Hong<sup>6</sup> Jyu<sup>5</sup>) from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hegemon-King_Bids_His_Concubine_Farewell" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hegemon-King Bids His Concubine Farewell">The Hegemon-King Bids His Concubine Farewell</a></i> (霸王別姬; Baa<sup>3</sup> Wong<sup>4</sup> Bit<sup>6</sup> Gei<sup>1</sup>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wukong" title="Sun Wukong">Sun Wukong</a> (孫悟空; Syun<sup>1</sup> Ng<sup>6</sup> Hung<sup>1</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Sha_Wujing" title="Sha Wujing">Sha Wujing</a> (沙悟凈; Saa<sup>1</sup> Ng<sup>6</sup> Zing<sup>6</sup>) from <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> (西遊記; Sai<sup>1</sup> Jau<sup>4</sup> Gei<sup>3</sup>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cau">Cau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cau (丑; <a href="/wiki/Chou_(Chinese_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chou (Chinese opera)">Chou</a>) are clownish figures. Some examples are: </p> <ul><li>Cau<sup>2</sup> Sang<sup>1</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丑生</span></span>) – Male clown.</li> <li>Cau<sup>2</sup> Daan<sup>2</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丑旦</span></span>) – Female clown.</li> <li>Man<sup>4</sup> Cau<sup>2</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文丑</span></span>) – Clownish civilized male.</li> <li>Coi<sup>2</sup> Daan<sup>2</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彩旦</span></span>) – Older female clown.</li> <li>Mou<sup>5</sup> Cau<sup>2</sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">武丑</span></span>) – Acrobatic comedic role.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_Cantonese_Opera_artists">Major Cantonese Opera artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Major Cantonese Opera artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major Cantonese Opera (Stage) Career Artists<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bak_Sheut_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bak Sheut Sin">Bak Sheut Sin</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">白雪仙</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wong_Chin_Sui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wong Chin Sui (page does not exist)">Wong Chin Sui</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">黃千歲</span> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=139&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mak_Bing-wing" title="Mak Bing-wing">Mak Bing-wing</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">麥炳榮</span> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ma_Sze_Tsang" title="Sun Ma Sze Tsang">Sun Ma Sze Tsang</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">新馬師曾</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Tak_Hing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwan Tak Hing">Kwan Tak Hing</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">關德興</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luo_Pinchao" title="Luo Pinchao">Luo Pinchao</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">羅品超</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Kam-Tong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Kam-Tong (page does not exist)">Chan Kam-Tong</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">陳錦棠(武狀元)</span> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bing-yee_Yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing-yee Yam">Yam Bing-yee</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">任冰兒<sup id="cite_ref-YAM_Bing-yee_document_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YAM_Bing-yee_document-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(二幫王)</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Heung_Kam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Heung Kam">Lee Heung Kam</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">李香琴</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lam_Kar_Sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lam Kar Sing (page does not exist)">Lam Kar Sing</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">林家聲(薛腔)</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-lamkarsing_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamkarsing-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_Fei_Fan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ho Fei Fan (page does not exist)">Ho Fei Fan</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">何非凡(凡腔)</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_Bik-wan" title="Tang Bik-wan">Tang Bik-wan</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">鄧碧雲(萬能旦后)</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leung_Sing_Poh" title="Leung Sing Poh">Leung Sing Poh</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">梁醒波(丑生王)</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lang_Chi_Bak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lang Chi Bak (page does not exist)">Lang Chi Bak</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">靚次伯(武生王)</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lan-Hing_Tam" title="Lan-Hing Tam">Tam Lan-Hing</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">譚蘭卿(丑旦)</span> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au_Yeung_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Au Yeung Kim (page does not exist)">Au Yeung Kim</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">歐陽儉</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kai_Tak_Amusement_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kai Tak Amusement Park (page does not exist)">Kai Tak Amusement Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E5%BE%B7%E9%81%8A%E6%A8%82%E5%A0%B4" class="extiw" title="zh:啟德遊樂場">zh</a>]</span> nurtured generation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Political-economic crisis led to overall very hard time for Cantonese Opera in Hong Kong. Early 1960s, a sole proprietor in private sector built and operated this facility to provide performance venue, similar (in purpose) to the current <a href="/wiki/Yau_Ma_Tei_Theatre" title="Yau Ma Tei Theatre">Yau Ma Tei Theatre</a>, in which upcoming artists could attain stage experience. Volunteers who managed this Amusement Park Theatre were veteran performer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Kam_Tong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Kam Tong (page does not exist)">Chan Kam Tong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E9%8C%A6%E6%A3%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:陳錦棠">zh</a>]</span> with his wife and others. Work opportunities and incomes nurtured these young promising performers for years. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_Chin_Sui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man Chin Sui (page does not exist)">Man Chin Sui</a>* </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">文千歲</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuen_Siu_Fai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuen Siu Fai (page does not exist)">Yuen Siu Fai</a>* </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">阮兆輝</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wong_Chiu_Kwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wong Chiu Kwan (page does not exist)">Wong Chiu Kwan</a>* </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">王超群</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Fei_Yin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Fei Yin (page does not exist)">Yan Fei Yin</a>* </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">尹飛燕</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ng_May_Ying" title="Ng May Ying">Ng May Ying</a>* </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">吴美英</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nan_Feng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nan Feng (page does not exist)">Nan Feng</a>* </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">南凤</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Law_Kar-ying" title="Law Kar-ying">Law Kar-ying</a>* </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">羅家英</span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leung_Hon-wai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leung Hon-wai (page does not exist)">Leung Hon-wai</a>* </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">梁漢威</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Female_Leads">The Female Leads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Female Leads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of female Cantonese opera performers who are known for female leads (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">文武全才旦后</span>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Actress Name </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wong-Nui_Fung" title="Wong-Nui Fung">Fung Wong-Nui</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">鳳凰女</span></td> <td>Started performing Cantonese opera at age 13.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iconic_Heroines-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yim-hing_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Yim-hing Law">Law Yim-hing</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">羅艷卿</span></td> <td>Started training on Cantonese opera at age 10.<sup id="cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iconic_Heroines-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lai-Zhen_Yu" title="Lai-Zhen Yu">Yu Lai-Zhen</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">余麗珍</span></td> <td>Started performing Cantonese opera at age 16. <p><sup id="cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iconic_Heroines-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=1342&display_set=eng">hkmdb</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwun-Lai_Ng" title="Kwun-Lai Ng">Ng Kwun Lai</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">吳君麗</span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iconic_Heroines-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ngkwunlai_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngkwunlai-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ho-Kau_Chan" title="Ho-Kau Chan">Chan Ho-Kau</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">陳好逑</span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iconic_Heroines-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Yim_Nung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Yim Nung (page does not exist)">Chan Yim Nung</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">陳艷儂</span></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-1488hkmdb_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1488hkmdb-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1932silent_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1932silent-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_Vocal_Styles">Female Vocal Styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Female Vocal Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of female Cantonese opera performers who are known for her own female vocal styles (<span lang="zh-Hant">著名旦腔</span>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Actress Name </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheung_Hoi-Mui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheung Hoi-Mui (page does not exist)">Sheung Hoi-Mui</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">上海妹(妹腔)</span></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=189&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Suet-Fong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Suet-Fong (page does not exist)">Lee Suet-Fong</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">李雪芳(祭塔腔)</span></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=263&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a> <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hung_Sin_Nui" title="Hung Sin Nui">Hung Sin Nui</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">紅線女(紅腔)</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yim_Fun_Fong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yim Fun Fong">Fong Yim Fun</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">芳艷芬(芳腔)</span></td> <td>Fong-style or the Fong tone.<sup id="cite_ref-avenueofstars_fong_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avenueofstars_fong-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=1742&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bo-Ying_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Bo-Ying Lee">Lee Bo-Ying</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">李寶瑩(芳腔)</span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=2261&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Male_Leads">The Male Leads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Male Leads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of female Cantonese opera performers who are known worldwide for singing and performing as male leads. They each has or had spent decades on stage, managed own troupe and established own repertoire as career performers.(<span lang="zh-Hant">著名女文武生</span>): <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Actress Name </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yam_Kim_Fai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yam Kim Fai">Yam Kim Fai</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">任劍輝(任腔)</span></td> <td>Last on stage in 1969.(40 years) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loong_Kim_Sang" title="Loong Kim Sang">Loong Kim Sang</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">龍劍笙(任腔)</span></td> <td>First time on stage in 1961.(60 years) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koi_Ming_Fai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koi Ming Fai (page does not exist)">Koi Ming Fai</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">蓋鳴暉</span></td> <td>Finished training in 1980s. (30 years) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lau_Wai_Ming" title="Lau Wai Ming">Lau Wai Ming</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">劉惠鳴</span></td> <td>Finished training in 1980s. (30 years) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cecelia_Lee_Fung-Sing" title="Cecelia Lee Fung-Sing">Cecelia Lee Fung-Sing</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">李鳳聲</span></td> <td><i> Not notable</i><sup id="cite_ref-lcsd_lee2016_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcsd_lee2016-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-info_lee2016oct_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-info_lee2016oct-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hkmdb_lee_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkmdb_lee-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Male_Vocals">Great Male Vocals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Great Male Vocals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of female Cantonese opera singers who are known as Four Great Male Vocals (<span lang="zh-Hant">平喉四大天王</span>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Actress Name </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuih_Lau_Seen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuih Lau Seen (page does not exist)">Tsuih Lau Seen</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">徐柳仙(仙腔)</span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-nuiling_or_female_singers_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuiling_or_female_singers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=307&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siu_Meng_Sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siu Meng Sing (page does not exist)">Siu Meng Sing</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">小明星(星腔)</span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-nuiling_or_female_singers_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuiling_or_female_singers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=1233&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheung_Yuet_Yee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheung Yuet Yee (page does not exist)">Cheung Yuet Yee</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">張月兒</span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-nuiling_or_female_singers_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuiling_or_female_singers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=138&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheung_Waih_Fong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheung Waih Fong (page does not exist)">Cheung Waih Fong</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">張惠芳</span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-nuiling_or_female_singers_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuiling_or_female_singers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_Super_Stars">Four Super Stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Four Super Stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of male Cantonese opera performers who are known as Four Super Stars (<span lang="zh-Hant">四大天王</span>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Actor Name </th> <th>Chinese </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit_Gok_Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sit Gok Sin (page does not exist)">Sit Gok Sin</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">薛覺先(薛腔)</span><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Sze_Tsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Sze Tsang (page does not exist)">Ma Sze Tsang</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">馬師曾</span><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwai_Ming_Yeung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwai Ming Yeung (page does not exist)">Kwai Ming Yeung</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">桂名揚</span><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bak_Yuk_Tong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bak Yuk Tong (page does not exist)">Bak Yuk Tong</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">白玉堂</span><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_Super_Clowns">Four Super Clowns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Four Super Clowns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of male Cantonese opera performers who are known as Four Super Clowns (Cau) (<span lang="zh-Hant">四大名丑</span>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Actor Name </th> <th>Chinese </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boon_Yat_On&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boon Yat On (page does not exist)">Boon Yat On</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">半日安</span><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hoi-Chuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Hoi-Chuen">Lee Hoi-Chuen</a> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">李海泉</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Hap_Wai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Hap Wai (page does not exist)">Liu Hap Wai</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">廖俠懷</span><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye_Funuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ye Funuo (page does not exist)">Ye Funuo</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hant">葉弗弱</span><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_FongYimFun_in_Singapore_1953_60326.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HK_FongYimFun_in_Singapore_1953_60326.jpg/300px-HK_FongYimFun_in_Singapore_1953_60326.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HK_FongYimFun_in_Singapore_1953_60326.jpg/450px-HK_FongYimFun_in_Singapore_1953_60326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HK_FongYimFun_in_Singapore_1953_60326.jpg/600px-HK_FongYimFun_in_Singapore_1953_60326.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Fong Yim Fun performing outside the realm of Cantonese opera in 1953</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_elements">Visual elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Visual elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makeup">Makeup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female-general.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Female-general.jpg/170px-Female-general.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Female-general.jpg/255px-Female-general.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Female-general.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A female general</figcaption></figure> <p>Applying <a href="/wiki/Makeup" class="mw-redirect" title="Makeup">makeup</a> for Cantonese opera is a long and specialized process. One of the most common styles is the "white and red face": an application of white foundation and a red color around the eyes that fades down to the bottom of cheeks. The eyebrows are black and sometimes elongated. Usually, female characters have thinner eyebrows than males. There is black makeup around the eyes with a shape similar to the eyes of a Chinese phoenix (鳳眼; fung<sup>6</sup> ngaan<sup>5</sup>). <a href="/wiki/Lipstick" title="Lipstick">Lipstick</a> is usually bright red (口唇膏; hau<sup>2</sup> seon<sup>4</sup> gou<sup>1</sup>). </p><p>A female-role actress is in the processes of applying her markup: spreading a creamy. foundation on her cheeks and forehead; putting blusher on her cheeks, eyelids and both sides of the nose; darling her eyebrows and drawing eye-lines and eye-shadows; pasting hairpieces around her face to create an oval-shaped look; lipstick has been put on prior to this; placing hairpins on the hairpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actors are given temporary facelifts by holding the skin up with a ribbon on the back of the head. This lifts the corners of the eyes, producing an authoritative look. </p><p>Each role has its own style of make-up: the clown has a large white spot in the middle of his face, for example. A sick character has a thin red line pointing upwards in between his eyebrows. Aggressive and frustrated character roles often have an arrow shape fading into the forehead in between the eyebrows (英雄脂; jing<sup>1</sup> hung<sup>4</sup> zi<sup>1</sup>). </p><p>Strong male characters wear "open face" (開面; hoi<sup>1</sup> min<sup>4</sup>) makeup. Each character's makeup has its own distinct characteristics, with symbolic patterns and coloration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costumes">Costumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Costumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Chinese_Music_YamPak_Exhibition_60326.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/HK_Chinese_Music_YamPak_Exhibition_60326.jpg/250px-HK_Chinese_Music_YamPak_Exhibition_60326.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/HK_Chinese_Music_YamPak_Exhibition_60326.jpg/375px-HK_Chinese_Music_YamPak_Exhibition_60326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/HK_Chinese_Music_YamPak_Exhibition_60326.jpg/500px-HK_Chinese_Music_YamPak_Exhibition_60326.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An exhibition displaying opera costumes</figcaption></figure> <p>Costumes correspond to the theme of the play and indicate the character being portrayed. Costumes also indicate the status of the characters. Lower-status characters, such as females, wear less elaborate dresses, while those of higher rank have more decorative costumes. </p><p>Prominent performers (<span lang="zh-Hant">大老倌</span>) listed above, playing the six main characters (generally a combination of 2 Sang, 2 Daan, Zing, and Cau), are usually supposed to pay for their own costumes. Over time, these performers would reinvest their income into their wardrobe which would give an indication of their success. A performer's wardrobe would be either sold or passed on to another performer upon retirement. </p><p>To career performers, sequin costumes are essential for festive performances at various "Bamboo Theatres" (<span lang="zh-Hant">神功戲</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These costumes, passed from generation to generation of career performers, are priceless according to some art collectors. With time, the materials used for the costumes changed. From the 1950s to the 1960s, sequins were the most prevalent material used for designing the costumes. Nowadays, designers tends to use <a href="/wiki/Rhinestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinestones">rhinestones</a> or foil fabric (<span lang="zh-Hant">閃布</span>). Compared to sequins, rhinestones and foil fabric are lighter. However, many older generation performers continue to use sequins and they regard them as more eye-catching on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the costumes in Cantonese Opera come from traditional design. Since costume design is largely taught through <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a>, costume design remains largely constant. Some designers are taught the skill from family members, inheriting a particular style.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Yam_Kim_Fai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yam Kim Fai">Yam Kim Fai</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Loong_Kim_Sang" title="Loong Kim Sang">Loong Kim Sang</a>, her <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Protégée">protégée</a>, the complete set of sequin costumes needed for career debut leading her own commercial performance at <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> Bamboo Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some costumes from famous performers, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lam_Kar_Sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lam Kar Sing (page does not exist)">Lam Kar Sing</a><sup id="cite_ref-lamkarsing_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamkarsing-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kwun-Lai_Ng" title="Kwun-Lai Ng">Ng Kwun-Lai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ngkwunlai_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngkwunlai-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are on loan or donation to the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum" title="Hong Kong Heritage Museum">Hong Kong Heritage Museum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hairstyle,_hats,_and_helmets"><span id="Hairstyle.2C_hats.2C_and_helmets"></span>Hairstyle, hats, and helmets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hairstyle, hats, and helmets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantonese_Opera_display_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cantonese_Opera_display_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History.jpg/220px-Cantonese_Opera_display_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cantonese_Opera_display_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History.jpg/330px-Cantonese_Opera_display_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cantonese_Opera_display_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History.jpg/440px-Cantonese_Opera_display_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Cantonese opera exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History" title="Hong Kong Museum of History">Hong Kong Museum of History</a>, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">helmets</a> signify social status, age and capability: <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">officials</a> wear black hats with wings on either side; generals wear helmets with <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>' tail feathers; soldiers wear ordinary hats, and <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">kings</a> wear <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (headgear)">crowns</a>. Queens or princesses have jeweled helmets. If a hat or helmet is removed, this indicates the character is exhausted, frustrated, or ready to surrender. </p><p>Hairstyles can express a character's emotions: warriors express their sadness at losing a battle by swinging their <a href="/wiki/Ponytail" title="Ponytail">ponytails</a>. For the female roles, buns indicated a maiden, while a married woman has a 'dai tau' (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">低頭</span>). </p><p>In the Three Kingdoms legends, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Yun" title="Zhao Yun">Zhao Yun</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Bu" title="Lü Bu">Lü Bu</a> are very frequently depicted wearing helmets with pheasants' tail feathers; this originates with Cantonese opera, not with the military costumes of their era, although it's a convention that was in place by the Qing Dynasty or earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aural_elements">Aural elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Aural elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_types">Speech types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Speech types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commentators draw an essential distinction between sung and spoken text, although the boundary is a troublesome one. Speech-types are of a wide variety: one is nearly identical to standard conversational Cantonese, while another is a very smooth and refined delivery of a passage of poetry; some have one form or another of instrumental accompaniment while others have none; and some serve fairly specific functions, while others are more widely adaptable to variety of dramatic needs. </p><p>Cantonese opera uses <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Mandarin</a> or Guān Huà (Cantonese: Gun<sup>1</sup> Waa<sup>6/2</sup>) when actors are involved with government, monarchy, or military. It also obscures words that are taboo or profane from the audience. The actor may choose to speak any dialect of Mandarin, but the ancient Zhōngzhōu (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">中州</span>; <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Zung<sup>1</sup> Zau<sup>1</sup></span></i>) variant is mainly used in Cantonese opera. Zhōngzhōu is located in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province where it is considered the "cradle of Chinese civilization" and near the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Guān Huà</i></span> retains many of the initial sounds of many modern Mandarin dialects, but uses <a href="/wiki/Initial_(linguistics)#Onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Initial (linguistics)">initials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">codas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>. For example, the words <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:張">張</a></span></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:將">將</a></span></span> are both pronounced as /tsœːŋ˥˥/ (Jyutping: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">zœng<sup>1</sup></span></i>) in Modern Cantonese, but will respectively be spoken as /tʂɑŋ˥˥/ (pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhāng</span></i>) and /tɕiɑŋ˥˥/ (pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiāng</span></i>) in operatic <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Guān Huà</i></span>. Furthermore, the word <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:金">金</a></span></span> is pronounced as /kɐm˥˥/ (Jyutping: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">gam<sup>1</sup></span></i>) in modern Cantonese and /tɕin˥˥/ (pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jīn</span></i>) in standard Mandarin, but operatic Guān Huà will use /kim˥˥/ (pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">gīm</span></i>). However, actors tend to use Cantonese sounds when speaking Mandarin. For instance, the command for "to leave" is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%8E%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:下去">下去</a></span></span> and is articulated as /saː˨˨ tsʰɵy˧˧/ in operatic Guān Huà compared to /haː˨˨ hɵy˧˧ / (Jyutping: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">haa<sup>6</sup> heoi<sup>3</sup></span></i>) in modern Cantonese and /ɕi̯ɑ˥˩ tɕʰy˩/ (pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xià qu</span></i>) in standard Mandarin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Canto_Opera_Hong_Kong_-_Yam_Kim_Fai_and_Bak_Sheut_Sin.ogg" title="File:Canto Opera Hong Kong - Yam Kim Fai and Bak Sheut Sin.ogg">Recognize Mutually (帝女花之相認)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Canto_Opera_Hong_Kong_-_Yam_Kim_Fai_and_Bak_Sheut_Sin.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/00/Canto_Opera_Hong_Kong_-_Yam_Kim_Fai_and_Bak_Sheut_Sin.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/0/00/Canto_Opera_Hong_Kong_-_Yam_Kim_Fai_and_Bak_Sheut_Sin.ogg/Canto_Opera_Hong_Kong_-_Yam_Kim_Fai_and_Bak_Sheut_Sin.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">There are actually two female singers with <a href="/wiki/Yam_Kim_Fai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yam Kim Fai">Yam Kim Fai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bak_sheut_sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bak sheut sin">Bak Sheut Sin</a> in this sample. Yam Kim Fai is using her trademark indistinguishable male voice behind the Cantonese opera disguise. Only <a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Chinese_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional Chinese musical instruments">traditional Chinese instruments</a> are used.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Cantonese opera pieces are classified either as "theatrical" or "singing stage" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">歌壇</span></span>). The theatrical style of music is further classified into western music (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">西樂</span></span>) and Chinese music (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中樂</span></span>). While the "singing stage" style is always Western music, the theatrical style can be Chinese or western music. The "four great male vocals" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">四大平喉</span></span>) were all actresses and notable exponents of the "singing stage" style in the early 20th century. </p><p>The western music in Cantonese opera is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">strings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwinds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> plus electrified instruments. Lyrics are written to fit the play's melodies, although one song can contain multiple melodies, performers being able to add their own elements. Whether a song is well performed depends on the performers' own emotional involvement and ability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangzi_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bangzi_3.jpg/220px-Bangzi_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Bangzi_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Bāngzi (梆子) is one of the main instruments used in Cantonese opera</figcaption></figure> <p>Cantonese instrumental music was called <i>ching yam</i> before the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic</a> was established in 1949. Cantonese instrumental tunes have been used in Cantonese opera, either as incidental instrumental music or as fixed tunes to which new texts were composed, since the 1930s. </p><p>The use of instruments in Cantonese opera is influenced by both western and eastern cultures. The reason for this is that <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> was one of the earliest places in China to establish trade relationships with the western civilizations. In addition, Hong Kong was under heavy western influence when it was a <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">British colony</a>. These factors contributed to the observed western elements in Cantonese opera. </p><p>For instance, the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Erhu" title="Erhu">erhu</a></i> (two string bowed fiddle), <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">congas</a> have demonstrated how diversified the musical instruments in Cantonese operas are. </p><p>The musical instruments are mainly divided into melodic and percussive types. </p><p>Traditional musical instruments used in Cantonese opera include wind, strings and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a>. The winds and strings encompass <i>erhu</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaohu" title="Gaohu">gaohu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yehu" title="Yehu">yehu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yangqin" title="Yangqin">yangqin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">pipa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dizi_(instrument)" title="Dizi (instrument)">dizi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Guan_(instrument)" title="Guan (instrument)">houguan</a></i>, while the percussion comprises many different <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>. The percussion controls the overall rhythm and pace of the music, while the <i>gaohu</i> leads the orchestra. A more martial style features the use of the <i><a href="/wiki/Suona" title="Suona">suona</a></i>. </p><p>The instrumental ensemble of Cantonese opera is composed of two sections: the melody section and the percussion section. The percussion section has its own vast body of musical materials, generally called <i>lo gu dim</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鑼鼓點</span></span>) or simply <i>lo gu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鑼鼓</span></span>). These 'percussion patterns' serve a variety of specific functions. </p><p>To see the pictures and listen to the sounds of the instruments, visit <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frannxis.tripod.com/frontpage/id14.html">page 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frannxis.tripod.com/frontpage/id16.html">page 2</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of frequently used terms. </p> <ul><li><b>Pheasant feathers</b> (雉雞尾; Cantonese: Ci<sup>4</sup> Gai<sup>1</sup> Mei<sup>5</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>These are attached to the helmet in <i>mou</i> (武) plays, and are used to express the character's skills and expressions. They are worn by both male and female characters.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Water_sleeves" title="Water sleeves">Water sleeves</a></b> (水袖; Cantonese: Seoi<sup>2</sup> Zau<sup>6</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>These are long flowing sleeves that can be flicked and waved like water, used to facilitate emotive gestures and expressive effects by both males and females in <i>man</i> (文) plays.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Hand Movements</b> (手動作; Cantonese: Sau<sup>2</sup> Dung<sup>6</sup> Zok<sup>3</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Hand and finger movements reflect the music as well as the action of the play. Females hold their hands in the elegant "<a href="/wiki/Nelumbo" title="Nelumbo">lotus</a>" form (荷花手; Cantonese: Ho4 Faa1 Sau2).</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Round Table/Walking</b> (圓臺 or 圓台; Cantonese: Jyun<sup>4</sup> Toi<sup>4</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>A basic feature of Cantonese opera, the walking movement is one of the most difficult to master. Females take very small steps and lift the body to give a detached feel. Male actors take larger steps, which implies travelling great distances. The actors glide across the stage while the upper body is not moving.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Boots</b> (高靴; Cantonese: Gou<sup>1</sup> Hœ<sup>1</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>These are black <a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">boots</a> with high white <a href="/wiki/Sole_(shoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sole (shoe)">soles</a> worn by males, which can impede walking.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Gwo Wai</b> (過位; Cantonese: Gwo<sup>3</sup> Wai<sup>6/2</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>This is a movement in which two performers move in a cross-over fashion to opposite sides of the stage.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Deoi Muk</b> (對目; Cantonese: Deoi<sup>3</sup> Muk<sup>6</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>In this movement, two performers walk in a circle facing each other and then go back to their original positions.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>"Pulling the Mountains"'</b> (拉山; Cantonese: Laai<sup>1</sup> Saan<sup>1</sup>) and <b>"Cloud Hands"</b> (雲手; Cantonese: Wan<sup>4</sup> Sau<sup>2</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>These are the basic movements of the hands and arms. This is the MOST important basic movement in ALL Chinese Operas. ALL other movements and skills are based on this form.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Outward Step</b> (出步; Cantonese: Ceot<sup>1</sup> Bou<sup>6</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>This is a gliding effect used in walking.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Small Jump</b> (小跳; Cantonese: Siu<sup>2</sup> Tiu<sup>3</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Most common in <i>mou</i> (武) plays, the actor stamps before walking.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Flying Leg</b> (飛腿; Cantonese: Fei<sup>1</sup> Teoi<sup>2</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>A crescent kick.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Hair-flinging</b> (旋水髮; Cantonese: Syun<sup>4</sup> Seoi<sup>2</sup> Faat<sup>3</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>A circular swinging of the ponytail, expressing extreme sadness and frustration.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Chestbuckle/ Flower</b> (繡花; Cantonese: Sau<sup>3</sup> Faa<sup>1</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>A flower-shaped decoration worn on the chest. A red flower on the male signifies that he is engaged.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Horsewhip</b> (馬鞭; Cantonese: Maa<sup>5</sup> Bin<sup>1</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Performers swing a whip and walk to imitate riding a horse.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Sifu</b> (師傅; Cantonese: Si<sup>1</sup> Fu<sup>6/2</sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Literally, <i>master</i>, this is a formal term, contrary to mentor, for experienced performers and teachers, from whom their own apprentices, other students and young performers learn and follow as disciples.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Boat_Opera_Company" title="Red Boat Opera Company">Red Boat Opera Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Heritage_Museum" title="Hong Kong Heritage Museum">Hong Kong Heritage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Artist_Association_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Artist Association of Hong Kong">Chinese Artists Association of Hong Kong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhong, Zhe Ping (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ezproxy01.hsu.edu.hk:2192/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbCode=cjfd&QueryID=12&CurRec=32&filename=NGHD201406032&dbname=CJFDLAST2015&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jT0pkRlFHK2llZ0lNYnQyanloNm1DVURYbz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!">"旧上海,粤剧夜夜笙歌之地"</a>. <i>南国红豆</i>. <b>06</b>: <span class="nowrap">51–</span>53 – via HSU Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%E7%BA%A2%E8%B1%86&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A7%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%2C%E7%B2%A4%E5%89%A7%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C%E7%AC%99%E6%AD%8C%E4%B9%8B%E5%9C%B0&rft.volume=06&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Zhe+Ping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fezproxy01.hsu.edu.hk%3A2192%2Fkcms%2Fdetail%2Fdetail.aspx%3FdbCode%3Dcjfd%26QueryID%3D12%26CurRec%3D32%26filename%3DNGHD201406032%26dbname%3DCJFDLAST2015%26uid%3DWEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jT0pkRlFHK2llZ0lNYnQyanloNm1DVURYbz0%3D%249A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw%21%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanwu_Hou2017" class="citation cs2">Danwu Hou (28 October 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZFGYVjQChg"><i>上海故事 – 324 粤剧粤乐（上）</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/XZFGYVjQChg">archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span></cite><span 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wordie_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWordie2002" class="citation book cs1">Wordie, Jason (2002). <i>Streets: Exploring Hong Kong Island</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Heritage+Museum+Leisure+And+Cultural+Services+Department&rft.atitle=%E6%88%B2%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E2%80%94%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%88%B2%E9%99%A2%E8%88%87%E7%B2%B5%E5%8A%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemuseum.gov.hk%2Fdocuments%2F2199315%2F2199705%2FThe_Majestic_Stage-C.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200910/21/P200910210219.htm">"立法會十九題：粵劇的承傳及發展"</a>. <i>政府新聞網</i>. 21 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010139/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200910/21/P200910210219.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2&rft.atitle=%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E9%A1%8C%EF%BC%9A%E7%B2%B5%E5%8A%87%E7%9A%84%E6%89%BF%E5%82%B3%E5%8F%8A%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F200910%2F21%2FP200910210219.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamkarsingfanclub.com/opera1.htm">"Life-long performance record of Lam Kar Sing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510103316/http://www.lamkarsingfanclub.com/opera1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life-long+performance+record+of+Lam+Kar+Sing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flamkarsingfanclub.com%2Fopera1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farewell of <i><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bian" title="Zhu Bian">Zhu Bian</a> Returns to Court</i>《朱弁回朝》之「送別」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Song 6 of Lam Ka Sing Best Selection 3.《情醉王大儒》之「供狀」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam talked about <i>spy or espionage</i> among those around him, on radio in mid1980s.「紅伶訴心聲」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam Ka Sing Classics Collection (DVD) (Hong Kong Version), episode 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam Ka Sing Classics Collection (DVD) (Hong Kong Version), episode 11 and 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415165141/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2015/03/14/EN1503140020.htm">Lam was eager to hand his traditions down to a young performer who was pushing Lam's wheelchair in the 2015 event.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201107/22/P201107220227.htm">"Appointments to Cantonese Opera Development Fund Advisory Committee"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104152105/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201107/22/P201107220227.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appointments+to+Cantonese+Opera+Development+Fund+Advisory+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F201107%2F22%2FP201107220227.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkadc.org.hk/?p=10063&lang=en">"Acknowledgement Guidelines (General)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185749/http://www.hkadc.org.hk/?p=10063&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acknowledgement+Guidelines+%28General%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkadc.org.hk%2F%3Fp%3D10063%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaw.cuhk.edu.hk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=214&Itemid=42&lang=en">Background and Objectives</a> Last Updated on Tuesday, 17 July 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkadc.org.hk/?p=7036&lang=en">"The ADC expresses deep sorrow over the passing of renowned Cantonese opera veteran Chan Kim-seng"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514175547/http://www.hkadc.org.hk/?p=7036&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ADC+expresses+deep+sorrow+over+the+passing+of+renowned+Cantonese+opera+veteran+Chan+Kim-seng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkadc.org.hk%2F%3Fp%3D7036%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LO, W. (2015). The music culture of older adults in Cantonese operatic singing lessons. Ageing and Society, 35(8), 1614–1634. doi:10.1017/S0144686X14000439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wai Han Lo (2016) Traditional opera and young people: Cantonese opera as personal development, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22:2, 238–249, DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2016.1163503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityu.edu.hk/lib/about/event/cantonese_opera/more_chi.htm">"More on Cantonese Opera"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218033046/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/lib/about/event/cantonese_opera/more_chi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+on+Cantonese+Opera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityu.edu.hk%2Flib%2Fabout%2Fevent%2Fcantonese_opera%2Fmore_chi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Wan Xia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ezproxy01.hsu.edu.hk:2264/Publication/alDetailedMesh?DocID=P20110221002-201402-201401290030-201401290030-77-79">"清代粵港澳神功戲演出及其場所"</a>. <i>戲曲品味</i>. <b>159</b>: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>79 – via HSU Library Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%88%B2%E6%9B%B2%E5%93%81%E5%91%B3&rft.atitle=%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E7%B2%B5%E6%B8%AF%E6%BE%B3%E7%A5%9E%E5%8A%9F%E6%88%B2%E6%BC%94%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%A0%B4%E6%89%80&rft.volume=159&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wan+Xia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fezproxy01.hsu.edu.hk%3A2264%2FPublication%2FalDetailedMesh%3FDocID%3DP20110221002-201402-201401290030-201401290030-77-79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chiculture.net/30011/b19.html">"Opera of Deities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221054700/https://www.chiculture.net/30011/b19.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opera+of+Deities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiculture.net%2F30011%2Fb19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paper.wenweipo.com/2015/06/09/EN1506090003.htm">"戲曲視窗：神功戲與香港粵劇存亡"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011230653/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2015/06/09/EN1506090003.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%88%B2%E6%9B%B2%E8%A6%96%E7%AA%97%EF%BC%9A%E7%A5%9E%E5%8A%9F%E6%88%B2%E8%88%87%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%B2%B5%E5%8A%87%E5%AD%98%E4%BA%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaper.wenweipo.com%2F2015%2F06%2F09%2FEN1506090003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170606215445/http://library.hku.hk/search~S6?/X%7B216129%7D%7B214824%7D%7B214c39%7D%7B213073%7D%7B21505c%7D%7B21337e%7D%7B213064%7D%7B213545%7D%7B215d74%7D&searchscope=6&SORT=DZ/X%7B216129%7D%7B214824%7D%7B214c39%7D%7B213073%7D%7B21505c%7D%7B21337e%7D%7B213064%7D%7B213545%7D%7B215d74%7D&searchscope=6&SORT=DZ&SUBKEY=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%B2%A4%E5%8A%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84/1,35,35,B/frameset&FF=X%7B216129%7D%7B214824%7D%7B214c39%7D%7B213073%7D%7B21505c%7D%7B21337e%7D%7B213064%7D%7B213545%7D%7B215d74%7D&searchscope=6&SORT=DZ&1,1,">王勝泉, 張文珊(2011)編，香港當代粵劇人名錄，中大音樂系</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chinese University Press">The Chinese University Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chineseupress.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=1654&advanced=true&search_title=香港當代粵劇人名錄">(Description and Author Information)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625150031/https://www.chineseupress.com/index.php?route=product%2Fproduct&product_id=1654&advanced=true&search_title=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%B2%B5%E5%8A%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84">Archived</a> 25 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-19881-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-19881-1-9">978-988-19881-1-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=1019&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yu_So-chow" title="Yu So-chow">His wife Yu So-chow</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=430&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YAM_Bing-yee_document-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YAM_Bing-yee_document_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmarchive.gov.hk/documents/18995340/19057018/YAM%252BBing-yee_e.pdf">HKFA document YAM Bing-yee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408090148/https://www.filmarchive.gov.hk/documents/18995340/19057018/YAM%2BBing-yee_e.pdf">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Yam has been acclaimed as "The Queen of Second Lead Actresses".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=904">"Rehearsal of "Merciless Sword Under Merciful Heaven" (19.1.2016)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310014727/http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=904">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rehearsal+of+%22Merciless+Sword+Under+Merciful+Heaven%22+%2819.1.2016%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkbarwoymt.com%2F%3Fa%3Ddoc%26id%3D904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamkarsing-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lamkarsing_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamkarsing_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/archive/eng/exhibitions/Past_Exhibitions_170.html">"Lam Kar Sing"</a>. Virtuosity and Innovation – The Masterful Legacy of Lam Kar Sing 20 July 2011 – 14 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602012703/http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/archive/eng/exhibitions/Past_Exhibitions_170.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lam+Kar+Sing&rft.pub=Virtuosity+and+Innovation+%E2%80%93+The+Masterful+Legacy+of+Lam+Kar+Sing+20+July+2011+%E2%80%93+14+May+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemuseum.gov.hk%2Farchive%2Feng%2Fexhibitions%2FPast_Exhibitions_170.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=1734&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Credited as Leng Chi Pak, 'King of Chinese opera' to step down at 72, New Nation, 20 October 1976, Page 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=992&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=133&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=952&display_set=eng">HKMDB</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=18">"Artistic Director：Yuen Siu-fai"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216181920/http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=18">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artistic+Director%EF%BC%9AYuen+Siu-fai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkbarwoymt.com%2F%3Fa%3Ddoc%26id%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hkadc.org.hk/?p=3555&lang=en">"Awardee List 2010"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Arts Development Council</i>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627002754/https://www.hkadc.org.hk/?p=3555&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Arts+Development+Council&rft.atitle=Awardee+List+2010&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkadc.org.hk%2F%3Fp%3D3555%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=287">"Artistic Director：Wan Fai-yin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184113/http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=287">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artistic+Director%EF%BC%9AWan+Fai-yin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkbarwoymt.com%2F%3Fa%3Ddoc%26id%3D287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.facebook.com/mayying.ng.14?fref=ts">https://www.facebook.com/mayying.ng.14?fref=ts</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a user-generated source. (March 2022)">user-generated source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100003314793077">https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100003314793077</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a user-generated source. (March 2022)">user-generated source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=905">"Rehearsal of "Red Silk Shoes and The Murder" (16.1.2016)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216181448/http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=905">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rehearsal+of+%22Red+Silk+Shoes+and+The+Murder%22+%2816.1.2016%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkbarwoymt.com%2F%3Fa%3Ddoc%26id%3D905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=2">"Artistic Director：Law Ka-ying"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216182448/http://www.hkbarwoymt.com/?a=doc&id=2">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artistic+Director%EF%BC%9ALaw+Ka-ying&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkbarwoymt.com%2F%3Fa%3Ddoc%26id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokes2007" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Lisa Odham (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eUlAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143"><i>Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810864580" title="Special:BookSources/9780810864580"><bdi>9780810864580</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Hong+Kong+Cinema&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780810864580&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Odham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eUlAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iconic_Heroines-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iconic_Heroines_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104083910/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/fp/en_US/web/fpo/programmes/2015cop/index.html">Iconic Heroines in Cantonese Opera Films</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngkwunlai-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ngkwunlai_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ngkwunlai_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/archive/eng/exhibitions/Past_Exhibitions_30.html">"Ng Kwun-Lai"</a>. A Synthesis of Lyrical Excellence and Martial Agility – The Stage Art of Ng Kwan Lai 22 December 2004 – 15 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602013047/http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/archive/eng/exhibitions/Past_Exhibitions_30.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ng+Kwun-Lai&rft.pub=A+Synthesis+of+Lyrical+Excellence+and+Martial+Agility+%E2%80%93+The+Stage+Art+of+Ng+Kwan+Lai+22+December+2004+%E2%80%93+15+September+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemuseum.gov.hk%2Farchive%2Feng%2Fexhibitions%2FPast_Exhibitions_30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1488hkmdb-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1488hkmdb_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=1488&display_set=eng">"Chan Yim Nung"</a>. <i>hkmdb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hkmdb.com&rft.atitle=Chan+Yim+Nung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhkmdb.com%2Fdb%2Fpeople%2Fview.mhtml%3Fid%3D1488%26display_set%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rrncommunity.org/items/33970">"Cantonese Opera Shoes (used by female actors to represent women with bound feet)"</a>. <i>rrncommunity.org</i>. Item number N1.764 a-b from the MOA: University of British Columbia. They were used only until about 1935, after which the knowledge of how to use them was lost. An actress named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Yim-nung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Yim-nung (page does not exist)">Chan Yim-nung</a> was especially famous for her use of these shoes, and could jump on and off tables and stand on clay pots while wearing them<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rrncommunity.org&rft.atitle=Cantonese+Opera+Shoes+%28used+by+female+actors+to+represent+women+with+bound+feet%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rrncommunity.org%2Fitems%2F33970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1932silent-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1932silent_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNangaen_ChearavanontAu_HoOu_Chiu_Shui2013" class="citation book cs1">Nangaen Chearavanont; Au Ho; Ou Chiu Shui (2013). "Ch 8 - Wah Ngai Film Company". <i>Film Stories: (Bangkok, Hong Kong, Singapore, Canton, San Francisco.)</i>. Silent film <i>See the Bud in Fading</i> directed by Mr. Chiang Pai-ku of Wah Ngai Film Company. Hong Kong: H.M. Ou. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789881590947" title="Special:BookSources/9789881590947"><bdi>9789881590947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch+8+-+Wah+Ngai+Film+Company&rft.btitle=Film+Stories%3A+%28Bangkok%2C+Hong+Kong%2C+Singapore%2C+Canton%2C+San+Francisco.%29&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=H.M.+Ou&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789881590947&rft.au=Nangaen+Chearavanont&rft.au=Au+Ho&rft.au=Ou+Chiu+Shui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007233413/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2016/01/26/XQ1601260004.htm">Story of Mei in the North and Suet in the South 戲曲視窗：「北梅南雪」的故事 – 香港文匯報 2016-01-26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avenueofstars_fong-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-avenueofstars_fong_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avenueofstars.com.hk/en/ms-fong-yim-fun/">"Ms Fong Yim Fun, 1928-, Actress"</a>. <i>avenueofstars.com.hk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avenueofstars.com.hk&rft.atitle=Ms+Fong+Yim+Fun%2C+1928-%2C+Actress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avenueofstars.com.hk%2Fen%2Fms-fong-yim-fun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200210/08/1008151.htm">"Heritage Museum Exhibition to feature the female Cantonese opera artist Fong Yim Fun as of 8 October 2002"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609214721/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200210/08/1008151.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+Museum+Exhibition+to+feature+the+female+Cantonese+opera+artist+Fong+Yim+Fun+as+of+8+October+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F200210%2F08%2F1008151.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcHugh1998" class="citation news cs1">McHugh, Fionnuala (16 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/article/248309/queen-who-came-back-her-people">"The queen who came back to her people"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151215001306/https://www.scmp.com/article/248309/queen-who-came-back-her-people">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HOKK+fabrica&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%88%B2%E6%A3%9A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.date=2014-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhokkfabrica.com%2Fbamboo-theatre-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF知多一點點22015" class="citation cs2">知多一點點2 (3 May 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGi6ifS423Y&t=704s"><i>粵劇智識知多的</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/GGi6ifS423Y">archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B2%B5%E5%8A%87%E6%99%BA%E8%AD%98%E7%9F%A5%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84&rft.date=2015-05-03&rft.au=%E7%9F%A5%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%9E%E9%BB%9E2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGGi6ifS423Y%26t%3D704s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantonese+opera" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvb.com.au/neo/schedules/tvbj/2016-01-01">Maybe The Cantonese Opera Diva</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224212120/http://www.tvb.com.au/neo/schedules/tvbj/2016-01-01">Archived</a> 24 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1 January 2016 <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://programme.tvb.com/variety/maybethecantoneseoperadiva">舞台下的龍劍笙</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529112307/http://programme.tvb.com/variety/maybethecantoneseoperadiva">Archived</a> 29 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 14 November 2015 <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearlmagik.com/bayareacantoneseopera/aboutopera.htm">(San Francisco) Bay Area Cantonese Opera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/canopera/artist.htm">More Cantonese Opera Artists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041218043407/http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/sfonline/ps/printdle.htm">Can You Hear Me?: The Female Voice and Cantonese Opera in the San Francisco Bay Area at The Scholar and Feminist Online (via archive.org)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfonline.barnard.edu/ps/printdle.htm">original at barnard.edu</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guangdong_topics527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guangdong_topics" title="Template:Guangdong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guangdong_topics" title="Template talk:Guangdong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guangdong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guangdong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guangdong_topics527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Guangdong" title="Category:Guangdong">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong#History" title="Guangdong">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangdong" title="Politics of Guangdong">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guangdong" title="Economy of Guangdong">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Public_Security_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong Public Security Department">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Guangdong" title="Category:Geography of Guangdong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Guangdong" title="Category:Cities in Guangdong">Cities</a></li> <li>Metropolitan areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyi" title="Sanyi">Sanyi</a> (Sam Yup)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sze_Yup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sze Yup">Sze Yup</a> (Siyi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a></li> <li>Regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Guangdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Guangdong (page does not exist)">Yuexi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Guangdong" title="Northern Guangdong">Yuebei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Guangdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Guangdong (page does not exist)">Yuedong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River" title="Pearl River">Pearl River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Jiang">East River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jiang">West River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratas_Island" title="Pratas Island">Pratas Island</a> and the Vereker Banks</i> <i>(claimed)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamian_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamian Island">Shamian Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Guangdong" title="List of universities and colleges in Guangdong">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Guangdong" title="Category:Education in Guangdong">Guangzhou Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Shenzhen" title="Category:Education in Shenzhen">Shenzhen Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong#Culture" title="Guangdong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingnan culture">Lingnan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailufeng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailufeng dialect">Hailufeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_architecture" title="Lingnan architecture">Lingnan architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_lau" title="Tong lau">Tong lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Lingnan garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_embroidery" title="Cantonese embroidery">Cantonese embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_woodcarving" title="Teochew woodcarving">Teochew woodcarving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_penjing" title="Lingnan penjing">Lingnan penjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_porcelain" title="Canton porcelain">Canton porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_School" title="Lingnan School">Lingnan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guangdong" title="Music of Guangdong">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamyam" title="Naamyam">Naamyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Guangdong music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaohu" title="Gaohu">Gou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_poetry" title="Cantonese poetry">Cantonese poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Ga" title="Hung Ga">Hung Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism" title="Lingnan Confucianism">Lingnan Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Fair" title="Lunar New Year Fair">Flowermarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_dance#Chinese_Southern_Lion" title="Lion dance">Cantonese lion dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin" title="Wong Tai Sin">Wong Tai Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Shing" title="Hung Shing">Hung Shing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_merchants" title="Cantonese merchants">Cantonese merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombax_ceiba" title="Bombax ceiba">Red cotton flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_folktales" title="Cantonese folktales">Cantonese folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Five_Goats" title="The Legend of Five Goats">The Legend of Five Goats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain_hitting" title="Villain hitting">Villain hitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Hua_Yuan" title="Chu Hua Yuan">Chu Hua Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_chow_fun" title="Beef chow fun">Beef chow fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chow_mein" title="Chow mein">Chow mein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_siu" title="Char siu">Char siu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Roasted suckling pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_nest_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's nest soup">Bird's nest soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_birdsnest" title="Seafood birdsnest">Seafood birdsnest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumai" title="Shumai">Shumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_rice" title="Fried rice">Cantonese fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leung cha">Leung cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_sui" title="Tong sui">Tong sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_cuisine" title="Hakka cuisine">Hakka cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_cuisine" title="Teochew cuisine">Teochew cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Guangdong" title="Category:Guangdong">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Guangdong" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Guangdong">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template talk:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>: Music</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian folk iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Aqyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul#Baul_music" title="Baul">Baul music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigwala" title="Bigwala">Bigwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistritsa_Babi" title="Bistritsa Babi">Bistritsa Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremona_violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremona violins">Cremona violins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshuva" title="Eshuva">Eshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_music" title="Garifuna music">Garifuna music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)#Traditional_vocal_polyphony" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">Gwoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudhud_chants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudhud chants">Hudhud chants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Jongmyo Jereyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Maqam">Iraqi Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgal_Laox" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgal Laox">Kgal Laox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Khuumii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Khorasan Bakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_odori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumi odori">Kumi odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Long song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungmul" title="Pungmul">Nongak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje" title="Ojkanje">Ojkanje singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirekua" title="Pirekua">Pirekua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de roda">Samba de roda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Seto Leelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovácko Verbuňk">Slovácko Verbuňk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Song of Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania#Sutartinės" title="Music of Lithuania">Sutartinės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl" title="The Song of the Sibyl">The Song of the Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumba_francesa" title="Tumba francesa">Tumba francesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Vedic chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang#Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang">Wayang kulit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue" title="Xi'an guyue">Xi'an guyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoan_singing" title="Xoan singing">Xoan singing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balafon_Jamie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gum-rubber mallets on a balafon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/80px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/120px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/160px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hong_Kong361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template talk:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hong_Kong361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong" title="Index of articles related to Hong Kong">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Air pollution in Hong Kong">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong protests">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Health_Bureau" title="Food and Health Bureau">Food and Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of companies of Hong Kong">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Employment in Hong Kong">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport of Hong Kong">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of airlines of Hong Kong">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bus services in Hong Kong">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cycling in Hong Kong">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong#Ferries" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">List of roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rail transport in Hong Kong">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of Hong Kong">Taxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hong_Kong" title="Crime in Hong Kong">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prostitution in Hong Kong">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Architecture of Hong Kong">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Chau_Bun_Festival" title="Cheung Chau Bun Festival">Cheung Chau Bun Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Gambling in Hong Kong">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Hong_Kong" title="Graffiti in Hong Kong">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Heritage conservation in Hong Kong">Heritage conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Hong_Kong" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong">Honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Hong Kong">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Lion Rock Spirit">Lion Rock Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDull" title="McDull">McDull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of museums in Hong Kong">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai_jong" title="Ngai jong">Ngai jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Hong_Kong" title="Youth in Hong Kong">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Hong_Kong" title="Shopping in Hong Kong">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong" title="Television in Hong Kong">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJKV" class="mw-redirect" title="CJKV">CJKV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_opera_and_Chinese_narrative_traditions170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_opera" title="Template:Chinese opera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_opera" title="Template talk:Chinese opera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_opera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese opera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_opera_and_Chinese_narrative_traditions170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> and Chinese narrative traditions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dramatic theater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebei_bangzi" title="Hebei bangzi">Hebei bangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_opera" title="Henan opera">Henan opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihai_opera" title="Huaihai opera">Huaihai opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_opera" title="Jilin opera">Jilin opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liuqiang" title="Liuqiang">Liuqiang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_opera" title="Longjiang opera">Longjiang opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_opera" title="Lü opera">Lü opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maoqiang" title="Maoqiang">Maoqiang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_opera" title="Ping opera">Ping opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_opera" title="Pu opera">Pu opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qinqiang" title="Qinqiang">Qinqiang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_opera" title="Shanxi opera">Shanxi opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaojia_opera" title="Gaojia opera">Gaojia opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_opera" title="Han opera">Han opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_opera" title="Hakka opera">Hakka opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_opera" title="Huai opera">Huai opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangmei_opera" title="Huangmei opera">Huangmei opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_opera" title="Hui opera">Hui opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liyuan_opera" title="Liyuan opera">Liyuan opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_opera" title="Lu opera">Lu opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_opera" title="Min opera">Min opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_opera" title="Ou opera">Ou opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puxian_opera" title="Puxian opera">Puxian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_opera" title="Shanghai opera">Shanghai opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_opera" title="Shao opera">Shao opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_opera" title="Sichuan opera">Sichuan opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_opera" title="Suzhou opera">Suzhou opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Taiwanese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_opera" title="Teochew opera">Teochew opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzi_opera" title="Tongzi opera">Tongzi opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_opera" title="Wu opera">Wu opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_opera" title="Wuxi opera">Wuxi opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_opera" title="Yangzhou opera">Yangzhou opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_opera" title="Yue opera">Yue opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious theater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_opera" title="Ritual opera">Ritual opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuo opera">Nuo opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comedic/Light theater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Errentai" title="Errentai">Errentai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower-drum_opera" title="Flower-drum opera">Flower-drum opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea-picking_opera" title="Tea-picking opera">Tea-picking opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Quyi" title="Quyi">Quyi</a></i> (narrative)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_baiju" title="Nanjing baiju">Baiju</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Errenzhuan" title="Errenzhuan">Errenzhuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyang_Flower_Drum" title="Fengyang Flower Drum">Flower Drum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guci" title="Guci">Guci</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuaibanshu" title="Kuaibanshu">Kuaibanshu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naamyam" title="Naamyam">Naamyam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pingshu" title="Pingshu">Pingshu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_pingtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhou pingtan">Pingtan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulaibao" title="Shulaibao">Shulaibao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanci" title="Tanci">Tanci</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canjunxi" title="Canjunxi">Canjunxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanben" title="Yuanben">Yuanben</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanxi_(theatre)" title="Nanxi (theatre)">Nanxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanqi_(theatre)" title="Chuanqi (theatre)">Chuanqi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zidishu" title="Zidishu">Zidishu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Revolutionary opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_role" title="Sheng role"><i>Sheng</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Xiaosheng" title="Xiaosheng">Xiaosheng</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_role" title="Dan role"><i>Dan</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Wudan" title="Wudan">Wudan</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_role" title="Jing role"><i>Jing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chou_role" title="Chou role"><i>Chou</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Costumes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera_costume" title="Chinese opera costume">Costumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_sleeves" title="Water sleeves">Water sleeves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingzi" title="Lingzi">Lingzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_Garden" title="Pear Garden">Pear Garden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shengqiang" title="Shengqiang">Shengqiang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunbai" 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