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id="toc-Article_title_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_title_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Article title terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_title_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatically_applied_boldface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatically_applied_boldface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Automatically applied boldface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatically_applied_boldface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-When_not_to_use_boldface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_not_to_use_boldface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>When not to use boldface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_not_to_use_boldface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italic_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italic_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Italic type</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Italic_type-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Italic type subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Italic_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emphasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Emphasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Names and titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_as_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_as_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Words as words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_as_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-English-language_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-English-language_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Non-English-language terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-English-language_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Scientific names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Variables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Program_variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Program variables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Mathematics variables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_italics_that_are_specific_to_Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_italics_that_are_specific_to_Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Uses of italics that are specific to Wikipedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_italics_that_are_specific_to_Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-When_not_to_use_italics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_not_to_use_italics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>When not to use italics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_not_to_use_italics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_not_to_apply_emphasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_not_to_apply_emphasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>How not to apply emphasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_not_to_apply_emphasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_text_formatting_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_text_formatting_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other text formatting concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_text_formatting_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other text formatting concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_text_formatting_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Font_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Font_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Font size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Font_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>In prose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_templates_and_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_templates_and_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>In templates and tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_templates_and_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Font_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Font_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Font family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Font_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Capital letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strikethrough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strikethrough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Strikethrough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strikethrough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Private Use Area and invisible formatting characters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Private Use Area and invisible formatting characters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mixed_right-to-left_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_right-to-left_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mixed right-to-left text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_right-to-left_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PUA_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PUA_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>PUA characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PUA_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manual of Style/Text formatting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Уикипедия:Оформление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикипедия:Оформление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Emglevio%C3%B9_tipografek" title="Wikipedia:Emglevioù tipografek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wikipedia:Emglevioù tipografek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Convencions_tipogr%C3%A0fiques" title="Viquipèdia:Convencions tipogràfiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia:Convencions tipogràfiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:Typografick%C3%A9_rady" title="Wikipedie:Typografické rady – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Typografické rady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Typografie" title="Wikipedia:Typografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikipedia:Typografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/قالب‌بندی متون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/قالب‌بندی متون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Conventions_typographiques" title="Wikipédia:Conventions typographiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Conventions typographiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91_%EC%A7%80%EC%B9%A8/%EC%84%9C%EC%8B%9D" title="위키백과:편집 지침/서식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:편집 지침/서식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Seque_le_conventiones_de_emphase" title="Wikipedia:Seque le conventiones de emphase – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wikipedia:Seque le conventiones de emphase" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Typographie" title="Wikipedia:Typographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wikipedia:Typographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_gaya_penulisan/Pemformatan_teks" title="Wikipedia:Manual gaya penulisan/Pemformatan teks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual gaya penulisan/Pemformatan teks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="Wikipedia:表記ガイド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:表記ガイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:SCIENTIFIC" title="MOS:SCIENTIFIC – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MOS:SCIENTIFIC" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Slogovni_priro%C4%8Dnik/Oblikovanje_besedila" title="Wikipedija:Slogovni priročnik/Oblikovanje besedila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija:Slogovni priročnik/Oblikovanje besedila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вікіпедія:Оформлення тексту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Оформлення тексту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/文字格式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/文字格式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11243563#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-project" class="selected 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style</a></bdi></div><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=MOS:FOREIGNITALIC&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:FOREIGNITALIC">MOS:FOREIGNITALIC</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia guideline</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:FORMAT" and "WP:FORMATTING" redirect here. For further help about how to use formatting on pages, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Wiki markup">Help:Wiki markup</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#guide" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> is a part of the English Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;"> It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a> may apply. Any <i>substantive</i> edit to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Text formatting">talk page</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TEXT"></span><span id="WP:MOSTEXT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TEXT&redirect=no">MOS:TEXT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MOSTEXT&redirect=no">WP:MOSTEXT</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> This page provides guidance on <strong>when</strong> to format text in articles. For instructions on <strong>how</strong> to do that, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup#Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Wiki markup">Help:Wiki markup § Format</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"/><br/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic area</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is the part of Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> which covers when to <b>format text</b> in articles, such as which text should use <a href="#Boldface"><b>boldface</b></a> or <a href="#Italic_type"><i>italic</i> type</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Boldface" data-mw-thread-id="h-Boldface"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Boldface"></span>Boldface<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Boldface"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:B"></span><span id="MOS:BOLD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:B&redirect=no">MOS:B</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BOLD&redirect=no">MOS:BOLD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boldface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boldface">Boldface</a> (<b>text like this</b>) is common in articles, but is considered appropriate only for certain usages. </p><p>To create it, surround the text to be boldfaced with triple apostrophes (<code>'''blah blah'''</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-HTML_b_and_i_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTML_b_and_i-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To denote importance, seriousness, or urgency using <a href="/wiki/Semantic_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic markup">semantic markup</a>, you can also use the HTML element <code><strong>...</strong></code>, or the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Strong" title="Template:Strong">strong</a>}}</code> which may be used by <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a> and other accessibility software, though support for this element widely varies depending on the technology used and how it is configured by the end user (i.e., it may well have no effect at all on a given screen reader by default, but it may be useful to some people in certain circumstances). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_title_terms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_title_terms-Boldface"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_title_terms-Boldface"></span>Article title terms<span class="anchor" id="TITLE"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_title_terms-Boldface"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Format_of_the_first_sentence" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § Format of the first sentence</a></div> <p>Boldface is often applied to the first occurrence of the article's title word or phrase in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Lead">lead</a>. This is also done at the <em>first</em> occurrence of a term (commonly a synonym in the lead) that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirects</a> to the article or one of its subsections, whether the term appears in the lead or not (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Other_uses">§ Other uses</a>, below</span>). </p><p>This is not a requirement: for instance, it will not be desirable in a case where a large number of terms redirect to a single article, e.g. a plant species with dozens of vernacular names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatically_applied_boldface" data-mw-thread-id="h-Automatically_applied_boldface-Boldface"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Automatically_applied_boldface-Boldface"></span>Automatically applied boldface<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Automatically_applied_boldface-Boldface"></span></h3></div> <p>In the following cases, boldface is applied <i>automatically</i>, either by MediaWiki software or by the browser: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOS:HEADINGS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:HEADINGS">Subsection headings</a> of level 3 and below (<code>===Subheading===</code>, <code>====Sub-subheading====</code>, etc., markup). There are five heading levels used in writing articles (the top-level one being reserved for the auto-displayed page name).<sup id="cite_ref-headings_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-headings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Terms in <a href="/wiki/MOS:DLIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DLIST">description lists</a> (example: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_American_trucking_industry" title="Glossary of the American trucking industry">Glossary of the American trucking industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS:TABLE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:TABLE">Table headers</a> and captions (but not image captions)</li> <li>A link to the page on which that link appears, called a <a href="/wiki/Help:Self_link" title="Help:Self link">self link</a></li></ul> <p>Manually added boldface markup in such cases will end up making excessive double-bold (900 weight) fonts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_uses-Boldface"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_uses-Boldface"></span><span class="anchor" id="OTHER"></span> Other uses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_uses-Boldface"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BOLD#OTHER"></span><span id="MOS:BOLDREDIRECT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BOLD&redirect=no#OTHER">MOS:BOLD#OTHER</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BOLDREDIRECT&redirect=no">MOS:BOLDREDIRECT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use boldface in the remainder of the article only in a few special cases: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect#What_needs_to_be_done_on_pages_that_are_targets_of_redirects?" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">After following a redirect</a>: Terms which redirect to an article or section are commonly bolded when they appear in the first couple of paragraphs of the lead section, or at the beginning of another section (for example, subtopics treated in their own sections or alternative names for the main topic – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="#Article_title_terms">§ Article title terms</a>, above</span>).</li> <li>Mathematical objects which are sometimes written in boldface, such as <a href="/wiki/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)" title="Vector (mathematics and physics)">vectors</a> and certain special sets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number">rational number</a> symbol <b>Q</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Blackboard_bold" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics § Blackboard bold</a> for further details)</span></li> <li>In some citation formats, for the volume number of a journal or other multi-volume works.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Citation_template" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation template">Citation templates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Template:Citation</a>, automatically supply all formatting (such as italic, boldface, and quotation marks). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="strong"></span><span class="anchor" id="Strong"></span><span class="anchor" id="STRONG"></span>HTML's <code class="nowrap" style=""><strong>...</strong></code> emphasis, which usually renders as boldface, can be used in quotations to represent material boldfaced in the original material. It can also be rendered with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Strong" title="Template:Strong">strong</a>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">...</var>}}</code> template. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_not_to_use_boldface" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_not_to_use_boldface-Boldface"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-When_not_to_use_boldface-Boldface"></span>When not to use boldface<span data-mw-comment-end="h-When_not_to_use_boldface-Boldface"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:NOBOLD" redirects here. For guidelines on when not to bold an article title in the lead, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#MOS:AVOIDBOLD" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § MOS:AVOIDBOLD</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOBOLD"></span><span id="MOS:NOTBOLD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOBOLD&redirect=no">MOS:NOBOLD</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTBOLD&redirect=no">MOS:NOTBOLD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Avoid using boldface for emphasis in article text. Instead, use HTML's <code class="nowrap" style=""><em>...</em></code> element or the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">...</var>}}</code> template (which usually render as italic). </p><p>Avoid using boldface for introducing new terms. Instead, italics are preferred (see <a href="#Words_as_words">§ Words as words</a>). Avoid using boldface (or other font gimmicks) in the expansions of acronyms, as in <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>U</b>nited <b>N</b>ations</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Acronyms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Acronyms</a> for guidelines on acronym style)</span>. The same applies to over-explaining <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> terms; avoid clauses like <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Texarkana is named for <b>Tex</b>as and <b>Arkan</b>s<b>a</b>s</span>. </p><p>Although it is possible to put non-Latin alphabets such as Greek or Cyrillic in boldface, this should be avoided. </p><p>The <code class="nowrap" style=""><strong></code> (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Strong" title="Template:Strong">strong</a>}}</code>) markup is generally not appropriate in article text except in quoted material (see above), though it is common in project pages, template documentation, talk page discussions, and other non-article contexts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Italic_type" data-mw-thread-id="h-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Italic_type"></span><span id="Italic_face"></span>Italic type<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Italic_type"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ITALIC"></span><span id="MOS:ITALICS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ITALIC&redirect=no">MOS:ITALIC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ITALICS&redirect=no">MOS:ITALICS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Italics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Italics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italic type</a> (<i>text like this</i>) is produced with double apostrophes around the content to be italicized: <code>''...''</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-HTML_b_and_i_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTML_b_and_i-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italics, along with semantic emphasis (usually rendered as italics), are used for various specific purposes in Wikipedia, outlined below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasis" data-mw-thread-id="h-Emphasis-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Emphasis-Italic_type"></span>Emphasis<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Emphasis-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:EMPHASIS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:EMPHASIS&redirect=no">MOS:EMPHASIS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The use of italics for emphasis on Wikipedia should follow good English print style. The most <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">accessible</a> way to indicate emphasis is with the HTML <code class="nowrap" style=""><em>...</em></code> element or by enclosing the emphasized text within an <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">...</var>}}</code> template. Italics markup (<code>''...''</code>, or <code class="nowrap" style=""><i>...</i></code>) is often used in practice for emphasis, but this use is not <a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">semantically</a> correct markup, so emphasis markup is preferred. Italics markup is for non-emphasis purposes, such as for book titles and non-English language phrases, as detailed below. </p><p>Emphasis may be used to draw attention to an important word or phrase within a sentence, when the point or thrust of the sentence may otherwise not be apparent to readers, or to stress a contrast: </p> <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Gellner accepts that knowledge must be knowledge <em>of</em> something.</span></dd></dl> <p>It may be preferable to avoid the need for emphasis by rewriting a sentence more explicitly. Use of emphasis more than once in a sentence is rarely helpful to readers, unless the emphasized terms are being directly compared (more often a <a href="#Words_as_words">words-as-words</a> case for regular italics). See also: <a href="#Quotations">§ Quotations</a>, below. </p><p>Other non-emphasis uses of italics should use <code>''...''</code> markup, <em>not</em> <code class="nowrap" style=""><em></code> or <code>{{em}}</code> markup.<sup id="cite_ref-i-not-em_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i-not-em-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Do not use boldfacing for emphasis, as covered in <a href="#When_not_to_use_boldface">§ When not to use boldface</a> above. Do not use underlining, all caps, or small caps for emphasis, as covered in <a href="#How_not_to_apply_emphasis">§ How not to apply emphasis</a> below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_and_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Names_and_titles-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Names_and_titles-Italic_type"></span>Names and titles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Names_and_titles-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NAT"></span><span id="MOS:NAMESANDTITLES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NAT&redirect=no">MOS:NAT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NAMESANDTITLES&redirect=no">MOS:NAMESANDTITLES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For complete guidance on the handling of titles of works, see (until the material is better consolidated): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works</a> (overview and details, including more than that provided in the section you are reading now)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Titles of works</a> (which summarizes the key points)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Italics §§ Titles</a> (which summarizes the greater detail provided at WP:Manual of Style/Titles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Names_and_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Punctuation §§ Quotation marks §§§ Names and titles</a> (summarizes details at WP:Manual of Style/Titles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">WP:Manual of Style/Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Capitalization" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">WP:Manual of Style/Music § Capitalization</a></li></ul></div> <p>Italics should be used for the following types of names and titles, or abbreviations thereof: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Major_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Major works</a> of art and artifice,</b> such as albums, books, video games, films, musicals, operas, symphonies, paintings, sculptures, newspapers, journals, magazines, epic poems, plays, television programs or series, radio shows, comics and comic strips. Medium of publication or presentation is not a factor; a video feature only released on video tape, disc or the Internet is considered a "film" for these purposes, and so on. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Italics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">WP:Manual of Style/Titles § Italics</a> for details.)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><em>Minor works</em> (and any specifically titled subdivisions of italicized major works) are given in double quotation marks not italics, even when the title is not in English. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(For details, see <a href="#When_not_to_use_italics">§ When not to use italics</a>.)</span></dd></dl> <dl><dd>These cases are well-established conventions recognized in most style guides. Do not apply italics to other categories or instances because you feel they are creative or artful (e.g. game or sport moves, logical arguments, "artisanal" products, schools of practice or thought, etc.).</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Court case names:</b> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>FCC v. Pacifica</i></span>. (<a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">Case citation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">law report</a> information is presented in normal font.)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Certain <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific names</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Genes</a> (but not <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> encoded by genes).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genera</a> (and abbreviation thereof) and all lower <a href="/wiki/Rank_(zoology)#All_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank (zoology)">taxa</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>), but not higher taxa (e.g. family, order, etc.). The entire scientific name should be italicized, except where an interpolation is included in or appended to the name. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(For details, see <a href="#Scientific_names">§ Scientific names</a>.)</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Vessels"></span><span class="anchor" id="VESSELS"></span><span class="anchor" id="Vessel"></span><span class="anchor" id="VESSEL"></span><b>Named, specific vessels: <a href="/wiki/Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper names">proper names</a></b> given to: <ul><li>Ships, with <a href="/wiki/Ship_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship prefixes">ship prefixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol" title="Hull classification symbol">classification symbols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennant_number" title="Pennant number">pennant numbers</a>, and types in normal font: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">USS <i>Baltimore</i> (CA-68)</span>. Italicize ship names when they appear in the names of classes of ships (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the <i>Baltimore</i>-class cruisers</span>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ships)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)</a> for more detail on ship and ship class titles.)</span></li> <li>Aircraft: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the <i>Spirit of St. Louis</i></span></li> <li>Spacecraft (including fictional): the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Gaia</i> space observatory</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">USS <i>Enterprise</i> NCC-1701</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Constitution</i>-class starships</span>. Do not italicize a mission, series, or class except where it coincides with a craft's name: the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Eagle</i></span> was the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Apollo 11 lunar lander</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Voyager 2</i></span> was launched as part of the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Voyager program</span>.</li> <li>Trains and locomotives: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the <i>City of New Orleans</i> (train)</span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>The vessels convention <em>does not apply</em> to smaller conveyances such as cars, trucks, and buses, or to mission names. Also, most real-world spacecraft and rockets at this time are not given proper names, thus <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><i>Apollo 11</i></span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><i>Saturn V</i></span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><i>Falcon 9</i></span>, etc. are not appropriate to apply to spacecraft.</dd></dl> <p>Use <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Piped_link" title="Wikipedia:Piped link">piped linking</a> to properly italicize in wikilinks: "<a href="/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(CA-68)" title="USS Baltimore (CA-68)">USS <i>Baltimore</i> (CA-68)</a>, the lead ship of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore-class_cruiser" title="Baltimore-class cruiser"><i>Baltimore</i>-class cruisers</a>", is produced by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">USS Baltimore (CA-68)</span><span class="p">|</span>USS <span class="ge">''Baltimore''</span> (CA-68)<span class="p">]]</span>, the lead ship of the <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">Baltimore-class cruiser</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''Baltimore''</span>-class cruisers<span class="p">]]</span></code> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_as_words" data-mw-thread-id="h-Words_as_words-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Words_as_words-Italic_type"></span>Words as words<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Words_as_words-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:WAW"></span><span id="MOS:WORDSASWORDS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:WAW&redirect=no">MOS:WAW</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:WORDSASWORDS&redirect=no">MOS:WORDSASWORDS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use italics when writing about words as words, or letters as letters (to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">use–mention distinction</a>). Examples: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The term <i>panning</i> is derived from <i>panorama</i>, which was coined in 1787.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Deuce</i> means 'two'.</span> (Linguistic glosses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Single_quotation_marks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">go in single quotation marks</a>.)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The most common letter in English is <i>e</i>.</span></li></ul> <p>When italics could cause confusion (such as when italics are already being heavily used in the page for some other purpose, e.g., many non-English words and phrases), double quotation marks instead may be used to distinguish words as words (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Just Say No" was an advertising campaign</span>). Quotation marks may also be used when a whole sentence is mentioned (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The preposition in <i>She sat on the chair</i> is <i>on</i></span>; or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"</span>). For very small characters by themselves, code style is helpful: <code>.</code> (this is produced by: <code><code>.</code></code>). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TECHNICAL"></span><span id="MOS:TERM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TECHNICAL&redirect=no">MOS:TECHNICAL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TERM&redirect=no">MOS:TERM</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Term"></span><span class="anchor" id="Terms"></span><span class="anchor" id="TERM"></span><span class="anchor" id="TERMS"></span> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">technical or other jargon</a> term being introduced is often being mentioned as a word rather than (or in addition to) playing its normal grammatical role; if so, it should be italicized or quoted, usually the former. This first occurrence of the term <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">should also usually be linked</a> if it has its own article (or section, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries">glossary entry</a>) corresponding exactly to the meaning when used in the present article. </p><p>Italics may also be used where <code class="nowrap" style=""><dfn></code> tags or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Dfn" title="Template:Dfn">dfn</a>}}</code> templates mark a term's first use, definition, introduction, or distinguished meaning on the page. Note that <code class="nowrap" style=""><dfn></code> tags and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Dfn" title="Template:Dfn">dfn</a>}}</code> templates do not apply text formatting, so the italicization (or quoting) must be added if intended. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> article: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i><dfn>Access consciousness</dfn></i> is the phenomenon whereby information in our minds is accessible for verbal report and reasoning.</span></li><li> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="ge">''</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">dfn</span><span class="p">></span><span class="ge">Access consciousness</span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">dfn</span><span class="p">></span><span class="ge">''</span> is ...</code></li></ul></div> <p>If, however, a term is an alternative name for the subject of the article (often the target of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirect</a>), then <a href="/wiki/Boldface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boldface">boldface</a> should be used in place of italics or quotation marks at such a first occurrence <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Article_title_terms">§ Article title terms</a>, above)</span>: </p><p> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The <b>small forward</b> (<b>SF</b>), also known as the <b>three</b>, is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game.</span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TWOSTYLES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TWOSTYLES&redirect=no">MOS:TWOSTYLES</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Two_styles"></span> </p><p>Generally, use only one of these styles at a time (do not italicize and quote, or quote and boldface, or italicize and boldface) for words-as-words purposes. Exceptionally, two styles can be combined for distinct purposes, e.g. a film title is italicized and it is also boldfaced in the lead sentence of the article on that film (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ITALICTITLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ITALICTITLE">WP:ITALICTITLE</a> for additional requirements and guidance): </p><p> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i><b>Roundhay Garden Scene</b></i> is a very brief silent motion picture...</span> </p><p>Combined styles are also valid in articles about a term or when significant terms redirect to an article, as in: </p><p> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The "<b>New World</b>" is a term which is applied to...</span> </p><p>Do not switch back and forth between styles in the same material (e.g., using italics for words as words in one paragraph, then quotes in another). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English-language_terms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-English-language_terms-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-English-language_terms-Italic_type"></span>Non-English-language terms<span class="anchor" id="Foreign_terms"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-English-language_terms-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Non-English_terms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Non-English terms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Other_languages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Other languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NONENGITALIC"></span><span id="MOS:FOREIGNITALIC"></span><span id="MOS:FORITA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NONENGITALIC&redirect=no">MOS:NONENGITALIC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FOREIGNITALIC&redirect=no">MOS:FOREIGNITALIC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FORITA&redirect=no">MOS:FORITA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Wikipedia generally uses <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italics</a> for words and phrases from non-English languages if they are written using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. This does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> or phrases that see everyday use in non-specialized English, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">qi</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Gestapo</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">samurai</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">esprit de corps</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">e.g.</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">i.e.</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">etc.</span>—as these have become English-language vocabulary. Use the native spellings of non-English language vocabulary using the Latin alphabet, with or without <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>—otherwise, you should <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicize</a> their spelling. For example: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a> liked to breakfast on <a href="/wiki/Crispbread" title="Crispbread">crispbread</a> (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">knäckebröd</i></span>) open sandwiches with toppings such as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">messmör</i></span> (butter made from goat's milk), ham, and vegetables.</span></li> <li>Code: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">Gustav I of Sweden</span><span class="p">]]</span> liked to breakfast on <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">crispbread</span><span class="p">]]</span> (<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">lang</span><span class="p">|</span>sv<span class="p">|</span>knäckebröd<span class="p">}}</span>) open sandwiches with toppings such as <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">lang</span><span class="p">|</span>sv<span class="p">|</span>messmör<span class="p">}}</span> (butter made from goat's milk), ham, and vegetables.</code></li></ul> <p>The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> template and its variants support all <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> language codes, correctly identifying the language and automatically italicizing for you. Please use these templates rather than manually italicizing non-English material. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Other_languages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Other languages</a> for more information.)</span> </p><p>Use non-English vocabulary sparingly; for more information, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Use_other_languages_sparingly" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Use other languages sparingly</a>. Certain specialist or non-English terms are not italicized, including musical terminology like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">minuet</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">adagio</span>. As a rule of thumb, do not italicize words that appear in multiple major English dictionaries. </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="BADITALICS"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BADITALICS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BADITALICS&redirect=no">MOS:BADITALICS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>If it is necessary to include terms written in a non-Latin script, they can be placed in parentheses. <strong>Text in non-Latin scripts</strong> (such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-related_articles#Characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles">Chinese</a>) <strong>should neither be italicized as non-English nor bolded</strong>, even where this is technically feasible; the difference of script suffices to distinguish it on the page. However, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Italics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">titles of major works that should be italicized</a> are italicized in scripts that support that feature (including Latin, Greek and Cyrillic); do not apply italic markup to scripts that do not (including Chinese, Japanese, and Korean).<sup id="cite_ref-CJK_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJK-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">proper names</a>—including personal names, place names, and the names of organizations—are usually not italicized as non-English vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these may be italicized for other reasons, including when <a href="#Words_as_words">the name itself is being referred to</a>. For example, non-English names listed as translations in the lead of an article should be italicized, e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Nuremberg</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nürnberg</i>)</span>. Non-English names of works should be italicized just like those in English are, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Les_Liaisons_dangereuses" title="Les Liaisons dangereuses"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Liaisons dangereuses</i></span></span></a>. When a name should not be italicized, language markup can still ensure proper pronunciation in screen readers, by using the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|italic=unset</code> parameter: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|de|italic=unset|Nürnberg}}</code>. </p><p>For better <a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">accessibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> quotations should not be set in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small caps</a>. When reproduced for their content, inscriptions that were originally set in all caps should be transcribed according to standard rules of English capitalization. Please note, however, that simply undoing caps may result in incorrect orthography; for example, capital <i>V</i> may represent either the consonant <i>v</i> or the vowel <i>u</i>. All-caps or preferably small-caps presentation <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#All_caps" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">may be preserved</a> when it is contextually useful, as in technical <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> material and descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>. Editors should be cautious about making <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">their own interpretations</a> when transcribing <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatic">numismatic</a> sources. Particularly on coins, a character that appears to be a letter may instead be a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a>, a denomination, or a symbol. For articles that reproduce examples of epigraphy or coin legends, editors should consult the orthography of expert secondary sources <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see also <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic transcription">diplomatic transcription</a>)</span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang/doc" title="Template:Lang/doc">Template:Lang/doc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">related template</a> documentation on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility#Other_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility">marking up non-English text for accessibility purposes</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an index of additional MoS material pertaining to non-English language text (interlinear glosses, titles of work, organisms' vernacular names, non-English quotations and quotation marks), see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Other_non-English_concerns" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Other non-English concerns</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scientific_names-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scientific_names-Italic_type"></span>Scientific names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scientific_names-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organisms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organisms">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organisms</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ITALSCINAMES"></span><span id="MOS:SCIENTIFIC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ITALSCINAMES&redirect=no">MOS:ITALSCINAMES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SCIENTIFIC&redirect=no">MOS:SCIENTIFIC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">Scientific names</a> of organisms are formatted according to normal <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic nomenclature</a>. </p> <ul><li>Do not italicize (but do capitalize) taxa higher than <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> (exceptions are below). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> taxonomy is a partial exception; current scientific practice is to italicize all ranks of taxa (even those higher than genus; e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Ortervirales" title="Ortervirales">Ortervirales</a></i>, an order, or <i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i>, a family). However, this should only be done in articles about viruses or virology; mentions of virus taxa in articles about other forms of life should follow the normal rules for italicizing scientific names.</li></ul></li> <li>Italicize all lower <a href="/wiki/Rank_(zoology)#All_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank (zoology)">ranks (taxa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> (capitalized), <a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenus</a> (capitalized), <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>. <ul><li>Names of genera are always italicized (and capitalized), even when not paired with a species name: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Allosaurus</i>, <i>Falco</i>, <i>Anas</i></span>.</li> <li>The entire <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature" title="Trinomial nomenclature">trinomial</a> scientific name is italicized, whether given in full or abbreviated: (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>N. v. piaropicola</i></span>).</li></ul></li> <li>Interpolations such as "cf.", "×", "var.", or "subsp." are not italicized: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Ninox</i> cf. <i>novaeseelandiae</i></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the chaussie is a hybrid cat (<i>Felis catus</i> × <i>F. chaus</i>)</span>.</li> <li>Parenthetic expressions should not be italicized unless part of the scientific name, as in the case of a subgenus, which is always italicized, though the parentheses (round brackets) are not: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Potentilla</i> (<i>Sibbaldiopsis</i>) <i>tridentata</i></span>.</li> <li>Do not italicize authorities (author names) juxtaposed with scientific names: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Subgenus <i>Potentilla</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Syme</span> and subgenus <i>Hypargyrium</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fourr.) Juz.</span> have been combined under subgenus <i>Potentilla</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Syme</span></span>. In the article body, wrap the authority information in <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Small" title="Template:Small">small</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <small>...</small>. (This need not be done for authorities in a taxobox that are entered using parameters such <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|authority=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|parent_authority=</code>, since small text is then used automatically. For synonym lists, either use templates like <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Species_list" title="Template:Species list">Species list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> which automatically use small text for authorities, or wrap the authority information as described above.)</li></ul> <p>Derived uses in non-biological contexts are not italicized: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The largest carnivore in family Tyrannosauridae was <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">T. rex</a></i> itself</span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Unicorn</i> was an album by the band <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a></span>. </p><p>Although often derived from Latin or Ancient Greek, scientific names are never marked up with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or related templates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotations-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotations-Italic_type"></span>Quotations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotations-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/MOS:QUOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:QUOTE">MOS:QUOTE</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOS:WORDSASWORDS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:WORDSASWORDS">MOS:WORDSASWORDS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <p>Do not put quotations in italics. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotation_marks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Quotation marks</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Block_quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">block quoting</a>) alone are sufficient and the correct ways to denote quotations. Italics should only be used if the quoted material would otherwise call for italics. </p><p>Use italics within quotations to reproduce emphasis that exists in the source material or to indicate the use of non-English words. The emphasis is better done with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a>}}</code>. If it is not clear that the source already included italics (or some other styling) for emphasis, or to indicate when emphasis was not used in the original text but was editorially added later, add the editorial note <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[emphasis in original]</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[emphasis added]</span>, respectively, after the quotation. </p> <ul><li>For example: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And <em>flights of angels</em> sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Variables-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Variables-Italic_type"></span>Variables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Variables-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Program_variables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Program_variables-Variables"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Program_variables-Variables"></span>Program variables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Program_variables-Variables"></span></h4></div> <p>Variables in computer programs and symbols for program variables within plain-English prose and in computer source code presented as textual content can be marked up with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Var" title="Template:Var">var</a>}}</code> template: </p> <ul><li><code>...where <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Var" title="Template:Var">var</a>|x}}</code> is incremented on each pass...</code> ⇒ <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">...where <var style="padding-right: 1px;">x</var> is incremented on each pass...</span></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id=<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Var" title="Template:Var">var</a>|ISBN or other identifier}}</code></code> ⇒ <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id=<var style="padding-right: 1px;">ISBN or other identifier</var></code></li></ul> <p>This provides richer semantic markup over simple italicization (or no formatting at all), that can aid in searching, accessibility, and disambiguation between variables and literal values. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mathematics_variables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mathematics_variables-Variables"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mathematics_variables-Variables"></span>Mathematics variables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mathematics_variables-Variables"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Help:Displaying a formula</a></div> <p><code class="nowrap" style=""><math>...</math></code> <a href="/wiki/MOS:FORMULA" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:FORMULA">LaTeX markup</a> produces a serif font, unlike the default sans-serif prose font. To avoid confusion over the meaning of symbols, use <a href="/wiki/Template:Math_templates" title="Template:Math templates">math templates</a> that put math expressions in a serif font. This also makes it easier to distinguish between <i>I</i> (upper-case i) and <i>l</i> (lower-case L), which look almost identical in many sans-serif fonts. Math variables are always written in italics. For standalone references to math variables, use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Mvar" title="Template:Mvar">mvar</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, which will render in an italic serif font. For math equations, use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Math" title="Template:Math">math</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. For variables within <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Math" title="Template:Math">math</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, use double apostrophes to make italics. </p> <ul><li><code>The value of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Mvar" title="Template:Mvar">mvar</a>|y}}</code> is always...</code> ⇒ <span class="example example-bold" style="font-weight: bold; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The value of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">y</span> is always...</span></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">math</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="ge">''E''</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nf">=</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="ge">''mc''</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">sup</span><span class="p">></span>2<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">sup</span><span class="p">>}}</span></code> ⇒ <span class="example example-bold" style="font-weight: bold; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="texhtml"><i>E</i> = <i>mc</i><sup>2</sup></span></span></li></ul> <p>Some things remain in upright form regardless of the surrounding text </p> <ul><li>Bold-face variables (such as vectors) and structures (such as <span class="texhtml"><b>Q</b></span>, the rational numbers)</li> <li>Letters with an arrow on top for vectors</li> <li>Symbols for chemical elements and compounds such as HCl</li> <li>Symbols for units of measure such as kg, ft/s</li> <li>Symbols for mathematical operators such as <span class="texhtml">sin</span> and <span class="texhtml">ln</span>; for example: <dl><dd><span class="texhtml">sin <i>x</i>, ln (<i>p</i>/<i>p</i><sub>0</sub>)</span></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_italics_that_are_specific_to_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Uses_of_italics_that_are_specific_to_Wikipedia-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Uses_of_italics_that_are_specific_to_Wikipedia-Italic_type"></span>Uses of italics that are specific to Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Uses_of_italics_that_are_specific_to_Wikipedia-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:XREF"></span><span id="MOS:CROSSREF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:XREF&redirect=no">MOS:XREF</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CROSSREF&redirect=no">MOS:CROSSREF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>One-line notes that are placed at the top of articles or sections (most often to assist <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">disambiguation</a> or provide cross-references) are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">hatnotes</a>. One-line notes may also be placed at the top of sections to cross-reference or point to additional information that is not directly linked in the text. Both of these are in italics and indented to distinguish them from the text of the article proper. The <a href="/wiki/Category:Disambiguation_and_redirection_templates" title="Category:Disambiguation and redirection templates">Disambiguation and redirection templates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_page-section_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia page-section templates">Wikipedia page-section templates</a> automatically provide the required italic formatting. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FOOTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FOOTERS">Special section headings</a> for appendices such as <code>==See also==</code> are <i>not</i> in italics. </p><p>A further type of cross-reference may occur within a paragraph of text, usually in parentheses (round brackets). For example: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">At this time France possessed the largest population in Europe <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics of France</a>)</span>.</span> Here, the cross-referenced article does not topically make a good target for a running-text link from the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">largest population in Europe</a>", or any other text in the sentence, but has been deemed relevant enough to mention in passing without relegating it to the "See also" section at the bottom of the article. These kinds of cross-references can be formatted easily with the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Crossreference" title="Template:Crossreference">Crossreference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> a.k.a. <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Crossref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Crossref">Crossref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template (or, to other sections on the same page, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:See_above" title="Template:See above">See above</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:See_below" title="Template:See below">See below</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>). In any case where such a link in running text <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#SUBMARINE" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">would be proper</a>, it is preferred over a parenthetical, explicit cross-reference. </p><p>Like hatnotes, these parenthetical cross-references are set off by being italicized in their entirety, as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Wikipedia self-references</a>, and not part of the article content proper. Unlike some traditional reference works, the convention that has evolved on Wikipedia is <em>not</em> to individually italicize "see" or "see also". Wikipedia's own article titles are not put in quotation marks in such cross-references. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_not_to_use_italics" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_not_to_use_italics-Italic_type"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-When_not_to_use_italics-Italic_type"></span>When not to use italics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-When_not_to_use_italics-Italic_type"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOITALIC"></span><span id="MOS:NOITAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOITALIC&redirect=no">MOS:NOITALIC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOITAL&redirect=no">MOS:NOITAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Quotation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles § Quotation marks</a></div> <p>Italics are generally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Italics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">used only for titles of longer works</a>. Titles of shorter works should be enclosed in double <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a> ("text like this"). This particularly applies to works that exist as a smaller part of a larger work. These include but are not limited to: articles, essays, papers, chapters, reference work entries, newspaper and magazine sections or departments, episodes of audio-visual series, segments or skits in longer programs, short poems, short stories, story lines and plot arcs; songs, album tracks and other short musical works; leaflets and circulars. </p><p>Italics should not be used for <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Foreign_terms">non-English text</a> in non-Latin scripts, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-related_articles#Characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles">Chinese characters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Russia-related_articles#Cyrillic,_Latin_transliteration,_and_italicization" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Russia-related articles">Cyrillic script</a>, or for proper names, to which the convention of italicizing non-English words and phrases does not apply; thus, a title of a short non-English work simply receives quotation marks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="How_not_to_apply_emphasis" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_not_to_apply_emphasis"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_not_to_apply_emphasis"></span>How not to apply emphasis<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_not_to_apply_emphasis"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BADEMPHASIS"></span><span id="MOS:UNDERLINE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BADEMPHASIS&redirect=no">MOS:BADEMPHASIS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:UNDERLINE&redirect=no">MOS:UNDERLINE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Avoid various kinds of overemphasis, other than the recommended one (<i>see:</i> <a href="/wiki/MOS:EMPHASIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:EMPHASIS">MOS:EMPHASIS</a>), which would distract from the writing: </p> <ul><li>Exclamation points (!) should usually only be used in direct quotes and titles of creative works.</li> <li><b>Bold type</b> is <a href="#Boldface">reserved for certain uses</a>.</li> <li>Quotation marks for emphasis of a single word or phrase are incorrect, and "<a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare quotes</a>" are discouraged. Quotation marks are to show that you are using the correct word as quoted from the original source. For example: <i>His tombstone was inscribed with the name "Aaron" instead of the spelling he used during his life.</i></li> <li>Avoid using <a href="/wiki/ALL_CAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="ALL CAPS">ALL CAPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">small caps</span></a> for emphasis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(for legitimate uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#All_caps" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters § All caps</a>)</span>. <a href="#Italic_face">Italics</a> are usually more appropriate.</li> <li>Double emphasis, such as <i><b>italics and boldface</b></i>, "<i>italics in quotation marks</i>", or <i>italics and an exclamation point!</i>, is unnecessary.</li> <li><u>Underlining</u> is used in typewriting and handwriting to represent italic type. Generally, do not underline text or it may be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">links</a> on a web page.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Do not capitalize words merely as a form of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Do_not_use_for_emphasis" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">emphasis or signification</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Other_text_formatting_concerns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_text_formatting_concerns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span>Other text formatting concerns<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Font_size" data-mw-thread-id="h-Font_size-Other_text_formatting_concerns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Font_size-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span>Font size<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Font_size-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FONTSIZE"></span><span id="MOS:TEXTSIZE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FONTSIZE&redirect=no">MOS:FONTSIZE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TEXTSIZE&redirect=no">MOS:TEXTSIZE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Font_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Font size</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MOS:SMALLCAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:SMALLCAPS">MOS:SMALLCAPS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:SIZE" redirects here. For the page-length guideline, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Wikipedia:Article size</a>.</div> <p>Editors should avoid manually inserting large and small fonts into prose. Increased and decreased font size should primarily be produced through automated facilities such as headings or through carefully designed templates. </p><p>Reduced or enlarged font sizes should be used sparingly, and are usually done with automated page elements such as headings, table headers, and standardized templates. Size changes are specified as a <em>percentage</em> of the original font size and not as an absolute size in pixels or point size. This improves accessibility for visually impaired users who use a large default font size. </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="SMALLFONT"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SMALLFONT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SMALLFONT&redirect=no">MOS:SMALLFONT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Avoid using smaller font sizes within page elements that already use a smaller font size, such as most text within <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infoboxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_template" title="Wikipedia:Navigation template">navboxes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Notes_and_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">references sections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that <code class="nowrap" style=""><small>...</small></code> tags, and templates such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Small" title="Template:Small">small</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Smalldiv" title="Template:Smalldiv">smalldiv</a>}}</code>, should not be applied to <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> within those elements. In no case should the resulting font size of any text drop below 85% of the page's default font size. Note that the HTML <code class="nowrap" style=""><small>...</small></code> tag has a semantic meaning of <a href="/wiki/Fine_print" title="Fine print">fine print</a> or side comments;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do not use it for stylistic changes. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For use of small text for authority names with binomials, see <a href="#Scientific_names">§ Scientific names</a>.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color" data-mw-thread-id="h-Color-Other_text_formatting_concerns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Color-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span><span id="Colour"></span>Color<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Color-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Color" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Color</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_prose" data-mw-thread-id="h-In_prose-Color"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In_prose-Color"></span>In prose<span data-mw-comment-end="h-In_prose-Color"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LINKCOLOR"></span><span id="MOS:LINKCOL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LINKCOLOR&redirect=no">MOS:LINKCOLOR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LINKCOL&redirect=no">MOS:LINKCOL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Prose text should never be colored. Refrain from implementing <a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">colored links</a> that may impede user ability to distinguish links from regular text, or color links for purely aesthetic reasons. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_templates_and_tables" data-mw-thread-id="h-In_templates_and_tables-Color"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In_templates_and_tables-Color"></span>In templates and tables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-In_templates_and_tables-Color"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="In_navboxes"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NAVBOXCOLOUR"></span><span id="MOS:NAVBOXCOLOR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NAVBOXCOLOUR&redirect=no">MOS:NAVBOXCOLOUR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NAVBOXCOLOR&redirect=no">MOS:NAVBOXCOLOR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ol><li>Colors used in templates such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">navboxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Infobox" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Infobox">infoboxes</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Table">tables</a>, should not make reading difficult, including for colorblind or otherwise visually impaired readers.</li> <li>Colors that are useful for identification and are <em>appropriate, representative, and accessible</em> may be used with discretion and common sense. In general, text color should not be anything other than black or white (excluding the standard colors of hyperlinks), and background colors should contrast the text color enough to make the template easily readable. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility/Colors" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Colors">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Colors</a> for more information.</li> <li>An "appropriate, representative" color, when intended to identify with an organization's logo or branding, should use the most prominent <em>accessible</em> color in the logo. For example, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pink_Panther&oldid=433595147">Template:Pink Panther</a></span> should be using a background of <code>F6D4E6</code> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#f6d4e6"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#F6D4E6;color:inherit;"> </span></span> (the color of the body in <a href="/wiki/File:Pink_Panther.png" title="File:Pink Panther.png">File:Pink Panther.png</a>) rather than <code>E466A9</code> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#e466a9"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#E466A9;color:inherit;"> </span></span> (the color of the background in that image). A representative color useful in a navbox is often already present in an article's infobox (if included), and these are sometimes specified programmatically. For example, <a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places">the navbox</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> and other related categorizations should conform to Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NRHP_colors_legend" title="Wikipedia:NRHP colors legend">NRHP colors legend</a>.</li> <li>In the case that no properly identifying, accessible color exists; or the subject of the template or table should not be identified with a particular color (e.g., an average biography), the default colors provided by the template or the table class should be used.</li> <li>If an article includes several navboxes whose colors conflict with each other, discretion should be used to minimize the visual disruption by using the default colors for navboxes.</li> <li>Content should also be easy to read in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dark_mode" title="Wikipedia:Dark mode">dark mode</a>, preferably without a large area of bright background. This can be accomplished by removing color styling and using the default skin colors, by picking colors that work well in both light and dark mode, or by setting different colors for each mode using techniques from the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_night_mode_compatibility_on_Wikimedia_wikis" class="extiw" title="mw:Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis">official MediaWiki recommendations</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Font_family" data-mw-thread-id="h-Font_family-Other_text_formatting_concerns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Font_family-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span>Font family<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Font_family-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FONTFAMILY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FONTFAMILY&redirect=no">MOS:FONTFAMILY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)" title="Font family (HTML)">Font families</a> should not be explicitly defined in an article, with the exception of PUA characters (next section), because this interferes with Wikipedia's flexibility, and it is impossible to foresee what fonts will be installed on a user's computer. </p><p>Articles used to explicitly define font families for special characters, because older browsers could not automatically select an appropriate font. This is no longer dealt with by using explicit font definitions in the articles. Certain definitions can be invoked by using special templates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Help:Special characters</a>, and templates listed at <a href="/wiki/Template:Unicode" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Unicode">Template:Unicode</a>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_letters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Capital_letters-Other_text_formatting_concerns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Capital_letters-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span>Capital letters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Capital_letters-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span></h3></div> <p>The use of capital (upper-case) letters, including small-capitals style, is covered in detail at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citations-Other_text_formatting_concerns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citations-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span>Citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citations-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Notes_and_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a></div> <p>Text formatting in citations should follow, consistently within an article, an established citation style or system. Options include either of Wikipedia's own template-based <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a>, and any other well-recognized citation system. </p><p>Parameters in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">citation templates</a> should be accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do not evade the formatting applied by a parameter, e.g. by using markup tricks or by switching to an inapplicable parameter simply because its style of output is different.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A parameter with useful citation data should not be omitted just because the auto-applied style is not in agreement with text-formatting guidelines; that is a template bug to fix.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strikethrough" data-mw-thread-id="h-Strikethrough-Other_text_formatting_concerns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Strikethrough-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span>Strikethrough<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Strikethrough-Other_text_formatting_concerns"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:STRIKETHROUGH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:STRIKETHROUGH&redirect=no">MOS:STRIKETHROUGH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Text</a></div> <p>Do not use <a href="/wiki/Strikethrough" title="Strikethrough">strikethrough</a> to indicate inappropriate or incorrect material; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">this causes accessibility and comprehensibility problems, and there are several better alternatives</a>, including commenting out, deletion, and tagging for discussion. Intentional use of strikethrough as part of the content is discouraged for similar reasons. If strikethrough is used to indicate deleted text, such as in textual analysis, it should be implemented with <a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">semantic HTML</a> element <code class="nowrap" style=""><del></code> and combined with other techniques for accessibility purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"></span>Private Use Area and invisible formatting characters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"></span></h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="PUA_and_RTL"></span>The only invisible characters in the editable text should be spaces and tabs. However, other invisible characters are often inserted inadvertently by pasting from a word processor, from the rendered Wikipedia page (in some browsers),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from Wikipedia's Android editor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can cause confusion with editors and handling problems with editing software. Any necessary invisible or <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Use Area">Private Use Area</a> (PUA) characters should be substituted with their decimal or hexadecimal code values (that is, as &<var style="padding-right: 1px;">...</var>;) so that they can be edited properly. A template, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:PUA" title="Template:PUA">PUA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, is used to mark PUA characters; it has no effect on the text, but places the article in a tracking category. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See the next sections for examples.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_right-to-left_text" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mixed_right-to-left_text-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mixed_right-to-left_text-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"></span>Mixed right-to-left text<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mixed_right-to-left_text-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:RTL"></span><span id="MOS:LTR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RTL&redirect=no">MOS:RTL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LTR&redirect=no">MOS:LTR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>When right-to-left text is embedded in certain left-to-right contexts, such as when tagged with a reference, it may require control characters to display properly. The marker to return to left-to-right text should be encoded as <a href="/wiki/Left-to-right_mark" title="Left-to-right mark">&lrm;</a> or supplied through the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code>. </p><p>Depending on your browser, there may be a difference between the display of unformatted Urdu: </p> <dl><dd><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">خ ?<code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">ref</a>><var style="padding-right: 1px;">citation details</var></ref></code></span>: خ ?<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255586131">.mw-parser-output .fakelinks{color:var(--color-progressive,#0645ad);cursor:default}.mw-parser-output .fakelinks:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#0645ad)}</style><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup></dd></dl> <p>with formatted: </p> <dl><dd><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">خ&lrm; ?<code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">ref</a>><var style="padding-right: 1px;">citation details</var></ref></code></span>: خ‎ ?<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup> or <span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|ur|خ}}</span> ?<code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">ref</a>><var style="padding-right: 1px;">citation details</var></ref></code></span>: <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">خ</span></span> ?<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup></dd></dl> <p>and unformatted: </p> <dl><dd><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">(خ)<code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">ref</a>><var style="padding-right: 1px;">citation details</var></ref></code></span>: (خ)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup></dd></dl> <p>with formatted: </p> <dl><dd><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">(خ)&lrm;<code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">ref</a>><var style="padding-right: 1px;">citation details</var></ref></code></span>: (خ)‎<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup> or <span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|ur|(خ)}}</span><code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">ref</a>><var style="padding-right: 1px;">citation details</var></ref></code></span>: <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">(خ)</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup></dd></dl> <p>If there is intervening LTR text, as in <code>خ abc<code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite/Cite.php" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php">ref</a>><var style="padding-right: 1px;">citation details</var></ref></code></code>, a control character is not required. Spacing and most punctuation, however, are not defined as either LTR or RTL, so the direction of the text needs to be reset manually. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PUA_characters" data-mw-thread-id="h-PUA_characters-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-PUA_characters-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"></span>PUA characters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-PUA_characters-Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PUA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PUA&redirect=no">MOS:PUA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Use Area">Private Use Area</a> (PUA) characters are in three ranges of code points (U+E000–U+F8FF in the <a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)#Basic_Multilingual_Plane" title="Plane (Unicode)">BMP</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)#Private_Use_Area_planes" title="Plane (Unicode)">planes 15 and 16</a>). PUA characters should normally be avoided, but they are sometimes used when they are found in common fonts, especially when the character itself is the topic of discussion. </p><p>Where PUA characters cannot be replaced with non-PUA Unicode characters, they should be converted to their (hexa)decimal code values (that is, &#...; or &#x...;). However, whenever a PUA character has a Unicode equivalent, it should instead be replaced with that equivalent (Unicodified). The Unicode may be obvious when text is copied and pasted from a document that uses the PUA for bullets or similar characters in Latin text, but similar things happen with punctuation and emoticons in documents using Japanese and other scripts, so an editor familiar with those scripts may be needed. In Chinese documents it is not uncommon for the PUA to be used for characters that now have full Unicode support, due to poorer support for Chinese characters when those fonts were designed. Such PUA characters, which are sometimes found on Wikipedia in references and footnotes, should not be substituted with their (hexa)decimal values, as that will lock in the illegible character. If you're moderately familiar with the script, an internet search of the surrounding text will often locate a fully Unicode version of the text which can be used to correct the Wikipedia article. </p><p>Because browsers do not know which fonts to use for PUA characters, it is necessary for Wikipedia to specify them. Formatting via one of the templates listed at <a href="/wiki/Template:Unicode" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Unicode">Template:Unicode</a> is sufficient in some cases. Otherwise the fonts should be specified through html markup, as in the example below. Note that if a font is not specified, or if none of the fonts are installed, readers will only see a numbered box in place of the PUA character. </p><p>Tagging a (hexa)decimal code with the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:PUA" title="Template:PUA">PUA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> will enable future editors to review the page, and to Unicodify the character if it is included in future expansions of Unicode. This happened, for example, at <a href="/wiki/Strident_vowel" title="Strident vowel">strident vowel</a>, where a non-Unicode symbol for the sound was used in the literature and added to the PUA of SIL's IPA fonts. Unicode didn't support it until several years after the Wikipedia article was written, and once the fonts were updated to support it, the PUA character in the article was replaced with its new Unicode value. </p><p>For example, </p> <dl><dd><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">SIL added these letters at U+F267 and U+F268: <code class="wrap" style=""><span style="font-family:Gentium Plus, Charis SIL, Doulos SIL, serif"><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:PUA" title="Template:PUA">PUA</a>|&#xf267;}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:PUA" title="Template:PUA">PUA</a>|&#xf268;}}</span></span></code>.</span></dd></dl> <p>which renders as: </p> <dl><dd>SIL added these letters at U+F267 and U+F268: <span style="font-family:Gentium Plus, Charis SIL, Doulos SIL, serif">, </span>.</dd></dl> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_wanted_Private_Use_Area_characters" title="Category:Articles with wanted Private Use Area characters">Category:Articles with wanted Private Use Area characters</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Tengwar#Unicode" title="Tengwar">Tengwar § Unicode</a> for examples of PUA characters which cannot easily be replaced.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advanced_text_formatting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Advanced text formatting">WP:Advanced text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Command-line_examples" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Command-line examples">WP:Manual of Style/Command-line examples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Ligatures" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Ligatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Superfluous_bolding_explained" title="Wikipedia:Superfluous bolding explained">WP:Superfluous bolding explained</a> (essay)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HTML_b_and_i-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTML_b_and_i_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTML_b_and_i_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Technically, it is also possible to use the <code class="nowrap" style=""><b>...</b></code> HTML element for boldface and the <code class="nowrap" style=""><i>...</i></code> element for italics, but that is not recommended style on Wikipedia, except in cases (mostly in template code) where it is technically necessary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-headings-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-headings_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pages on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> are written in HyperText Markup Language (<a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>); web browsers render HTML as formatted text. The <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> software that Wikipedia uses converts <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wiki markup">wiki markup</a> to HTML. HTML has six heading levels, specified in HTML as <code class="nowrap" style=""><h1>...</h1></code> through <code class="nowrap" style=""><h6>...</h6></code>. A Wikipedia article or page title is an HTML level-1 heading (and this is not otherwise used on Wikipedia in articles nor, with rare exceptions, in other namespaces). Headings within an article or page use HTML level-2 through -6 headings. At the beginning of a line (only), MediaWiki wiki markup uses the same number of equal signs (<code>=</code>) before and after a heading to determine the heading level. The number of equal signs on either side of a heading corresponds to the HTML heading level: <code>==Foo==</code> is equivalent to <code><h2>Foo</h2></code>. Following best-practices recommendations of <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> and <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>, and the logic of document structuring, Wikipedia does not use a level-3 heading except under a level-2 heading, a level-4 heading except under a level-3 heading, etc. For practical purposes, it is rare for articles to go below level-4 headings; a perceived need to do so is often an indication that an article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> and needs to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Split" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Split">split</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i-not-em-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i-not-em_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In particular, <a href="/wiki/Words_as_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Words as words">words as words</a>, including introduced <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms of art">terms of art</a>, and non-English words and phrases, use normal typographic italics (<code>''...''</code> or <code><i>...</i></code> markup, when necessary). Do not use emphasis markup as an "escape" for italic markup. If you have a situation that would result in something like <code>''War and Peace'''s plot</code> (in which the <code>''</code> followed by a possessive apostrophe is apt to be parsed as turning on boldfacing instead of ending the italics), you can rewrite to avoid the possessive, or use a proper escape in various forms, including: <code>''War and Peace''<nowiki />'s plot</code>, <code><i>War and Peace</i>'s plot</code>, or <code>''War and Peace''<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:'">'</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>s plot</code>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some legal articles on Wikipedia use <a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">Bluebook</a> legal citation style, which specifies italics for case names in the body of an article (Rule 2.1(a)), and normal (Roman) type for the footnoted citation (Rule 2.2(a)(i)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJK-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CJK_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For indicating titles of works, these three languages surround the title with different kinds of brackets; see <a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation#Punctuation_marks" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation § Punctuation marks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation#Quotation_marks" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation § Quotation marks</a>. For emphasis, printed text in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean normally uses a special <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_mark" title="Emphasis mark">emphasis mark</a> placed underneath each character (or Japanese kana or Korean hangul syllable block), but support for this in HTML is poor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Underlining, usually in dotted form, may be automatically applied to certain HTML elements and attributes, such as any use of <abbr title="abbreviation"><code class="nowrap" style=""><<a href="/wiki/HTML_element#abbr" title="HTML element">abbr</a>></code></abbr>, and any element <span title="example" class="explain">that has</span> a <code>title=</code> value and the <code>explain</code> CSS class. This is expected behavior, may vary from browser to browser, and is controllable with <a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">user-level CSS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The general font size for infoboxes and navboxes is 88% of the page's default. The general font size for reference sections is 90% of the page's default. Additional values can be found at <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.css" title="MediaWiki:Common.css">MediaWiki:Common.css</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attempting to misuse citation template parameters to output data they are not designed for typically results in garbled <a href="/wiki/COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a> metadata output. For special cases, use a regular wiki-text note after the end of the citation template but before the closing <code></ref></code> tag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In unusual cases, the default formatting may need to be adjusted within a citation template parameter to conform to some other guideline, e.g. italicization of a non-English term in a title that would otherwise not be italicized.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Errors in the output of the citation templates should be resolved with a bug report at <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Help talk:Citation Style 1">Help talk:Citation Style 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_II_of_Raabs&diff=1194071057&oldid=1065291474">this example edit</a>, in which an editor copy/pasted invisible thin-space characters from the article into the Short Description Helper gadget.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965_Kakanj_mine_disaster&diff=1113258687&oldid=1099794040">this mobile/Android edit</a>, for example; there is a non-breaking space character between "Methane" and "gas".</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On style for organization names, see, for instance: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608015458/https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/search.epl?q=foreign"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i></a>, at "11.8 Foreign institutions": "If given in the original language, names of foreign ... institutions and businesses are presented in roman type and capitalized ...". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031182409/https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/F/foreign-terms"><i>National Geographic Style Manual</i></a>, at "Foreign terms": "1b. institutions and organizations ... are in roman". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_i&page=9y04Dorq2IUY.html"><i>Government of Canada – Writing Tips</i></a>, at "Italics": "French and foreign words: Do not italicize the names of French or foreign organizations".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-small-element">https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-small-element</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_guides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Writing_guides" title="Template:Writing guides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Writing_guides" title="Template talk:Writing guides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Writing_guides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Writing guides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Writing_guides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Writing guides</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33%;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Your_first_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Your first article">Starting an article</a></b><br/>Getting started</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></b><br/>Visual structure of articles</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_perfect_article" title="Wikipedia:The perfect article">The perfect article</a></b><br/>A checklist of components</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_development" title="Wikipedia:Article development">Article development</a></b><br/>Suggested stages of an article</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a></b><br/>Comprehensive style guide</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Writing better articles</a></b><br/>A collection of advice</dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manual_of_Style" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manual_of_Style" title="Template:Manual of Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manual_of_Style" title="Template talk:Manual of Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manual_of_Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manual of Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manual_of_Style" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">By topic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-wide-searchbox"><div 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