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office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933_Hitler's_first_year_in_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarchism_and_the_concept_of_legal_consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchism_and_the_concept_of_legal_consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Monarchism and the concept of legal consciousness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchism_and_the_concept_of_legal_consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Eurasianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_on_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_on_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 View on fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_on_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_German_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_German_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Contemporary German philosophers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_German_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Major works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Portrayal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ivan Ilyin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Iljin" title="Iwan Iljin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iwan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="إيفان إيليين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيفان إيليين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Іван Аляксандравіч Ільін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іван Аляксандравіч Ільін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Il%C3%ADn" title="Ivan Ilín – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ivan Ilín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iljin" title="Ivan Iljin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ivan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iljin" title="Ivan Iljin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ivan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Alexandrowitsch_Iljin" title="Iwan Alexandrowitsch Iljin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iwan Alexandrowitsch Iljin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iljin" title="Ivan Iljin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ivan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Ily%C3%ADn" title="Iván Ilyín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iván Ilyín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iljin" title="Ivan Iljin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ivan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایوان ایلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایوان ایلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iline" title="Ivan Iline – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ivan Iline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Իվան Իլյին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իվան Իլյին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D_Il%27in" title="Ivan Aleksandrovič Il'in – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ivan Aleksandrovič Il'in" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="איוואן אילין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איוואן אילין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ильин Иван Александрович – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ильин Иван Александрович" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Il%27in" title="Ioannes Il'in – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Il'in" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivans_I%C4%BCjins" title="Ivans Iļjins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ivans Iļjins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ايفان ايليين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايفان ايليين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iljin" title="Ivan Iljin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ivan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="イワン・イリイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イワン・イリイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iljin" title="Ivan Iljin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ivan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" title="ਇਵਾਨ ਇਲੀਅਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਵਾਨ ਇਲੀਅਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Iljin" title="Iwan Iljin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iwan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ivan Ilyin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ильин, Иван Александрович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ильин, Иван Александрович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Иван Иљин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иван Иљин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iljin" title="Ivan Iljin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ivan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Iljin" title="Ivan Iljin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ivan Iljin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%97%D0%BD_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ільїн Іван Олександрович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ільїн Іван Олександрович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E9%87%8C%E5%9B%A0" title="伊万·伊里因 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊万·伊里因" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1282198#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ivan_Ilyin" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Russian political philosopher (1883–1954)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Russian political philosopher. For the Austrian philosopher, see <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Alexandrovich and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Ilyin.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ivan Ilyin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Iljin02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iljin02.jpg/220px-Iljin02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iljin02.jpg/330px-Iljin02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iljin02.jpg/440px-Iljin02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin</div> 9 April 1883 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Governorate" title="Moscow Governorate">Moscow Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1954(1954-12-21) (aged 71) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Zollikon" title="Zollikon">Zollikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">religious philosophy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.svg/150px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.svg/225px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.svg/300px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="50" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Иван Александрович Ильин, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in; 9 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 March] 1883 – 21 December 1954) was a Russian jurist, religious and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher</a>, publicist, <a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a>, and conservative <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>. While he saw Russia's 1917 <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> as a "temporary disorder", the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, in his view, marked a "national catastrophe". This conviction led him to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> regime.<a href="#cite_note-marsiada.ru-1">[1]</a> He became a <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">white émigré</a> journalist, aligning himself with <a href="/wiki/Slavophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophile">Slavophile</a> beliefs and emerging as a key ideologue of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_All-Military_Union" title="Russian All-Military Union">Russian All-Military Union</a>. This organization firmly believed that force stood as the sole means through which the Soviet regime could be toppled.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> As an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ivan_Ilyin:_A_Fashionable_Fascist-3">[3]</a> Ilyin found himself initially sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> but his critique of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> was not embraced by the Nazi regime. In 1934, his refusal to comply with Nazi directives to spread <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">propaganda</a> led to his dismissal from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Academic_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Academic Institute (page does not exist)">Russian Academic Institute</a>, stripping him of employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Financial support from <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> in 1938 allowed Ilyin to remain in Switzerland albeit barred from work or political engagement.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-ilyin-5">[5]</a> This phase of restriction led him to delve deeper into studies encompassing aesthetics, ethics, and psychology.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Despite battling chronic illness, Ilyin wrote over 40 books and numerous articles in Russian and German. His works predominantly revolved around religion and Russia, although he diverged from <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov's</a> ideologies, advocating a global <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a> with whom the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Religious_Renaissance" title="Russian Religious Renaissance">Russian religious and philosophical Renaissance</a> of the early 20th century is usually associated.<a href="#cite_note-marsiada.ru-1">[1]</a> Instead, Ilyin championed a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> model of governance for Russia, rooted on <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodoxy</a> and faith in the <a href="/wiki/Autocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrat">autocratic</a> tsar, distinguishing between autocracy and <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> His writings echoed calls for <a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">heroism</a> and moral <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> while cementing his role as a proponent of Western <a href="/wiki/Russophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobia">Russophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Remaining true to <a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right Hegelianism">Right Hegelianism</a> throughout his life, Ilyin explored themes of <a href="/wiki/Statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="Statehood">statehood</a>, law, and power in <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">world history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Иван_Ильин:_Война_учит_нас_жить,_любя_нечто_высшее_·_Родина_на_Неве-12">[12]</a> He opposed <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> and neutrality,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and disdained Western <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>. As an <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultranationalist">ultranationalist</a>, Ilyin was a critic of <a href="/wiki/Western-style_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western-style democracy">Western-style democracy</a>, advocating instead for a government aligned with Russia's autocratic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-crisismagazine.com-15">[15]</a> Ilyin's views on Russia's social structure and world history influenced some <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet">post-Soviet</a> intellectuals and politicians, including Soviet dissident <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2012-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2018-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Ilyin in 1901</figcaption></figure> Ivan Ilyin was born in an aristocratic family claiming <a href="/wiki/Rurikid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurikid">Rurikid</a> descent. Ilyin's grandfather was a military man who moved to Moscow, where he became a civil engineer. His last job was as commandant of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace" title="Grand Kremlin Palace">Grand Kremlin Palace</a> and gates. His father, Alexander Ivanovich Ilyin (1851-1921), was born and raised in the palace and a lawyer at the Moscow District Court. Ilyin's mother, Caroline Louise née Schweikert (1858-1942), was of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">German Russian</a> descent and confessing <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>. To be able to marry Alexander Ilyin in 1880 she converted to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodoxy</a> and took the name Yekaterina Yulyevna. Ivan Ilyin was brought up in the center of Moscow in <a href="/wiki/Khamovniki_District" title="Khamovniki District">Khamovniki District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-archnadzor-20">[20]</a> He was educated at the 1st Moscow Gymnasium in 1901 and entered the Law faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> but would rather have studied history. Ilyin wrote as well in German as in Russian and mastered <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>. He studied <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Plato's Ideal State</a> and Kant's <a href="/wiki/Thing-in-itself" title="Thing-in-itself">Thing-in-itself</a>. Ilyin became a political radical during his student days and supported the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> In 1904, he took part in a student march, was arrested, and spent a month in prison.<a href="#cite_note-Жизнь_Ивана_Ильина_–_Русская_истина-21">[21]</a> The events of the <a href="/wiki/First_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="First Russian Revolution">First Russian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> were reflected in his pamphlets "Freedom of Assembly and popular Representation" (a way of <a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">public participation</a> in politics), "What is a <a href="/wiki/Political_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Party">Political Party</a>", "From <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian Antiquity</a>: The Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin" title="Stenka Razin">Stenka Razin</a>". Ilyin produced them under the pseudonym "Nikolai Ivanov".<a href="#cite_note-Иван_Ильин:_идеолог_Белого_движения-22">[22]</a> Under influence of <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Novgorodtsev" title="Pavel Novgorodtsev">Pavel Novgorodtsev</a> Ilyin became interested in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">philosophy of law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[a]</a> In 1906, Ilyin graduated and married Natalia Nikolaevna Vokach (1882-1963) in <a href="/wiki/Bykovo,_Ramensky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Bykovo, Ramensky District, Moscow Oblast">Bykovo</a>. She was a translator, art-historian and niece of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Muromtsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Muromtsev">Sergei Muromtsev</a>, a Kadet and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/First_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="First Duma">First Duma</a>. Ilyin worked with Natalia on a translation of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_(Eltzbacher_book)" title="Anarchism (Eltzbacher book)">"Anarchism"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Eltzbacher" title="Paul Eltzbacher">Paul Eltzbacher</a> and a treatise by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> ("Idea of the <a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a>") which were never published. From 1909 he began working as a <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">privatdozent</a>. (In the same year Lenin published his <a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a> under the pseudonym Vl. Ilyin). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_revolution">Before the revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before the revolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8)_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%871920%D1%85_past740489_e1tRSM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%871920%D1%85_past740489_e1tRSM.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%871920%D1%85_past740489_e1tRSM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%871920%D1%85_past740489_e1tRSM.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%871920%D1%85_past740489_e1tRSM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%871920%D1%85_past740489_e1tRSM.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%29_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%871920%D1%85_past740489_e1tRSM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremlin Palace">Kremlin Palace</a> and churches, early 1920s</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2012_Mokhovaya_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Moscow_05-2012_Mokhovaya_05.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2012_Mokhovaya_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Moscow_05-2012_Mokhovaya_05.jpg/330px-Moscow_05-2012_Mokhovaya_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Moscow_05-2012_Mokhovaya_05.jpg/440px-Moscow_05-2012_Mokhovaya_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4226" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mokhovaya_Street" title="Mokhovaya Street">Mokhovaya Street</a> with the old buildings of the Moscow State University</figcaption></figure> In January 1911, <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">knyaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Evgenii_Nikolaevitch_Troubetzkoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgenii Nikolaevitch Troubetzkoy">Evgeny Trubetskoy</a>, along with a large group of professors, left Moscow University as a sign of disagreement with the government's violation of the principles of university autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-Жизнь_Ивана_Ильина_–_Русская_истина-21">[21]</a> Ilyin moved to Western Europe (Heidelberg, Freiburg, Berlin, Göttingen and Paris) studying the latest trends in European philosophy including: <a href="/wiki/Lebensphilosophie" title="Lebensphilosophie">philosophy of life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a>, who concentrated on the ideal, essential structures of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a>, who published "The Nature of <a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Fichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Fichte">Fichte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a> on <a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute idealism</a>. Meanwhile, Ilyin worked on his thesis "Crisis of rationalistic philosophy in Germany in the 19th century" which he never finished. In May 1912 he returned to work at the university and delivered a series of lectures called "Introduction to the Philosophy of Law". Novgorodtsev offered to have an Ilyin lecture on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Plekhanov_Russian_University_of_Economics" title="Plekhanov Russian University of Economics">Moscow Commercial Institute</a>. In 1913 it appears that the couple broke with their relatives and met with <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Krylov" title="Konstantin Krylov">Konstantin Krylov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Жизнь_Ивана_Ильина_–_Русская_истина-21">[21]</a> Ilyin was known as being extremely intolerant towards <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a>, who called him "mentally insane".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> For six weeks in 1914 Ilyin and his wife paid visits to <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a>, Ilyin was forced to leave and his writings were confiscated at the outbreak of the First World War. After returning from Vienna, Ilyin was obsessed with psychoanalysis, diagnosing everything and everyone in Freudian terms, reducing every personal problem to neurotic symptoms, and according to one observer, psychoanalyzing every little gesture of those around him.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The two became pioneers of the psychoanalytic movement in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> He began to develop a career as a writer and public figure.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I_and_the_Russian_Revolution">World War I and the Russian Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I and the Russian Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soloviev_Trubtskoy_Grot_Lopatin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Soloviev_Trubtskoy_Grot_Lopatin.jpg/220px-Soloviev_Trubtskoy_Grot_Lopatin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Soloviev_Trubtskoy_Grot_Lopatin.jpg/330px-Soloviev_Trubtskoy_Grot_Lopatin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Soloviev_Trubtskoy_Grot_Lopatin.jpg/440px-Soloviev_Trubtskoy_Grot_Lopatin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Solovyov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy" title="Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy">Trubetskoy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Grot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Grot (page does not exist)">Nikolai Grot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Mikhailovich_Lopatin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Mikhailovich Lopatin">Lopatin</a>, the board of a magazine, photographed in 1893. In 1921 Ilyin replaced Lopatin as head of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Psychological_Society" title="Russian Psychological Society">Moscow Psychological Society</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nesterov-Ilyin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nesterov-Ilyin.jpg/220px-Nesterov-Ilyin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nesterov-Ilyin.jpg/330px-Nesterov-Ilyin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nesterov-Ilyin.jpg/440px-Nesterov-Ilyin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a> (1921); Ilyin is wearing a coat with a black collar, under the <a href="/wiki/Directoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Directoire">Directoire</a> a sign of mourning for the fate of king, queen, and country.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Russian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="State Russian Museum">State Russian Museum</a>, St. Petersburg)</figcaption></figure> After the breakout of World War I, Evgeny Trubetskoy, once a member of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Peaceful_Renovation" title="Party of Peaceful Renovation">Party of Peaceful Renovation</a>, arranged a series of public lectures devoted to the "ideology of war". Ilyin contributed to this with several lectures, the first of which was called "The Spiritual Meaning of the War" (1915).<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> He believed that since Russia had already been involved in the war, the duty of every Russian was to support his country to the end. During the <a href="/wiki/April_Crisis" title="April Crisis">April Crisis</a> (1917) he agreed with the <a href="/wiki/Kadet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadet">Kadet</a> Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a> who staunchly opposed <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> demands for peace at any cost. In the summer of 1917, he published the pamphlets "The Party program and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Socialists-Revolutionaries_Maximalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists">maximalism</a>", "On the term of convocation of the Constituent Assembly", "Order or disorder?", "Demagogy and provocation", and "Why not continue the war?"<a href="#cite_note-Иван_Ильин:_идеолог_Белого_движения-22">[22]</a> At first, Ilyin perceived the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> as the liberation of the people. Along with many other intellectuals, he generally approved of it and supported the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>. However, he was gradually disappointed and by the time the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> had completed, viewed it as a catastrophe.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_Conference" title="Moscow State Conference">Moscow State Conference</a> convened by Kerensky's Second Government was attended by actual and former Duma members, representatives of all major political parties, commercial and industrial organizations, the unions, army and academic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Ilyin warned the audience, about 2,600 people, "The revolution turned into self-interested plundering of the state". In the autumn, he wrote under the pseudonym Justus "Where is revolutionary democracy going?", "Mr. Kerensky's refusal", "What to expect?", "Nightmare", and "Who are they?"<a href="#cite_note-Иван_Ильин:_идеолог_Белого_движения-22">[22]</a> In February 1918 Ilyin gave a public lecture on patriotism: the lack among the Russian people of a mature <a href="/wiki/Legal_consciousness" title="Legal consciousness">legal consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In March the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> was signed. In April Ilyin was arrested and accused of financially supporting a <a href="/wiki/White_army" class="mw-redirect" title="White army">voluntary army</a> in Moscow and having visited <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Avinoff" title="Andrey Avinoff">Andrey Avinoff</a>, supporting the Imperial Army. The case was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Жизнь_Ивана_Ильина._Часть_третья_–_Русская_истина-35">[34]</a> The money he had received, Ilyin said, was destined for publishing: "The Philosophy of Hegel as a Doctrine of the Concreteness of God and Humanity".<a href="#cite_note-nupress.northwestern.edu-36">[35]</a> He was in the <a href="/wiki/Butyrka_prison" title="Butyrka prison">Butyrka prison</a> <a href="/wiki/Dungeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeons">dungeons</a> for about a week but developed serious health problems; Ilyin seems to have developed bronchitis that needed treatment. He was released for lack of evidence and allowed to give lectures and defend his thesis.<a href="#cite_note-Жизнь_Ивана_Ильина._Часть_третья_–_Русская_истина-35">[34]</a> For three weeks Ilyin was bedridden; Novgorodtsev's apartment was searched on the eve of the defence. On 19 May, Ilyin received two degrees.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> However, the publisher Lehman-Abrikosov made a generous gesture and offered to publish the two-volume book for free – so Ilyin returned the money to the sponsor Bary & Co. This two-volume dissertation (a provocative interpretation of Hegel) published in the revolutionary chaos of 1918, is considered one of the best commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Hegel%27s_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel's philosophy">Hegel's philosophy</a>, also by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marsiada.ru-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[b]</a> Even in the preface, Ilyin notes that Hegel is primarily an intuitionist (and not a logician or, even more so, a rationalist), and in the future, all of Ilyin's thought is based on this idea. He was an opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">Russian spelling reform of 1918</a> and continued to use pre-reform spelling. Ilyin became a professor of law in Moscow University. As was customary among Russian religious thinkers, he lectured at the Moscow higher women's courses.<a href="#cite_note-Иван_Ильин:_Война_учит_нас_жить,_любя_нечто_высшее_·_Родина_на_Неве-12">[12]</a> He was imprisoned between 11 and 24 August, but released with the help of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yakovlev" title="Ivan Yakovlev">Ivan Yakovlev</a>'s son. On 19 December, Ilyin received a <a href="/wiki/Summons" title="Summons">summons</a> to appear at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_tribunal_(Russia)" title="Revolutionary tribunal (Russia)">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> (non-recognition of Soviet power).<a href="#cite_note-Жизнь_Ивана_Ильина._Часть_третья_–_Русская_истина-35">[34]</a> In 1919 Ilyin wrote: "In Moscow, the winter is fierce, there is no firewood, we are hungry. They have already taken me to Cheka three times – and tried in a tribunal "for preparing an armed uprising".<a href="#cite_note-archnadzor-20">[20]</a> Ilyin's ability to hate, despise, insult ideological opponents was particularly pronounced.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Ilyin was again imprisoned in 1919, February 1920 and September 1922 for alleged anti-communist activity. He, along with many other "irreconcilable" anti-Bolshevik intellectuals, was condemned to execution, and then forcibly exiled.<a href="#cite_note-nupress.northwestern.edu-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> On 29 September some 160 prominent intellectuals and their families were expelled (at their own expense and not allowed to return without the permission of the Soviet authorities) on a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Philosophers%27_ships" title="Philosophers' ships">philosophers' ship</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, where they arrived on 2 October. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration">Emigration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emigration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigliche_Bauakademie_in_Berlin-DE130.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K%C3%B6nigliche_Bauakademie_in_Berlin-DE130.JPG/220px-K%C3%B6nigliche_Bauakademie_in_Berlin-DE130.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K%C3%B6nigliche_Bauakademie_in_Berlin-DE130.JPG/330px-K%C3%B6nigliche_Bauakademie_in_Berlin-DE130.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/K%C3%B6nigliche_Bauakademie_in_Berlin-DE130.JPG/440px-K%C3%B6nigliche_Bauakademie_in_Berlin-DE130.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Schinkel's Bauakademie in Berlin, demolished in 1961</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iwan_IIljin_Welt_vor_dem_Abgrund_1931_Titel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Iwan_IIljin_Welt_vor_dem_Abgrund_1931_Titel.jpg/220px-Iwan_IIljin_Welt_vor_dem_Abgrund_1931_Titel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Iwan_IIljin_Welt_vor_dem_Abgrund_1931_Titel.jpg/330px-Iwan_IIljin_Welt_vor_dem_Abgrund_1931_Titel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Iwan_IIljin_Welt_vor_dem_Abgrund_1931_Titel.jpg/440px-Iwan_IIljin_Welt_vor_dem_Abgrund_1931_Titel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>In "Welt vor dem Abgrund" (1931) Ivan Ilyin describes the growing <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, the terror, and worsening labor conditions in Soviet Russia.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1922)">Treaty of Rapallo (1922)</a> between the German Republic and Soviet Russia opened friendly diplomatic relations. In February 1923, the Russian Scientific Institute (RSI) was founded in Berlin; funded by the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Ilyin delivered a topical speech "Problems of Modern <a href="/wiki/Legal_consciousness" title="Legal consciousness">Legal Consciousness</a>".<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The RSI wasn't an educational institute; there were occasional lectures on Russian history, literature, law and other areas of Russian culture in <a href="/wiki/Bauakademie" title="Bauakademie">Schinkel's Bauakademie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-В_статье_анализируются_отдельные_стороны_деятельности_одного_из_важнейших_научных,_образовательных_и_просветительских_центров_русской_эмиграции_в_Европе_Русского_Научного_Института_в_Берлине_(1923_1943_гг.)_в_восприятии_русских_эмигрантов_(преимущественно_профессоров)._Источниками_статьи_являются_как_опубликованные,_так_и_хранящиеся_в_архивах_воспоминания_и_письма._Авторами_этих_источников_личного_происхождения_выступали_известные_ученые_С.Л.Франк,_И.А.Ильин,_Н.Н.Алексеев,_М.М.Новиков,_А.А.Кизеветтер,_публицисты_И.В.Гессен_и_Р.Б.Гуль._Среди_адресатов_писем_Н.А.Бердяев,_П.Б.Струве,_П.И.Новгородцев_и_другие._Показывается,_как_воспринимали_русские_эмигранты_(и_работавшие_в_институте,_и_сторонние)_его_цели_и_задачи,_деятельность._Характеризуется_работа_ректора_института_В.А.Ясинского._Освещаются_финансовое_положение_института,_причины_и_детали_его_преобразований_в_1926_г._и_в_1933-34_гг._47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-В_статье_анализируются_отдельные_стороны_деятельности_одного_из_важнейших_научных,_образовательных_и_просветительских_центров_русской_эмиграции_в_Европе_Русского_Научного_Института_в_Берлине_(1923_1943_гг.)_в_восприятии_русских_эмигрантов_(преимущественно_профессоров)._Источниками_статьи_являются_как_опубликованные,_так_и_хранящиеся_в_архивах_воспоминания_и_письма._Авторами_этих_источников_личного_происхождения_выступали_известные_ученые_С.Л.Франк,_И.А.Ильин,_Н.Н.Алексеев,_М.М.Новиков,_А.А.Кизеветтер,_публицисты_И.В.Гессен_и_Р.Б.Гуль._Среди_адресатов_писем_Н.А.Бердяев,_П.Б.Струве,_П.И.Новгородцев_и_другие._Показывается,_как_воспринимали_русские_эмигранты_(и_работавшие_в_институте,_и_сторонние)_его_цели_и_задачи,_деятельность._Характеризуется_работа_ректора_института_В.А.Ясинского._Освещаются_финансовое_положение_института,_причины_и_детали_его_преобразований_в_1926_г._и_в_1933-34_гг.-47">[45]</a> In 1923 Wrangel contacted Ilyin in the hope of arranging enrolment in the Institution for "about 300 of young Russian men ...".<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In July he lost his Russian citizenship for anti-Soviet activities abroad.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> It was the notorious year of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic</a> in October and the failed <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> in November. The institute was going through a severe financial crisis. Due to invitations from the Czech government and offers from American universities, the number of employees soon thinned significantly. Ilyin briefly cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a> on <a href="/wiki/Russian_Religious_Renaissance" title="Russian Religious Renaissance">Russian Religious Renaissance</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher of love">philosopher of love</a> moved to Paris and Novgorodtsev moved to Prague. In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_All-Military_Union" title="Russian All-Military Union">Russian All-Military Union</a> was founded; Ilyin met <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Seeon_Abbey" title="Seeon Abbey">Seeon Abbey</a>, a center of anti-Bolshevik activities.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Wrangel was told to abandon his (military) adventures.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Ilyin became part of Wrangel's inner circle; not every Russian was charmed by Wrangel's personality.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In July 1924 Ilyin visited Italy for his health; his portrait of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> was sympathetic but not uncritical.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"... his policy is plastic, prominent: it consists of personal actions, bright, complete, original and often unexpected from the outside; but these personal actions are always at the same time the actions of the masses led by him, and, moreover, organized, and in the course of still being organized, actions. Mussolini has the gift of a political sculptor, the original, completing daring of the Michelangelo tradition.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></blockquote> In his book On resisting evil by force (1925) Ilyin advocated the use of violence in the struggle against Bolshevism, which he regarded as <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a> or "left totalitarianism". Ilyin argued that war was sometimes necessary, but never 'just'.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Far from supporting holy war, Ilyin in fact wrote that "all my research proves that the sword is not 'holy' and not 'just'."<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> He criticized the anarchist ideology of Tolstoy and pacifist <a href="/wiki/Tolstoyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoyism">tolstoyism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> Ilyin called for the courage to "arrest, condemn, and shoot", which <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> called a "gospel of revenge" and Berdyaev compared to a "<a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> of God" and "<a href="/wiki/Liberal_legalism" title="Liberal legalism">legalism</a> devoid of grace".<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius">Zinaida Gippius</a> his book was "military field theology"; according to her "this is not a philosopher who writes books, not a publicist who writes feuilletons: it's a man possessed <a href="/wiki/Running_amok" class="mw-redirect" title="Running amok">running amok</a>."<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The book divided the Russian émigrés with its dedication to veterans of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>. In 1926 he bitterly wrote about the loss of the Motherland. Ilyin became the unofficial ideologue of the <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="White émigrés">White émigrés</a> who gathered in Paris. Between 1927 and 1930 Ilyin was a publisher and editor of the journal Russkiy Kolokol.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> He actively published in right-wing conservative newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-Ильин_Иван_Александрович-61">[59]</a><sup id="cite_ref-Идеолог_Белого_движения_(И._Ильин)_–_тема_научной_статьи_по_истории_и_археологии_читайте_бесплатно_текст_научно-исследовательской_работы_в_электронной_библиотеке_КиберЛенинка_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Идеолог_Белого_движения_(И._Ильин)_–_тема_научной_статьи_по_истории_и_археологии_читайте_бесплатно_текст_научно-исследовательской_работы_в_электронной_библиотеке_КиберЛенинка-62">[60]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1920s_Berlin" title="1920s Berlin">1920s</a> more than 300,000 Russians lived in Berlin. There were three daily newspapers and five weeklies. Seventeen Russian publishing houses had sprung up within a single year.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Ilyin lectured in Germany and other European countries and would give 200 speeches.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In 1930 the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Russian_Solidarists" title="National Alliance of Russian Solidarists">National Alliance of Russian Solidarists</a> was founded in Belgrade and became popular in France. It rejected both Bolshevism and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">liberal capitalism</a> and embraced Russian patriotism. In 1932 only about 60,000 Russian emigrants were living in Germany and in Berlin the number of émigrés was 8,320.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The activity of the RSI gradually slowed down due to a decrease in the number of Russian-speaking students. There were difficulties in maintaining this large institution, and it was liquidated.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> It became impossible to be employed as either a writer or a lecturer.<a href="#cite_note-Walter_{{proper_name|Laquer}}_(2015)_Putinism-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933_Hitler's_first_year_in_office">1933 Hitler's first year in office</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1933 Hitler's first year in office">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodener_Stra%C3%9Fe_24-40_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sodener_Stra%C3%9Fe_24-40_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg/220px-Sodener_Stra%C3%9Fe_24-40_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sodener_Stra%C3%9Fe_24-40_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg/330px-Sodener_Stra%C3%9Fe_24-40_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sodener_Stra%C3%9Fe_24-40_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg/440px-Sodener_Stra%C3%9Fe_24-40_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="2872" /></a><figcaption>Ilyin lived at Sodener Straße, Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Wilmersdorf" title="Wilmersdorf">Wilmersdorf</a> </figcaption></figure> On 27 February, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag building was set on fire</a>. Göring blamed a communist plot. The <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a> on the next day restricted the rights of personal freedom, and freedom of expression, including the freedom of the press, the freedom to organize and assemble, the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications. Shortly after the fire, a wave of arrests began about 1500 people – Communists, in particular, were affected. Beginning on 7 April the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a> required an <a href="/wiki/Aryan_certificate" title="Aryan certificate">Aryan certificate</a> from all employees and officials in the public sector, including education. According to <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, in an interview with <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Gaus" title="Günter Gaus">Günter Gaus</a>, having Jewish people in your inner circle became a problem. On 11 April, Ilyin handed the Ministry of Internal Affairs a voluminous work entitled "Directives of the Comintern for the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevisation">Bolshevisation</a> of Germany," consisting of hundreds of excerpts from <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> documents that had been published in the press.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[c]</a> It looked like an attempt to bow to the authorities, according to <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Александр Федотович Киселёвч">A.F. Kiselyov</a>. Ilyin confessed that he literally forced himself to read <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_bibliography" title="Vladimir Lenin bibliography">Lenin's works</a>, the materials of party congresses and plenums, the Comintern, and the Soviet press.<sup id="cite_ref-Идеолог_Белого_движения_(И._Ильин)_–_тема_научной_статьи_по_истории_и_археологии_читайте_бесплатно_текст_научно-исследовательской_работы_в_электронной_библиотеке_КиберЛенинка_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Идеолог_Белого_движения_(И._Ильин)_–_тема_научной_статьи_по_истории_и_археологии_читайте_бесплатно_текст_научно-исследовательской_работы_в_электронной_библиотеке_КиберЛенинка-62">[60]</a> In April Ilyin had a short, lukewarm communication with young Russian <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Russian_Solidarists" title="National Alliance of Russian Solidarists">National Socialists</a>. On 2 May, a committee was founded with Ilyin on its presidium, though cooperation never took off since Ilyin scorned the Russian radicals.<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[67]</a> On 17 May Ilyin published in "<a href="/wiki/Vozrojd%C3%A9nie" title="Vozrojdénie">Vozrojdénie</a>" his infamous article "National Socialism. A New Spirit". In June, Ilyin took over the head of the Russian Scientific Institute.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> His friend <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Alvensleben" title="Werner von Alvensleben">Werner von Alvensleben</a> was reputedly involved in a putsch, which ended in the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>. On 13 July, all German public employees were required to use the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_salute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler salute">Hitler salute</a>. On 14 July, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. Russian emigrants feared that Hitler, who on various occasions had spoken out strongly against foreigners, would begin persecuting them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 5 August, Ilyin's house was searched, his letters were examined, and he himself was taken away for interrogation, where he was asked about his source of income and for details of the people abroad with whom he corresponded. After the questioning, he was released, although required to sign a declaration. In September the <a href="/wiki/Reichskulturkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichskulturkammer">Reichskulturkammer</a> was created with additional sub-chambers for the fields of broadcasting, fine arts, literature, music, the press, and the theatre. The Russian institute was placed under the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Reich Ministry of Propaganda</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ehrt" class="extiw" title="de:Adolf Ehrt">Adolf Ehrt</a> who headed the organization <a href="/wiki/Anti-Komintern" title="Anti-Komintern">Anti-Komintern</a>, recruited Ilyin, <a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsiatsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazembek" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kazembek">Kazembek</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a>, to work with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleg_Beyda_&_Igor_Petrov_Stakeholders,_Hangers-On,_and_Copycats:_the_Russian_Right_in_Berlin_in_1933,_p._20._Institute_for_European,_Russian,_and_Eurasian_Studies_–_The_George_Washington_University._lliberalism_Studies_Program_Working_Papers_no._6,_April_2021_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleg_Beyda_&_Igor_Petrov_Stakeholders,_Hangers-On,_and_Copycats:_the_Russian_Right_in_Berlin_in_1933,_p._20._Institute_for_European,_Russian,_and_Eurasian_Studies_–_The_George_Washington_University._lliberalism_Studies_Program_Working_Papers_no._6,_April_2021-73">[70]</a> On the opening of the reorganized institute <a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Ilyin reported on the plans of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> to conquer the world; he held a lecture on the work of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a> who had won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-В_статье_анализируются_отдельные_стороны_деятельности_одного_из_важнейших_научных,_образовательных_и_просветительских_центров_русской_эмиграции_в_Европе_Русского_Научного_Института_в_Берлине_(1923_1943_гг.)_в_восприятии_русских_эмигрантов_(преимущественно_профессоров)._Источниками_статьи_являются_как_опубликованные,_так_и_хранящиеся_в_архивах_воспоминания_и_письма._Авторами_этих_источников_личного_происхождения_выступали_известные_ученые_С.Л.Франк,_И.А.Ильин,_Н.Н.Алексеев,_М.М.Новиков,_А.А.Кизеветтер,_публицисты_И.В.Гессен_и_Р.Б.Гуль._Среди_адресатов_писем_Н.А.Бердяев,_П.Б.Струве,_П.И.Новгородцев_и_другие._Показывается,_как_воспринимали_русские_эмигранты_(и_работавшие_в_институте,_и_сторонние)_его_цели_и_задачи,_деятельность._Характеризуется_работа_ректора_института_В.А.Ясинского._Освещаются_финансовое_положение_института,_причины_и_детали_его_преобразований_в_1926_г._и_в_1933-34_гг._47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-В_статье_анализируются_отдельные_стороны_деятельности_одного_из_важнейших_научных,_образовательных_и_просветительских_центров_русской_эмиграции_в_Европе_Русского_Научного_Института_в_Берлине_(1923_1943_гг.)_в_восприятии_русских_эмигрантов_(преимущественно_профессоров)._Источниками_статьи_являются_как_опубликованные,_так_и_хранящиеся_в_архивах_воспоминания_и_письма._Авторами_этих_источников_личного_происхождения_выступали_известные_ученые_С.Л.Франк,_И.А.Ильин,_Н.Н.Алексеев,_М.М.Новиков,_А.А.Кизеветтер,_публицисты_И.В.Гессен_и_Р.Б.Гуль._Среди_адресатов_писем_Н.А.Бердяев,_П.Б.Струве,_П.И.Новгородцев_и_другие._Показывается,_как_воспринимали_русские_эмигранты_(и_работавшие_в_институте,_и_сторонние)_его_цели_и_задачи,_деятельность._Характеризуется_работа_ректора_института_В.А.Ясинского._Освещаются_финансовое_положение_института,_причины_и_детали_его_преобразований_в_1926_г._и_в_1933-34_гг.-47">[45]</a> In an anonymous pamphlet Ilyin was accused of being a Freemason.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> He spoke on "The World Crisis of Democracy" and lectured on the works of <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Remizov" title="Aleksey Remizov">Remizov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merezhkovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Merezhkovsky">Merezhkovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Igor_Petrov_and_Ivan_Nikitich_Tolstoy_(2022)_Between_anti-Bolshevism_and_Hitler._Clarifying_the_biography_of_Ivan_Ilyin-76">[73]</a> On 9 July he was fired when Ehrt demanded that the professors of the Russian Scientific Institute join in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a>. Ilyin denounced the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> and replied in a letter he had long wanted to retire and devote himself to science. Ilyin was paid for the work he had done but from August he was without salary.<a href="#cite_note-Igor_Petrov_and_Ivan_Nikitich_Tolstoy_(2022)_Between_anti-Bolshevism_and_Hitler._Clarifying_the_biography_of_Ivan_Ilyin-76">[73]</a> Many artists and intellectuals left Germany in the pre-war years rather than work under these restrictions. In 1935, Ilyin spent much of the summer at a large <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> in rural Latvia that the artist <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Климов, Евгений Евгеньевич">Evgeny Klimov</a> had rented.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_appearance_of_i._A._Il'in's_monograph_'On_the_nature_of_legal_consciousness':_towards_the_history_of_the_publication-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Under the (German-sounding) pseudonym Alfred Norman, he published "The Bolshevik Policy of World Domination." This is more or less Ilyin's last active political statement. He went on to publish essays in the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Kurier" title="Berliner Kurier">Berliner Kurier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Igor_Petrov_and_Ivan_Nikitich_Tolstoy_(2022)_Between_anti-Bolshevism_and_Hitler._Clarifying_the_biography_of_Ivan_Ilyin-76">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Shulgin" title="Vasily Shulgin">Vasily Shulgin</a>, a nationalist, showed him his manuscript "The Orion Belt" on an alliance between Russia and Germany but Ilyin wasn't impressed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In 1936, Hitler put <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Biskupsky" title="Vasily Biskupsky">Vasily Biskupsky</a> in charge of the Russische Vertrauensstelle, a government body dealing with the Russian émigré community.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Ilyin actively criticized in the press <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lvovich_Kazembek" title="Alexander Lvovich Kazembek">Alexander Lvovich Kazembek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Иван_Ильин:_идеолог_Белого_движения-22">[22]</a> a fascist or self-styled neo-monarchist.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> In his speech in Riga in February 1937, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Pushkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushkin">Pushkin</a>'s death,<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Ilyin praised Pushkin's genius and defined his work as "the main entrance to Russian culture".<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> He applied for membership of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chamber_of_Culture" title="Reich Chamber of Culture">Reich Chamber of literature</a> but he had a problem with obtaining an <a href="/wiki/Aryan_certificate" title="Aryan certificate">Aryan certificate</a> because he did not know the identity of all his great-grandparents.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleg_Beyda_&_Igor_Petrov_Stakeholders,_Hangers-On,_and_Copycats:_the_Russian_Right_in_Berlin_in_1933,_p._20._Institute_for_European,_Russian,_and_Eurasian_Studies_–_The_George_Washington_University._lliberalism_Studies_Program_Working_Papers_no._6,_April_2021_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleg_Beyda_&_Igor_Petrov_Stakeholders,_Hangers-On,_and_Copycats:_the_Russian_Right_in_Berlin_in_1933,_p._20._Institute_for_European,_Russian,_and_Eurasian_Studies_–_The_George_Washington_University._lliberalism_Studies_Program_Working_Papers_no._6,_April_2021-73">[70]</a> Ehrt interfered and Ilyin received his membership. In his pamphlet "An attack on the Orthodox church" (December 1937) he accused <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> of fuelling Bolshevism,<a href="#cite_note-Igor_Petrov_and_Ivan_Nikitich_Tolstoy_(2022)_Between_anti-Bolshevism_and_Hitler._Clarifying_the_biography_of_Ivan_Ilyin-76">[73]</a> and Stalinism.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">confiscated this work</a> and banned him from the <a href="/wiki/Reichskulturkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichskulturkammer">Reichskulturkammer</a> and independent political activity.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> In May, Ilyin decided it was the time to leave but the Berlin police forbade his departure.<a href="#cite_note-iljinru.tsygankov.ru-87">[84]</a> "On June 17, 1938, [he declared] I am ready to testify under oath that I and my wife are the purest Aryans and that I have never belonged to Masonic or affiliated organizations anywhere."<a href="#cite_note-Igor_Petrov_and_Ivan_Nikitich_Tolstoy_(2022)_Between_anti-Bolshevism_and_Hitler._Clarifying_the_biography_of_Ivan_Ilyin-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[d]</a> In early July, he was permitted to visit <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a> for a treatment of his migraine. Instead he went to Münich with all his manuscripts. In August he asked the Swiss authorities to allow him to settle as a scientist, as a philosopher, and to promote his theory on art. (With a <a href="/wiki/Nansen_passport" title="Nansen passport">Nansen passport</a> he visited a congress in Locarno.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Tobler_(2022)_Geheimakte_von_Putins_Lieblingsphilosoph_wird_erstmals_veröffentlicht-90">[86]</a>) With financial help from <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>, he was able to pay the <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a>, but he was not allowed to work or to interfere in any way with Swiss politics.<a href="#cite_note-Igor_Petrov_and_Ivan_Nikitich_Tolstoy_(2022)_Between_anti-Bolshevism_and_Hitler._Clarifying_the_biography_of_Ivan_Ilyin-76">[73]</a> On 17 September he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shmelev" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Shmelev">Ivan Shmelev</a> that his furniture and library arrived.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zollikon_Chleidorf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Zollikon_Chleidorf.JPG/220px-Zollikon_Chleidorf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Zollikon_Chleidorf.JPG/330px-Zollikon_Chleidorf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Zollikon_Chleidorf.JPG/440px-Zollikon_Chleidorf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>Ilyin lived at Alte Landstrasse 12 and Zollikerstrasse 33.<a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Tobler_(2022)_Geheimakte_von_Putins_Lieblingsphilosoph_wird_erstmals_veröffentlicht-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> From 1940 Ilyin resided <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Zollikon" title="Zollikon">Zollikon</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Zürich">Lake Zürich</a> and corresponded with the composer and pianist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Nikolai Medtner</a>. He published in local newspapers and lectured on <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> at folk high schools, which was not considered paid work. There was no danger from Ilyin's lectures, according to an expert opinion issued by the Swiss Army Command in 1942. They were "national in the sense that it is directed against the whole of the West".<a href="#cite_note-derbund.ch-93">[89]</a> In November 1943 he refused to cooperate with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a>. In 1946 Ilyin stated he was never a Hegelian, as he himself expressed in the introduction to the German translation of his theses, a revised version of "Die Philosophie Hegels als kontemplative Gotteslehre".<a href="#cite_note-Ильин_Иван_Александрович-61">[59]</a> In 1949 he and his wife received permanent citizenship. In his 1950 essay, "What Dismemberment of Russia Entails for the World", Ilyin predicted the fall of the Soviet Union and gave instructions on how to save Russia from the evils of the Western world. At the end of his life, Ivan Alexandrovich managed to finish and publish a work on which he worked for more than 33 years Axioms of Religious Experience, and three volumes of philosophical and literary prose, originally written in German. He died in a hospital on 21 December 1954. In 1956, his postwar articles were compiled into a two-volume anthology called Our Tasks. These short political essays (in a verbose and pious style) were not only very profound, but also truly prophetic.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> It is about the future of Russia and its State, once freed of Communism.<a href="#cite_note-orthodoxengland.org.uk-95">[91]</a> He did not describe this future very clearly, it is something bright, good, but blurry, according to the literary critic <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Архангельский, Александр Николаевич">Alexander N. Arkhangelsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Ivan Ilyin's parents. His mother died on the estate "Ilyinka".</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spassky_District,_Ryazan_Oblast,_Russia_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spassky_District%2C_Ryazan_Oblast%2C_Russia_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Spassky_District%2C_Ryazan_Oblast%2C_Russia_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spassky_District%2C_Ryazan_Oblast%2C_Russia_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/330px-Spassky_District%2C_Ryazan_Oblast%2C_Russia_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spassky_District%2C_Ryazan_Oblast%2C_Russia_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/440px-Spassky_District%2C_Ryazan_Oblast%2C_Russia_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spassky_District,_Ryazan_Oblast" title="Spassky District, Ryazan Oblast">Spassky District, Ryazan Oblast</a> </figcaption></figure> The Ilyin family owned a dairy farm 260 km from Moscow in Bolshye Polyany (<a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Governorate" title="Ryazan Governorate">Ryazan Governorate</a>), where they spent the summers.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> Ilyin had four brothers: Alexey, Alexander, Julius, and Igor. In 1905 Alexey joined the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> but died in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> Alexander was a <a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstvo</a> warden but moved to America before the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Igor, a lawyer, was arrested on charges of "counter-revolutionary agitation" by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> in the Moscow region. He was executed and buried at <a href="/wiki/Butovo_firing_range" title="Butovo firing range">Butovo firing range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> In 1938/1955 Ilyin's wife, N.N. Ilyina, published "The Expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Normans</a> from Russian history".<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> Her father was <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Schweikert" class="extiw" title="de:Julius Schweikert">Julius Schweikert</a> (1807-1876) a German physician and pioneer of homeopathy, who moved from <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> to Moscow in 1832 and appointed in the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Ranks" title="Table of Ranks">Table of Ranks</a>. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Terror (disambiguation)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Category:Conservatism in Russia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism in Russia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/90px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/135px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/180px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="568" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Russia" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism#Praise" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Orthodoxy" title="Nuclear Orthodoxy">Nuclear Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">Zemstvo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Aksakov" title="Konstantin Aksakov">Aksakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Chudinova" title="Elena Chudinova">Chudinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Frank" title="Semyon Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Katkov" title="Mikhail Katkov">Katkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Obolensky" title="Serge Obolensky">Obolensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Pobedonostsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov" title="Vasily Rozanov">Rozanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Semyonov">Semyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Shafarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shcherbatov" title="Mikhail Shcherbatov">Shcherbatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov" title="Nikolay Strakhov">Strakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tikhomirov" title="Lev Tikhomirov">Tikhomirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Shevkunov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Shevkunov)">Tikhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy" title="Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy">Trubetskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vikulov" title="Sergey Vikulov">Vikulov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yuryev" title="Mikhail Yuryev">Yuryev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Revolution" title="Sociology of Revolution">Sociology of Revolution</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Notre_Dame_de_Paris_Mosque" title="The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque">The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a> (2009)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Butina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dubrovin" title="Alexander Dubrovin">Dubrovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Durnovo" title="Ivan Durnovo">Durnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Gryzlov" title="Boris Gryzlov">Gryzlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Kornilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Luzhkov" title="Yury Luzhkov">Luzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Malyshkin" title="Oleg Malyshkin">Malyshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelena_Mizulina" title="Yelena Mizulina">Mizulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pikhno" title="Dmitry Pikhno">Pikhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Pobedonostsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodzianko" title="Mikhail Rodzianko">Rodzianko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin" title="Dmitry Rogozin">Rogozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sadovnichiy" title="Viktor Sadovnichiy">Sadovnichiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Shulgin" title="Vasily Shulgin">Shulgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Slutsky_(politician)" title="Leonid Slutsky (politician)">Slutsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Tolstoy" title="Dmitry Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_von_Ungern-Sternberg" title="Roman von Ungern-Sternberg">von Ungern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Volodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yuryev" title="Mikhail Yuryev">Yuryev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia_(political_party)" title="Great Russia (political party)">Great Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russian All-People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Right_Forces" title="Union of Right Forces">Union of Right Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Truth" title="For Truth">For Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union">Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Russia)" title="People's Union (Russia)">People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People" title="Union of the Russian People">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_People%27s_Front" title="All-Russia People's Front">All-Russia People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izborsky_Club" title="Izborsky Club">Izborsky Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krepostniki" title="Krepostniki">Krepostniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People_(2005)" title="Union of the Russian People (2005)">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elementy" title="Elementy">Elementy</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievlyanin" title="Kievlyanin">Kievlyanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozma_Minin_(newspaper)" title="Kozma Minin (newspaper)">Kozma Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Sovremennik" title="Nash Sovremennik">Nash Sovremennik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russkoye_Znamya" title="Russkoye Znamya">Russkoye Znamya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavtra">Zavtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamya_(newspaper)" title="Znamya (newspaper)">Znamya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Anti-Chechenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Islamism">Anti-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Polonism">Anti-Polonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia#Russia" title="Tatarophobia">Anti-Tatarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkism#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Turkism">Anti-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainianism#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Ukrainianism">Anti-Ukrainianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_for_Russians" title="Russia for Russians">Russia for Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">Serfdom in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silovik" title="Silovik">Silovik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Template:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In exile, Ivan Ilyin argued that Russia should not be judged by what he called the <a href="/wiki/Communist_danger" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist danger">Communist danger</a> it represented at that time but should look forward to a future in which it would liberate itself with the help of <a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2018-18">[18]</a>: 19, 21  (Already according to <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>: religious zeal must necessarily be combined with patriotism.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a>) Starting from his 1918 thesis on Hegel's philosophy, he authored many books on political, social and spiritual topics on the historical mission of Russia. One of the problems he worked on was the question: what eventually led Russia to the tragedy of the revolution? He answered that the reason was "the weak, damaged spiritual self-esteem" of Russians.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> As a result, mutual distrust and suspicion between the state and the people emerged. The authorities and nobility constantly misused their power, subverting the unity of the people. Ilyin thought that any state must be established as a <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporation</a> in which a citizen is a member with certain rights and certain duties. Therefore, Ilyin recognized the inequality of people as a necessary state of affairs in any country. But that meant that educated upper classes had a special duty of spiritual guidance towards uneducated lower classes. This did not happen in Russia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"And so fairness in no way requires equality. It requires inequality based on the subject. Children should be sheltered and treasured; this gives them a variety of fair privileges. The weak must be pardoned. The tired deserves leniency. The weak-willed need more strictness. To the honest and sincere more trust should be given. The loose-lipped call for caution. From the gifted person, it is fair to require more. Heroes are worthy of honor, to which the non-hero should not lay claim. And in the same manner, in all things and forever ..."<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></blockquote> The other point was the wrong attitude towards private property among common people in Russia. Ilyin wrote that many Russians believed that private property and large estates are gained not through hard labor but through power and maladministration of officials. Therefore, the property becomes associated with dishonest behavior.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">History, Ilyin believes, shows that the Russian people have always been prone to property redistribution and waited only for an opportunity to realize their aspirations. This happened in 1917, when "the war with terrible setbacks shook confidence in the military command, and then in the throne".<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> After the abdication of the Emperor the people were at the mercy of left-wing parties, which "carried the unleashed soldier, sailor and peasant the right to disorder, the right to autocracy, the right to desert, the right to seize other people's property, all those disenfranchised, destructive, imaginary rights that the Russian commoner always dreamed of in his anarchist-bourgeois instinct and which were now given to him from above."<sup id="cite_ref-Идеолог_Белого_движения_(И._Ильин)_–_тема_научной_статьи_по_истории_и_археологии_читайте_бесплатно_текст_научно-исследовательской_работы_в_электронной_библиотеке_КиберЛенинка_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Идеолог_Белого_движения_(И._Ильин)_–_тема_научной_статьи_по_истории_и_археологии_читайте_бесплатно_текст_научно-исследовательской_работы_в_электронной_библиотеке_КиберЛенинка-62">[60]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchism_and_the_concept_of_legal_consciousness">Monarchism and the concept of legal consciousness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monarchism and the concept of legal consciousness">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG/220px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG/330px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG/440px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption>Thinkers of the 20th century: Ilyin Ivan</figcaption></figure> The key concept of Ilyin's legal philosophy was <a href="/wiki/Legal_consciousness" title="Legal consciousness">legal consciousness</a> (правосозна́ние, pravosoznanie) which he understood as an ability of an individual and of the society as a whole to respect the law and to obey it willingly, to defer to authority, and to other citizens.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Ilyin derived the concept of law from the Hegelian <a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">idea of the spirit</a> and asserted that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Law in its original, "natural" sense is nothing other than a necessary form of the spiritual being of a human. It indicates that order of equal, free self-sufficiency of each in which alone spiritual life is possible on earth."<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a></blockquote> Legal consciousness, therefore, is "already given in embryo to each person". <a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">Positive law</a>, then, is a way to shape transcendental norms of law present in legal consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> Ilyin distinguishes between a "correct" legal consciousness based on conservatism, morality and religion and a "formalist" legal consciousness that considers only the posited, rationalized law which, therefore, gives no clue to understanding what is law.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> According to Ilyin, mature legal consciousness is always rooted in <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> and monarchism, the monarchy being the natural realization of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Divine providence</a>. Monarchic legal consciousness tends to perceive the state as a family and unite the citizens with family bonds, while the monarch becomes not only the legal but also the spiritual ruler. His ideal was a monarch who would rule for the good of the country, would not belong to any party, and would embody the union of all people, whatever their beliefs. To serve this monarch is not an act of submission but rather of conscious and free choice of a responsible citizen. To the contrary, the republican legal consciousness praises individual freedom, social climbing and disregard for authority and is eager for radical changes. People view the state not as a family, but rather as a danger that needs to be contained with <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a>. Democratic elections, according to Ilyin, tend to elevate sneaky and evasive politicians.<a href="#cite_note-Zhukov-108">[104]</a> Ilyin repeatedly condemned the totalitarian state and emphasized the need to develop a form of 'legal consciousness' among the population.<a href="#cite_note-dgl-109">[105]</a> In his 1949 article, Ilyin argued against both totalitarianism and "formal" democracy in favor of a "third way" of building a state in Russia: "Facing this creative task, appeals of foreign parties to formal democracy remain naive, light-minded and irresponsible."<a href="#cite_note-hrono_2009-110">[106]</a> Ilyin left an unfinished work on monarchy, which used Hegel's concept of <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">world history</a>. In it he wrote that each nation has its own unique, organic path of <a href="/wiki/Self-preservation" title="Self-preservation">self-preservation</a>. Ilyin praised the Russian monarchy of the XIX century which he deemed consistent with his ideas and not absolute but essentially limited by religious and moral norms, and criticized <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> for <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Nicholas_II" title="Abdication of Nicholas II">his abdication</a>, eventually leading to the abolition of monarchy in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Zhukov-108">[104]</a> On Monarchy and Republic was supposed to consist of twelve chapters but Ilyin died having written the introduction and seven chapters which were published in 1978. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Valliere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Valliere (page does not exist)">Paul Valliere</a> wrote that Ilyin can certainly be exonerated of the charge that he proposed to induce <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> by force, like <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Tomás de Torquemada</a> or <a href="/wiki/Robespierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Robespierre">Robespierre</a> as Ilyin explicitly rejected this idea. He can also be exonerated of the charge of advocating <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a>, although his position bears a resemblance to holy war in certain respects.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One way to characterize Ilyin's political outlook is to apply the label that Ilyin's political mentor, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Struve" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Struve">Petr Struve</a>, applied to himself: "<a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal conservative">liberal conservative</a>". One might object that Ilyin's call for an "ideologically liberal dictatorship" is a contradiction in terms because any talk of dictatorship negates liberalism. On the other hand, there is a cluster of liberal values at the core of Ilyin's political thought.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a></blockquote> Ilyin elaborated these views in writings that were eventually published posthumously. On the Essence of Legal Consciousness was written between 1916 and 1918 influenced by the writings of Novgorodtsev and <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Kistyakovski" title="Bogdan Kistyakovski">Bogdan Kistyakovski</a> and was published in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_appearance_of_i._A._Il'in's_monograph_'On_the_nature_of_legal_consciousness':_towards_the_history_of_the_publication-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eurasianism">edit</a>]</div> Drawing on historical, geographical, ethnographical, linguistic, musicological and religious studies, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianists</a> suggested that the lands of the Russian Empire, and then of the Soviet Union, formed a natural unity, making Russia a distinct civilization, neither European nor Asian but <a href="/wiki/Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian">Eurasian</a>, according to Paul Robinson. A key feature of Eurasianism is the rejection of Russian <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> that seeks a purely Slavic state. Aversion to democracy is also an important characteristic of Eurasianism. Unlike many of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian State">white Russians</a>, the Eurasianists rejected all hope for a restoration of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> One of the key figures was <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Nikolai Trubetzkoy</a>. Another participant was Vladimir Nikolaevich Ilyin (1890-1974), a philosopher, theologian and composer from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. The latter seems not related to Ivan A. Ilyin who has been presented in the literature by various authors as belonging to the group.<a href="#cite_note-Die_Lehre_Der_Eurasier_by_Otto_Böss,_p._10-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> The first Eurasianists were mostly pacifist émigrés, and their vision of the future had features of romanticism and <a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">utopianism</a>. The goal of the Eurasianists was the unification of the main Christian churches under the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> In March 1922 Lenin insisted on a final and speedy reprisal against the Russian Orthodox Church, which was considered a hotbed of internal "counter-revolution". The <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> sought to remove <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Buddhism</a> and other religions, as they believed that a lack of religion (<a href="/wiki/State_atheism#Soviet" title="State atheism">State atheism</a>) combined with urbanization would result in an increase in production.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> In April 1925 <a href="/wiki/League_of_Militant_Atheists" title="League of Militant Atheists">League of Militant Atheists</a> was formed under the ideology of the communist Party. In October 1925 the Eurasianists held a congress in Prague with the intention of creating a seminar.<a href="#cite_note-Die_Lehre_Der_Eurasier_by_Otto_Böss,_p._10-112">[108]</a> In the late 1920s, Eurasianists polarized and became divided into two groups: the left Eurasianists, who were becoming increasingly pro-Soviet and pro-communist and the classic right Eurasianists, who remained staunchly anti-communist and anti-Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> The Eurasianists faded quickly from the Russian émigré community; N. Trubetzkoy and V.N. Ilyin left.<a href="#cite_note-Иван_Ильин:_Война_учит_нас_жить,_любя_нечто_высшее_·_Родина_на_Неве-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> For Ivan Ilyin, however, eurasianism was "mental <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">subterfuge</a>".<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> Ilyin's chauvinistic views on Ukraine were typical of Russian White émigrés.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[e]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, who was in favor of collaboration with the East Slavs against Bolshevism and offered them national independence, Ukrainian independence was <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a> to him. In 1934, Ilyin stated he was "in no way sympathetic to either conversations or plans for the separation of Ukraine".<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_T._Grier_(1994)_The_Complex_Legacy_of_Ivan_Il'in,_p._182._In:_Russian_Thought_After_Communism:_The_Recovery_of_a_Philosophical_Heritage_edited_by_James_Patrick_Scanlan_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_T._Grier_(1994)_The_Complex_Legacy_of_Ivan_Il'in,_p._182._In:_Russian_Thought_After_Communism:_The_Recovery_of_a_Philosophical_Heritage_edited_by_James_Patrick_Scanlan-122">[117]</a> He saw it as one of the reasons he lost his job at the institute.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> In 1938, in a short but significant article, Ilyin wrote: "<a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great Russia</a> are bound together by faith, tribe, historical destiny, geographical location, economy, culture and politics", and predicted: "History has not yet said its last word".<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> Ilyin disputed that an individual could choose their nationality any more than <a href="/wiki/Human_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Human cells">cells</a> can decide whether they are part of a body.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2018-18">[18]</a>: 23  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="View_on_fascism">View on fascism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: View on fascism">edit</a>]</div> His 1928 article On Russian Fascism is about the fascist "method" of dealing with the Bolshevik plague.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> Fascism is the Italian secular variation of the white movement. The Russian white movement is "more perfect" than fascism due to its religious component".<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Fascism emerged as a reaction to Bolshevism, as a concentration of state-protective forces on the right. During the onset of leftist chaos and leftist totalitarianism, this was a healthy, necessary and inevitable phenomenon. This concentration will continue, even in the most democratic states: in the hour of national danger, the healthy forces of the people will always concentrate in the direction of security and dictatorship. So it was in ancient Rome, so it was in new Europe, and so it will continue to be.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a></blockquote> Ilyin looked at Mussolini and Hitler as exemplary leaders who were saving Europe by dissolving democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Ivan_Ilyin:_A_Fashionable_Fascist-3">[3]</a> On 17 May 1933, Ilyin published in the Paris newspaper "<a href="/wiki/Vozrojd%C3%A9nie" title="Vozrojdénie">Vozrojdénie</a>" an infamous article titled "National Socialism. A New Spirit" in support of the takeover of Germany by Nazis,<a href="#cite_note-odinblago_1933-129">[124]</a> in which he accused <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Tageblatt" title="Berliner Tageblatt">Berliner Tageblatt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vossische_Zeitung" title="Vossische Zeitung">Vossische Zeitung</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Zeitung">Frankfurter Zeitung</a> of being pro-Bolshevik newspapers. (Recently the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a> had taken place.) Ilyin bitterly attacked the "Jewish bourgeois press" of Weimar Germany, which he accused of being pro-Soviet and never telling the truth about Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Walter_{{proper_name|Laquer}}_(2015)_Putinism-67">[65]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> "I categorically refuse to view the events of the last three months in Germany from the point of view of German Jews... What is happening in Germany is a huge political and social upheaval... What did Hitler do? He stopped the process of Bolshevization in Germany and rendered the greatest service to the whole of Europe ... the liberal-democratic hypnosis of non-resistance was thrown off. While Mussolini leads Italy and Hitler leads Germany, European culture is given a reprieve."<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a></blockquote> In September the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chamber_of_Culture" title="Reich Chamber of Culture">Reich Chamber of Culture</a> was established. When the Berlin Institute was placed under <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a> in October not only the Jews but also Ilyin lost his job as head of the institute because of he refused to incorporate Nazi propaganda into his courses. Ilyin noted the Nazi government's assault on the civil rights of German Jews but did not regard those measures as a sufficient reason for calling the entire German fascist project into question.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> When he was asked to join the anti-Jewish propaganda Ilyin refrained from following it.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_T._Grier_(1994)_The_Complex_Legacy_of_Ivan_Il'in,_p._182._In:_Russian_Thought_After_Communism:_The_Recovery_of_a_Philosophical_Heritage_edited_by_James_Patrick_Scanlan_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_T._Grier_(1994)_The_Complex_Legacy_of_Ivan_Il'in,_p._182._In:_Russian_Thought_After_Communism:_The_Recovery_of_a_Philosophical_Heritage_edited_by_James_Patrick_Scanlan-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-iljinru.tsygankov.ru-87">[84]</a> This was followed by a ban on teaching activities. After that, he was arrested for all his printed works and completely banned from public speaking.<a href="#cite_note-The_Postil-131">[126]</a> The initial support proved to be short-lived: he had fallen victim to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">Émigré</a> denunciations, which prompted the search of his house by police and subsequent interrogation. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shmelyov" title="Ivan Shmelyov">Ivan Shmelyov</a>, dated 7 August 1934, Ilyin wrote: "At the beginning of July, I was dismissed along with all my other compatriots from the position I had occupied for 12 years — dismissed for being Russian patriot.<a href="#cite_note-О_России_/_Православие.Ru-132">[127]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">On August 5, Ilyin's house was searched, his letters were looked over, and he was taken away for interrogation, where he was asked about his source of income and for details of the people abroad with whom he corresponded. Upon release, the German police required him to sign a declaration: "I am aware that if I "engage in politics", I will be sent to a concentration camp. To this I have added a distinct point, to the effect that the authorities themselves provide me with inducement through their anti-communist mission."<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[67]</a></blockquote> Ilyin initially saw <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> as a defender of civilization from <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> and approved of the way Hitler had, in his view, derived his <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> from the ideology of the Russian <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Whites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2018-18">[18]</a>: 20  However, when Nazi Germany declared the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> to be inferior <a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a> (subhumans), Ilyin was offended.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-ilyin-5">[5]</a> Ilyin's admiration for early fascism, his arguments for a strong state, organically connected to the people, and his assertion that "at the head of the state, there must be a single will" have inevitably produced comparisons with his German counterpart <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dgl-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> In 1948, Ilyin in his work "On Fascism" gives a series of justifications for fascism and sums it up at the end of his work: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Fascism is a complex phenomenon: it is multifaceted and historically speaking, far from exhausted. Within it, one finds elements of health and illness, old and new, protection and destruction. Therefore in an evaluation of fascism fair-mindedness and equanimity are needed. But its dangers must be considered in full. Fascism arose as a reaction to Bolshevism, as a concentration of power guarding sovereignty against the Right. As leftist chaos and totalitarianism advanced, this was a healthy phenomenon, as well as necessary and unavoidable. And such a concentration will come about henceforth, even in the most democratic states: in an hour of national danger, the more vigorous forces of the people will always rally to the defense of sovereignty. Thus it was in ancient Rome and the new Europe, and so it shall be hereafter. Standing against leftist totalitarianism, fascism was correct, as it sought just socio-political reform. This quest could be successful or unsuccessful: solving such problems is difficult, and first attempts might not have made any headway. But to meet the wave of socialist psychosis- through social and consequently anti-socialist measures- was imperative. These measures had long been imminent, and waiting any further was out of the question. Finally, fascism was right since it derived from a healthy national-patriotic sensibility, without which a people can neither lay claim to its existence nor create a unique culture.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a></blockquote> He wrote in "On Fascism": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The greatest mistake of fascism was the revival of idolatrous <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a>. "Caesarism" is the exact opposite of monarchism. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Salazar">Salazar</a> have understood this and are trying to avoid these mistakes. They don't call their regime "fascist". Let's hope that Russian patriots will think through the mistakes of fascism and national socialism to the end and not repeat them."<a href="#cite_note-nazi_1948-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a></blockquote> A number of Ilyin's works<a href="#cite_note-nazi_1933-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-nazi_1948-135">[130]</a> (including those written after the Italian and German defeats in 1945) advocated <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2016-138">[133]</a> "Italian fascism expressed in its own, Roman way the things that Russia had for centuries been standing on," he wrote in 1948. A year later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Borisovich_Gul" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Borisovich Gul">Roman Gul</a> accused Ilyin of antisemitism: "I still have among the clippings your pro-Hitler article where you recommend the Russians not to look at Hitlerism "through the eyes of Jews" and sing the praises of this movement!"<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> Ilyin would describe Nazis as those who had "walked the path of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christ">Anti-Christ</a>."<a href="#cite_note-crisismagazine.com-15">[15]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a>, Ilyin's ideas are a hodgepodge of <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>, psychoanalysis, <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>, and Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-An_Introduction_to_Ivan_Ilyin,_the_Philosopher_Behind_the_Authoritarianism_of_Putin's_Russia_&_Western_Far_Right_Movements_|_Open_Culture-141">[136]</a> Some of his work has a rambling and commonsensical character, and it is easy to find tensions and contradictions.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> Attempts to identify him as 'Putin's philosopher' by citing selective quotations from Ilyin are usually misleading.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... in a somewhat sensationalist <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> in the New York Times, Timothy Snyder attempts to discover the ideological foundations of the current Russian regime. In doing so, he exaggerates the influence on Putin of books by Ivan Ilyin, the ideologist of the Whites, the counterrevolutionary émigrés of the 1920s and '30s.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a></blockquote> Paul Valliere, professor of Religion, at <a href="/wiki/Butler_University" title="Butler University">Butler University</a>, wrote "Like Hegel, Ilyin was a <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> and a monarchist, but to deny that liberal values occupied a central place in his political thought is a mistake. For the same reason, it is a mistake to call Ilyin a "fascist philosopher". Ilyin's thought never manifested such signal features of fascism as populism, totalitarianism, racism, anti-Semitism, <a href="/wiki/Thuggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuggery">thuggery</a>, or the politics of hysteria. One may criticize Ilyin severely for not recognizing the catastrophic vices of fascism from the start."<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> After the attack on Milyukov and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dmitrievich_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov">Nabokov</a> in 1922 he warned <a href="/wiki/Petr_Struve" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Struve">Struve</a> against the extreme <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yevgenyevich_Markov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov">Markov</a>. Paul Robinson (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa_Faculty_of_Social_Sciences" title="University of Ottawa Faculty of Social Sciences">University of Ottawa Faculty of Social Sciences</a>), the author of the book "Russian Conservatism", points out if you want to find a fascist Ilyin, you can. But if you want to find a liberal one, you can do that too.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Ilyin considered that fascism had some positive characteristics, as well as some negative ones, but to be a Western European ideology and as such inappropriate for Russia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nevertheless, there are some problems with the approach used in the research on Il'in in "The Road to Unfreedom". Snyder uses quotes from the philosopher's work to show how Il'in's ideas fit into, or more accurately, provide a frame for Putin's regime. To accomplish this, he mixes Il'in's earliest works with very late ones. This is a very problematic choice, for Il'in, as Snyder has himself stated, drastically shifted his political opinions during his life. At the same time, serving the task of his book, Snyder in most cases gives no historical context to the quotes he provides and gives no explanation of where Il'in stands compared to other Russian-emigre thinkers of his time. This approach, I believe, causes misinterpretation in the worst case, or incomplete understanding of the legacy of Ivan Il'in in the best case.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_German_philosophers">Contemporary German philosophers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary German philosophers">edit</a>]</div> According to Wolfgang Eilenberger, the author of "Time of the Magicians: The Great Decade of Philosophy, 1919-1929" at least three contemporary philosophers didn't believe in <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>]: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> joined the Nazi Party (<a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a>) on May 1, 1933, ten days after being elected rector of the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ludwigs_University_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>. A year later, in April 1934, he resigned from the rectorship and stopped taking part in party meetings after the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a> but remained a member of the NSDAP until its dismantling at the end of World War II. After the war <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> spoke on his behalf at a hearing, while <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> spoke against him. In 1979 she described his decision as <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9formation_professionnelle" title="Déformation professionnelle">déformation professionnelle</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> criticized the Weimar Republic, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> in general, and the entire project of the enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ivan_Ilyin#Dubious" title="Talk:Ivan Ilyin">discuss</a>] (who had been a classmate of Hitler in Linz in 1903/4<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a>) was a monarchist in his early years, and never wrote about justice, equality, war, or any other classically political subject.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> He shared Spengler's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">cultural pessimism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>'s ideas were undermining the Weimar Republic: anti-democratic, anti-liberal. At the same time, he was not a Nazi.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a></li> <li>The controversial philosopher and jurist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> who joined the Nazi party on the same day as Heidegger presented his theories as an ideological foundation of the Nazi dictatorship and a justification of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> state concerning legal philosophy, particularly through the concept of <a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> The Ilyins had no children and in 1954 Ilyin expressed the hope that his books would be saved from destruction.<a href="#cite_note-О_России_/_Православие.Ru-132">[127]</a> Having been taught a severe personal lesson by having his Hegel dissertation manuscript, notes, and materials confiscated in Austria at the outbreak of the First World War (<a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a>), which then had to be rewritten or reconstructed, all the evidence suggests that Ilyin took care to retain and preserve his papers and his books for posterity.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_appearance_of_i._A._Il'in's_monograph_'On_the_nature_of_legal_consciousness':_towards_the_history_of_the_publication-77">[74]</a> Following the death of Ilyin's wife in 1963, Ilyin scholar Nikolai Poltoratzky had Ilyin's manuscripts and papers brought from Zurich to <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>, where he was a professor of the Russian language.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> <ul><li>The Archive would not be sold to nor bestowed upon Michigan State University, but would be provided to the University for temporary use;</li> <li>After the fall of the Communist regime in Russia, the Archive should be transferred to Moscow University.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_appearance_of_i._A._Il'in's_monograph_'On_the_nature_of_legal_consciousness':_towards_the_history_of_the_publication-77">[74]</a></li></ul> In the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, Ilyin was hardly mentioned openly, but his works began to be published in 1988 during <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>. Sometimes his name is surprisingly absent from descriptions of events in which Ilyin was an active participant, or his role is not considered in enough detail.<a href="#cite_note-iljinru.tsygankov.ru-87">[84]</a> In Russia's political culture today, Ilyin enjoys popularity among nationalists and authoritarians who admire his emphatic patriotism and his calls for strong state power in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere-10">[10]</a> Ilyin's views influenced <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a>, before and after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. The accuracy of Ilyin's historical forecasts made some Russian scholars think that it would be necessary to research the methodological basis of Ilyin's analysis. As of 2005, 23 volumes of Ilyin's collected works have been published in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Ilyin_1999-153">[148]</a> The Russian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Mikhalkov" title="Nikita Mikhalkov">Nikita Mikhalkov</a>, in particular, was instrumental in propagating Ilyin's ideas in <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet Russia">post-Soviet Russia</a>. He authored several articles about Ilyin and came up with the idea of transferring his remains from Switzerland to the <a href="/wiki/Donskoy_Monastery" title="Donskoy Monastery">Donskoy Monastery</a> in Moscow, where the philosopher had hoped to find his resting place. The ceremony of reburial, also of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a>, a general whose slogan was Russia, One and Indivisible, was held on 3 October 2005.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> The Russian Cultural Foundation, founded by <a href="/wiki/Raisa_Gorbacheva" title="Raisa Gorbacheva">Raisa Gorbacheva</a> and affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Culture">Russian Ministry of Culture</a>, formally requested that the papers be returned to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-msu_2006-155">[150]</a> In May 2006, and with the financial help of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a> the MSU transferred Ilyin's papers and books to the Science Library of the <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomonosov Moscow State University">Lomonosov Moscow State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> published a treatise on him.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> In April 2008, Ilyin's memorial plaque was installed on the oldest building of the Moscow State University at <a href="/wiki/Mokhovaya_Street" title="Mokhovaya Street">Mokhovaya Street</a>. In June 2012, his monument - cast from <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> iron - was unveiled in Yekaterinburg.<a href="#cite_note-The_Postil-131">[126]</a> Ilyin has been quoted by Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in his speeches on various occasions, and is considered by some observers to be a major ideological inspiration for Putin.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2012-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smirnova_2014-158">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eltchaninoff_2015-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barbashin_2015-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2018-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laruelle_2018-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaulhofer_2022-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marquardt_2022-163">[158]</a> Putin decreed moving Ilyin's remains back to Russia, and in 2009 consecrated his grave.<a href="#cite_note-Brooks_2014-164">[159]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Russian_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian New Year">Russian New Year</a> 2014, all high-ranking bureaucrats and local government officials were sent a copy of "Our Tasks", a posthumous collection of Ilyin's 1948-54 articles.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> He was quoted or mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Vladislav Surkov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ustinov" title="Vladimir Ustinov">Vladimir Ustinov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ivan_Ilyin:_A_Fashionable_Fascist-3">[3]</a> On 30 September 2022, Putin gave a speech on the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine">Russian annexation of four territories in Ukraine</a>, where he quoted Ilyin.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Major works">edit</a>]</div> Under Lenin, all of Ilyin's works were removed from libraries and destroyed; under Stalin, readers of his material were shot for reading and distributing his works; under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, they were imprisoned.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Hegel's philosophy as a doctrine of the concreteness of God and man (Философия Гегеля как учение о конкретности Бога и человека, 2 vols., 1918; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Die Philosophie Hegels als kontemplative Gotteslehre, 1946)</li> <li>Resistance to Evil By Force (О сопротивлениии злу силою, 1925)</li> <li>The Way of Spiritual Revival (1935)</li> <li>Foundations of Struggle for the National Russia (1938)</li> <li>The Basis of Christian Culture (Основы христианской культуры, 1938)</li> <li>About the Future Russia (1948)</li> <li>Axioms of Religious Experience (Аксиомы религиозного опыта, 2 volumes, 1953)</li> <li>On the Essence of Conscience of Law (О сущности правосознания, 1956)</li> <li>The Way to Insight (Путь к очевидности, 1957)</li> <li>The Singing Heart. The Book of Silent Contemplation 1958</li> <li>On Monarchy and Republic (О монархии и республики, 1978)</li> <li>Our Tasks (1948-1954). First published in Paris in 1956. In 1991, another edition of "Our Tasks" was published in Jordanville (USA), carried out by N.P. Poltoratsky.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://apocalypse.orthodoxy.ru/problems/">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal">Portrayal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Portrayal">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ilyin, played by <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Pirogov" title="Kirill Pirogov">Kirill Pirogov</a>, appears in a key episode of the TV series <a href="/wiki/Trotsky_(TV_series)" title="Trotsky (TV series)">Trotsky</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-marsiada.ru-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marsiada.ru_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsiada.ru_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsiada.ru_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marsiada.ru/359/407/644/668/">"Иван Александрович Ильин. Биография"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD.+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarsiada.ru%2F359%2F407%2F644%2F668%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whiterussianshistory.org/rovs">From the Russian Army to Underground Organizations: The Trajectory of the Whites in the European and French matrix</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivan_Ilyin:_A_Fashionable_Fascist-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ivan_Ilyin:_A_Fashionable_Fascist_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ivan_Ilyin:_A_Fashionable_Fascist_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ivan_Ilyin:_A_Fashionable_Fascist_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ridl.io/ivan-ilyin-a-fashionable-fascist/">"Ivan Ilyin: A Fashionable Fascist"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivan+Ilyin%3A+A+Fashionable+Fascist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fridl.io%2Fivan-ilyin-a-fashionable-fascist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "Il'in, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1883–1954) ." 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ILYIN by Olga Savvina and Ivan Lapshin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/putin-s-plan-restore-romanovs-part-3-0">"Putin's plan to restore the Romanovs (Part 3) | Lowy Institute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin%27s+plan+to+restore+the+Romanovs+%28Part+3%29+%26%23124%3B+Lowy+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fputin-s-plan-restore-romanovs-part-3-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odinblago.ru/filosofiya/ilin/ilin_o_monarkhii_i_resp/10,">Ilyin I. A., On the monarchy and the Republic. The danger of Monarchy, p. 568</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lander.odessa.ua/doc/Putinism.pdf">Walter Lacquer (2015)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valliere-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valliere_10-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValliere2021" class="citation book cs1">Valliere, P. (2021). "Ivan Ilyin: Philosopher of Law, Force, and Faith". 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Ilyin's interrogation on 4 September 1922</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iljinru.tsygankov.ru/german/works/WvdA.html">"Iwan Iljin: Hauptseite >> Bücher >> Welt vor dem Abgrund"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iwan+Iljin%3A+Hauptseite+%3E%3E+B%C3%BCcher+%3E%3E+Welt+vor+dem+Abgrund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filjinru.tsygankov.ru%2Fgerman%2Fworks%2FWvdA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia600704.us.archive.org/11/items/ilin_1931/Ильин%20%28Iljin%29%20-%20Welt%20vor%20dem%20Abgrund%20-%20Politik%2C%20Wirtschaft%20und%20Kultur%20im%20kommunistischen%20Staate%20-%20OCR.pdf">Ильин (Iljin) - Welt vor dem Abgrund</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runivers.ru/philosophy/chronograph/182750/">17 February 1923, Solemn act in honor of the opening of the Russian Scientific Institute</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kerchtt.ru/en/mihail-vsevolodovich-oleg-svyatoslavich-v-sv-kreshchenii-mihail-knyaz/">"Mikhail Vsevolodovich. 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Liberalism Studies Program Working Papers no. 6, April 2021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Stakeholders%2C+Hangers-On%2C+and+Copycats%3A+the+Russian+Right+in+Berlin+in+1933%22+Institute+for+European%2C+Russian%2C+and+Eurasian+Studies+%E2%80%93+The+George+Washington+University.+Liberalism+Studies+Program+Working+Papers+no.+6%2C+April+2021&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Beyda%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.illiberalism.org%2Fstakeholders-hangers-copycats-russian-berlin-1933%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intelros.ru/readroom/alternativi/a4-2012/18240-ivan-ilin-i-fashizm.html">Hartmut Rüdiger Peter (2012) Ivan Ilyin and fascism</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur2017" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (2017-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s8k3DwAAQBAJ&dq=ivan+ilyin+swiss+joseph+goebbels&pg=PT158">Reflections of a Veteran Pessimist: Contemplating Modern Europe, Russia, and Jewish History</a>. 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From Nietzsche to Stalinism</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verbrannte-und-verbannte.de/person/2735">VERBRANNTE und VERBANNTE</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-iljinru.tsygankov.ru-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iljinru.tsygankov.ru_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iljinru.tsygankov.ru_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iljinru.tsygankov.ru_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818092608/http://iljinru.tsygankov.ru/german/biography_d.html">"Iwan Iljin >> Biografie und Übersicht über die wissenschaftliche und literarische Tätigkeit"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iljinru.tsygankov.ru/german/biography_d.html">the original</a> on 2011-08-18. 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Lewis (2020) Russia's New Authoritarianism Putin and the Politics of Order, p. x</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Laruelle 2016a, Laruelle 2017b </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrejournal.com/putinism/">Putinism – A New Form of Fascism? by Ilya Budraitskis, October 27, 2022</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iai.tv/articles/the-philosophers-behind-putin-auid-2097">"The Philosophers behind Putin | Paul Robinson"</a>. 2022-04-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philosophers+behind+Putin+%26%23124%3B+Paul+Robinson&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiai.tv%2Farticles%2Fthe-philosophers-behind-putin-auid-2097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Anastasia Solovyeva (2020). Saving White Russia Ivan Ilin and Russia Abroad:1922-1938 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/222092/Threats_of_to_Democracy_Schmitt_Benjamin_and_Derrida">Threats of/to Democracy: Schmitt, Benjamin, and Derrida by Andrew Johnson, p. 8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.h-net.org/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-holocaust&month=0004&week=b&msg=dDam0xmJzm3jxiVH69zk1w&user&pw">Adolf Hitler and Ludwig Wittgenstein (Cornish)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Johannis Bin Abdul Aziz (2014) The Influence of Ludwig Wittgenstein in Political Theory </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Frits Boterman (2018) Oswald Spengler. Een intellectuele biografie. Boom Uitgevers, Amsterdam - ISBN 9789024420933 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2006/michigan-state-university-returning-papers-of-late-dissident-russian-philosopher-ivan-il">"Michigan State University returning papers of late dissident Russian philosopher Ivan Il'in"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+State+University+returning+papers+of+late+dissident+Russian+philosopher+Ivan+Il%27in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsutoday.msu.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2Fmichigan-state-university-returning-papers-of-late-dissident-russian-philosopher-ivan-il&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilyin_1999-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Ilyin_1999_153-0">^</a> Ivan A Il'in. 1993–1999. Sobranie sochinenii [The Collected Works] (10 vols, 6,704 pp.). Moscow: Russkaia kniga. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-268-01393-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-268-01393-9">5-268-01393-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Sherwood, Jay Allen. "'Russia One and Indivisible' - The Whites in South Russia 1918-1920." (1969). </li> <li id="cite_note-msu_2006-155"><a href="#cite_ref-msu_2006_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613015910/http://www.newsroom.msu.edu/site/indexer/2780/content.htm">"Michigan State University returning papers of late dissident Russian philosopher Ivan Il'in"</a>. Newsroom.msu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.msu.edu/site/indexer/2780/content.htm">the original</a> on 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michigan+State+University+returning+papers+of+late+dissident+Russian+philosopher+Ivan+Il%27in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.msu.edu%2Fsite%2Findexer%2F2780%2Fcontent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbmgu.ru/search/?q=*&cat=ILIN&s=NUM,INV">I. A. ILYIN ARCHIVE</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rwRVygAACAAJ">Ivan Ilyin: The National Philosopher of Putin's Russia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smirnova_2014-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Smirnova_2014_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmirnova2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smirnova, Julia (2014-12-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/kultur/article135404575/Putin-uebernimmt-Aengste-seines-Lieblingsphilosophen.html">"Iwan Iljin - Putin übernimmt Ängste seines Lieblingsphilosophen"</a>. Kultur. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314133939/https://www.welt.de/kultur/article135404575/Putin-uebernimmt-Aengste-seines-Lieblingsphilosophen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2022-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Iwan+Iljin+-+Putin+%C3%BCbernimmt+%C3%84ngste+seines+Lieblingsphilosophen&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.aulast=Smirnova&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fkultur%2Farticle135404575%2FPutin-uebernimmt-Aengste-seines-Lieblingsphilosophen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eltchaninoff_2015-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Eltchaninoff_2015_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEltchaninoff2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Eltchaninoff" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Eltchaninoff">Eltchaninoff, Michel</a> [in French] (2015). Dans la tête de Vladimir Poutine (in French). Arles/Paris, France: Éditions Solin/<a href="/wiki/Actes_Sud" title="Actes Sud">Actes Sud</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-330-03972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-330-03972-1"><bdi>978-2-330-03972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dans+la+t%C3%AAte+de+Vladimir+Poutine&rft.place=Arles%2FParis%2C+France&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Solin%2FActes+Sud&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-330-03972-1&rft.aulast=Eltchaninoff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> (NB. An English translation is available under the title "Inside the Mind of Vladimir Putin".) </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbashin_2015-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbashin_2015_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbashinThoburn2015" class="citation news cs1">Barbashin, Anton; Thoburn, Hannah (2015-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2015-09-20/putins-philosopher">"Putin's Philosopher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. Retrieved 2022-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+Philosopher&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Barbashin&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft.au=Thoburn%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Frussian-federation%2F2015-09-20%2Fputins-philosopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laruelle_2018-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Laruelle_2018_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaruelle2018" class="citation web cs1">Laruelle, Marlene (2018-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ridl.io/en/in-search-of-putins-philosopher/">"In search of Putin's philosopher"</a>. Riddle Russia. Retrieved 2022-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Riddle+Russia&rft.atitle=In+search+of+Putin%27s+philosopher&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.aulast=Laruelle&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fridl.io%2Fen%2Fin-search-of-putins-philosopher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaulhofer_2022-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaulhofer_2022_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaulhofer2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gaulhofer, Karl (2022-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diepresse.com/6106534/woher-putin-sich-sein-weltbild-holt">"Woher Putin sich sein Weltbild holt"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Die_Presse" title="Die Presse">Die Presse</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307081617/https://www.diepresse.com/6106534/woher-putin-sich-sein-weltbild-holt">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woher+Putin+sich+sein+Weltbild+holt&rft.pub=Die+Presse&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Gaulhofer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diepresse.com%2F6106534%2Fwoher-putin-sich-sein-weltbild-holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marquardt_2022-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Marquardt_2022_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardt2022" class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marquardt, Udo (2022-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdrmedien-a.akamaihd.net/medp/podcast/weltweit/fsk0/267/2672280/wdr5scalaaktuellekultur_2022-03-14_putinsmastermindiwaniljin_wdr5.mp3">Putins Mastermind: Iwan Iljin</a>. WDR 5 Scala - aktuelle Kultur (in German). <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314134436/https://wdrmedien-a.akamaihd.net/medp/podcast/weltweit/fsk0/267/2672280/wdr5scalaaktuellekultur_2022-03-14_putinsmastermindiwaniljin_wdr5.mp3">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2022-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putins+Mastermind%3A+Iwan+Iljin&rft.pub=Westdeutscher+Rundfunk&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdrmedien-a.akamaihd.net%2Fmedp%2Fpodcast%2Fweltweit%2Ffsk0%2F267%2F2672280%2Fwdr5scalaaktuellekultur_2022-03-14_putinsmastermindiwaniljin_wdr5.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> [7:54] </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_2014-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_2014_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2014" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, David (2014-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/opinion/brooks-putin-cant-stop.html?hp&rref=opinion&_r=0">"Putin Can't Stop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+Can%27t+Stop&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F04%2Fopinion%2Fbrooks-putin-cant-stop.html%3Fhp%26rref%3Dopinion%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Ramon Weisskopf (2016) Die vorkommunistische Philosophie von Iwan A. Iljin und ihr Einfluss auf Wladimir Putin, München, GRIN Verlag, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.grin.com/document/371275">https://www.grin.com/document/371275</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currenttime.tv/a/gender-rusofobiya-dugin-ilin-gebbels-i-nagornaya-propoved-chto-skazal-putin-v-rechi-ob-anneksii-chetyreh-oblastey-ukrainy/32059545.html">"Гендер, русофобия, Дугин, Ильин, Геббельс и Нагорная проповедь. 10 тезисов Путина в речи об аннексии четырех областей Украины"</a>. Current Time TV. 2022-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Time+TV&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%2C+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81+%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C.+10+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currenttime.tv%2Fa%2Fgender-rusofobiya-dugin-ilin-gebbels-i-nagornaya-propoved-chto-skazal-putin-v-rechi-ob-anneksii-chetyreh-oblastey-ukrainy%2F32059545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Ilyin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> His teacher Novgorodtsev was a prominent representative of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia#Russian_Empire" title="Liberalism in Russia">liberalism in Russia</a>, briefly imprisoned after signing to <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Manifesto" title="Vyborg Manifesto">Vyborg Manifesto</a> supporting Milyukov who did not trust the Tsar and his Manifesto and refused to co-operate in a government. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Ilyin's religious, rather than philosophical, attitude is already evident in the very title of his book. He considered Hegel's philosophy in depth, but his depth is not philosophical, but religious.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Nachrichtenstelle im Reichsministerium des Innern to Auswärtige Amt, April 19, 1933. BA Berlin R58/3199, Bl. 22. The letter notes that the "methods and means through which the Comintern operates in Germany" were not revealed by the author. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Refusing to cooperate with the German Catholic or Evangelical Protestant church Ilyin was regarded by the Nazis as a Freemason. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> In 1908 the historian <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a>, a former schoolmate of Ilyin, considered the "<a href="/wiki/Russia_for_Russians" title="Russia for Russians">Russia for Russians</a>" slogan to have been "a slogan of disunity... [and] not creative but destructive."<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On the Essence of Legal Consciousness, Second Revised Edition. Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in. Edited, Introduced, and Translated by: William E. Butler, Philip T. Grier and Paul Robinson 2023 ISBN 9781616196790</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_T._Grier" title="Philip T. Grier">Philip T. Grier</a> (1994) The Complex Legacy of Ivan Il'in, p. 165-182. In: Russian Thought After Communism: The Recovery of a Philosophical Heritage edited by James Patrick Scanlan</li> <li>History of Russian Philosophy «История российской Философии» (1951) by <a href="/wiki/N.O._Lossky" class="mw-redirect" title="N.O. Lossky">N.O. Lossky</a>. Publisher: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>, London ASIN: B000H45QTY <a href="/wiki/International_Universities_Press,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="International Universities Press, Inc.">International Universities Press, Inc.</a> New York, New York, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8236-8074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8236-8074-0">978-0-8236-8074-0</a> sponsored by Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cms.falter.at/blogs/rmisik/2022/04/11/putins-brauner-philosoph/">Putins brauner Philosoph by Robert Misik.</a> In: <a href="/wiki/Falter" title="Falter">Falter</a>, 11 April 2022</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Библиография_Ивана_Ильина&stable=1">Bibliography on Russian Wikipedia</a></li> <li>Laruelle, M. (2022) Is Russia Fascist?: A Response to Yoshiko Herrera, Mitchell Orenstein, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Shekhovtsov" title="Anton Shekhovtsov">Anton Shekhovtsov</a>. Nationalities Papers, 1-4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2022.82">https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2022.82</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ponarseurasia.org/is-russia-really-fascist-a-comment-on-timothy-snyder/">Laruelle, M. (2018) Is Russia Really "Fascist"? A Comment on Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li>Vernadskaya, Varvara (2024) <a href="//archive.org/details/verdnaskaya-ivan-ilyin_202407/" class="extiw" title="iarchive:verdnaskaya-ivan-ilyin 202407/">Ivan Ilyin: White Emigration, Fascist Sympathies, and Post-Mortem Return to Russia</a>.</li> <li>Zakhartsev S.I. (2021) The Victory Day in the Great Patriotic War: What the Biography of the Philosopher I.A. Ilyin Hides // Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow). Vol. 8. - N. 2. - P. 95-102. doi: 10.17816/RJLS66471</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Ilyin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ivan_Ilyin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culture.ru/catalog/archiv_ilina/">Ilyin: exile and patriot. History of life and works</a> Special project of the portal "Culture.rf" about the biography of Ilyin, his scientific works and the return of his archive to Russia.</li> <li>Testament of the Philosopher Ilyin (2005), a documentary by Alexey Denisov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iknigi.net/avtor-ivan-ilin/35602-o-rossii-tri-rechi-ivan-ilin/read/page-4.html">Three speeches by Ilyin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/weekinreview/09myers.html">New York Times on Ilyin's reburial</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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