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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Nicene_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Nicene_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-Nicene Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Nicene_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Reformation_Western_Church_accusers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Reformation_Western_Church_accusers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pre-Reformation Western Church accusers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Reformation_Western_Church_accusers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Protestant Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Counter-Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christian views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Roman Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Popes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Speculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Catechism of the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Believers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Believers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Old Believers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Believers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Age of Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Christian_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Christian_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Other Christian interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Christian_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Martin_Wight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martin_Wight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Martin Wight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martin_Wight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_"man_of_lawlessness"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_"man_of_lawlessness""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>As "man of lawlessness"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_"man_of_lawlessness"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_"being_in_league_with_other_figures"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_"being_in_league_with_other_figures""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>As "being in league with other figures"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_"being_in_league_with_other_figures"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_Satan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Satan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.4</span> <span>As Satan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Satan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Christian_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Christian_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-Christian views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Christian_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-Christian views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Christian_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Ahmadiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baha'i" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baha'i"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Baha'i</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baha'i-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Scientology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antichrist</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichris" title="Antichris – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antichris" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD" title="عدو المسيح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدو المسيح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="খ্রিষ্টারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিষ্টারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антыхрыст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыхрыст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антыхрыст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антыхрыст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антихрист – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антихрист" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrist" title="Antikrist – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antikrist" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticrist" title="Anticrist – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anticrist" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антихрист – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антихрист" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrist" title="Antikrist – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antikrist" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrist" title="Antikrist – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antikrist" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antichrist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikristus" title="Antikristus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antikristus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αντίχριστος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντίχριστος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticristo" title="Anticristo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anticristo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikristo" title="Antikristo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikristo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikristo" title="Antikristo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antikristo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="ضدمسیح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضدمسیح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A9christ" title="Antéchrist – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antéchrist" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticrist" title="Anticrist – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Anticrist" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EB%8F%84" title="적그리스도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적그리스도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Նեռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrist" title="Antikrist – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antikrist" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikristus" title="Antikristus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antikristus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichristo" title="Antichristo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Antichristo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticristo" title="Anticristo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anticristo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98" title="אנטיכריסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטיכריסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ანტიქრისტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტიქრისტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpingakristo" title="Mpingakristo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mpingakristo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антихрист – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антихрист" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrists" title="Antikrists – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antikrists" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikristas" title="Antikristas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antikristas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrisztus" title="Antikrisztus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antikrisztus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антихрист – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антихрист" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikristy" title="Antikristy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antikristy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="അന്തിക്രിസ്തു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തിക്രിസ്തു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="المسيح الدجال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المسيح الدجال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="دجال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دجال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Al-Masih" title="Anti-Al-Masih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anti-Al-Masih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antichrist" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="反キリスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反キリスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrist" title="Antikrist – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikrist" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antixrist" title="Antixrist – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antixrist" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antychryst" title="Antychryst – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antychryst" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticristo" title="Anticristo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anticristo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihrist" title="Antihrist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antihrist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антихрист – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антихрист" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrishti" title="Antikrishti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antikrishti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antichrist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrist" title="Antikrist – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antikrist" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антихрист – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антихрист" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrist" title="Antikrist – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antikrist" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikristus" title="Antikristus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antikristus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikrist" title="Antikrist – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antikrist" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="அந்திக்கிறிஸ்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அந்திக்கிறிஸ்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ศัตรูของพระคริสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศัตรูของพระคริสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Антихрист – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антихрист" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="ضد مسیح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ضد مسیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BB_ph%E1%BA%A3n_kit%C3%B4" title="Kẻ phản kitô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kẻ phản kitô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A9cri" title="Antécri – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Antécri" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikristo" title="Antikristo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antikristo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%8C%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3" title="敌基督 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="敌基督" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B5%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3" title="敵基督 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="敵基督" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%8C%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3" title="敌基督 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敌基督" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q174546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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title="Anti-Christ">Anti-Christ</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Figure in the New Testament</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Antichrist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antichrist (disambiguation)">Antichrist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Deliciarum_-_Antichrist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hortus_Deliciarum_-_Antichrist.jpg/260px-Hortus_Deliciarum_-_Antichrist.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Hortus_Deliciarum_-_Antichrist.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The Antichrist (the figure on the left, with the attributes of a king) by <a href="/wiki/Herrad_of_Landsberg" title="Herrad of Landsberg">Herrad of Landsberg</a> (about 1180), from the 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_deliciarum" title="Hortus deliciarum">Hortus deliciarum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signorelli-Antichrist_and_the_devil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Signorelli-Antichrist_and_the_devil.jpg/260px-Signorelli-Antichrist_and_the_devil.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Signorelli-Antichrist_and_the_devil.jpg/390px-Signorelli-Antichrist_and_the_devil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Signorelli-Antichrist_and_the_devil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a> whispers to the Antichrist; detail from <i>Sermons and Deeds of the Antichrist</i>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a>, 1501, <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>, <i><b>Antichrist</b></i> refers to a kind of person prophesied by the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> to oppose <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> and falsely substitute themselves as a savior in Christ's place before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Antichrist</i> (including one plural form)<sup id="cite_ref-1-2John_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-2John-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is found four times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, solely in the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1-2John_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-2John-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Antichrist</i> is announced as one "who denies the Father and the Son."<sup id="cite_ref-1-2John_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-2John-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The similar term <i>pseudokhristos</i> or "false Christ" is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strong_1890_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strong_1890-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_24#Jesus_predicts_the_destruction_of_the_Temple" title="Matthew 24">chapter 24</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">chapter 13</a>), Jesus alerts his disciples not to be deceived by the <a href="/wiki/False_prophet#Christianity" title="False prophet">false prophets</a>, who will claim themselves to be the <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>, performing "great <a href="/wiki/Sign#Christianity" title="Sign">signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miracle#Religious_views" title="Miracle">wonders</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Aune_1983_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aune_1983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chae_2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chae_2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-France_2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three other images often associated with Antichrist are the "little horn" in <a href="/wiki/Daniel%27s_final_vision" title="Daniel's final vision">Daniel's final vision</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">man of sin</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beast_of_Revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beast of Revelation">Beast of the Sea</a> in the Book of Revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Antichrist</i> is translated from the combination of two ancient <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀντί + Χριστός</span></span> (anti + Christos). In Greek, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χριστός</span></span> means "anointed one" and the word Christ derives from it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀντί</span></span>" means not only anti in the sense of "against" and "opposite of", but also "in place of".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contrasting beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of <i>Revelation</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">The Millennium</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a> <ul><li>Prewrath rapture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biblical texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">(Events)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pseudepigrapha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_eschatology" title="Template talk:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether the New Testament contains an individual Antichrist is disputed. The Greek term <i>antikhristos</i> originates in 1 John.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similar term <i>pseudokhristos</i> ("False Messiah") is also first found in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, but never used by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in his accounts of various false messiahs.<sup id="cite_ref-pseudochrist_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudochrist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of an <i>antikhristos</i> is not found in Jewish writings in the period 500 BC–50 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGinn_(theologian)" title="Bernard McGinn (theologian)">Bernard McGinn</a> conjectures that the concept may have been generated by the frustration of Jews subject to often-capricious <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman rule</a>, who found the nebulous Jewish idea of a <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> who is more of an opposing angel of God in the <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God" title="Throne of God">heavenly court</a> insufficiently humanised and personalised to be a satisfactory incarnation of evil and threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabinet2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The five uses of the term "antichrist" or "antichrists" in the <a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine epistles</a> do not clearly present a single latter-day individual Antichrist. The articles "the deceiver" or "the antichrist" are usually seen as marking out a certain category of persons, rather than an individual.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Children, it is the last hour! As you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come. From this we know that it is the last hour.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>1 John 2:18 <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">NRSV</a> (1989)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Who is the liar but the one who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the antichrist, the one who denies the Father and the Son.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>1 John 2:22 NRSV (1989)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By this you know the Spirit of God: every spirit that confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God. And this is the spirit of the antichrist, of which you have heard that it is coming; and now it is already in the world.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>1 John 4:2–3 NRSV (1989)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh; any such person is the deceiver and the antichrist!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>2 John 1:7 NRSV (1989)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Consequently, attention for an individual Antichrist figure focuses on the second chapter of <a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term "antichrist" is never used in this passage: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As to the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our being gathered together to him, we beg you, brothers and sisters, not to be quickly shaken in mind or alarmed, either by spirit or by word or by letter, as though from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord is already here. Let no one deceive you in any way; for that day will not come unless the rebellion comes first and the lawless one is revealed, the one destined for destruction. He opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, declaring himself to be God.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>2 Thessalonians 2:1–4 NRSV (1989)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work, but only until the one who now restrains it is removed. And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord Jesus will destroy with the breath of his mouth, annihilating him by the manifestation of his coming. The coming of the lawless one is apparent in the working of Satan, who uses all power, signs, lying wonders, and every kind of wicked deception for those who are perishing, because they refused to love the truth and so be saved.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>2 Thessalonians 2:7–10 NRSV (1989)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The latter of these passages is also the primary scriptural source concerning the <a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a>, the "one who now restrains" the coming of the Antichrist. The identity of this person, if it is a person, is mysterious and the subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the word "antichrist" (Greek <i>antikhristos</i>) is used only in the Epistles of John, the similar word "pseudochrist" (Greek <i>pseudokhristos</i>, meaning "false messiah") is used by Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-pseudochrist_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudochrist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For false messiahs and false prophets will appear and produce great signs and omens, to lead astray, if possible, even the elect.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew 24:24 and Mark 13:22 NRSV (1989)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Church">Early Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div> <p>The second- or first-century book <a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a>, written by an <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essene</a> convert to Christianity, makes mention of the Antichrist in figurative terms, where the redeemer overcomes the monstrous dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only one of the late 1st-/early 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> to use the term is <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a> (c. 69 – c. 155), who warned the <a href="/wiki/Philippian" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippian">Philippians</a> that everyone who preached false doctrine was an antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His use of the term <i>Antichrist</i> follows that of the New Testament in not identifying a single personal Antichrist, but a class of people.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (2nd century AD – c. 202) wrote <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Against Heresies</a></i> to refute the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostics</a>. In Book V of <i>Against Heresies</i> he addresses the figure of the Antichrist referring to him as the "recapitulation of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> and rebellion." He uses "<a href="/wiki/666_(number)#Number_of_the_beast" title="666 (number)">666</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a> from Revelation 13:18, to <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerologically</a> decode several possible names. Some names that he loosely proposed were "Evanthos", "Lateinos" ("Latin" or pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>). In his <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> 7:21, he stated that the ten horns of the beast will be the Roman Empire divided into ten kingdoms before the Antichrist's arrival. Additionally, he stated that the antichrist would be of the tribe of Dan, evoking Jeremiah 8:16. This would correlate to the Talmudic view of the Jewish Messiah coming from the tribe of Dan on his maternal line. However, his readings of the Antichrist were more in broader theological terms rather than within a historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a> presents a detailed exposition of the Antichrist as <a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (c. 160 – c. 220 AD) held that the Roman Empire was the restraining force written about by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> in 2 Thessalonians 2:7–8. The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> and the disintegration of the ten provinces of the Roman Empire into ten kingdoms were to make way for the Antichrist. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By, "For that day will not come unless the rebellion comes first," he [Paul] means indeed this present empire, "and the man of lawlessness is revealed"—that is to say, the Antichrist, "the son of destruction, who opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or religion, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, declaring himself to be God. Do you not remember that I told you these things when I was still with you? And you know what is now restraining him, so that he may be revealed when his time comes. For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work, but only until the one who now restrains it is removed." What obstacles are there but the Roman state, the rebellion of which, by being scattered into the ten kingdoms, will introduce the Antichrist upon its own ruins? "And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord will destroy with the breath of his mouth, annihilating him by the manifestation of his coming. The coming of the lawless one is apparent in the working of Satan, who uses all power, signs, lying wonders, and every kind of wicked deception for those who are perishing."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (c. 170 – c. 236) held that the Antichrist would come from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">tribe of Dan</a> and would <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">rebuild the Jewish temple</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> in order to reign from it. He identified the Antichrist with the Beast out of the Earth from the book of Revelation. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the beast, then, coming up out of the earth, he means the kingdom of Antichrist; and by the two horns he means him and the false prophet after him. And in speaking of "horns like a lamb," he means that he will make himself like the Son of God, and set himself forward as king. And the terms, "it spoke like a dragon," mean that he is a deceiver, and not truthful.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (185–254) refuted <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a>' view of the Antichrist. Origen, using scriptural citations from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, Paul, and the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> argued: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where is the absurdity, then, in holding that there exist among men, so to speak, two extremes—the one of virtue, and the other of its opposite; so that the perfection of virtue dwells in the man who realizes the ideal given in Jesus, from whom there flowed to the human race so great a conversion, and healing, and amelioration, while the opposite extreme is in the man who embodies the notion of him that is named Antichrist?... one of these extremes, and the best of the two, should be styled the Son of God, on account of His pre-eminence; and the other, who is diametrically opposite, be termed the son of the wicked demon, and of Satan, and of the devil. And, in the next place, since evil is specially characterized by its diffusion, and attains its greatest height when it simulates the appearance of the good, for that reason are signs, and marvels, and lying miracles found to accompany evil, through the cooperation of its father the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Nicene_Christianity">Post-Nicene Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Nicene Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">First seven Ecumenical Councils</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antechrist_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Antechrist_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/330px-Antechrist_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Antechrist_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/495px-Antechrist_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Antechrist_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/660px-Antechrist_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="2892" /></a><figcaption>Antichrist in the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> (1375). The label reads: "Antichrist. He will be raised in Goraym of Galilea, and at the age of thirty he will start to preach in Jerusalem; contrary to the truth, he will proclaim that he is Christ, the living son of God. It is said that he will rebuild the Temple."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a>, in the mid-4th century, delivered his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf207.ii.xix.html">15th</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem#Catechetical_lectures" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">catechetical lecture</a> about the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, in which he also lectures about the Antichrist, who will reign as the ruler of the world for three and a half years, before he is killed by Jesus Christ at the end of his three-and-a-half-year reign, shortly after which the Second Coming of Jesus Christ will happen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> (c. 298–373) wrote that <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> of Alexandria is to be associated with the Antichrist, saying, "And ever since [the Council of Nicaea] has Arius's error been reckoned for a heresy more than ordinary, being known as Christ's foe, and harbinger of [the] Antichrist."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of his prediction that the world would end before 400 CE, <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a> (c. 336 - 397) wrote that "There is no doubt that the Antichrist has already been born. Firmly established already in his early years, he will, after reaching maturity, achieve supreme power." </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> (c. 347–407) warned against speculating about the Antichrist, saying, "Let us not therefore enquire into these things". He preached that by knowing Paul's description of the Antichrist in 2 Thessalonians, Christians would avoid deception.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (c. 347–420) warned that those substituting false interpretations for the actual meaning of scripture belonged to the "synagogue of the Antichrist".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "He that is not of Christ is of Antichrist", he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that "the mystery of lawlessness" written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 was already in action when "every one chatters about his views."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Jerome, the power restraining this mystery of lawlessness was the Roman Empire, but as it fell this restraining force was removed. He warned a noble woman of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near. Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ "shall consume with the spirit of his mouth." "Woe unto them," he cries, "that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days." ... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun all parts of Gaul. The whole country between the Alps and the Pyrenees, between the Rhine and the Ocean, has been laid waste by hordes of <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Herules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, and—alas for the commonweal!—even <a href="/wiki/Pannonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonians">Pannonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his <i>Commentary on Daniel</i>, Jerome noted, "Let us not follow the opinion of some commentators and suppose him to be either the Devil or some demon, but rather, one of the human race, in whom Satan will wholly take up his residence in bodily form." Instead of rebuilding the Jewish Temple to reign from, Jerome thought the Antichrist sat in God's Temple inasmuch as he made "himself out to be like God." He refuted <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>'s idea that the "little horn" mentioned in Daniel chapter 7 was <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> by noting that the "little horn" is defeated by an eternal, universal ruler, right before the final judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_on_Daniel_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary_on_Daniel-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he advocated that the "little horn" was the Antichrist: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We should therefore concur with the traditional interpretation of all the commentators of the Christian Church, that at the end of the world, when the Roman Empire is to be destroyed, there shall be ten kings who will partition the Roman world amongst themselves. Then an insignificant eleventh king will arise, who will overcome three of the ten kings... after they have been slain, the seven other kings also will bow their necks to the victor.<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_on_Daniel_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary_on_Daniel-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Circa 380, an apocalyptic pseudo-prophecy <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphy">falsely attributed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tiburtine_Sibyl" title="Tiburtine Sibyl">Tiburtine Sibyl</a> describes Constantine as victorious over <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>. Later on, it predicts: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the Roman empire shall have ceased, then the Antichrist will be openly revealed and will sit in the House of the Lord in Jerusalem. While he is reigning, two very famous men, Elijah and Enoch, will go forth to announce the coming of the Lord. Antichrist will kill them and after three days they will be raised up by the Lord. Then there will be a great persecution, such as has not been before nor shall be thereafter. The Lord will shorten those days for the sake of the elect, and the Antichrist will be slain by the power of God through Michael the Archangel on the Mount of Olives.<sup id="cite_ref-Sibyl_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sibyl-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430) wrote "it is uncertain in what temple [the Antichrist] shall sit, whether in that ruin of the temple which was built by Solomon, or in the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> claimed that the antichrist would place his image to be worshipped in the temple in Jerusalem, he would assert himself to be Christ and would call for Christians to undergo circumcision.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Byzantine Emperor Maurice</a> in A.D. 597, concerning the titles of bishops, "I say with confidence that whoever calls or desires to call himself 'universal priest' in self-exaltation of himself is a precursor of the Antichrist."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the tenth century, <a href="/wiki/Adso_of_Montier-en-Der" title="Adso of Montier-en-Der">Adso of Montier-en-Der</a>, a Benedictine monk, compiled a biography of Antichrist based on a variety of exegetical and Sibylline sources; his account became one of the best-known descriptions of Antichrist in the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emmerson_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmerson-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>De Antichristo libri undecim</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Malvenda" title="Tomaso Malvenda">Tomàs Maluenda</a> in 1604, is considered the most complete treatise on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Reformation_Western_Church_accusers">Pre-Reformation Western Church accusers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Reformation Western Church accusers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntichristSOF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AntichristSOF.jpg/220px-AntichristSOF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AntichristSOF.jpg/330px-AntichristSOF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AntichristSOF.jpg/440px-AntichristSOF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> showing the Antichrist, 1498</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_(bishop_of_Orl%C3%A9ans)" title="Arnulf (bishop of Orléans)">Arnulf (bishop of Orléans)</a> disagreed with the policies and morals of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">Pope John XV</a>. He expressed his views while presiding over the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Reims#Council_of_Reims,_991" title="Council of Reims">Council of Reims in A.D. 991</a>. Arnulf accused John XV of being the Antichrist while also using the <a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians_2" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians 2">2 Thessalonians passage</a> about the "<a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of Sin">man of lawlessness</a>" (or "lawless one"), saying: "Surely, if he is empty of charity and filled with vain knowledge and lifted up, he is Antichrist sitting in God's temple and showing himself as God." This incident is history's earliest record of anyone identifying a pope with the Antichrist (see <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Christian Historicism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> (c. 1015 or 1029–1085), struggled against, in his own words, "a robber of temples, a perjurer against the Holy Roman Church, notorious throughout the whole Roman world for the basest of crimes, namely, <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Wilbert</a>, plunderer of the holy church of <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Antichrist, and arch-<a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretic</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Beno_of_Santi_Martino_e_Silvestro" title="Beno of Santi Martino e Silvestro">Benno</a>, on the opposite side of the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>, wrote long descriptions of abuses committed by Gregory VII, including <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> of a former friend upon a bed of nails, commissioning an attempted assassination, executions without trials, unjust <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>, doubting the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a>, and even burning it.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benno held that Gregory VII was "either a member of Antichrist, or Antichrist himself."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eberhard II von Truchsees, <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Salzburg#Prince-Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Salzburg">Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg</a> in 1241, denounced <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> at the Council of <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> as "that man of perdition, whom they call Antichrist, who in his extravagant boasting says, I am God, I cannot err."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that the ten kingdoms that the Antichrist is involved with<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the "Turks, Greeks, Egyptians, Africans, Spaniards, French, English, Germans, Sicilians, and Italians who now occupy the provinces of Rome."<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held that the papacy was the "little horn" of Daniel 7:8:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"A little horn has grown up" with "eyes and mouth speaking great things", which is reducing three of these kingdoms (i.e. Sicily, Italy, and Germany) to subserviency, is persecuting the people of Christ and the saints of God with intolerable opposition, is confounding things human and divine, and is attempting things unutterable, execrable.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protestant Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History of Protestantism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg/220px-The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg/330px-The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg/440px-The_Papal_Belvedere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the <i>Papstspotbilder</i> or <i>Papstspottbilder</i> in German or <i>Depictions of the Papacy</i> in English,<sup id="cite_ref-Oberman_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards–1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards–1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German peasants respond to a papal bull of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antichrist1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antichrist1.jpg/220px-Antichrist1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antichrist1.jpg/330px-Antichrist1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antichrist1.jpg/440px-Antichrist1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><i>Passional Christi und Antichristi</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, from Luther's 1521 <i>Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation#Antichrist" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Pope as the Antichrist</a>, signing and selling <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(Christadelphian)" title="John Thomas (Christadelphian)">John Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, as well as most <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> of the 16th–18th centuries, felt that the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> had been led into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> and identified the <a href="/wiki/Pope_as_Antichrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope as Antichrist">Pope with the Antichrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnstone_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burgess_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgess-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther declared that not just a pope from time to time was Antichrist, but the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> was Antichrist because they were "the representatives of an institution opposed to Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Centuriators_of_Magdeburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriators of Magdeburg">Centuriators of Magdeburg</a>, a group of Lutheran scholars in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a>, wrote the 12-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Centuries" title="Magdeburg Centuries">Magdeburg Centuries</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">discredit the Catholic Church</a> and lead other Christians to recognize the Pope as the Antichrist. So, rather than expecting a single Antichrist to rule the earth during a future <a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a> period, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other Protestant Reformers saw the Antichrist as a present feature in the world of their time, fulfilled in the Papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnstone_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnstone-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroom1948244–245_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroom1948244–245-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the others who interpreted the biblical <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> historically there were many <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> wrote about the Antichrist: "He Whom Daniel foretells would have dominion for a time and times and a half, is even now at the door".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies" class="mw-redirect" title="Against Heresies">Against Heresies</a></i> about the coming of the Antichrist: "This Antichrist shall ... devastate all things ... But then, the Lord will come from Heaven on the clouds ... for the righteous".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> looking to the Antichrist wrote: "He is to sit in the temple of God, and boast himself as being god. In our view, he is Antichrist as taught us in both the ancient and the new prophecies; and especially by the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle John">Apostle John</a>, who says that 'already many false-prophets are gone out into the world' as the fore-runners of Antichrist".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> in his <i>Treatise on Christ and Antichrist</i> wrote: "As Daniel also says (in the words) 'I considered the Beast, and look! There were ten horns behind it—among which shall rise another (horn), an offshoot, and shall pluck up by the roots the three (that were) before it.' And under this, was signified none other than Antichrist."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> clearly hold to the historical view in his many writings; in <i>The Deposition of Arius</i>, he wrote: "I addressed the letter to Arius and his fellows, exhorting them to renounce his impiety.... There have gone forth in this diocese at this time certain lawless men—enemies of Christ—teaching an apostasy which one may justly suspect and designate as a forerunner of Antichrist".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> wrote: "Says the apostle [Paul in the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians], 'Unless the Roman Empire should first be desolated, and antichrist proceed, Christ will not come.'"<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also identifies the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">little horn</a> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Daniel+7:8">Daniel 7:8</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Daniel+7:24">7:24–25</a> which "He shall speak as if he were God."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> had considered the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> a positive Antichrist who would purify the Catholic Church from opulence, riches and clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicist</a> interpretations of Book of Revelation usually included the identification of one or more of the following: </p> <ul><li>the Antichrist (<a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a>);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beast (Bible)">Beast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Revelation_13" title="Revelation 13">Revelation 13</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of Sin">Man of Sin</a>, or Man of Lawlessness, of <a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians_2" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians 2">2 Thessalonians 2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/2+Thessalonians+2:1">2:1–12</a>);</li> <li>the "Little horn" of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Daniel 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">8</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">Daniel 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 12">12</a>; and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Revelation_17" title="Revelation 17">Revelation 17</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Protestant Reformers tended to hold the belief that the Antichrist power would be revealed so that everyone would comprehend and recognize that the Pope is the real, true Antichrist and not the vicar of Christ. Doctrinal works of literature published by the <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Churches">Reformed Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> contain references to the Pope as the Antichrist, including the <a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a>, Article 4 (1537),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope" title="Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope">Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope</a></i> written by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> (1537),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a>, Article 25.6 (1646), and the <a href="/wiki/1689_Baptist_Confession_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="1689 Baptist Confession of Faith">1689 Baptist Confession of Faith</a>, Article 26.4. In 1754, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> published his <i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i>, which is currently a Doctrinal Standard of the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. In his notes on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> (chapter 13), he commented: "The whole succession of Popes from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a> are undoubtedly Antichrists. Yet this hinders not, but that the last Pope in this succession will be more eminently the Antichrist, the Man of Sin, adding to that of his predecessors a peculiar degree of wickedness from the bottomless pit."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identification of the Pope with the Antichrist was so ingrained in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation Era</a>, that Luther himself stated it repeatedly: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"This teaching [of the supremacy of the pope] shows forcefully that the Pope is the very Antichrist, who has exalted himself above, and opposed himself against Christ, because he will not permit Christians to be saved without his power, which, nevertheless, is nothing, and is neither ordained nor commanded by God".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> and, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"nothing else than the kingdom of Babylon and of the very Antichrist. For who is the man of sin and the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">son of perdition</a>, but he who by his teaching and his ordinances increases the sin and perdition of souls in the church; while he yet sits in the church as if he were God? All these conditions have now for many ages been fulfilled by the papal tyranny."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> similarly wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Though it be admitted that Rome was once the mother of all Churches, yet from the time when it began to be the seat of Antichrist it has ceased to be what it was before. Some persons think us too severe and censorious when we call the Roman Pontiff Antichrist. But those who are of this opinion do not consider that they bring the same charge of presumption against Paul himself, after whom we speak and whose language we adopt ... I shall briefly show that (Paul's words in II Thess. 2) are not capable of any other interpretation than that which applies them to the Papacy."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> wrote on the Pope: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Yea, to speak it in plain words; lest that we submit ourselves to Satan, thinking that we submit ourselves to Jesus Christ, for, as for your Roman kirk [church], as it is now corrupted, and the authority thereof, whereon stands the hope of your victory, I no more doubt but that it is the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Satan" title="Synagogue of Satan">synagogue of Satan</a>, and the head thereof, called the pope, to be that man of sin, of whom the apostle speaks."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> on the Antichrist wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Whereof it followeth Rome to be the seat of Antichrist, and the pope to be very antichrist himself. I could prove the same by many other scriptures, old writers, and strong reasons."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, speaking of the identity given in the Bible of the Antichrist, wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In many respects, the Pope has an indisputable claim to those titles. He is, in an emphatical sense, the man of sin, as he increases all manner of sin above measure. And he is, too, properly styled, the son of perdition, as he has caused the death of numberless multitudes, both of his opposers and followers, destroyed innumerable souls, and will himself perish everlastingly. He it is that opposeth himself to the emperor, once his rightful sovereign; and that exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped—Commanding angels, and putting kings under his feet, both of whom are called gods in scripture; claiming the highest power, the highest honour; suffering himself, not once only, to be styled God or vice-God. Indeed no less is implied in his ordinary title, "Most Holy Lord," or, "Most Holy Father." So that he sitteth—Enthroned. In the temple of God—Mentioned Rev. xi, 1. Declaring himself that he is God—Claiming the prerogatives which belong to God alone."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> wrote about the Pope: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"the pretended <a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Christ</a> on earth, who sits as God over the Temple of God, exalting himself not only above all that is called God, but over the souls and consciences of all his vassals, yea over the Spirit of Christ, over the Holy Spirit, yea, and God himself ... speaking against the God of heaven, thinking to change times and laws; but he is the Son of Perdition."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The identification of the Roman Catholic Church as the apostate power written of in the Bible as the Antichrist became evident to many as the Reformation began, including <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, who was well known throughout Europe for his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">doctrine and practices of the Catholic Church</a>, which he believed had clearly deviated from the original teachings of the early Church and to be contrary to the Bible. Wycliffe himself tells (<i>Sermones</i>, III. 199) how he concluded that there was a great contrast between what the Church was and what it ought to be, and saw the necessity for reform. Along with John Hus, they had started the inclination toward ecclesiastical reforms of the Catholic Church. </p><p>When the Swiss Reformer <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> became the pastor of the <a href="/wiki/Grossm%C3%BCnster" title="Grossmünster">Grossmünster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> (1518) he began to preach ideas on reforming the Catholic Church. Zwingli, who was a Catholic priest before he became a Reformer, often referred to the Pope as the Antichrist. He wrote: "I know that in it works the might and power of the Devil, that is, of the Antichrist".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English Reformer <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> held that while the Roman Catholic realms of that age were the empire of Antichrist, any religious organization that distorted the doctrine of the Old and New Testaments also showed the work of Antichrist. In his treatise <i>The Parable of the Wicked Mammon</i>, he expressly rejected the established Church teaching that looked to the future for an Antichrist to rise up, and he taught that Antichrist is a present spiritual force that will be with us until the end of the age under different religious disguises from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyndale's translation of 2 Thessalonians, chapter 2, concerning the "Man of Lawlessness" reflected his understanding, but was significantly amended by later revisers,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version#Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">King James Bible committee</a>, which followed the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> more closely. </p><p>In 1973, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Ecumenical_and_Interreligious_Affairs" title="Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs">Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs</a> and the USA National Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> in the official <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Lutheran_dialogue" title="Catholic–Lutheran dialogue">Catholic–Lutheran dialogue</a> officially signed an agreement on <i>Papal Primacy and the Universal Church,</i> including this passage: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In calling the pope the "Antichrist", the early <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> stood in a <a href="#Pre-Reformation_Western_Church_accusers">tradition that reached back into the eleventh century</a>. Not only dissidents and <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretics</a> but even saints had called the bishop of Rome the "Antichrist" when they wished to castigate his <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>. What Lutherans understood as a <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal claim to unlimited authority</a> over everything and everyone reminded them of the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic imagery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">Daniel 11</a>, a passage that even prior to the Reformation had been applied to the pope as the Antichrist of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">last days</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgess_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgess-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1988 <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical minister</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster</a>, made headlines in an infamous manner by accusing <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> as the Antichrist during one of the pope's speeches before the European Parliament, which at the time Paisley was member. His accusation, and the reactions of both Pope John Paul II and other members of the European Parliament, was recorded on video.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a> states about the Pope and the Catholic Church:<sup id="cite_ref-WELS_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are two principles that mark the papacy as the Antichrist. One is that <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">the pope takes to himself the right to rule the church</a> that belongs only to Christ. He can make laws forbidding the marriage of priests, eating or not eating meat on Friday, birth control, divorce and remarriage, even where there are not such laws in the Bible. The second is that he teaches that salvation is not by faith alone but by faith and works. The present pope upholds and practices these principles. This marks his rule as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian">antichristian rule</a> in the church. All popes hold the same office over the church and promote the same antichristian belief so they all are part of the reign of the Antichrist. The Bible does not present the Antichrist as one man for one short time, but as an office held by a man through successive generations. It is a title like King of England.<sup id="cite_ref-WELS-CL_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS-CL-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Currently, many Protestant and <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist denominations</a> still officially maintain that the Papacy is the Antichrist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">conservative Lutheran Churches</a><sup id="cite_ref-WELS_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventism">Seventh-day Adventists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Counter-Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, the views of <a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christian_eschatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (Christian eschatology)">Futurism</a> were advanced by Catholic Jesuits beginning in the 16th century in response to the identification of the Papacy as Antichrist. These were rival methods of prophetic interpretation: the futurist and the preterist systems both are in conflict with the historicist method of interpretation. </p><p>Historically, preterists and non-preterists have agreed that the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Luis_del_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Luis del Alcázar">Luis de Alcasar</a> (1554–1613) wrote the first systematic preterist exposition of prophecy—<i>Vestigatio arcani sensus in Apocalypsi</i> (published in 1614)—during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_views">Christian views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christian views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Council of the Lateran</a>, the Catholic Church teaches that priests may not "preach or declare a fixed time for...the coming of antichrist..."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church also teaches that it must undergo trials before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the church's ultimate trial will be the mystery of iniquity.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican.va_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Judaism, iniquity is a sin done out of moral failing.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mystery of iniquity, according to the church, will be a religious deception: Christians receiving alleged solutions to their problems at the cost of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican.va_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supreme religious deception, according to the church, will be the Antichrist's <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianism</a>: mankind glorifying himself rather than God and Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican.va_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church teaches that this supreme deception is committed by people who claim to fulfill Israel's <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messianic hopes</a> (world peace, immortality, end of evil and suffering, no more poverty or pollution, etc.), such as <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarianism</a> and secular messianicism.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican.va_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popes">Popes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in the encyclical <i>Quartus Supra</i>, quoting <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, said Satan disguises the Antichrist with the title of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> in the encyclical <i>E Supremi</i> said that the distinguishing mark of the Antichrist is claiming to be God and taking his place.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> in the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Divini_Redemptoris" title="Divini Redemptoris">Divini Redemptoris</a></i> compared <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> to the pseudo-messianism of the Antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, in his August 18, 1985 address on his apostolic journey to Africa, said 1 John 4:3 ("Every spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus does not belong to God. This is the spirit of antichrist") evokes the danger of theology divorced from holiness and theological culture divorced from serving Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> said in the Sunday Angelus of March 11, 2012 that violence is the tool of the Antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the General Audience of November 12, 2008, Benedict XVI said Christian tradition had come to identify the son of perdition as the Antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, in his morning meditation of February 2, 2014, said that Christian faith is not an ideology, but that "the <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">Apostle James</a> says that ideologues of the faith are the Antichrist."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his morning meditation of September 19, 2014, Francis said the Antichrist must come before the final resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his morning meditation of January 7, 2016, he said the evil spirit spoken of in 1 John 4:6 is the Antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his morning meditation on November 11, 2016, Francis said whoever says the criteria of Christian love is not the Incarnation is the Antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speculation">Speculation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_the_Popes" title="Prophecy of the Popes">Prophecy of the Popes</a></i> (identified as a 16th-century forgery by historians<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) claims Rome will be destroyed during the pontificate of the last Pope, implying a connection to the Antichrist. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton J. Sheen</a>, a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, wrote in 1951:<sup id="cite_ref-Sheen1951_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheen1951-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Antichrist will not be so called; otherwise he would have no followers... he will come disguised as the Great Humanitarian; he will talk peace, prosperity and plenty not as means to lead us to God, but as ends in themselves... He will tempt Christians with the same three temptations with which he tempted Christ... He will have one great secret which he will tell to no one: he will not believe in God. Because his religion will be brotherhood without the fatherhood of God, he will deceive even the elect. He will set up a counterchurch... It will have all the notes and characteristics of the Church, but in reverse and emptied of its divine content. It will be a mystical body of the Antichrist that will in all externals resemble the mystical body of Christ.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catechism of the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catechism of the Catholic Church, which John Paul II said is a "sure norm for teaching the faith," puts the doctrine on the Antichrist under a subsection entitled "The Church's Ultimate Trial," equating it with "the supreme religious deception" and "pseudo-messianism" of human "self-glorification": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Before Christ's second coming the Church must pass through a final trial that will shake the faith of many believers. The persecution that accompanies her pilgrimage on earth will unveil the "mystery of iniquity" in the form of a religious deception offering men an apparent solution to their problems at the price of apostasy from the truth. The supreme religious deception is that of the Antichrist, a pseudo-messianism by which man glorifies himself in place of God and of his Messiah come in the flesh. (CCC 675)</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Antichrist's deception already begins to take shape in the world every time the claim is made to realize within history that messianic hope which can only be realized beyond history through the eschatological judgment. The Church has rejected even modified forms of this falsification of the kingdom to come under the name of millenarianism, especially the "intrinsically perverse" political form of a secular messianism. (CCC 676)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history, various ecclesiastics of the Eastern Orthodox Church have identified the office of the Roman Catholic papacy with the antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Khrapovitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Khrapovitsky">Anthony Khrapovitsky</a>, in explaining the necessity of rebaptism for Roman Catholics, Protestants and <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorians</a>, declared:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is clear that by this regulation the Church does not recognize in heretics and schismatics either the priesthood or the other mysteries, and considers them subject to ecclesiastical baptism in the nature of things ... the Church by receiving Latins into communion in the same way as Nestorians (Council of Trullo, 95) does not make any distinction between old heresies and the Latin one. I think that the Latins are considerably further from the Church and they are worse than Monophysites and Monophelites, because they created a second Christ, i.e., the antichrist in the person of the Pope, who is supposedly infallible...<sup id="cite_ref-auto_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Christmas</a> 2018 interview on Russian state television, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a> warned that "The Antichrist is the person that will be at the head of the World Wide Web controlling all of humanity. That means that the structure itself poses a danger. There shouldn't be a single centre, at least not in the foreseeable future, if we don't want to bring on the apocalypse." He exhorted listeners not to "fall into slavery to what's in your hands"..."You should remain free inside and not fall under any addiction, not to alcohol, not to narcotics, not to gadgets."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Believers">Old Believers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Old Believers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Nikon of Moscow">Patriarch Nikon of Moscow</a> reformed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> during the second half of the 17th century, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> held that <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> until his death in 1725, was the Antichrist because of his treatment of the Orthodox Church, namely subordinating the church to the state, requiring clergymen to conform to the standards of all Russian civilians (shaved beards, being fluent in French), and requiring them to pay state taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two conceptions of the Antichrist among the Old Believers: the spiritual Antichrist and the sensual Antichrist. The sensual means a particular person who will rule at the end of times for literal 3.5 years. The priested Old believers mostly adhere to this conception. The spiritual Antichrist is said to rule in the heretical church and state as a spirit through many people – since the year 1000 in the West and since 1666 in Russia. The true priesthood is considered to be lacking in the world due to 'abomination of desolation', which is synonymous with the rule of Antichrist. Most non-priested Old believers adhere to this conception (except the so called "Chasovennye").<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bernard McGinn noted that complete denial of the Antichrist was rare until the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. Following frequent use of "Antichrist" laden rhetoric during religious controversies in the 17th century, the use of the concept declined during the 18th century due to the rule of <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened absolutists</a>, who as European rulers of the time wielded significant influence over official state churches. These efforts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="why? (June 2018)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to cleanse Christianity of "legendary" or "folk" accretions effectively removed the Antichrist from discussion in mainstream Western churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabinet2001_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, the "Antichrist" is anyone or anything that counterfeits the true gospel or <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)">plan of salvation</a> and that openly or secretly is set up in opposition to Christ. The great antichrist is <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>, but he has many assistants<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both as spirit beings and as mortals."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saint">Latter-day Saints</a> use the New Testament scriptures: 1 John 2:18, 22; 1 John 4:3–6; 2 John 1:7, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jacob" title="Book of Jacob">Jacob</a> 7:1–23, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Alma" title="Book of Alma">Alma</a> 1:2–16, Alma 30:6–60, in their <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> or interpretation of the Antichrist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh-day_Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> teach that the "Little Horn Power", which (as predicted in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>) rose after the break-up of the Roman Empire, is the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> collapsed in the late 5th century. In 533, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (which historians have labelled the Byzantine Empire), legally recognized the bishop (pope) of Rome as the head of all the Christian churches.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> domination of some of the Roman Empire by barbarian tribes, the bishop of Rome could not fully exercise such authority. In 538, <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, one of Justinian's generals, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%9338)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rome (537–38)">succeeded in withstanding a siege of the city of Rome</a> by Arian <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a> besiegers, and the bishop of Rome could begin establishing universal civil authority. So, by the military intervention of the Eastern Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome became all-powerful throughout the area of the old Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> promptly <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">re-captured the city of Rome eight years later in 546</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(549%E2%80%93550)" title="Siege of Rome (549–550)">again in 550</a>. </p><p>Seventh-day Adventists understand the 1260 years as lasting AD 538 to 1798 as the (supposed) duration of the papacy's domination over Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period is seen as starting from one of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">defeats</a> of the Ostrogoths by the general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> and as ending with the successes of French general <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, specifically, with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> by general <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Berthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexandre Berthier">Louis Alexandre Berthier</a> in 1798. </p><p>Like many <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation Era">Reformation-era</a> Protestant leaders, the Adventist pioneer <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a> (1827–1915) spoke of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a fallen church in preparation for its nefarious eschatological role as the antagonist against God's true church; she saw the pope as the Antichrist. Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther, John Knox, John Calvin, William Tyndale and others held similar beliefs about the Catholic Church and the papacy when they broke away from the Catholic Church during the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehorsemedia.com_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehorsemedia.com-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ellen White writes, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His word has given warning of the impending danger; let this be unheeded, and the Protestant world will learn what the purposes of Rome really are, only when it is too late to escape the snare. She is silently growing into power. Her doctrines are exerting their influence in legislative halls, in the churches, and in the hearts of men. She is piling up her lofty and massive structures in the secret recesses of which her former persecutions will be repeated. Stealthily and unsuspectedly she is strengthening her forces to further her own ends when the time shall come for her to strike. All that she desires is vantage ground, and this is already being given her. We shall soon see and shall feel what the purpose of the Roman element is. Whoever shall believe and obey the word of God will thereby incur reproach and persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Seventh-day Adventists view the length of time the apostate church's unbridled power was permitted to rule as shown in Daniel 7:25: "The little horn would rule a time and times and half a time" – or 1,260 years. They regard papal rule as supreme in Europe from 538 (when the Arian Ostrogoths retreated from Rome into temporary oblivion) until 1798 (when the French general <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a> took <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> captive) – a period of 1,260 years<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – including the 67 years of the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Avignon Captivity">Avignon Captivity</a> (1309–1376). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Christian_interpretations">Other Christian interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other Christian interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martin_Wight">Martin Wight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Martin Wight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The devout Christian and political theorist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wight" title="Martin Wight">Martin Wight</a>, writing immediately after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, favoured the revival of the Antichrist doctrine not as a person, but as a recurrent situation featuring "demonic concentrations of power."<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_"man_of_lawlessness""><span id="As_.22man_of_lawlessness.22"></span>As "man of lawlessness"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: As "man of lawlessness""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></div> <p>The Antichrist has been equated with the "man of lawlessness" or "lawless one" of 2 Thessalonians 2:3, though commentaries on the identity of the "man of lawlessness" greatly vary.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "man of lawlessness" has been identified with <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-netbible_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netbible-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the end times Antichrist. Some scholars believe that the passage contains no genuine prediction, but represents a speculation of the apostle's own, based on contemporary ideas of the Antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-netbible_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netbible-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_"being_in_league_with_other_figures""><span id="As_.22being_in_league_with_other_figures.22"></span>As "being in league with other figures"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: As "being in league with other figures""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several American <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a> theologians, including <a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">Cyrus Scofield</a>, have identified the Antichrist as being in league with (or the same as) several figures in the Book of Revelation including the Dragon (or <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (Bible)">Serpent</a>), the Beast, the False Prophet, and the Whore of Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_Satan">As Satan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: As Satan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGinn_(theologian)" title="Bernard McGinn (theologian)">Bernard McGinn</a> described multiple traditions detailing the relationship between the Antichrist and <a href="/wiki/Satan#Christianity" title="Satan">Satan</a>. In the dualist approach, Satan will become incarnate in the Antichrist, just as <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">God became incarnate in Jesus</a>. However, in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">orthodox Christian</a> thought, this view was problematic because it was too similar to Christ's incarnation and suggested <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualism</a>. Instead, the "indwelling" view became more accepted. It stipulates that the Antichrist is a human figure inhabited by Satan, since the latter's power is not to be seen as equivalent to God's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabinet2001_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a>'s fresco, <i>The Sermon and Deeds of the Antichrist</i> (see above), depicts the indwelling view. Satan whispers in the ear of this Christlike figure and his left arm is slipped through the Antichrist's garment as if he is manipulating him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Christian_views">Non-Christian views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Non-Christian views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eschatology" title="Category:Eschatology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li>— <i>Biblical texts</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Major figures</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antichrist</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Different views</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Other events</i> —</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events of Revelation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven Seals</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;">— <i>Figures</i> — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%CA%BEim_%C4%80l_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#In_Islamic_tradition" title="Gog and Magog">Yajuj and Majuj</a></li></ul> </div> <p>— <i>Events</i> — </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasf_al-Bayda" title="Khasf al-Bayda">Swallowing in Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_appearance_of_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the appearance of Mahdi">Coming of the Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Return of Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li>— <i>Biblical texts</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li>— <i>Other sources</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Medieval Jewish scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <p>— <i>Figures</i> — </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah the Prophet">Elijah the Prophet</a>, Messiah (<a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Mashiach Ben David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Mashiach Ben Yosef</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <p>— <i>Events and terms</i> — </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchalta_De%27Geulah" title="Atchalta De'Geulah">Atchalta De'Geulah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Kibbutz Galuyot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Gog_and_Magog" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection#Judaism" title="Resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_to_come#Jewish_eschatology" title="World to come">Olam Haba</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;">— <i>Figures and items</i> — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_monster" title="Bound monster">Bound monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarhorn" title="Gjallarhorn">Gjallarhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">Líf and Lífþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naglfar" title="Naglfar">Naglfar</a></li></ul> </div> <p>— <i>Events</i> — </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Divine Incantations Scripture</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Inter-religious</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> / <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Age</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Universal resurrection</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eschatology" title="Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eschatology" title="Template talk:Eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are warnings against <a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">false prophets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> of the Bible. </p><p>An anti-Messiah figure known as <a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a>, said to be the offspring of Satan and a statue, appears in some schools of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a>, such as the 7th century CE <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Zerubbabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Zerubbabel">Sefer Zerubbabel</a> and 11th century CE <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Vayosha" title="Midrash Vayosha">Midrash Vayosha</a>. He is stated to be the God and Messiah of the Christians, making him identical to Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Armilus-JE_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armilus-JE-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is described as "a monstrosity, bald-headed, with one large and one small eye, deaf in the right ear and maimed in the right arm, while the left arm is two and one-half ells long." Being considered similar to, or even identical with <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Armilus-JE_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armilus-JE-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his believed destruction by a "<a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Messiah ben Joseph</a>" (Messiah, of the tribe of Joseph) symbolizes the ultimate victory of the Jewish Messiah in the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armilus-JE_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armilus-JE-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">List of Mahdi claimants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dajjal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dajjal.jpg/220px-Dajjal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dajjal.jpg/330px-Dajjal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dajjal.jpg/440px-Dajjal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>An image from a Falname made in India around 1610-1630, depicts Jesus fighting the Dajjal (False Prophet). Behind, the Mahdi with a veiled face.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المسيح الدجّال</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Deceitful Messiah'), or in short Ad-Dajjal (الدجّال), is an evil figure in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a>, who will appear after the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhang_2017-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dajjal is never mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> but he is mentioned and described in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith"><i>ḥadīth</i> literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhang_2017-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dajjal is described as one eyed (blind in the right eye) and the blind eye looks like a bulging out grape.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like in Christianity, the Dajjal is said to emerge out in the east, although the specific location varies among the various sources.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He will imitate the miracles performed by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (Jesus), such as healing the sick and raising the dead, the latter done with the aid of demons (<i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i>). He will deceive many people, such as magicians, half-castes, and non believers but the majority of his followers will be <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatological narrative</a>, the events related to the final battle before the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a> will proceed in the following order: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>11 <i>Hadith</i> also report on the "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Greater_signs" title="Islamic eschatology">Greater Signs</a>" of the end, which include the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Antichrist (Dajjal)</a> and the reappearance of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> to join in battle with him at <a href="/wiki/Dabiq,_Syria" title="Dabiq, Syria">Dabbiq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, as well as the arrival of the Mahdi, the "guided one." As another <i>hadith</i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Alī ibn Abī Talib</a> puts it, "Most of the Dajjal's followers are <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fornication_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornication in Islam">children of fornication</a>; God will kill him in Syria, at a pass called the Pass of Afiq, after three hours are gone from the day, at the hand of Jesus".<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_2020_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher_2020-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Imam Mahdi (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْمَهْدِيّ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mahdī</i></span>, meaning "the rightly guided one") is the redeemer according to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like the Dajjal,<sup id="cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhang_2017-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mahdi is never mentioned in the Quran but his description can be found in the <i>ḥadīth</i> literature;<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the Islamic eschatological narrative, he will appear on Earth before the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhang_2017-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_2020_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher_2020-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muslim_World_2004_p.421_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muslim_World_2004_p.421-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glasse_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasse-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming of Christ</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prophet ʿĪsā shall return to defeat and kill al-Masih ad-Dajjal.<sup id="cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhang_2017-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_2020_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher_2020-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims believe that both ʿĪsā and the Mahdi will rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice, and tyranny, ensuring peace and tranquility.<sup id="cite_ref-Momen_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Dajjal will be killed by theʿĪsā at the gate of <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lud</a>, who upon seeing Dajjal will cause him to slowly dissolve (like salt in water).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ahmadiyya" title="Category:Ahmadiyya">a series</a> on</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/175px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/263px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/350px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Beliefs and practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six articles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya)">Bay'ah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Distinct views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_view_on_Jihad" title="Ahmadiyya view on Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution" title="Ahmadiyya views on evolution">Evolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Days of remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Foundational texts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">sciences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(creed)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(exegesis)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(law)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography"><i>Rūhānī Khazā᾽in</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafseer-e-Kabeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafseer-e-Kabeer"><i>Tafsīr-e-Kabīr</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqaiq_al-furqan" title="Haqaiq al-furqan"><i>Haqā'iq al-Furqān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Religions" title="Review of Religions">Review of Religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Fazl_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Fazl (newspaper)"><i>Al Fazl</i> (newspaper)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Sunrise" title="The Muslim Sunrise">The Muslim Sunrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revelation,_Rationality,_Knowledge_%26_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth">Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Organizational structure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Caliphs:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Noor-ud-Din" title="Hakeem Noor-ud-Din">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad" title="Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Nasir Ahmad">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Tahir Ahmad">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">V</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya#The_Consultative_Council" title="Ahmadiyya">Majlis al-Shura </a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajna_Ima%27illah" title="Lajna Ima'illah">Lajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuddam-ul_Ahmadiyya" title="Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya">Khuddām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarullah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Ansarullah (Ahmadiyya)">Ansār</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalsa_Salana" title="Jalsa Salana">Jalsa Salana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadiyya_buildings_and_structures" title="List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Television_Ahmadiyya_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International">MTA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl_Mosque,_London" title="Fazl Mosque, London">Fazl Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baitul_Futuh_Mosque" title="Baitul Futuh Mosque">Baitul Futuh Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Mosque,_Tilford" title="Mubarak Mosque, Tilford">Mubarak Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsa_Mosque,_Qadian" title="Aqsa Mosque, Qadian">Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret-ul-Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Minaret-ul-Masih">Minaret-ul-Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Mosque,_Qadian" title="Mubarak Mosque, Qadian">Mubarak Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rabwah" title="Rabwah">Rabwah</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsa_Mosque,_Rabwah" title="Aqsa Mosque, Rabwah">Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_by_country" title="Ahmadiyya by country">Ahmadiyya by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_and_other_faiths" title="Ahmadiyya and other faiths">Ahmadiyya and other faiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadis" title="List of Ahmadis">List of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_First" title="Humanity First">Humanity First</a> (NGO Charity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Bal" title="Roza Bal">Roza Bal</a> (Tomb of Jesus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Mari_da_Ashtan" title="Mai Mari da Ashtan">Mai Mari da Ashtan</a> (Tomb of Mary)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ahmadiyya" title="Template:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ahmadiyya" title="Template talk:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmadiyya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prophecies concerning the emergence of the Antichrist (<i>Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl</i>) are interpreted in <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> teachings as designating a specific group of nations centred upon a false theology (or Christology) instead of an individual, with the reference to the Antichrist as an individual indicating its unity as a class or system rather than its personal individuality. As such, Ahmadis identify the Antichrist collectively with the missionary expansion and colonial dominance of <a href="/wiki/European_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="European Christianity">European Christianity</a> throughout the world that was propelled by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aaiil.org_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaiil.org-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a> wrote extensively on this topic, identifying the Antichrist principally with <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_colonialism" title="Christianity and colonialism">colonial missionaries</a> who, according to him, were to be countered through argumentation rather than by physical warfare and whose power and influence was to gradually disintegrate, ultimately allowing for the recognition and worship of God along Islamic ideals to prevail throughout the world in a period similar to the period of time it took for nascent Christianity to rise through the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teaching that Jesus was a mortal man who survived crucifixion and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">died a natural death</a>, as propounded by Ghulam Ahmad, has been seen by some scholars in this regard as a move to neutralise Christian soteriologies of Jesus and to project the superior rationality of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baha'i"><span id="Baha.27i"></span>Baha'i</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Baha'i"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Antichrist is considered to subvert the religion of God from the inner reality of man as <a href="/wiki/%27Abdu%27l-Baha" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abdu'l-Baha">'Abdu'l-Baha</a> narrates: "Christ was a divine Center of unity and love. Whenever discord prevails instead of unity, wherever hatred and antagonism take the place of love and spiritual fellowship, Antichrist reigns instead of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientology">Scientology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Scientology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OT_VIII" title="OT VIII">OT VIII</a></div> <p>In a document originally released only to high-ranking followers, Scientology founder <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> referred to himself as the Antichrist, who would defend humanity against an <a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">alien invasion</a> (for which he believed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Jesus">Second Coming of Jesus</a> was a metaphor). Many Scientologists who read the document for the first time found its contents highly upsetting. It was subsequently revised after Hubbard's death, with the new version lacking any references to Hubbard as the Antichrist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_Antichrists" title="List of fictional Antichrists">List of fictional Antichrists</a></div> <p>In February 1900, the Christian Russian philosopher and mystic <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a> published the apocalyptic <i>A Short Tale of the Antichrist</i>, showing his prophetic vision about the oncoming 20th century and the end of the human history.<sup id="cite_ref-Gloria.tv_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gloria.tv-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncregister_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncregister-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is prophesied that the Antichrist will present himself to the whole of humanity like a <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animalism_(philosophy)" title="Animalism (philosophy)">animalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical exegesis">biblical exegete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropist</a>, as a person who has <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a> of science and in <a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">universal forgiveness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He "will convoke an ecumenical council and will seek the consensus of all the Christian confessions, granting something to each one."<sup id="cite_ref-Gloria.tv_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gloria.tv-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enthronement of the Antichrist is associated with <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>, particularly a Satanic plot to destroy the Christian faith in <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas">St. Nicholas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antichrist is the title of a song released by British alternative band <a href="/wiki/The_1975" title="The 1975">The 1975</a> released in 2012 on the <a href="/wiki/Facedown_(EP)" title="Facedown (EP)">Facedown EP.</a> </p><p>Antichrist is also the title of a track released by Eminem in his album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Slim_Shady_(Coup_de_Gr%C3%A2ce)" title="The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce)">The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce)</a>.</i> </p><p>The character of Michael Langdon, played by actor <a href="/wiki/Cody_Fern" title="Cody Fern">Cody Fern</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)" title="FX (TV channel)">FX</a> series <a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Apocalypse" title="American Horror Story: Apocalypse">American Horror Story: Apocalypse</a>, is labeled as the Antichrist and brings upon the end times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Bible prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(film)" title="Constantine (film)">Constantine (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/References_to_the_Antichrist_in_ecclesiastical_writings" title="References to the Antichrist in ecclesiastical writings">References to the Antichrist in ecclesiastical writings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Omen" title="The Omen">The Omen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLietaert_Peerbolte2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (2018). "Antichrist". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.). <i>Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000194">10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7993">2589-7993</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239226039">239226039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity+Online&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands+and+Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239226039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2589-7993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000194&rft.aulast=Lietaert+Peerbolte&rft.aufirst=Bert+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1-2John-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1-2John_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-2John_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-2John_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%202:18–22&version=nrsv">2:18–22</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%204:1–6&version=nrsv">4:1–6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20John%201:7–11&version=nrsv">1:7–11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strong_1890-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strong_1890_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)" title="James Strong (theologian)">Strong, James</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g5580">"G5580 – pseudochristos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Blue_Letter_Bible" title="Blue Letter Bible">Blue Letter Bible</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>. <q><b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψευδόχριστος</span></span></b> <b>pseudóchristos</b>, psyoo-dokh'-ris-tos; [...] a spurious Messiah:—false Christ. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψευδόχριστος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψευδοχριστου</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψευδής</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χριστός</span></span>), a false Christ (or Messiah) (one who falsely lays claim to the name and office of the Messiah): Matthew 24:24; Mark 13:22.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G5580+%E2%80%93+pseudochristos&rft.btitle=Strong%27s+Concordance&rft.pub=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flexicon%2Fg5580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aune_1983-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aune_1983_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Aune" class="mw-redirect" title="David Edward Aune">Aune, David E.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0cY3kedl8NMC&pg=PA222">"The Prophecies of Jesus: Unmasking False Prophets"</a>. <i>Prophecy in Early Christianity and the Ancient Mediterranean World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 222–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0635-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0635-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0635-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9555379">9555379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prophecies+of+Jesus%3A+Unmasking+False+Prophets&rft.btitle=Prophecy+in+Early+Christianity+and+the+Ancient+Mediterranean+World&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=222-229&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9555379&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0635-2&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0cY3kedl8NMC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chae_2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chae_2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChae2006" class="citation book cs1">Chae, Young S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tliVZ-_MAOoC&pg=PA234">"Matthew 7:15: False Prophets in Sheep's Clothing"</a>. <i>Jesus as the Eschatological Davidic Shepherd: Studies in the Old Testament, Second Temple Judaism, and in the Gospel of Matthew</i>. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe. Vol. 216. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. pp. 234–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148876-4"><bdi>978-3-16-148876-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-9570">0340-9570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthew+7%3A15%3A+False+Prophets+in+Sheep%27s+Clothing&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+the+Eschatological+Davidic+Shepherd%3A+Studies+in+the+Old+Testament%2C+Second+Temple+Judaism%2C+and+in+the+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+zum+Neuen+Testament+2.+Reihe&rft.pages=234-236&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0340-9570&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148876-4&rft.aulast=Chae&rft.aufirst=Young+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtliVZ-_MAOoC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France_2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-France_2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">France, Richard T.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA289">"Scene 2: False Prophets"</a>. <i>The Gospel of Matthew</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge, U.K.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 289–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2501-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2501-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2501-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007013488">2007013488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scene+2%3A+False+Prophets&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan+and+Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=289-291&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007013488&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ruP6J_XPCEC%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLietaert_Peerbolte2013" class="citation book cs1">Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA238">"How Antichrist Defeated Death: The Development of Christian Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Early Church"</a>. In Krans, Jan; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J.; Smit, Peter-Ben; Zwiep, Arie W. (eds.). <i>Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum: Supplements</a>. Vol. 149. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 238–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004250369_016">10.1163/9789004250369_016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25026-0"><bdi>978-90-04-25026-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191738355">191738355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Antichrist+Defeated+Death%3A+The+Development+of+Christian+Apocalyptic+Eschatology+in+the+Early+Church&rft.btitle=Paul%2C+John%2C+and+Apocalyptic+Eschatology%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Martinus+C.+de+Boer&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%3A+Supplements&rft.pages=238-255&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004250369_016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191738355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25026-0&rft.aulast=Lietaert+Peerbolte&rft.aufirst=Bert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMoKxIeOTkqYC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2010" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Christopher (2010) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voEVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">"Part I: Historical Eschatology – The Eschatology of the New Testament Church"</a>. In Walls, Jerry L. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 56–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195170498.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170498.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195170498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195170498"><bdi>978-0195170498</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006032576">2006032576</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171574084">171574084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Historical+Eschatology+%E2%80%93+The+Eschatology+of+the+New+Testament+Church&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Eschatology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=56-73&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195170498.001.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171574084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006032576&rft.isbn=978-0195170498&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoEVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrysostom" class="citation web cs1">Chrysostom, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newadvent.org/fathers/23054.htm">"Homily 4 on Second Thessalonians"</a>. Translated by John A. Broadus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homily+4+on+Second+Thessalonians&rft.aulast=Chrysostom&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F23054.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span> From <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, First Series, Vol. 13. Edited by Philip Schaff. (Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1889.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Strong's Bible Dictionary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5547&t=KJV">χριστος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711175622/http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5547&t=KJV">Archived</a> July 11, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Strong's Bible Dictionary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G473&t=KJV">αντί</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716020304/http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G473&t=KJV">Archived</a> July 16, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3Da%29nti%2F">Lexicon to Pindar</a>. Related terms as noted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> include: antibasileus – a king who fills an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>; antistrategos – a <a href="/wiki/Propraetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propraetor">propraetor</a>; anthoupatos – a <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a>; antitheos – in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, one resembling a god in power and beauty (in other works it stands for a hostile god).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorbury2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Horbury" title="William Horbury">Horbury, William</a> (2003). <i>Messianism Among Jews and Christians: Biblical and Historical Studies</i>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567088086" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567088086"><bdi>978-0567088086</bdi></a>. <q>Against this background it can be seen that the technical Greek term <i>antichristos</i>, although it is known only from Christian … <i>Antichristos</i> first occurs in the Johannine epistles, and it is not used by other Greek Jewish or early Christian writings ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messianism+Among+Jews+and+Christians%3A+Biblical+and+Historical+Studies&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0567088086&rft.aulast=Horbury&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pseudochrist-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pseudochrist_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pseudochrist_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauser1992" class="citation book cs1">Mauser, Ulrich (1992). <i>The Gospel of Peace: A Scriptural Message for Today's World</i>. p. 70. <q>From Josephus's writings we collect, first of all, without much critical comment, some statements showing the close affinity of the … nowhere in his extensive accounts of the Jewish–Roman war uses the word "pseudo-Christ" (pseudochristos).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Peace%3A+A+Scriptural+Message+for+Today%27s+World&rft.pages=70&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Mauser&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/works/sacred-texts-judaism">"Sacred texts: Judaism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093412/https://www.bl.uk/works/sacred-texts-judaism">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+texts%3A+Judaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fworks%2Fsacred-texts-judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabinet2001_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabinet2001_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabinet2001_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabinet2001">Cabinet 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarbrough2008" class="citation book cs1">Yarbrough, Robert (2008). <i>1–3 John</i>. Ada, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Academic</a>. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801026874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801026874"><bdi>978-0801026874</bdi></a>. <q>The articles in front of "deceiver" (ὁ πλάνος, <i>ho planos</i>) and "antichrist" (ὁ ἀντίχριστος, <i>ho antikhristos</i>) should be seen as marking out a certain category of persons (Wallace 1996: 227–230). This is a common Johannine usage (1 John 2:23)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1%E2%80%933+John&rft.place=Ada%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0801026874&rft.aulast=Yarbrough&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeimaPorter1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._D._Weima" title="Jeffrey A. D. Weima">Weima, Jeffrey Alan David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_E._Porter" title="Stanley E. Porter">Porter, Stanley E.</a> (1998). <i>Annotated Bibliography of 1 & 2 Thessalonians</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 263. <q>(2) Does the New Testament support the notion of an individual Antichrist in whom all the anti-Christian strife of all ages will be concentrated? 2 Thess 2 answers the second question in the affirmative: an individual Antichrist will bring evil to its ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annotated+Bibliography+of+1+%26+2+Thessalonians&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Weima&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Alan+David&rft.au=Porter%2C+Stanley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoekma1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hoekema" title="Anthony A. Hoekema">Hoekma, Anthony A.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblefuture0000hoek/page/159"><i>The Bible and the Future</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblefuture0000hoek/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802808516" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802808516"><bdi>978-0802808516</bdi></a>. <q>Whereas <a href="/wiki/Berkouwer" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkouwer">Berkouwer</a> states, "There is no reason to posit with certainty on the basis of the New Testament that the antichrist ... 2. particularly his statements about the "restrainer," compel us to believe that there will be a future, individual antichrist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Future&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0802808516&rft.aulast=Hoekma&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblefuture0000hoek%2Fpage%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228012350/https://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2thessalonians/2thessalonians2.htm">"NAB - 2 Thessalonians 2"</a>. <i>USCCB</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2thessalonians/2thessalonians2.htm">the original</a> on 28 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USCCB&rft.atitle=NAB+-+2+Thessalonians+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fnab%2Fbible%2F2thessalonians%2F2thessalonians2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfrón1987" class="citation book cs1">Efrón, Joshua (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqs3lj8qmIUC&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+trinity&pg=PA285"><i>Studies on the Hasmonean Period</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07609-9"><bdi>978-90-04-07609-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Hasmonean+Period&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07609-9&rft.aulast=Efr%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsqs3lj8qmIUC%26dq%3DOdes%2Bof%2BSolomon%2Btrinity%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2015" class="citation book cs1">Harris, J. Rendel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQAHBwAAQBAJ&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+antichrist&pg=PA63"><i>The Odes and Psalms of Solomon</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49773-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49773-3"><bdi>978-1-107-49773-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odes+and+Psalms+of+Solomon&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-49773-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=J.+Rendel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQAHBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOdes%2Bof%2BSolomon%2Bantichrist%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZujYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Odes+of+Solomon+docetism&pg=PA184"><i>Critical Reflections on the Odes of Solomon</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-660-6"><bdi>978-1-85075-660-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Reflections+on+the+Odes+of+Solomon&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-660-6&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZujYAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DOdes%2Bof%2BSolomon%2Bdocetism%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolycarp" class="citation book cs1">Polycarp. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Polycarp%27s_letter_to_the_Philippians_(Lightfoot_translation)"><i>Polycarp's letter to the Philippians</i></a>. paragraph 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polycarp%27s+letter+to+the+Philippians&rft.pages=paragraph+7&rft.au=Polycarp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPolycarp%2527s_letter_to_the_Philippians_%28Lightfoot_translation%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrebilco2004" class="citation book cs1">Trebilco, Paul (2004). <i>The Early Christians In Ephesus From Paul To Ignatius</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing">William B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802807694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802807694"><bdi>978-0802807694</bdi></a>. <q>Finally, Hartog notes that the Johannine Letters are the only NT [New Testament] writings to use the term "antichrist" (1 Jn 2:18, 22; 4:3; 2 Jn 7) and Polycarp is also the only Apostolic Father to use the term. He notes "Thus, the tests of 'density' and 'singularity' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christians+In+Ephesus+From+Paul+To+Ignatius&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0802807694&rft.aulast=Trebilco&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2005" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Kevin L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ttvHhsEkXoC&q=Irenaeus+antichrist&pg=PA30"><i>Constructing antichrist : Paul, biblical commentary, and the development of doctrine in the early Middle Ages</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813214153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813214153"><bdi>978-0813214153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+antichrist+%3A+Paul%2C+biblical+commentary%2C+and+the+development+of+doctrine+in+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0813214153&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Kevin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ttvHhsEkXoC%26q%3DIrenaeus%2Bantichrist%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1979" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1979). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802837813"><bdi>978-0802837813</bdi></a>. <q>The fullest exposition of the ideas associated with the antichrist in the early decades of Christian history is to be found in the Ascension of Isaiah. In this we are told that "Beliar" (Belial) would enter into "the matricide king" (Nero), who would work great wonders and do much evil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0802837813&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.viii.xxiv.html">"On the Resurrection, chp 24"</a>. <i>Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i>. June 1, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628020454/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.viii.xxiv.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=On+the+Resurrection%2C+chp+24&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf03.v.viii.xxiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hippolytus's <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_V/Hippolytus/The_Extant_Works_and_Fragments_of_Hippolytus/Dogmatical_and_Historical/Treatise_on_Christ_and_Antichrist" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Hippolytus/The Extant Works and Fragments of Hippolytus/Dogmatical and Historical/Treatise on Christ and Antichrist">Treatise on Christ and Antichrist, part 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrigen1872">Origen 1872</a>, p. 386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi">"Catalan Atlas. The Cresques Project – Panel VI"</a>. <i>www.cresquesproject.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cresquesproject.net&rft.atitle=Catalan+Atlas.+The+Cresques+Project+%E2%80%93+Panel+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cresquesproject.net%2Fcatalan-atlas-legends%2Fpanel-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/28161.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Discourse I Against the Arians (Athanasius)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Discourse+I+Against+the+Arians+%28Athanasius%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F28161.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip; et al. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_XIII/On_Philippians,_Colossians,_and_Thessalonians/On_2_Thessalonians/Argument"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume XIII/On Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians/On 2 Thessalonians</i></a>. Original author: John Chrysostom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%3A+Series+I%2FVolume+XIII%2FOn+Philippians%2C+Colossians%2C+and+Thessalonians%2FOn+2+Thessalonians&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers%3A_Series_I%2FVolume_XIII%2FOn_Philippians%2C_Colossians%2C_and_Thessalonians%2FOn_2_Thessalonians%2FArgument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome1893b">Jerome 1893b</a>, p. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome1893">Jerome 1893</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome1893c">Jerome 1893c</a>, p. 449</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome1893d">Jerome 1893d</a>, pp. 236–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commentary_on_Daniel-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_on_Daniel_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_on_Daniel_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome1958">Jerome 1958</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sibyl-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sibyl_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702171945/http://http-server.carleton.ca/~jopp/3850/1–1.htm">"Latin Tiburtine Sibyl"</a>. Http-server.carleton.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://http-server.carleton.ca/~jopp/3850/1–1.htm">the original</a> on 2 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+Tiburtine+Sibyl&rft.pub=Http-server.carleton.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhttp-server.carleton.ca%2F~jopp%2F3850%2F1%E2%80%931.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120120.htm">"Church Fathers: City of God, Book XX (St. Augustine)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Fathers%3A+City+of+God%2C+Book+XX+%28St.+Augustine%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F120120.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A history of the Franks, Gregory of Tours, Pantianos Classics, 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quote from McGinn, Bernard, <i>Visions of the End. Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages</i>, New York: Columbia University, 1979. p. 64, found in Brug's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/node/376">A Scriptural and Historical Survey of the Doctrine of the Antichrist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130093419/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/376">Archived</a> November 30, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmerson1981" class="citation book cs1">Emmerson, Richard Kenneth (1981). "The Life and Deeds of Antichrist". <i>Antichrist in the Middle Ages</i>. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 74–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Deeds+of+Antichrist&rft.btitle=Antichrist+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.pages=74-107&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Emmerson&rft.aufirst=Richard+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emmerson-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emmerson_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, Richard Kenneth (1979). "Antichrist as Anti-Saint: The Significance of Abbot Adso's <i>Libellus de Antichristo</i>". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Benedictine_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Benedictine Review (page does not exist)">American Benedictine Review</a></i>. <b>30</b> (2): 175–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Benedictine+Review&rft.atitle=Antichrist+as+Anti-Saint%3A+The+Significance+of+Abbot+Adso%27s+Libellus+de+Antichristo&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-190&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Richard+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGinn_(theologian)" title="Bernard McGinn (theologian)">McGinn, Bernard</a> (1988). "Portraying Antichrist in the Middle Ages". In Werner Verbeke; D. Verhelst; Andries Welkenhuysen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89frds8lRqkC"><i>The Use and Abuse of Eschatology in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Leuven: Leuven University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9061862598" title="Special:BookSources/978-9061862598"><bdi>978-9061862598</bdi></a>. <q>[...] Thomas Malvenda, the indefatigable Dominican whose massive <i>De Antichristo</i> published in 1604 is still the most complete treatment of the subject.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Portraying+Antichrist+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.btitle=The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Eschatology+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-9061862598&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89frds8lRqkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn2000" class="citation book cs1">McGinn, Bernard (2000). <i>Anti-Christ: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination With Evil</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231119771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231119771"><bdi>978-0231119771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Christ%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+of+the+Human+Fascination+With+Evil&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0231119771&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaffSchaff1885">Schaff & Schaff 1885</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russell, William R. (1994-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.14315/arg-1994-jg02/html">"Martin Luther's Understanding of the Pope as the Antichrist"</a>. <i>Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>85</b> (jg): 32–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14315%2Farg-1994-jg02">10.14315/arg-1994-jg02</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2198-0489">2198-0489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194015213">194015213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Reformationsgeschichte&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%27s+Understanding+of+the+Pope+as+the+Antichrist&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=jg&rft.pages=32-44&rft.date=1994-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194015213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2198-0489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14315%2Farg-1994-jg02&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.14315%2Farg-1994-jg02%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Emerton" title="Ephraim Emerton">Emerton, Ephraim</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. 1990. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231096270" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231096270"><bdi>978-0231096270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Pope+Gregory+VII&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0231096270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From long quotations in <a href="#CITEREFFoxe1583">Foxe 1583</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitford2008" class="citation journal cs1">Whitford, David M. (Spring 2008). "The Papal Antichrist: Martin Luther and the Underappreciated Influence of Lorenzo Valla". <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>. <b>61</b> (61). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 26–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fren.2008.0027">10.1353/ren.2008.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338">0034-4338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162257968">162257968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Papal+Antichrist%3A+Martin+Luther+and+the+Underappreciated+Influence+of+Lorenzo+Valla&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=61&rft.pages=26-52&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162257968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0034-4338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fren.2008.0027&rft.aulast=Whitford&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTAuAAAAYAAJ">"Editorial Departments"</a>. <i>The Methodist Review</i>. <b>XLIII</b> (3). New York City: J. Soule and T. Mason: 305. 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Methodist+Review&rft.atitle=Editorial+Departments&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTAuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Daniel%207:23–25">7:23–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2013:1–2">13:1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2017:3–18">17:3–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1893" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fuller, John Mee (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zM0UAAAAYAAJ">"Antichrist"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of the Bible</i>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=John+Mee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzM0UAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Daniel%207:8">7:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberman-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oberman_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberman1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61"><i>The Impact of the Reformation: Essays</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802807328" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802807328"><bdi>978-0802807328</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+Reformation%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0802807328&rft.aulast=Oberman&rft.aufirst=Heiko+Augustinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_leG5ztYoZwC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards–1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards–1_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_Jr.2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Jr., Mark U. (2004-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4"><i>Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531-46</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1398-4"><bdi>978-1-4514-1398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Last+Battles%3A+Politics+and+Polemics+1531-46&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2004-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1398-4&rft.aulast=Edwards%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Mark+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYbupalP98kC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards-2_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_Jr.2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Jr., Mark U. (2004-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198"><i>Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531-46</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1398-4"><bdi>978-1-4514-1398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Last+Battles%3A+Politics+and+Polemics+1531-46&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2004-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1398-4&rft.aulast=Edwards%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Mark+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYbupalP98kC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1521" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luther, Martin (1521). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMQ_Ar84DCcC"><i>Passional Christi vnd Antichristi</i></a> (in German). Rhau-Grunenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passional+Christi+vnd+Antichristi&rft.pub=Rhau-Grunenberg&rft.date=1521&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMQ_Ar84DCcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnstone-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnstone_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnstone_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, Nathan (2009). "The synagogue of Satan: anti-Catholicism, false doctrine and the construction of contrariety". <i>The Devil and Demonism in Early Modern England</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 27–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511495847.002">10.1017/CBO9780511495847.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0511495847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0511495847"><bdi>978-0511495847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+synagogue+of+Satan%3A+anti-Catholicism%2C+false+doctrine+and+the+construction+of+contrariety&rft.btitle=The+Devil+and+Demonism+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=27-59&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511495847.002&rft.isbn=978-0511495847&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgess-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burgess_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgess_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_A._BurgessJeffrey_Gros1989" class="citation book cs1">Joseph A. Burgess; Jeffrey Gros, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICCi66SNBUoC&pg=PA140"><i>Building Unity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Paulist Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3040-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3040-8"><bdi>0-8091-3040-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Unity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8091-3040-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DICCi66SNBUoC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland H. Bainton, The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1952), 43, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroom1948244–245-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroom1948244–245_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroom1948">Froom 1948</a>, pp. 244–245: "The reformers were unanimous in its acceptance. And it was this interpretation of prophecy that lent emphasis to their reformatory action. It led them to protest against Rome with extraordinary strength and undaunted courage. [...] This was the rallying point and the battle cry that made the Reformation unconquerable."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dialogue with Trypho</i>, ch. 32, in Ante-Nic. Fath. I:210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Against Heresies</i>, III: 7:2, in Ante-Nic. Fath. Ib., V:30:3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Against Marcion</i>, V:16, in Ante-Nic. Fath. III:463f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Treatise on Christ and Antichrist</i>, chs. 25 to 63, in Ante-Nic. Fath. V:209–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fragments from Commentaries</i>, 2:1–3, in Ante-Nic. Fath. V:178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Deposition of Arius</i>, paras. 2 & 4, in Nic. & Post-Nic. Fath., 2nd Ser., IV:69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandishStandish1988" class="citation book cs1">Standish, Colin D.; Standish, Russell R. (November 1988). <i>The Antichrist is here</i>. Hartland Publications. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-923309-22-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-923309-22-5"><bdi>0-923309-22-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antichrist+is+here&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Hartland+Publications&rft.date=1988-11&rft.isbn=0-923309-22-5&rft.aulast=Standish&rft.aufirst=Colin+D.&rft.au=Standish%2C+Russell+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1997" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Adam (1997). <i>Commentary on the Old Testament</i>. Vol. 4. Rapidan, Virginia: World Publishing. p. 596. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0529106346" title="Special:BookSources/978-0529106346"><bdi>978-0529106346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Rapidan%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=596&rft.pub=World+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0529106346&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Harris, Marvin</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cowspigswarswitc00marv/page/196"><i>Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches: The Riddles of Culture</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cowspigswarswitc00marv/page/196">196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679724681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679724681"><bdi>978-0679724681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cows%2C+Pigs%2C+Wars+and+Witches%3A+The+Riddles+of+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0679724681&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcowspigswarswitc00marv%2Fpage%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210703/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4">"Smalcald Articles – Book of Concord"</a>. 8 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4">the original</a> on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smalcald+Articles+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.com%2Fsmalcald.html%23article4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope" title="Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope">Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/treatise.html">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210647/http://www.bookofconcord.com/treatise.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) in the Triglot translation of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070202121310/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?mid=1648">Archived copy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (May 8, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/frames.asp?url=http://www.livingweb.com/library/projects/notes/index.html">"UMC.org : the official online ministry of The United Methodist Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UMC.org+%3A+the+official+online+ministry+of+The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Fframes.asp%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingweb.com%2Flibrary%2Fprojects%2Fnotes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smalcald Articles, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Luther, <i>First Principles</i>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Calvin, <i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a></i>, Vol. 3, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Knox, <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Reformation_in_Scotland" title="The History of the Reformation in Scotland">The History of the Reformation in Scotland</a></i>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Works by Cranmer</i>, Vol. 1, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wesley, <i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froom, <i>The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers</i>, Vol. 3, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Principle Works of Zwingli</i>, Vol. 7, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyndale, William, <i>Parable of the Wicked Mammon</i>, c. 1526, (facsimile copy of later printing, no ISBN, Benediction Classics, 2008) at pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tyndale's Doctrine of Antichrist and His Translation of 2 Thessalonians 2", R. Davis, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bible#Literature" title="Matthew Bible">New Matthew Bible Project</a>; a shorter version of this article was also published in the Tyndale Society Journal No. 36, Spring 2009, under the title <i>Tyndale, the Church, and the Doctrine of Antichrist</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/16/weekinreview/headliners-papal-audience.html">"Papal Audience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. October 16, 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Papal+Audience&rft.date=1988-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F10%2F16%2Fweekinreview%2Fheadliners-papal-audience.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlbmIMbKZa4"><i>Ian Paisley Heckles the Pope (1988)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ian+Paisley+Heckles+the+Pope+%281988%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJlbmIMbKZa4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WELS_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wels.net/about-wels/what-we-believe/doctrinal-statements/antichrist/">"Doctrinal Statements: Antichrist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2018</span>. <q>We reject the idea that the teaching that the Papacy is the Antichrist rests on a merely human interpretation of history or is an open question. We hold rather that this teaching rests on the revelation of God in Scripture which finds its fulfillment in history. The Holy Spirit reveals this fulfillment to the eyes of faith (cf. The Abiding Word, Vol. 2, p. 764). Since Scripture teaches that the Antichrist would be revealed and gives the marks by which the Antichrist is to be recognized (2 Th 2:6, 8), and since this prophecy has been clearly fulfilled in the history and development of the Roman Papacy, it is Scripture which reveals that the Papacy is the Antichrist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.atitle=Doctrinal+Statements%3A+Antichrist&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwels.net%2Fabout-wels%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fdoctrinal-statements%2Fantichrist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-CL-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-CL_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927213220/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=4242">"Roman Catholic"</a>. <i>WELS Topical Q&A</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=4242">the original</a> on September 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+and+the+Conscience+of+the+West&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Country+Life+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Sheen&rft.aufirst=Fulton+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DysKEnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPronechen2019" class="citation news cs1">Pronechen, Joseph (February 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/joseph-pronechen/fulton-sheens-view-of-the-anti-christ">"Fulton Sheen's Clear Warning About the Anti-Christ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a></i>. Irondale, Alabama: <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Fulton+Sheen%27s+Clear+Warning+About+the+Anti-Christ&rft.date=2019-02-10&rft.aulast=Pronechen&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fjoseph-pronechen%2Ffulton-sheens-view-of-the-anti-christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthodoxethos.com/post/does-the-russian-orthodox-church-accept-the-mysteries-of-the-heretics">"Does the Russian Orthodox Church Accept the "Mysteries" of the Heretics?"</a>. <i>Orthodox Ethos</i>. April 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Ethos&rft.atitle=Does+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Accept+the+%22Mysteries%22+of+the+Heretics%3F&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxethos.com%2Fpost%2Fdoes-the-russian-orthodox-church-accept-the-mysteries-of-the-heretics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/08/smartphones-paving-way-antichrist-says-russian-church-leader/">"Smartphones are paving way for the Antichrist, says head of Russian church"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 8 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/08/smartphones-paving-way-antichrist-says-russian-church-leader/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Smartphones+are+paving+way+for+the+Antichrist%2C+says+head+of+Russian+church&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2F08%2Fsmartphones-paving-way-antichrist-says-russian-church-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/pe/Peter1-Rus.html">"Peter I, czar of Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. 1935. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212044338/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pe/Peter1-Rus.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+I%2C+czar+of+Russia&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1935&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fpe%2FPeter1-Rus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruvera.ru/articles/o_duhovnom_antihriste">"О чувственном и духовном антихристе"</a> (in Russian). 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruvera.ru%2Farticles%2Fo_duhovnom_antihriste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korihor is directly referred to in <i>The Book of Mormon</i> as an anti-Christ (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Alma" title="Book of Alma">Alma</a> 30:6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLDS" class="citation web cs1">LDS, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bd/antichrist?lang=eng">"Bible Dictionary: Antichrist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual Reserve">Intellectual Reserve</a>, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+Dictionary%3A+Antichrist&rft.pub=Intellectual+Reserve%2C+Inc&rft.aulast=LDS&rft.aufirst=Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fbd%2Fantichrist%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevillain2002" class="citation book cs1">Levillain, Philippe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDcmDeLuV4C"><i>The Papacy: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. p. 832. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415922302" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415922302"><bdi>978-0415922302</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2015</span>. <q>[Pope John II] received from Justinian a letter dated June 6, 533 [...]. In his letter, Justinian proclaimed that the Holy See is the leader of all the holy churches and confirmed the need for all churches to join together with Rome [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=832&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415922302&rft.aulast=Levillain&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VDcmDeLuV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203230201/http://adventist.org.uk/__data/assets/text_file/0011/10910/1260days.txt">"The 1260 days of Daniel 7"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adventist.org.uk/__data/assets/text_file/0011/10910/1260days.txt">the original</a> on 2018-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1260+days+of+Daniel+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadventist.org.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Ftext_file%2F0011%2F10910%2F1260days.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Great Controversy</i> by Ellen White, p. 266. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egwdatabase.whiteestate.org/nxt/gateway.dll/egw-comp/section00000.htm/book01953.htm/chapter01971.htm">Chap. 15 – The Bible and the French Revolution</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed)</i>. Ministerial Association, <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</a>. 2005. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57847-041-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57847-041-2"><bdi>1-57847-041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventists+Believe+%282nd+ed%29&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Ministerial+Association%2C+General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57847-041-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitehorsemedia.com-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitehorsemedia.com_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehorsemedia.com/articles/?d=44">"Articles – White Horse Media"</a>. <i>White Horse Media</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+Horse+Media&rft.atitle=Articles+%E2%80%93+White+Horse+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehorsemedia.com%2Farticles%2F%3Fd%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1999" class="citation book cs1">White, Ellen G. (1999) [1888]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070531225517/http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc.asp">"Enmity Between Man and Satan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc.asp"><i>The Great Controversy: Between Christ and Satan</i></a>. The Ellen G. White Estate. p. 581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8163-1923-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8163-1923-5"><bdi>0-8163-1923-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc30.html">the original</a> on May 31, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enmity+Between+Man+and+Satan&rft.btitle=The+Great+Controversy%3A+Between+Christ+and+Satan&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=The+Ellen+G.+White+Estate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8163-1923-5&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whiteestate.org%2Fbooks%2Fgc%2Fgc30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulien, John (2006) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/sites/default/files/pdf/1260%20Days%20in%20Revelation.pdf">The 1260 Days in the Book of Revelation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151027234546/https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/sites/default/files/pdf/1260%20Days%20in%20Revelation.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2006" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Ian (2006). <i>The International Thought of Martin Wight</i>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403969279" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403969279"><bdi>978-1403969279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Thought+of+Martin+Wight&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1403969279&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchink1991" class="citation book cs1">Schink, W. F. (1991). "The Scriptural Doctrine of the Antichrist". In Lange, Lyle; Albrecht, Jerome G. (eds.). <i>Our Great Heritage: Vol. 3</i>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod#Publishing" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Northwestern Publishing House</a>. p. 572. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810003798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810003798"><bdi>978-0810003798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scriptural+Doctrine+of+the+Antichrist&rft.btitle=Our+Great+Heritage%3A+Vol.+3&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Northwestern+Publishing+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0810003798&rft.aulast=Schink&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-netbible-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-netbible_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netbible_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=MAN%20OF%20SIN">Net Bible: Man of sin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707075356/http://net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=MAN%20OF%20SIN">Archived</a> July 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. John Chrysostom, Homilies on II Thess., Nicene-Post Nicene Fathers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See footnotes in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/com/srn/view.cgi?book=re">Revelation 7 and 13</a> in the <i>Scofield Reference Bible</i>, 1917</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armilus-JE-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armilus-JE_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armilus-JE_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armilus-JE_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1789-armilus">"ARMILUS – JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=ARMILUS+%E2%80%93+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1789-armilus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farhang_2017-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farhang_2017_138-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhang2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Farhang, Mehrvash (2017). "Dajjāl". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Islamica</i>. Translated by Negahban, Farzin. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_035982">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_035982</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9823">1875-9823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dajj%C4%81l&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands+and+Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_035982&rft.issn=1875-9823&rft.aulast=Farhang&rft.aufirst=Mehrvash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3439">3439</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">Cook, David</a> (2021) [2002]. <i>Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England: Gerlach Press. pp. 93–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3959941211" title="Special:BookSources/978-3959941211"><bdi>978-3959941211</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238821310">238821310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Muslim+Apocalyptic&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=93-104&rft.pub=Gerlach+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F238821310&rft.isbn=978-3959941211&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher_2020-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_2020_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_2020_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_2020_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Gallagher" title="Eugene V. Gallagher">Gallagher, Eugene</a> (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-125">"Millennialism"</a></span>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.125">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Millennialism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.125&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1986). "al-Mahdī". In <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a>; Lewis, B.; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a></i>. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0618">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0618</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Mahd%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0618&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muslim_World_2004_p.421-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muslim_World_2004_p.421_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin 2004: 421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glasse 2001: 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D55">3:55</a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/041-smt.php#041.7023">41:7023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Momen_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Momen 1985: 166–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasséSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Altamira Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6"><bdi>0-7591-0190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Altamira+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7591-0190-6&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2008" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon (2008). <i>Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8"><bdi>978-0-231-70094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+jama%CA%BBat%3A+history%2C+belief%2C+practice&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70094-8&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaiil.org-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaiil.org_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Ali. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaiil.org/text/books/mali/gog/antichristgogmagog.pdf"><i>The Antichrist and Gog and Magog</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701133728/http://aaiil.org/text/books/mali/gog/antichristgogmagog.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ohio: Ahmadiyya Anjuman-i Ishāʿat-i Islām</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2008" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon (2008). <i>Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8"><bdi>978-0-231-70094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+jama%CA%BBat%3A+history%2C+belief%2C+practice&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70094-8&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Robinson.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XLvL4zh8KK4C">'The British Empire and the Muslim World' in Judith Brown, Wm Roger Louis (ed) <i>The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century</i>.</a> Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 411. "At their most extreme religious strategies for dealing with the Christian presence might involve attacking Christian revelation at its heart, as did the Punjabi Muslim, Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908), who founded the Ahmadiyya missionary sect. He claimed that he was the messiah of the Jewish and Muslim tradition; the figure known as Jesus of Nazareth had not died on the cross but survived to die in Kashmir."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yohanan Friedmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8EAAAACAAJ&q=Prophecy+Continuous"><i>Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background</i></a> Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 114. "He [Ghulam Ahmad] realized the centrality of the crucifixion and of the doctrine of vicarious atonement in the Christian dogma, and understood that his attack on these two was an attack on the innermost core of Christianity "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kambiz_GhaneaBassiri" title="Kambiz GhaneaBassiri">Kambiz GhaneaBassiri</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKsLCx2VmcwC"><i>A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order</i></a> Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 208. "Ghulam Ahmad denied the historicity of Jesus' crucifixion and claimed that Jesus had fled to India where he died a natural death in Kashmir. In this way, he sought to neutralize Christian soteriologies of Christ and to demonstrate the superior rationality of Islam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2008" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon (2008). <i>Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8"><bdi>978-0-231-70094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+jama%CA%BBat%3A+history%2C+belief%2C+practice&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70094-8&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span> "Proclaiming himself as reformer of Islam, and wanting to undermine the validity of Christianity, Ahmad went for the theological jugular, the foundational teachings of the Christian faith. 'The death of Jesus Christ' explained one of Ahmad's biographers 'was to be the death-knell of the Christian onslaught against Islam'. As Ahmad argued, the idea of Jesus dying in old age, rather than death on a cross, as taught by the gospel writers, 'invalidates the divinity of Jesus and the doctrine of Atonement'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF'Abdu'l-Baha" class="citation web cs1">'Abdu'l-Baha, Abbas Effendi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahai.org/r/901747607">"Some Answered Questions"</a>. <i>bahai.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bahai.org&rft.atitle=Some+Answered+Questions&rft.aulast=%27Abdu%27l-Baha&rft.aufirst=Abbas+Effendi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org%2Fr%2F901747607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gloria.tv-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gloria.tv_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gloria.tv_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcard._G._Biffi" class="citation web cs1">card. <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Biffi" title="Giacomo Biffi">G. Biffi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032611/https://www.gloria.tv/article/t22C9vZG3G8r2sbFrxzoVtbgi">"Russia Will Punish the World – 3rd Secret of Fatima Revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gloria.tv" title="Gloria.tv">Gloria.tv</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gloria.tv/article/t22C9vZG3G8r2sbFrxzoVtbgi">the original</a> on September 7, 2018 – via radiovaticana.org. <q>The cardinal speaks often on the theme of the Antichrist. The Times of London reported in 2004 that the Cardinal described the Antichrist as "walking among us".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gloria.tv&rft.atitle=Russia+Will+Punish+the+World+%E2%80%93+3rd+Secret+of+Fatima+Revealed&rft.au=card.+G.+Biffi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gloria.tv%2Farticle%2Ft22C9vZG3G8r2sbFrxzoVtbgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncregister-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncregister_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPronechen2017" class="citation web cs1">Pronechen, J. (February 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/joseph-pronechen/soloviev-the-mystic-admired-by-popes">"Vladimir Soloviev, the Mystic Admired by Popes"</a>. <i>ncregister.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302183919/http://www.ncregister.com/blog/joseph-pronechen/soloviev-the-mystic-admired-by-popes">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncregister.com&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Soloviev%2C+the+Mystic+Admired+by+Popes&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft.aulast=Pronechen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fjoseph-pronechen%2Fsoloviev-the-mystic-admired-by-popes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacomo_Biffi2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Biffi" title="Giacomo Biffi">Giacomo Biffi</a> (2 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korazym.org/51972/ammonimento-sullanticristo-del-cardinale-giacomo-biffi-dal-magistero-di-solovev-profetico-e-al-tempo-stesso-un-largamente-inascoltato/">"Ammonimento sull'Anticristo del cardinale Giacomo Biffi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ammonimento+sull%27Anticristo+del+cardinale+Giacomo+Biffi&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.au=Giacomo+Biffi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.korazym.org%2F51972%2Fammonimento-sullanticristo-del-cardinale-giacomo-biffi-dal-magistero-di-solovev-profetico-e-al-tempo-stesso-un-largamente-inascoltato%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacomo_Biffi2015" class="citation web cs1">Giacomo Biffi (10 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tempi.it/anticristo-persona-perbene-lezione-inascoltata-solovev-biffi/">"L'Anticristo, una persona perbene. La lezione (inascoltata) del grande Solov'ëv spiegata da Biffi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Anticristo%2C+una+persona+perbene.+La+lezione+%28inascoltata%29+del+grande+Solov%27%C3%ABv+spiegata+da+Biffi&rft.date=2015-08-10&rft.au=Giacomo+Biffi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tempi.it%2Fanticristo-persona-perbene-lezione-inascoltata-solovev-biffi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwight_(Reverend)2013" class="citation web cs1">Dwight (Reverend), Joseph (November 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/religion/3089699/posts">"The Masonic Plan For The Destruction Of The Catholic Church"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Masonic+Plan+For+The+Destruction+Of+The+Catholic+Church&rft.date=2013-11-10&rft.aulast=Dwight+%28Reverend%29&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freerepublic.com%2Ffocus%2Freligion%2F3089699%2Fposts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1921" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Rev. Elwood (1921). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Apocalypse of St. John/Part 2.2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Apocalypse_of_St._John/Part_2.2">"Part 2.2: The Reign and Condemnation of Antichrist" </a></span>. <i>The Apocalypse of St. John</i>. The Catholic Church Supply House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+2.2%3A+The+Reign+and+Condemnation+of+Antichrist&rft.btitle=The+Apocalypse+of+St.+John&rft.pub=The+Catholic+Church+Supply+House&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Rev.+Elwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroom1948" class="citation book cs1">Froom, Le Roy Edwin (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.adventistarchives.org/Books/PFOF1948-V02.pdf"><i>Pre-Reformation and Reformation Restoration, and Second Departure</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: The Review and Herald Publishing Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Reformation+and+Reformation+Restoration%2C+and+Second+Departure&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=The+Prophetic+Faith+of+our+Fathers%3A+The+Historical+Development+of+Prophetic+Interpretation&rft.pub=The+Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Froom&rft.aufirst=Le+Roy+Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.adventistarchives.org%2FBooks%2FPFOF1948-V02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2008" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Yarbrough (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBYkfauh8E4C"><i>1–3 John</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801026874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801026874"><bdi>978-0801026874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1%E2%80%933+John&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0801026874&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Yarbrough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBYkfauh8E4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maas, Anthony John (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antichrist"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Antichrist">"Antichrist" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Anthony+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLietaert_Peerbolte1966" class="citation book cs1">Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEHY6a0NokQC"><i>The Antecedents of Antichrist: A Traditio-Historical Study of the Earliest Christian Views on Eschatological Opponents</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004104550" title="Special:BookSources/9004104550"><bdi>9004104550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antecedents+of+Antichrist%3A+A+Traditio-Historical+Study+of+the+Earliest+Christian+Views+on+Eschatological+Opponents&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9004104550&rft.aulast=Lietaert+Peerbolte&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEHY6a0NokQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxe1583" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">Foxe, John</a> (1583). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P3IuAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Acts and Monuments, Book II</i></a>. R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, sold by L. & G. Seeley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P3IuAAAAYAAJ/page/n132">121</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+and+Monuments%2C+Book+II&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=R.B.+Seeley+and+W.+Burnside%2C+sold+by+L.+%26+G.+Seeley&rft.date=1583&rft.aulast=Foxe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_P3IuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome1893" class="citation book cs1">Jerome (1893) [347–420]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19">"Letter to Pope Damasus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (ed.). <i>A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church</i>. 2nd series. Vol. VI. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wace_(priest)" title="Henry Wace (priest)">Henry Wace</a>. New York: The Christian Literature Company. p. 19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Pope+Damasus&rft.btitle=A+Select+Library+of+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=2nd+series&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQUNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome1893b" class="citation book cs1">Jerome (1893b) [347–420]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA315">"The Dialogue against the Luciferians"</a>. In Schaff, Philip (ed.). <i>A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church</i>. 2nd series. Vol. VI. Henry Wace. New York: The Christian Literature Company. p. 334<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dialogue+against+the+Luciferians&rft.btitle=A+Select+Library+of+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=2nd+series&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQUNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome1893c" class="citation book cs1">Jerome (1893c) [347–420]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT134">"Against the Pelagians, Book I"</a>. In Schaff, Philip (ed.). <i>A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church</i>. 2nd series. Vol. VI. Henry Wace. New York: The Christian Literature Company. p. 449<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Against+the+Pelagians%2C+Book+I&rft.btitle=A+Select+Library+of+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=2nd+series&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQUNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome1893d" class="citation book cs1">Jerome (1893d) [347–420]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236">"Letter to Ageruchia"</a>. In Schaff, Philip (ed.). <i>A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church</i>. 2nd series. Vol. VI. Henry Wace. New York: The Christian Literature Company. pp. 236–237<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Ageruchia&rft.btitle=A+Select+Library+of+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=2nd+series&rft.pages=236-237&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQUNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome1958" class="citation book cs1">Jerome (1958) [347–420]. Archer, Gleason L. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antichrist%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+of+the+Human+Fascination+With+Evil&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabinet2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cabinet, Kristofer Widholm and Bernard McGinn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808210627/http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/widholm.php">"Antichrist: An Interview with Bernard McGinn"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet (magazine)">Cabinet Magazine</a></i>. Issue 5 Evil Winter. Cabinet Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/widholm.php">the original</a> on August 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cabinet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Antichrist%3A+An+Interview+with+Bernard+McGinn&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cabinet&rft.aufirst=Kristofer+Widholm+and+Bernard+McGinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinetmagazine.org%2Fissues%2F5%2Fwidholm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrigen1872" class="citation book cs1">Origen (1872) [185–254]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9oYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386">"Writings of Origen, vol 2"</a>. In Roberts, Rev. Alexander (ed.). <i>Ante-Nicene Christian Library</i> [<i>Writings of the Fathers</i>]. Vol. XXIII. James Donaldson. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. pp. 385–388<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writings+of+Origen%2C+vol+2&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Christian+Library&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=385-388&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Origen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9oYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffSchaff1885" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip; Schaff, David Schley (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfg7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA291"><i>History of the Christian Church</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Schaff%2C+David+Schley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzfg7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Cohn, Norman</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pursuitofmillenn00cohn"><i>The Pursuit of the Millennium</i></a></span> (Rev. and expanded. ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195004564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195004564"><bdi>978-0195004564</bdi></a>. <q>Norman Cohn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+the+Millennium&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0195004564&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpursuitofmillenn00cohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneemelcherWilson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schneemelcher" title="Wilhelm Schneemelcher">Schneemelcher, Wilhelm</a>; Wilson, Robert McLachlan (trans.) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IqqnEoN3QC&q=antichrist+new+testament&pg=PA577"><i>New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects, Vol. 2</i></a> (sixth German edition 1989, 1992, 2003 ed.). [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster John Knox">Westminster John Knox</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664227227" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664227227"><bdi>978-0664227227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Apocrypha%3A+Writings+relating+to+the+Apostles%3B+Apocalypses+and+related+subjects%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.edition=sixth+German+edition+1989%2C+1992%2C+2003&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0664227227&rft.aulast=Schneemelcher&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Robert+McLachlan+%28trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6IqqnEoN3QC%26q%3Dantichrist%2Bnew%2Btestament%26pg%3DPA577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antichrist&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antichrist" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:antichrist"><i>antichrist</i></a> at Wiktionary <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/antichrist" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:antichrist">antichrist</a> at Wikiquote <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antichrist" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antichrist">Antichrist</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acacia.pair.com/Acacia.John.Bunyan/Sermons.Allegories/Antichrist.Ruin/index.html">Of Antichrist and His Ruin</a></i> (1692) by John Bunyan. Online as part of the Acacia John Bunyan Online Library.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lerner, Robert E. (March 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007814/Antichrist">"Antichrist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9007814%2FAntichrist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Kevin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103525.htm">"Against Heresies: Book V: Chapter 25"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>, Vol. 1</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roberts" title="Alexander Roberts">Alexander Roberts</a>; William Rambaut. Buffalo, New York: <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Vol.+1.&rft.atitle=Against+Heresies%3A+Book+V%3A+Chapter+25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103525.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzberg1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ginzberg, Louis (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1577-antichrist">"Antichrist"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1577-antichrist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130192708/http://wlsessays.net/subject/A/Antichrist">Lutheran Scholarly Works on the Antichrist</a><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davidson, Samuel (1878). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Antichrist" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Antichrist">Antichrist</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). pp. 124–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=124-127&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBousset1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bousset, Wilhelm (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Antichrist" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antichrist">Antichrist</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 121–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=121-123&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bousset&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maas, Anthony John (1907). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Antichrist" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Antichrist">Antichrist</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Anthony+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary_(1897)/Antichrist" class="extiw" title="s:Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Antichrist">Antichrist</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's Bible Dictionary</a></i>. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.date=1897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopaedia Biblica/Antichrist-Apocalypse#ANTICHRIST"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Antichrist-Apocalypse#ANTICHRIST">"Antichrist" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a></i>. Vol. 1. 1899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Biblica&rft.date=1899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche, Friedrich</a> (2006) [1918]. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Antichrist"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antichrist"><i>The Antichrist: Curse on Christianity</i> </a></span>. Translated by Mencken, Henry Louis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antichrist%3A+Curse+on+Christianity&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntichrist" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174546#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4142651-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antichrist"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005655">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antikrist"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138469&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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