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<span>Rulers of Cleves</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rulers_of_Cleves-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rulers of Cleves subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_Cleves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counts_of_Cleves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counts_of_Cleves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Counts of Cleves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counts_of_Cleves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Cleves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Cleves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>House of Cleves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Cleves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_La_Marck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_La_Marck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>House of La Marck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_La_Marck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dukes_of_Cleves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dukes_of_Cleves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dukes of Cleves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dukes_of_Cleves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_La_Marck_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_La_Marck_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>House of La Marck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_La_Marck_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duchy of Cleves</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87" title="دوقية كليفه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية كليفه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc%C3%A1u_de_Kleve" title="Ducáu de Kleve – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ducáu de Kleve" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Херцогство Клеве – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херцогство Клеве" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugelezh_Kleve" title="Dugelezh Kleve – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dugelezh Kleve" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_de_Cl%C3%A8veris" title="Ducat de Clèveris – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ducat de Clèveris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A9vsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD" title="Klévské vévodství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klévské vévodství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Kleve" title="Herzogtum Kleve – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzogtum Kleve" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleve_hertsogkond" title="Kleve hertsogkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kleve hertsogkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Cl%C3%A9veris" title="Ducado de Cléveris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Cléveris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklando_Kleve" title="Duklando Kleve – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duklando Kleve" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Cl%C3%A8ves" title="Duché de Clèves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Clèves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Kleve" title="Vojvodstvo Kleve – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojvodstvo Kleve" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipaten_Cleves" title="Kadipaten Cleves – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadipaten Cleves" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducato_di_Kleve" title="Ducato di Kleve – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ducato di Kleve" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="דוכסות קלווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות קלווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klevei_hercegs%C3%A9g" title="Klevei hercegség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klevei hercegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertogdom_Kleef" title="Hertogdom Kleef – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hertogdom Kleef" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="クレーフェ公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クレーフェ公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Kleve" title="Hertugdømmet Kleve – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hertugdømmet Kleve" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99stwo_Kleve" title="Księstwo Kleve – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księstwo Kleve" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Cleves" title="Ducado de Cleves – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ducado de Cleves" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducatul_de_Cleves" title="Ducatul de Cleves – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ducatul de Cleves" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Клеве (герцогство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клеве (герцогство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Kleve" title="Vojvodstvo Kleve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojvodstvo Kleve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleven_herttuakunta" title="Kleven herttuakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kleven herttuakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD" title="ดัชชีเคลเวอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดัชชีเคลเวอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Клевське герцогство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клевське герцогство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Kleve" title="Công quốc Kleve – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Kleve" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E6%B2%83%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="克莱沃公国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克莱沃公国" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°47′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°8′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.783°N 6.133°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.783; 6.133</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">County (Duchy) of Cleves</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grafschaft (Herzogtum) Kleve</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Graafschap (Hertogdom) Kleef</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1020–1795</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg/110px-Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg/165px-Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg/220px-Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="686" /></a></span></div> <div><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">Banner</a> of Cleves-<a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Beyeren_Armorial" title="Beyeren Armorial">Beyeren Armorial</a></i>)</span></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cleves.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cleves"><img alt="Coat of arms of Cleves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cleves.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cleves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cleves.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cleves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cleves.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cleves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Duchy_of_Cleves_(1560).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (around 1560), Duchy of Cleves highlighted in Red"><img alt="Map of the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (around 1560), Duchy of Cleves highlighted in Red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Locator_Duchy_of_Cleves_%281560%29.svg/250px-Locator_Duchy_of_Cleves_%281560%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Locator_Duchy_of_Cleves_%281560%29.svg/375px-Locator_Duchy_of_Cleves_%281560%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Locator_Duchy_of_Cleves_%281560%29.svg/500px-Locator_Duchy_of_Cleves_%281560%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5029" data-file-height="3330" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle</a> (around 1560),<br />Duchy of Cleves highlighted in Red</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states of the Holy Roman Empire">State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cleves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleves">Cleves</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_I,_Count_of_Cleves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietrich I, Count of Cleves">Dietrich I</a> first<br />Count of Cleves </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1020</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• United with <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1391</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Raised to duchy </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1417</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• United with <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Jülich</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Berg">Berg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float: right; width: 50px; margin-top: -0.25em; text-align: right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arms_of_the_House_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg.svg/17px-Arms_of_the_House_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arms_of_the_House_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg.svg/26px-Arms_of_the_House_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arms_of_the_House_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg.svg/34px-Arms_of_the_House_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">→</a></div>1521</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• To <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1795</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Province of<br /><a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1815</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia" title="Lower Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Roer_(department)" title="Roer (department)">Roer (department)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duchy of Cleves</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Herzogtum Kleve</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Hertogdom Kleef</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State">state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> which emerged from the medieval <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hettergau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hettergau (page does not exist)">Hettergau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettergau" class="extiw" title="de:Hettergau">de</a>]</span>. It was situated in the northern <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a>, around its capital <a href="/wiki/Cleves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleves">Cleves</a> and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalkar" title="Kalkar">Kalkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_am_Rhein" title="Emmerich am Rhein">Emmerich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rees,_Germany" title="Rees, Germany">Rees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a> bordering the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Prince-Bishopric of Münster</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a> in the west. Its history is closely related to that of its southern neighbours: the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Jülich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berg_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg (state)">Berg</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalian</a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">county of Mark</a>. The Duchy was archaically known as <i>Cleveland</i> in English. </p><p>The duchy's territory roughly covered the present-day <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Cleves_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleves (district)">Cleves</a> (northern part), <a href="/wiki/Wesel_(district)" title="Wesel (district)">Wesel</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>, as well as adjacent parts of the <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> provinces in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 11th century Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> entrusted the administration of the <i><a href="/wiki/Klever_Reichswald" title="Klever Reichswald">Klever Reichswald</a></i>, a large forested area around the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> directly subordinate to the Imperial rule, to local <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorrainian</a> nobles at <a href="/wiki/Geldern" title="Geldern">Geldern</a> and Kleve. A County of Cleves (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Grafschaft Kleve</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Graafschap Kleef</i>) was first mentioned in the 11th century. <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_I,_Count_of_Cleves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietrich I, Count of Cleves">Dietrich I</a> was the first Count of Cleves and reigned from 1092 through 1119. In 1283, Cleves fought in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Limburg_Succession" title="War of the Limburg Succession">War of the Limburg Succession</a> and helped weaken the powerful <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>. In 1355 <a href="/wiki/Zevenaar" title="Zevenaar">Zevenaar</a> passed from the control of the Duchy of Guelders to the County of Cleves. </p><p>Upon the death of Count <a href="/wiki/Johann,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Johann, Count of Cleves">Johann</a> in 1368, the fief was inherited by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Adolf_III_of_the_Marck" title="Adolf III of the Marck">Adolf III of the Marck</a>. Cleves and the Marck were finally ruled in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_La_Marck" title="House of La Marck">House of La Marck</a> after Adolf's elder brother Count Engelbert III had died without issue in 1391. King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund of Germany</a> raised Count <a href="/wiki/Adolph_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="Adolph I, Duke of Cleves">Adolph I</a> to the status of a duke and a <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Holy Roman Empire">Prince of the Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1417, and the <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwanenburg01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schwanenburg01.jpg/220px-Schwanenburg01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schwanenburg01.jpg/330px-Schwanenburg01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Schwanenburg01.jpg/440px-Schwanenburg01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schwanenburg_Castle" title="Schwanenburg Castle">Schwanenburg Castle</a>, Cleves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark-Cleves_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mark-Cleves_Arms.svg/120px-Mark-Cleves_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mark-Cleves_Arms.svg/180px-Mark-Cleves_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mark-Cleves_Arms.svg/240px-Mark-Cleves_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Quarterly, I and IV gules an escutcheon argent, overall an escarbuncle Or; II and III Or a fess chequy argent and gules.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cleves-Mark territories became one of the most significant estates of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle</a> in 1500, rivaled by the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Prince-Bishops of Münster</a>. In 1511 <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John III, Duke of Cleves">John III of La Marck</a>, son of Duke <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John II, Duke of Cleves">John II of Cleves</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_J%C3%BClich-Berg" title="Maria of Jülich-Berg">Maria</a> and her estates and titles were then merged with the Duchy of Cleves. Upon the death of his father-in-law Duke <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Berg" title="William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg">William IV</a>, John inherited the fiefs of Jülich and Berg through his wife. When John III succeeded his father as Duke of Cleves in 1521, the states of Jülich, Berge, Cleves and Mark formed the <a href="/wiki/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a> (1515–1557) even became Queen Consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> for a few months in 1540, as her brother <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">William</a>, duke since 1539, quarreled with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> over the possession of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> and sought support from King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">John William</a> was the son of William and the last duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berge. He died without issue in 1609, and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Jülich succession">War of the Jülich Succession</a> broke out between the heirs of his two eldest sisters: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Eleonore_of_Cleves" title="Marie Eleonore of Cleves">Maria Eleonora, Duchess of Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Cleves_(1552%E2%80%931632)" title="Anna of Cleves (1552–1632)">Anna, Countess of Neuburg</a>. Marie Eleonore's daughter <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Prussia,_Margravine_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth">Marie</a> was married to the Margrave of Brandenburg; Neuburg was a cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>. According to the 1614 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">Treaty of Xanten</a>, Brandenburg received Cleves-Mark and Neuburg received Jülich-Berg.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> margraves thereby got a first foothold in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>; however, large parts of the Duchy of Cleves were occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> in 1672. Finally incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> by the Great Elector <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William I of Brandenburg</a> in 1666<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> after 1701, Cleves was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1757–1762). </p><p>In the 1795 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a> the Duchy of Cleves west of the Rhine and <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a> was ceded to <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a>, and became part of the French <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roer_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roer (département)">Roer</a>. The rest of the duchy was occupied between 1803 and 1805, and became part of the puppet-state <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Grand Duchy of Berg</a>. In 1815, after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>, the duchy became part of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, which merged in the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a> in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cities <a href="/wiki/Gennep" title="Gennep">Gennep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zevenaar" title="Zevenaar">Zevenaar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huissen" title="Huissen">Huissen</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> as a result of the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers_of_Cleves">Rulers of Cleves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rulers of Cleves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaeu_1645_-_Clivia_Ducatus_et_Ravenstein_Dominium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blaeu_1645_-_Clivia_Ducatus_et_Ravenstein_Dominium.jpg/325px-Blaeu_1645_-_Clivia_Ducatus_et_Ravenstein_Dominium.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blaeu_1645_-_Clivia_Ducatus_et_Ravenstein_Dominium.jpg/488px-Blaeu_1645_-_Clivia_Ducatus_et_Ravenstein_Dominium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blaeu_1645_-_Clivia_Ducatus_et_Ravenstein_Dominium.jpg/650px-Blaeu_1645_-_Clivia_Ducatus_et_Ravenstein_Dominium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>map of the Duchy of Cleves and Ravenstein domain from <i>Theater of the World, or a New Atlas of Maps and Representations of All Regions</i>, edited by Willem and Joan Blaeu, 1645</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counts_of_Cleves">Counts of Cleves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Counts of Cleves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleve-St-Wappen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kleve-St-Wappen.png/220px-Kleve-St-Wappen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Kleve-St-Wappen.png 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Old Cleves family coat of arms</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Cleves">House of Cleves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: House of Cleves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The House of Cleves considers itself to be descended from Rutger von Antoing, a <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> nobleman. He was <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffed" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffed">enfeoffed</a> of imperial property near Kleve in 1020, and <a href="/wiki/Tomburg_Castle" title="Tomburg Castle">Tomburg Castle</a> some time after. The first documented lord from the House of Cleves is Dietrich, numbered variously as II or III, in 1092.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1092–1117/8 Dietrich II or III<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1117–1134 Arnold I, his son. Either he or Arnold II married Ida, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_I,_Count_of_Louvain" title="Godfrey I, Count of Louvain">Count Gottfried von Löwen</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1134–1150 Arnold II<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1150–1172 Dietrich III [IV]. Married Aleidis von Sulzbach<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1172–1193 Dietrich IV [V]. Married Margarete von Holland<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1193–1202 Arnold III. Married Aleidis von Heinsberg<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1202–1260 <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_V,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Dietrich V, Count of Cleves">Dietrich V</a> [VI]<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1260–1275 <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_VI,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Dietrich VI, Count of Cleves">Dietrich VI</a> [VII]<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1275–1305 <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_VII,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Dietrich VII, Count of Cleves">Dietrich VII</a> [VIII]<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1305–1310 <a href="/wiki/Otto,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Otto, Count of Cleves">Otto I the Peaceable</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1310–1347 <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_VIII,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Dietrich VIII, Count of Cleves">Dietrich VIII</a> [IX] the Pious<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1347–1368 <a href="/wiki/Johann,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Johann, Count of Cleves">Johann</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_La_Marck">House of La Marck</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: House of La Marck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1368–1394 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_III_of_the_Marck" title="Adolf III of the Marck">Adolf III of the Marck</a></li> <li>1394–1448 <a href="/wiki/Adolph_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="Adolph I, Duke of Cleves">Adolph I</a>, son of Adolf III</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dukes_of_Cleves">Dukes of Cleves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dukes of Cleves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_La_Marck_2">House of La Marck</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: House of La Marck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1394–1448 <a href="/wiki/Adolph_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="Adolph I, Duke of Cleves">Adolph I, Duke of Cleves</a></li> <li>1448–1481 <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John I, Duke of Cleves">John I</a>, son of Adolph I</li> <li>1481–1521 <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John II, Duke of Cleves">John II <i>the Pious</i></a>, son of John I</li> <li>1521–1539 <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John III, Duke of Cleves">John III <i>the Peaceful</i></a>, son of John II</li> <li>1539–1592 <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">William <i>the Rich</i></a>, son of John III</li> <li>1592–1609 <a href="/wiki/John_William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">John William</a>, son of William</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>, Henry VIII’s fourth wife, married in 1540</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Harst" title="Karl Harst">Karl Harst</a>, sixteenth-century diplomat<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haude, Sigrun. <i>In the Shadow of "Savage Wolves": Anabaptist Münster and the German Reformation During the 1530s</i>. Brill (2000) p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG152887">"Wilhelm II, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", The British Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHayden1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hayden, J. Michael (1973). "Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII: French Foreign Policy, 1598-1615". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F240888">10.1086/240888</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144914347">144914347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Continuity+in+the+France+of+Henry+IV+and+Louis+XIII%3A+French+Foreign+Policy%2C+1598-1615&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F240888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144914347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Cleves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Frederick_William_of_Brandenburg" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frederick William of Brandenburg">Frederick William of Brandenburg</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frederick+William+of+Brandenburg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=67-68&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Cleves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeyk1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romeyk, Horst (1985). <i>Verwaltungs- und Behördengeschichte der Rheinprovinz 1914–1945</i> [<i>History of Administration and Public Authorities of the Rhine Province 1914–1945</i>] (in German). Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. pp. 123 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verwaltungs-+und+Beh%C3%B6rdengeschichte+der+Rheinprovinz+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=D%C3%BCsseldorf&rft.pages=123+ff&rft.pub=Droste+Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Romeyk&rft.aufirst=Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Cleves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiographie" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biographie, Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz42771.html#ndbcontent_sfz42777">"Kleve - Deutsche Biographie"</a>. <i>www.deutsche-biographie.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deutsche-biographie.de&rft.atitle=Kleve+-+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.aulast=Biographie&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fsfz42771.html%23ndbcontent_sfz42777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Cleves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_H._Miller" title="Clarence H. Miller">Miller, Clarence H.</a> (March 1994). "Thomas More's Letters to Frans van Cranevelt, including Seven Recently Discovered Autographs: Latin Text, English Translation, and Facsimiles of the Originals". <i>Moreana</i>. 31 (Number 117) (1): 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fmore.1994.31.1.4">10.3366/more.1994.31.1.4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moreana&rft.atitle=Thomas+More%27s+Letters+to+Frans+van+Cranevelt%2C+including+Seven+Recently+Discovered+Autographs%3A+Latin+Text%2C+English+Translation%2C+and+Facsimiles+of+the+Originals&rft.volume=31+%28Number+117%29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fmore.1994.31.1.4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Clarence+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Cleves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Cleves&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Duchy_of_Cleves" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Duchy of Cleves">Duchy of Cleves</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.php?tab=pro&ID=49">Edicts of Jülich, Cleves, Berg, Grand Duchy Berg, 1475–1815 (Coll. Scotti) online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.php?tab=que&ID=1215">Settlement of Dortmund between Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg and the conflict of succession in Jülich, in full text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/cleves.htm">Map of the Duchy of Cleves in 1789</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lower_Rhenish–Westphalian_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Template talk:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Lower_Rhenish–Westphalian_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle</a> (1500–1806) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Prince-bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Cambrai</a> <small>(until 1678)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Abbey_of_Corvey" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Abbey of Corvey">Corvey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Paderborn" title="Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Verden" title="Prince-Bishopric of Verden">Verden</a> <small>(until 1648)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of a large region (in white) including all the territory of modern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands, plus parts of most neighbouring countries, including most of Northern Italy. Some of the northwest part region is highlighted in color, including Münster, most of the Netherlands and parts of modern Belgium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg/200px-Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg/300px-Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg/400px-Locator_Westphalian_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (red) within the Holy Roman Empire (white) after 1548</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-abbot" title="Prince-abbot">Prince-abbots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princely_Abbey_of_Corvey" title="Princely Abbey of Corvey">Corvey</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen_Abbey" title="Essen Abbey">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford_Abbey" title="Herford Abbey">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelim%C3%BCnster_Abbey" title="Kornelimünster Abbey">Kornelimünster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_Abbey_of_Stavelot-Malmedy" title="Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy">Stavelot–Malmedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_Abbey" title="Thorn Abbey">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werden_Abbey" title="Werden Abbey">Werden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arenberg" title="Arenberg">Arenberg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleves</a> with <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Jülich</a>–<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg" title="Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Moers" title="County of Moers">Moers</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau-Dillenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Dillenburg">Nassau-Dillenburg</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Verden</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Counts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">From 1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim" title="County of Bentheim">Bentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronkhorst" title="Bronkhorst">Bronkhorst</a> <small>(until 1719)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepholz" title="Diepholz">Diepholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Drenthe" title="County of Drenthe">Drenthe</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> <small>(until 1667)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" title="Lordship of Groningen">Groningen</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Horne" title="County of Horne">Horne</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> <small>(until 1614)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Hoya" title="County of Hoya">Hoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingen,_Germany" title="Lingen, Germany">Lingen</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Manderscheid" title="County of Manderscheid">Manderscheid</a> <small>(until 1546)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Moers" title="County of Moers">Moers</a> <small>(until 1541)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nassau" title="County of Nassau">Nassau</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nassau-Diez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nassau-Diez (page does not exist)">Diez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau-Hadamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Hadamar">Hadamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau-Dillenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Dillenburg">Dillenburg</a> <small>(until 1664)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oldenburg" title="County of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Overijssel</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Pyrmont">Pyrmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Reichenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Reichenstein (page does not exist)">Reichenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Rietberg" title="County of Rietberg">Rietberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Reifferscheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Salm-Reifferscheid">Salm-Reifferscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayn" title="Sayn">Sayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Schaumburg" title="County of Schaumburg">Schaumburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tecklenburg" title="County of Tecklenburg">Tecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Virneburg" title="County of Virneburg">Virneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Wied" title="County of Wied">Wied</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Winneburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Winneburg (page does not exist)">Winneburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Beilstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship of Beilstein">Beilstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Zutphen" title="County of Zutphen">Zutphen</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">From 1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anholt,_Netherlands" title="Anholt, Netherlands">Anholt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Blankenheim_and_Gerolstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Blankenheim and Gerolstein (page does not exist)">Blankenheim and Gerolstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemen" title="Gemen">Gemen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Gimborn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Gimborn (page does not exist)">Gimborn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Gronsfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Gronsfeld (page does not exist)">Gronsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Hallermund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Hallermund (page does not exist)">Hallermund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holzappel" title="County of Holzappel">Holzappel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Kerpen-Lommersum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Kerpen-Lommersum (page does not exist)">Kerpen-Lommersum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Myllendonk" title="Lordship of Myllendonk">Myllendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Reckheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Reckheim (page does not exist)">Reckheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Schleiden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Schleiden (page does not exist)">Schleiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Wickrath" title="Lordship of Wickrath">Wickrath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Wittem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Wittem (page does not exist)">Wittem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> <small>(until 1548)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Status<br />uncertain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Delmenhorst" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Delmenhorst">Delmenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Fagnolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Fagnolle (page does not exist)">Fagnolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein" title="Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein">Schaumburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg-Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumburg-Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Lippe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Spiegelberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Spiegelberg (page does not exist)">Spiegelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Steinfurt" title="County of Steinfurt">Steinfurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City of Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a><sup><small>?</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a><sup><small>?</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_an_der_Aller" class="mw-redirect" title="Verden an der Aller">Verden</a> <small>(until 1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg" title="Warburg">Warburg</a><sup><small>?</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> from 1648 <span class="nowrap">   </span> <sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1648 <span class="nowrap">   </span> <sup><small>3</small></sup> without seat in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> <sup><small>?</small></sup> status uncertain <p>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <b>Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a> </p> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a>  </li><li>  <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (1525–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" title="Brandenburg–Prussia">Before 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleves</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">1648</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">1657</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">St. Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">After 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guelders" title="Prussian Guelders">Guelders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">1713</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1719)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">1720</a> / 1815)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">Glatz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">1742</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1744)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772–73</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Post-Congress of<br />Vienna</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">(1814–15)</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1848)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1822)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1824–1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1850)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">1866–68</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Territorial reforms<br />after 1918</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">1919</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Merseburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Magdeburg" title="Province of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Became <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> in 1848.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641138#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641138#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641138#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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