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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Northern March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascanians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ascanians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wittelsbachs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wittelsbachs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wittelsbachs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wittelsbachs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourgs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourgs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Luxembourgs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hohenzollerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hohenzollerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hohenzollerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hohenzollerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brandenburg-Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandenburg-Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Brandenburg-Prussia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandenburg-Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Prussia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Margraviate of Brandenburg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Brandenburg" title="Mark Brandenburg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mark Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="مرغريفية براندنبورغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرغريفية براندنبورغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviatu_de_Brandeburgu" title="Margraviatu de Brandeburgu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Margraviatu de Brandeburgu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Маркграфства Брандэнбург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маркграфства Брандэнбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Брандэнбург (маркграфства) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брандэнбург (маркграфства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Бранденбург (маркграфство) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бранденбург (маркграфство)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrafelezh_Brandenburg" title="Markgrafelezh Brandenburg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Markgrafelezh Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcgraviat_de_Brandenburg" title="Marcgraviat de Brandenburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marcgraviat de Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braniborsk%C3%A9_markrabstv%C3%AD" title="Braniborské markrabství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Braniborské markrabství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrevskabet_Brandenburg" title="Markgrevskabet Brandenburg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Markgrevskabet Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Brandenburg" title="Mark Brandenburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mark Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_Bramborska" title="Marka Bramborska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Marka Bramborska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgi_mark" title="Brandenburgi mark – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brandenburgi mark" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μαργραβάτο του Βρανδεμβούργου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαργραβάτο του Βρανδεμβούργου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviato_de_Brandeburgo" title="Margraviato de Brandeburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Margraviato de Brandeburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraflando_Brandenburgio" title="Margraflando Brandenburgio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Margraflando Brandenburgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgoko_Margraverria" title="Brandenburgoko Margraverria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brandenburgoko Margraverria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="مارک‌گراف‌نشین براندنبورگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارک‌گراف‌نشین براندنبورگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche_de_Brandebourg" title="Marche de Brandebourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marche de Brandebourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%80%EB%8D%B4%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EB%B3%80%EA%B2%BD%EB%B0%B1%EA%B5%AD" title="브란덴부르크 변경백국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브란덴부르크 변경백국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate Brandenburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Margraviate Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_di_Brandeburgo" title="Marca di Brandeburgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marca di Brandeburgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="מרקיזות ברנדנבורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקיזות ברנדנבורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ბრანდენბურგის საკურფიურსტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრანდენბურგის საკურფიურსტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviat_de_Brandenburg" title="Margraviat de Brandenburg – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Margraviat de Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchia_Brandenburgensis" title="Marchia Brandenburgensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marchia Brandenburgensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgas_markgr%C4%81fiste" title="Brandenburgas markgrāfiste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brandenburgas markgrāfiste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgi_V%C3%A1laszt%C3%B3fejedelems%C3%A9g" title="Brandenburgi Választófejedelemség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brandenburgi Választófejedelemség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Маркгрофовија Бранденбург – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маркгрофовија Бранденбург" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Brandenburg" title="Mark Brandenburg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mark Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E8%BE%BA%E5%A2%83%E4%BC%AF%E9%A0%98" title="ブランデンブルク辺境伯領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブランデンブルク辺境伯領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrevskapet_Brandenburg" title="Markgrevskapet Brandenburg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Markgrevskapet Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrevskapet_Brandenburg" title="Markgrevskapet Brandenburg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Markgrevskapet Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchia_Brandenburska" title="Marchia Brandenburska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marchia Brandenburska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_de_Brandemburgo" title="Marca de Brandemburgo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marca de Brandemburgo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrafiatul_Brandenburg" title="Margrafiatul Brandenburg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Margrafiatul Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Бранденбург (маркграфство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бранденбург (маркграфство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Маркгрофовија Бранденбург – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маркгрофовија Бранденбург" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrofovija_Brandenburg" title="Markgrofovija Brandenburg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Markgrofovija Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgin_markkreivikunta" title="Brandenburgin markkreivikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brandenburgin markkreivikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrevskapet_Brandenburg" title="Markgrevskapet Brandenburg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Markgrevskapet Brandenburg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrabyato_ng_Brandeburgo" title="Margrabyato ng Brandeburgo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Margrabyato ng Brandeburgo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="แคว้นชายแดนบรันเดินบวร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นชายแดนบรันเดินบวร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Margravl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Brandenburg Margravlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brandenburg Margravlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бранденбурзьке маркграфство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бранденбурзьке маркграфство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="مارگریویت براندنبورگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارگریویت براندنبورگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Holy Roman Empire principality (1157–1806)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">March/Margraviate of Brandenburg</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mark/Markgrafschaft Brandenburg</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1157–1806</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pabellon_de_Brandeburgo_(c._1684).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brandenburg"><img alt="Flag of Brandenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pabellon_de_Brandeburgo_%28c._1684%29.svg/125px-Pabellon_de_Brandeburgo_%28c._1684%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pabellon_de_Brandeburgo_%28c._1684%29.svg/188px-Pabellon_de_Brandeburgo_%28c._1684%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pabellon_de_Brandeburgo_%28c._1684%29.svg/250px-Pabellon_de_Brandeburgo_%28c._1684%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brandenburg_(1660%E2%80%931750).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div>Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brandenburg" title="Flag of Brandenburg">Flag</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> <span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1684</span></span> (based on <a href="/wiki/Lieve_Verschuier" title="Lieve Verschuier">L. Verschuier's</a> painting<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<br />Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brandenburg" title="Flag of Brandenburg">Flag</a> 1660–1750 used by <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollerns</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms as Electorate[1] of Brandenburg"><img alt="Coat of arms as Electorate[1] of Brandenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/85px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/128px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/170px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brandenburg" title="Coat of arms of Brandenburg">Coat of arms as Electorate</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Brandenburg_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_(1618).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg within the Holy Roman Empire (1618)"><img alt="Margraviate of Brandenburg within the Holy Roman Empire (1618)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Locator_Brandenburg_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/250px-Locator_Brandenburg_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Locator_Brandenburg_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/375px-Locator_Brandenburg_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Locator_Brandenburg_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/500px-Locator_Brandenburg_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2769" data-file-height="2524" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Margraviate of Brandenburg within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (1618)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Imperial elector</a> (1356–1806)<br /><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Bohemian Crown</a> (1373–1415)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_an_der_Havel" title="Brandenburg an der Havel">Brandenburg an der Havel</a> (1157–1417)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1417–1806)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Lüneburg Wendish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Dominant confession among the population was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> until the 1530s, then <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>.<br /><br />Elector was Roman Catholic until 1539, then Lutheran until 1613, and then <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brandenburg" title="Politics of Brandenburg">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Brandenburg">Margrave</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1157–1170 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Bear" title="Albert the Bear">Albert the Bear</a> (first) 1417</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1797–1806 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1157</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Raised to <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1356</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 August 1618</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1701</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dissolution of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1806</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/20px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/30px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/40px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="310" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutician federation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281340-1657%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281340-1657%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281340-1657%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281340-1657%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281340-1657%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281340-1657%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="557" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg-K%C3%BCstrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg-Küstrin">Brandenburg-Küstrin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wappen_Bistum_Brandenburg.png/20px-Wappen_Bistum_Brandenburg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wappen_Bistum_Brandenburg.png/30px-Wappen_Bistum_Brandenburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wappen_Bistum_Brandenburg.png/40px-Wappen_Bistum_Brandenburg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brandenburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg">Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Brandenburg.svg/20px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Brandenburg.svg/30px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Brandenburg.svg/40px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Margraviate of Brandenburg</b> (German: <i lang="de">Markgrafschaft Brandenburg</i>) was a major <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from 1157 to 1806 that, having electoral status although being quite poor, grew rapidly in importance after inheriting the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> in 1618 and then came to play a pivotal role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">history of Germany</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> as core of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian kingdom</a>. </p><p>Brandenburg developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> founded in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>. It derived one of its names from this inheritance, the <b>March of Brandenburg</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mark Brandenburg</i></span>). Its ruling <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margraves</a> were established as prestigious <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull of 1356</a>, allowing them to vote in the election of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The state thus became additionally known as <b>Electoral Brandenburg</b> or the <b>Electorate of Brandenburg</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurbrandenburg</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurfürstentum Brandenburg</i></span>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a> came to the throne of Brandenburg in 1415. In 1417, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick I</a> moved its capital from <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_an_der_Havel" title="Brandenburg an der Havel">Brandenburg an der Havel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. By 1535, the electorate had an area of some 10,000 square miles (26,000 km<sup>2</sup>) and a population of 400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Hohenzollern leadership, Brandenburg grew rapidly in power during the 17th century and inherited the Duchy of Prussia. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> was the predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia, which became a leading German state during the 18th century. Although the electors' highest title was "<a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in/of Prussia</a>", their power base remained in Brandenburg and its capital Berlin. </p><p>The Margraviate of Brandenburg ended with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806. It was replaced after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> with the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a> in 1815. The Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia was the primary driving force behind the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>. The Prussian-dominated <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> later transformed in 1871 into the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>; it was the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">legal predecessor</a> of the united <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> of 1871–1945, and as such a direct ancestor of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory of the former margraviate, commonly known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mark Brandenburg</i></span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> lies in present-day eastern Germany and western Poland. Geographically it encompassed the majority of the present-day <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and Berlin, the <a href="/wiki/Altmark" title="Altmark">Altmark</a> (the northern third of <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Neumark_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumark (region)">Neumark</a> (now divided between Poland's <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeships</a>). Parts of the present-day federal state Brandenburg, such as <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a> and territory which had been <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxon</a> until 1815, were not parts of the Mark. Colloquially but not accurately, the federal state Brandenburg is sometimes identified as the Mark or Mark Brandenburg. </p><p>The region was formed during the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, and characterized by <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a>, glacial valleys, and numerous lakes. The territory is known as a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mark</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Marches">march</a> because it was a border county of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Margraviate of Meissen</a>). </p><p>The Mark is defined by two uplands and two depressions. The depressions are taken up by rivers and chains of lakes with marsh and boggy soil along the shores; once used for <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> collection, the riverbanks are now mostly drained and dry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Northern or <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Uplands" title="Baltic Uplands">Baltic Uplands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_Lake_Plateau" title="Mecklenburg Lake Plateau">Mecklenburg Lake Plateau</a> have only minor extensions into Brandenburg. The approximately 230 km-long range of hills in the Mark's south begins in the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Highlands" title="Lusatian Highlands">Lusatian Highlands</a> (near <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBary" title="Żary">Żary (Sorau)</a>) and continues past <a href="/wiki/Trzebiel" title="Trzebiel">Trzebiel (Triebel)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spremberg" title="Spremberg">Spremberg</a>, then to the northwest through <a href="/wiki/Calau" title="Calau">Calau</a>, and ends in the bare and dry <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A4ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Fläming">Fläming</a>. The southern depression is generally to the north of this ridge and appears strikingly in the <a href="/wiki/Spreewald" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreewald">Spreewald</a> (between <a href="/wiki/Baruth/Mark" title="Baruth/Mark">Baruth/Mark</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaue_an_der_Havel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaue an der Havel (page does not exist)">Plaue an der Havel</a>). The northern depression, lying almost directly south of the Baltic uplands, is defined by the lowlands of the <a href="/wiki/Note%C4%87" title="Noteć">Noteć</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warta_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Warta River">Warta</a> Rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Oderbruch" title="Oderbruch">Oderbruch</a>, the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Finow" title="Finow">Finow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Havelland" title="Havelland">Havelland</a> <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder River">Oder River</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinz_Brandenburg_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Provinz_Brandenburg_1905.png/200px-Provinz_Brandenburg_1905.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Provinz_Brandenburg_1905.png/300px-Provinz_Brandenburg_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Provinz_Brandenburg_1905.png/400px-Provinz_Brandenburg_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Province of Brandenburg, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Between these two depressions is a low plateau that extends from the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> area westward to Brandenburg through <a href="/wiki/Torzym" title="Torzym">Torzym (Sternberg)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spree_(river)" title="Spree (river)">Spree</a> plateau, and the <a href="/wiki/Mittelmark" title="Mittelmark">Mittelmark</a>. From southeast to northwest, this plateau is intersected by the lowland of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leniwa_Obra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leniwa Obra (page does not exist)">Leniwa Obra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder River">Oder River</a> below the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Lusatian Neisse</a>, the lower Spree Valley, and the Havel Valley. Between these valleys rise a series of hills and plateaus, such as the <a href="/wiki/Barnim" title="Barnim">Barnim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teltow_(region)" title="Teltow (region)">Teltow</a>, the Semmelberg near <a href="/wiki/Bad_Freienwalde" title="Bad Freienwalde">Bad Freienwalde</a> (157 m, 515 ft), the Müggelberge in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penick" title="Köpenick">Köpenick</a> (115 m, 377 ft), the Havelberge (97 m, 318 ft), and the Rauen Hills near <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenwalde" title="Fürstenwalde">Fürstenwalde</a> (112 to 152 m, 367 to 499 ft). </p><p>The region is predominantly marked by dry, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sandy</a> soil, wide stretches of which have <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> trees and <a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">erica</a> plants, or heath. However, the soil is <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loamy</a> in the uplands and plateaus and, when farmed appropriately, can be agriculturally productive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mark Brandenburg has a cool, continental climate, with temperatures averaging near 0 °C (32 °F) in January and February and near 18 °C (64 °F) in July and August. Precipitation averages between 500 mm and 600 mm annually, with a modest summer maximum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_March">Northern March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Northern March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte(PS)_Brandenburg_1150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Karte%28PS%29_Brandenburg_1150.jpg/200px-Karte%28PS%29_Brandenburg_1150.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Karte%28PS%29_Brandenburg_1150.jpg/300px-Karte%28PS%29_Brandenburg_1150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Karte%28PS%29_Brandenburg_1150.jpg/400px-Karte%28PS%29_Brandenburg_1150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Slavic territories pre-Brandenburg, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1150</span></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">History of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/75px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/113px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/150px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/75px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/113px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/150px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> (965 – 983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutician federation</a> (983 – 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> (pre – 13th century)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> (1157–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (1224 – 1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_margraves_and_electors_of_Brandenburg" title="List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg">Elector of Brandenburg</a> (1356 – 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> (1525 – 1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Malbork Voivodeship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a> within <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal (Polish) Prussia</a> (Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> (1618 – 1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (1701 – 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> (1918 – 1947)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Present</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> area (from 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> (1920–1939, from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> within <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (1947–1952, from 1990)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>By the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sprewane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprewane">Sprewane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a> (Havolane or Stodorans), started to move into the Brandenburg area. They intermarried with Saxons and Bohemians. </p><p>The Bishoprics of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Brandenburg" title="Diocese of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Havelberg" title="Bishopric of Havelberg">Havelberg</a> were established at the beginning of the tenth century (in 928 and 948, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Koch23_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were suffragan to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishopric of Mainz</a>; the Bishopric of Brandenburg reached to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> started governing in the region in 928–929, allowing Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> under Margrave <a href="/wiki/Gero" title="Gero">Gero</a> in 936 during the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span>. However, the march and the bishoprics were overthrown by a <a href="/wiki/Slavic_revolt_of_983" title="Slavic revolt of 983">Slavic rebellion in 983</a>; until the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Liutizian</a> alliance in the middle of the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> government through bishoprics and marches came nearly to a standstill for approximately 150 years,<sup id="cite_ref-Koch24_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the bishopric was retained. </p><p>Prince <a href="/wiki/Pribislav-Henry" title="Pribislav-Henry">Pribislav</a> of the Hevelli came to power at the castle of Brenna (<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_an_der_Havel" title="Brandenburg an der Havel">Brandenburg an der Havel</a></span></span>) in 1127. During Pribislav's reign, in which he cultivated close connections with the <a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">German nobility</a>, Germans succeeded in binding to the Holy Roman Empire the Havolane region from <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Brandenburg an der Havel</span></span> to <a href="/wiki/Spandau" title="Spandau">Spandau</a>. The disputed eastern border continued between the Hevelli and the Sprewane, recognized as the Havel-Nuthe line. Prince <a href="/wiki/Jaxa_of_K%C3%B6penick" title="Jaxa of Köpenick">Jaxa of Köpenick</a> (<i>Jaxa de Copnic</i>) of the Sprewane lived in Köpenick east of the dividing line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascanians">Ascanians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ascanians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_Wiggerl.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albrecht_Wiggerl.JPG/220px-Albrecht_Wiggerl.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albrecht_Wiggerl.JPG/330px-Albrecht_Wiggerl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albrecht_Wiggerl.JPG/440px-Albrecht_Wiggerl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siegesallee" title="Siegesallee">Siegesallee</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I, Margrave of Brandenburg">Albert the Bear</a>, flanked by Bishop Wigger of Brandenburg and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg" title="Otto of Bamberg">Otto of Bamberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the second phase of the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I of Brandenburg">Albert the Bear</a> began the expansionary eastern policy of the <a href="/wiki/Ascanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascanian">Ascanians</a>. From 1123 to 1125 Albert developed contacts with Pribislav, who served as the godfather for the Ascanian's first son, <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg">Otto</a>, and gave the boy the Zauche region as a christening present in 1134. In the same year, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a> named Albert margrave of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> and raised Pribislav to the status of king, although that was later rescinded. Also in 1134, Albert succeeded in securing for the Ascanians the inheritance of the childless Pribislav. After the latter's death in 1150, Albert received the Havolane residence of Brenna. The Ascanians also began to build the <a href="/wiki/Spandau_Citadel" title="Spandau Citadel">castle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spandau" title="Spandau">Spandau</a>. </p><p>In contrast to their leaders who had accepted Christianity, the Havolane population still worshipped old Slavic deities and opposed Albert's assumption of power. <a href="/wiki/Jaxa_of_K%C3%B6penick" title="Jaxa of Köpenick">Jaxa of Köpenick</a>, a possible relative of Pribislav and a claim-holder to Brandenburg, controlled Brandenburg with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1138%E2%80%931320)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1138–1320)">Polish</a> help, and ruled the land of the Stodorans. Older historical research dates this conquest to 1153, although there are no definite sources for the date. More recent researchers (such as Lutz Partenheimer) date it to spring 1157, as it is doubtful that Albert would not have responded to Jaxa's actions for four years. </p><p>With bloody victories on 11 June 1157, Albert the Bear was able to reconquer Brandenburg, exile Jaxa, and found a new lordship. Because he already held the title of margrave, Albert styled himself as <a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Brandenburg">Margrave of Brandenburg</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Adelbertus Dei gratia marchio in Brandenborch</i></span>) on 3 October 1157, thereby beginning the Margraviate of Brandenburg. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg/220px-WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg/330px-WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg/440px-WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4075" data-file-height="3613" /></a><figcaption>19th-century map of the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Duchy of Greater Poland</a> of then-fragmented Poland. Territories annexed by Brandenburg from Poland marked in yellow (<a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a>) and green (northwestern <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The territorial limits of the original margraviate differed from the area of the current Bundesland <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, consisting merely of the Havelland and Zauche regions. In the following 150 years the Ascanians succeeded in winning the <a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teltow" title="Teltow">Teltow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barnim" title="Barnim">Barnim</a> regions east of the Havel and Nuthe, thereby extending the Mark to the <a href="/wiki/Oder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder River">Oder River</a>. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neumark_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumark (region)">Neumark</a></i></span> ("New March") east of the Oder was acquired gradually through purchases, marriages, and aid to the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1138%E2%80%931320)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1138–1320)">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch25_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the sandy soil prevalent in Brandenburg, the agriculturally meager principality was denigrated as "the <a href="/wiki/Sandpit" title="Sandpit">sandbox</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Koch25_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">invited colonists to settle the new territory</a>, many of whom came from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Altmark" title="Altmark">Altmark</a></i></span> ("Old March", a later name for the original Northern March), the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a>, Flanders (hence the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A4ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Fläming">Fläming</a></i></span> region), and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. After the capture of territory along the Elbe and Havel Rivers in the 1160s, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch (ethnic group)">Dutch</a> settlers from flooded regions in <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> used their expertise to build <a href="/wiki/Dike_(construction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dike (construction)">dikes</a> in Brandenburg. Initially, the Ascanians protected the country by settling <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> in villages; <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> fortified with knights were mostly located in the border region of the Neumark. After a 14th-century decline in imperial power, however, knights began constructing castles throughout the principality, granting them more independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch25_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Mark_Brandenburg_1320.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Karte_Mark_Brandenburg_1320.png/220px-Karte_Mark_Brandenburg_1320.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Karte_Mark_Brandenburg_1320.png/330px-Karte_Mark_Brandenburg_1320.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Karte_Mark_Brandenburg_1320.png/440px-Karte_Mark_Brandenburg_1320.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Brandenburg until the extinction of the Ascanian dynasty in 1320</figcaption></figure> <p>After Albert's death in 1170, his son succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg">Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg</a>. The Ascanians pursued a policy of expanding to the east and the northeast with the goal of connecting their territories through <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. This policy brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Denmark. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1227)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1227)">Battle of Bornhöved (1227)</a>, Margrave <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="John I, Margrave of Brandenburg">John I</a> staked his claim to Pomerania, receiving it as a fief from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> in 1231. The middle of the 13th century was a time of important developments for the Ascanian House, as it won <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin (Szczecin)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a> (1250), although the former was later lost to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch24_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also around 1250 it took over <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a> from then-fragmented Poland and subsequently conquered northwestern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Duchy of Greater Poland</a> in the late 13th century, moving the border east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river. <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg">Henry II</a>, the last Ascanian margrave, died in 1320. </p><p>The death of <a href="/wiki/Waldemar,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal" title="Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal">Magrave Waldemar</a> in 1319 sparked a conflict between the neighbouring principalities of <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Saxe-Wittenberg">Saxe-Wittenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast" title="Pomerania-Wolgast">Pomerania-Wolgast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Jawor" title="Duchy of Jawor">Jawor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Duchy of Żagań">Żagań</a>, for control of different parts of the Margraviate. The war was periodically fought between various factions due to the alliances formed, such as the Jawor-Pomeranian and Mecklenburg-Saxe-Wittenberg alliances, and kings of Bohemia, Poland and Denmark also entered alliances with various parties. In 1319, <a href="/wiki/Wartislaw_IV,_Duke_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania">Wartislaw IV of Pomerania</a> took control of the <a href="/wiki/New_March" class="mw-redirect" title="New March">New March</a> with <a href="/wiki/Torzym" title="Torzym">Torzym</a> Land, the <a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzecz" title="Międzyrzecz">Międzyrzecz</a> castellany, annexed from Greater Poland by Brandenburg in 1297, and northern <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a>, in the north-east, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Lord_of_Mecklenburg" title="Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg">Henry II of Mecklenburg</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Prignitz" title="Prignitz">Prignitz</a> in the north-west and <a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg">Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg</a> captured the <a href="/wiki/Mittelmark" title="Mittelmark">Mittelmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teltow" title="Teltow">Teltow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barnim" title="Barnim">Barnim</a>, i.e. the central part, <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Mild" title="Otto the Mild">Otto the Mild</a> of Brunswick-Lüneburg captured the <a href="/wiki/Old_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Old March">Old March</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979476–477,_481_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979476–477,_481-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1320, a large portion of the Lubusz Land passed to Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Jawor" title="Henry I of Jawor">Henry I of Jawor</a>, who tried to reclaim it as a region lost by his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław II the Horned</a>, and afterwards its western outskirts and a portion of the Uckermark were occupied by Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979485–486_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979485–486-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1320 the allied forces of Pomerania and Jawor clashed with Mecklenburg in the Uckermark, and war between Pomerania and Mecklenburg continued in 1321–1322 on the Oder River and in Mecklenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979485–486_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979485–486-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February 1322, eastern outskirts of the Lubusz Land with Torzym and <a href="/wiki/Sul%C4%99cin" title="Sulęcin">Sulęcin</a> and the Międzyrzecz castellany were controlled by Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_the_Faithful" title="Henry IV the Faithful">Henry IV the Faithful</a> of Żagań.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979489_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979489-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After heavy fights between Pomerania and Saxe-Wittenberg around <a href="/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85" title="Kostrzyn nad Odrą">Kostrzyn nad Odrą</a> in 1322–1323, a peace between the two parties was signed in December 1323.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979489_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979489-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wittelsbachs">Wittelsbachs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wittelsbachs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Brandenburg,_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Brandenburg%2C_Germany.svg/110px-CoA_Brandenburg%2C_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Brandenburg%2C_Germany.svg/165px-CoA_Brandenburg%2C_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Brandenburg%2C_Germany.svg/220px-CoA_Brandenburg%2C_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms as simple Margraviate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HRR_14Jh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HRR_14Jh.jpg/220px-HRR_14Jh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HRR_14Jh.jpg/330px-HRR_14Jh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HRR_14Jh.jpg/440px-HRR_14Jh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from 1273 to 1378: <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ca9233; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> lands</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a482be; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> lands</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b1c35f; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach</a> lands</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Having defeated the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a>, an uncle of Henry II, formally granted Brandenburg to his oldest son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis V, Duke of Bavaria">Louis I</a> (the "Brandenburger") in 1323, although various portions of the margraviate were still controlled by various neighbouring principalities. The emergence of a new powerful rival prompted the previously warring parties to make peace with each other and cooperate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979492_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979492-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bavarian forces soon entered the region, but in October 1323 <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> called Louis IV to annul the grant of Brandenburg to Louis V, declaring it unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979493_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979493-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of the murder of Provost Nikolaus von Bernau in 1325, Brandenburg was punished with a papal <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a>. Bavarian forces gradually seized the margraviate. King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a> of Poland actively joined the ongoing war, invading <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a> in 1326, and the Międzyrzecz castellany was ultimately reintegrated with Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979494_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979494-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1328 onwards, Louis was in war against Pomerania which he claimed as a fiefdom and the conflict did not end before 1333. The rule of Margrave Louis I was rejected by the domestic nobility of Brandenburg, and, after the death of Emperor Louis IV in 1347, the margrave was confronted with the <a href="/wiki/False_Waldemar" title="False Waldemar">False Waldemar</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Imposter" class="mw-redirect" title="Imposter">imposter</a> of the deceased Margrave <a href="/wiki/Waldemar,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal" title="Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal">Waldemar</a>. The pretender was recognized as Margrave of Brandenburg on 2 October 1348 by the new emperor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, but was exposed as a fraud after a peace between the Wittelsbachs and Luxembourgs at <a href="/wiki/Eltville" title="Eltville">Eltville</a>. In 1351 Louis gave the Mark to his younger half-brothers <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_the_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis VI the Roman">Louis II</a> (the "Roman") and <a href="/wiki/Otto_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto V, Duke of Bavaria">Otto V</a> in exchange for the sole rule over <a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a>. </p><p>Louis the Roman forced the False Waldemar to renounce his claims to Brandenburg and succeeded in establishing the Margraves of Brandenburg as <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull of 1356</a>. Brandenburg therefore became a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurfürstentum</i></span> (literally "electoral principality" or "electorate") of the Holy Roman Empire and had a vote in the election of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The Margrave of Brandenburg also held the ceremonial title of <i>Arch-Chamberlain of the Empire</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Archi-Camerarius Imperii</i>). When Louis the Roman died in 1365, Otto took over the rule of Brandenburg, although he quickly neglected the march. He sold <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a>, which he had already pledged to the <a href="/wiki/Wettin_(dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wettin (dynasty)">Wettin</a> dynasty, to Emperor Charles IV in 1367. A year later he lost the town <a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82cz" title="Wałcz">Deutsch Krone (Wałcz)</a>, annexed from Greater Poland by Brandenburg in 1296, to Polish King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir III of Poland">Casimir the Great</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourgs">Luxembourgs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Luxembourgs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the middle of the 14th century, Emperor Charles IV attempted to secure Brandenburg for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a>. Control over the electoral vote of Brandenburg would help assure the Luxembourgs of election to the imperial throne, as they already held the vote of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. Charles succeeded in purchasing Brandenburg from Margrave Otto for 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Guilder" title="Guilder">guilders</a> in 1373 and, at a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Guben" title="Guben">Guben</a>, he attached (but did not incorporate) Brandenburg to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Bohemia">Crown of Bohemia</a>. The <i>Landbuch</i> ("land book", i.e. estate register) of Charles IV, a source for the history of medieval settlement in Brandenburg, originated during this time. Charles chose the castle of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tangerm%C3%BCnde" title="Tangermünde">Tangermünde</a></i></span> to be the electoral residence. </p><p>The power of the Luxembourgs in Brandenburg declined during the reign of Charles's nephew <a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst of Moravia</a>. In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a>, by which Poland was to purchase and reincorporate the <a href="/wiki/New_March" class="mw-redirect" title="New March">New March</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it previously lost to Brandenburg in the 13th century, however in the same year the Luxembourgs pawned the region to the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, who neglected the border region. Under the Wittelsbach and Luxembourg margraves, Brandenburg fell increasingly under the control of the local nobility as central authority declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch28_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch28-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hohenzollerns">Hohenzollerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hohenzollerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_religions_1618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Central_Europe_religions_1618.jpg/220px-Central_Europe_religions_1618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Central_Europe_religions_1618.jpg/330px-Central_Europe_religions_1618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Central_Europe_religions_1618.jpg/440px-Central_Europe_religions_1618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Religion in Central Europe, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1618</span>. Electoral Brandenburg is striped, indicating that its ruler was a Calvinist, while most of his subjects remained Lutheran. <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EFB9A1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D9736E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FADF9A; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwinglians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6A16D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Bohemian Brethren</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8EA690; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Roman Catholics</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#939B5F; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B19F89; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Muslims</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In return for supporting <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a> as Holy Roman Emperor at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> in 1410, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick VI of Nuremberg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Burgrave_of_Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgrave of Nuremberg">burgrave</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>, was granted hereditary control over Brandenburg in 1411. Rebellious <a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">landed nobility</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Quitzow" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitzow">Quitzow</a> family opposed his appointment, but Frederick overpowered these knights with <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. Some nobles had their property confiscated, and the Brandenburg estates gave allegiance at <a href="/wiki/Tangerm%C3%BCnde" title="Tangermünde">Tangermünde</a> on 20 March 1414.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch29_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch29-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick was officially recognized as Margrave and Prince-elector Frederick I of Brandenburg at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> in 1415. Frederick's formal investiture with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurmark</i></span>, or electoral march, and his appointment as Archchamberlain of the Holy Roman Empire occurred on 18 April 1417, also during the Council of Constance. </p><p>Frederick made Berlin his residence, although he retired to his <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconian</a> possessions in 1425. He granted governance of Brandenburg to his eldest son <a href="/wiki/John,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">John the Alchemist</a>, while retaining the electoral dignity for himself. The next elector, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick II</a>, forced the submission of Berlin and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B6lln" title="Cölln">Cölln</a>, setting an example for the other towns of Brandenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch30_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch30-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reacquired the Neumark from the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_C%C3%B6lln_and_Mewe" title="Treaties of Cölln and Mewe">Treaties of Cölln and Mewe</a> and began its rebuilding. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Pomeranian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict">Years of warfare</a> with the Duchy of Pomerania were ended by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prenzlau" title="Treaty of Prenzlau">treaties of Prenzlau</a> (1448, 1472, and 1479). </p><p>Brandenburg accepted the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in 1539. The population has remained largely <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> since, although some later electors converted to <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>. </p><p>The Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg sought to expand their power base from their relatively meager possessions, although this brought them into conflict with neighboring states. <a href="/wiki/John_William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a> died childless in 1609. His eldest niece, <a href="/wiki/Anna,_Duchess_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna, Duchess of Prussia">Anna, Duchess of Prussia</a>, was the wife of <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg">John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg</a>, who promptly claimed the inheritance and sent troops to take hold of some of John William's holdings in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. Unfortunately for John Sigismund, this effort became tied up with the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the disputed succession of Jülich. At the end of the war in 1648, Brandenburg was recognized as the possessor of approximately half the inheritance, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Duchy of Cleves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and the Counties of <a href="/wiki/Mark_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (county)">Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>. These territories, which were more than 100 kilometers from the borders of Brandenburg, formed the nucleus of the later <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Prussian Rhineland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brandenburg-Prussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acprussiamap2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Acprussiamap2.gif/220px-Acprussiamap2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Acprussiamap2.gif/330px-Acprussiamap2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Acprussiamap2.gif/440px-Acprussiamap2.gif 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Growth of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>, 1600–1795</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Albert_Frederick,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia">Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia</a>, died without a son in 1618, his son-in-law John Sigismund inherited the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>. He then ruled both territories in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>. In this way, the fortuitous marriage of John Sigismund to Anna of Prussia, and the deaths of her maternal uncle in 1609 and her father in 1618 without immediate male heirs, proved to be the key events by which Brandenburg acquired territory both in the Rhineland and on the Baltic coast. Prussia lay outside the Holy Roman Empire and the electors of Brandenburg held it as a fief of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, to which the electors paid homage. </p><p>The electors of Brandenburg spent the next two centuries attempting to gain lands to unite their separate territories (the Mark Brandenburg, the territories in the Rhineland and Westphalia, and Ducal Prussia) to form one geographically contiguous domain. In the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> ending the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in 1648, Brandenburg-Prussia acquired <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> and made it the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Province of Pomerania</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Treaty of Stettin (1653)</a>. In the second half of the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a>, the "Great Elector", developed Brandenburg-Prussia into a major power. The state constructed Brandenburg's <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Navy" title="Brandenburg Navy">first navy</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurbrandenburgische Marine</i></span>), leading to short-lived colonies at <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburger Gold Coast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Saint Thomas</a>. The electors succeeded in acquiring full sovereignty over Prussia in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">treaties of Wehlau and Bromberg</a> in 1657. The territories of the Hohenzollerns were opened to immigration by <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> refugees by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Potsdam" title="Edict of Potsdam">Edict of Potsdam</a> in 1685. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Prussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a></div> <p>In return for aiding Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, Frederick William's son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III</a>, was allowed to elevate Prussia to the status of a kingdom. On 18 January 1701, Frederick crowned himself Frederick I, <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a>. Prussia, unlike Brandenburg, lay outside the Holy Roman Empire, within which only the emperor and the ruler of Bohemia could call themselves king. As king was a more prestigious title than <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a>, the territories of the Hohenzollerns became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, although their power base remained in Brandenburg. Legally, Brandenburg was still part of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the Hohenzollerns in personal union with the Prussian kingdom over which they were fully sovereign. For this reason, the Hohenzollerns continued to use the additional title of Elector of Brandenburg for the remainder of the empire's run. However, by this time the emperor's authority over the empire had become merely nominal. The various territories of the empire acted more or less as <i>de facto</i> sovereign states, and only acknowledged the emperor's overlordship over them in a formal way. Thus, Brandenburg came to be treated as <i>de facto</i> part of the Prussian kingdom rather than a separate entity. </p><p>From 1701 to 1946, Brandenburg's history was largely that of the state of Prussia, which established itself as a major power in Europe during the 18th century. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a>, the "Soldier-King", modernized the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>, while his son <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick the Great</a> achieved glory and infamy with the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Silesian Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>. The feudal designation of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, which made the Hohenzollerns <i>de jure</i> as well as <i>de facto</i> sovereigns over it. It was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a> in 1815 following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. The Prussian kings, however, continued to use the title "Margrave of Brandenburg" in their formal style. </p><p>Brandenburg, along with the rest of Prussia, became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871 during the Prussian-led <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mark_Brandenburg_1945-1952.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Mark_Brandenburg_1945-1952.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mark_Brandenburg_1945-1952.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Mark_Brandenburg_1945-1952.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mark_Brandenburg_1945-1952.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Mark_Brandenburg_1945-1952.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mark_Brandenburg_1945-1952.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Brandenburg from 1945 to 1952</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span> of provinces by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> lost all practical relevancy. The region was administered as the <a href="/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg" title="Gau March of Brandenburg">Gau March of Brandenburg</a>. </p><p>The state of Prussia was <i>de jure</i> abolished in 1947 after the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II; the Gau March of Brandenburg was replaced with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Land</a></i></span> Brandenburg. </p><p>Brandenburg west of the Oder–Neisse line lay in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Soviet occupation zone</a>; it became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>. In 1952 the region was divided among the districts of <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a> Berlin was divided between <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>. </p><p>This division of Brandenburg continued until the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990. The GDR districts were dissolved and replaced with the state of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> with its capital in Potsdam. The 850th anniversary of the foundation of the March of Brandenburg was celebrated officially on 11 June 2007, with preliminary celebrations at the Knights' Academy of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_an_der_Havel" title="Brandenburg an der Havel">Brandenburg an der Havel</a> on 23 June 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/28px-Reichskrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/42px-Reichskrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/56px-Reichskrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Portal:Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Brandenburg">List of rulers of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on some original preserved depictions: <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1795_Berliner_Baer_mit_Brandenburgischem_Wappen_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Berlin Bear with Brandenburg coat of arms, late 18th / Early 19th Century; Märkisches Museum Berlin"><img alt="Berlin Bear with Brandenburg coat of arms, late 18th / Early 19th Century; Märkisches Museum Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1795_Berliner_Baer_mit_Brandenburgischem_Wappen_anagoria.JPG/80px-1795_Berliner_Baer_mit_Brandenburgischem_Wappen_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1795_Berliner_Baer_mit_Brandenburgischem_Wappen_anagoria.JPG/120px-1795_Berliner_Baer_mit_Brandenburgischem_Wappen_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1795_Berliner_Baer_mit_Brandenburgischem_Wappen_anagoria.JPG/160px-1795_Berliner_Baer_mit_Brandenburgischem_Wappen_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Berlin Bear with Brandenburg coat of arms, late 18th / Early 19th Century; Märkisches Museum Berlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erhebung_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_in_den_Olymp_(van_Loo)_-_weibliche_Allegorie_mit_%C3%84hrenkranz_und_dem_brandenburgischen_Adler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceiling painting (detail: female allegory with wreath of grain ears and the Brandenburg eagle), oil on canvas, 1751 (destroyed in World War II)"><img alt="Ceiling painting (detail: female allegory with wreath of grain ears and the Brandenburg eagle), oil on canvas, 1751 (destroyed in World War II)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Erhebung_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_in_den_Olymp_%28van_Loo%29_-_weibliche_Allegorie_mit_%C3%84hrenkranz_und_dem_brandenburgischen_Adler.jpg/120px-Erhebung_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_in_den_Olymp_%28van_Loo%29_-_weibliche_Allegorie_mit_%C3%84hrenkranz_und_dem_brandenburgischen_Adler.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Erhebung_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_in_den_Olymp_%28van_Loo%29_-_weibliche_Allegorie_mit_%C3%84hrenkranz_und_dem_brandenburgischen_Adler.jpg/180px-Erhebung_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_in_den_Olymp_%28van_Loo%29_-_weibliche_Allegorie_mit_%C3%84hrenkranz_und_dem_brandenburgischen_Adler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Erhebung_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_in_den_Olymp_%28van_Loo%29_-_weibliche_Allegorie_mit_%C3%84hrenkranz_und_dem_brandenburgischen_Adler.jpg/240px-Erhebung_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_in_den_Olymp_%28van_Loo%29_-_weibliche_Allegorie_mit_%C3%84hrenkranz_und_dem_brandenburgischen_Adler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="1249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceiling painting (detail: female allegory with wreath of grain ears and the Brandenburg eagle), oil on canvas, 1751 (destroyed in World War II)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappengalerie_Museum_Senftenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum Senftenberg (Senftenberg Castle)"><img alt="Museum Senftenberg (Senftenberg Castle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wappengalerie_Museum_Senftenberg.jpg/120px-Wappengalerie_Museum_Senftenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wappengalerie_Museum_Senftenberg.jpg/180px-Wappengalerie_Museum_Senftenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wappengalerie_Museum_Senftenberg.jpg/240px-Wappengalerie_Museum_Senftenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum Senftenberg (Senftenberg Castle)</div> </li> </ul></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/File:Kurbrandenburgi_Navy.jpg" title="File:Kurbrandenburgi Navy.jpg">Die kurbrandenburgische Flotte</a></i> (1684)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Preserved_Smith" title="Preserved Smith">Preserved Smith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pO9EAQAAMAAJ&dq=Brandenburg+%2C+having+in+1535+an+area+of+10%2C000+square+miles+%2C+and+a+population+between+300%2C000+and+400%2C000+%2C+has+been+aptly+compared+for+size+and+numbers+to+the+present+state+of+Vermont+.+Bavaria+had+in+1554+a+population+of+434%2C000&pg=PA17">The Social Background of the Reformation.</a> 1920. Page 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch23-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koch23_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch24-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch24_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch24_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch25-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch25_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch25_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch25_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979476–477,_481-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979476–477,_481_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRymar1979">Rymar 1979</a>, pp. 476–477, 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979485–486-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979485–486_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979485–486_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRymar1979">Rymar 1979</a>, pp. 485–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979489-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979489_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979489_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRymar1979">Rymar 1979</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979492-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979492_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRymar1979">Rymar 1979</a>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979493-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979493_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRymar1979">Rymar 1979</a>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERymar1979494-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERymar1979494_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRymar1979">Rymar 1979</a>, p. 494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRogalski1846" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rogalski, Leon (1846). <i>Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prussami, poprzedzone rysem dziejów wojen krzyżowych. Tom II</i> (in Polish). Warszawa. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Krzy%C5%BCak%C3%B3w+oraz+ich+stosunki+z+Polsk%C4%85%2C+Litw%C4%85+i+Prussami%2C+poprzedzone+rysem+dziej%C3%B3w+wojen+krzy%C5%BCowych.+Tom+II&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Rogalski&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargraviate+of+Brandenburg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch28-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koch28_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch29-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koch29_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch30-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koch30_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, p. 30.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.W._Koch1978" class="citation book cs1">H.W. Koch (1978). <i>A History of Prussia</i>. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-158-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88029-158-3"><bdi>0-88029-158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Prussia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-88029-158-3&rft.au=H.W.+Koch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargraviate+of+Brandenburg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRymar1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rymar, Edward (1979). "Rywalizacja o ziemię lubuską i kasztelanię międzyrzecką w latach 1319–1326, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stosunków pomorsko-śląskch". <i>Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka</i> (in Polish). <b>XXXIV</b> (4). Wrocław: <a href="/wiki/Zak%C5%82ad_Narodowy_im._Ossoli%C5%84skich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich">Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich</a>, Wydawnictwo <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polskiej Akademii Nauk</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+Kwartalnik+Historyczny+Sob%C3%B3tka&rft.atitle=Rywalizacja+o+ziemi%C4%99+lubusk%C4%85+i+kasztelani%C4%99+mi%C4%99dzyrzeck%C4%85+w+latach+1319%E2%80%931326%2C+ze+szczeg%C3%B3lnym+uwzgl%C4%99dnieniem+stosunk%C3%B3w+pomorsko-%C5%9Bl%C4%85skch&rft.volume=XXXIV&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Rymar&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargraviate+of+Brandenburg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandenburg1260.de/">Hochmittelalter in der Mark Brandenburg</a></i></span> at Brandenburg1260.de.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brandenburg.rz.fhtw-berlin.de/regenten.html">Der Brandenburger Landstreicher</a></i></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/brandenburg-e.htm">Historical map of Brandenburg, 1789</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130106042346/http://www.lexikus.de/index.php?page=buch&thema=0&buch=685"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg</i></span> by Theodor Fontane, 1899</a> at Lexikus.de.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electors of the Holy Roman Empire after 1356"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_from_1356_to_1806_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:1.5%">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:30%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%;"><b>Spiritual</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/18px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/27px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/36px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Mainz</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/18px-Trier_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/27px-Trier_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/36px-Trier_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="659" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Trier</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/18px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/27px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/36px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%;"><b>Secular</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/18px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/27px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/36px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1014" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/18px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/27px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/36px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Palatinate</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1777)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/18px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/27px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/36px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/18px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/27px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/36px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:24.5%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%; white-space:nowrap;"><b>Added in the 17th century</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/18px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/27px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/36px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1623)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/18px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/27px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/36px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1692)</span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:24%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%; white-space:nowrap;"><b>Added in the 19th century</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/18px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/27px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/36px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="470" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/18px-Kursalzburg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/27px-Kursalzburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/36px-Kursalzburg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="473" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Salzburg" title="Electorate of Salzburg">Salzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1805)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/18px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/27px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/36px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1805–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="597" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Baden" title="Electorate of Baden">Baden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/18px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/27px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/36px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Upper_Saxon_Circle_(1512–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire977" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Template:Upper Saxon Circle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Template talk:Upper Saxon Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Upper Saxon Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Upper_Saxon_Circle_(1512–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire977" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon Circle</a> (1512–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Saxon_Circle-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Upper Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Upper Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Upper_Saxon_Circle-en.png/100px-Upper_Saxon_Circle-en.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Upper_Saxon_Circle-en.png/150px-Upper_Saxon_Circle-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Upper_Saxon_Circle-en.png/200px-Upper_Saxon_Circle-en.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Ecclesiastical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Cammin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt" title="Principality of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst">Zerbst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barby,_Germany" title="Barby, Germany">Barby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichen" title="Gleichen">Hatzfeld-Gleichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Further</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Hither</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Querfurt" title="Querfurt">Querfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss (state)">Reuss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss_Elder_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss Elder Line">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss_Younger_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss Younger Line">Junior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg" title="Saxe-Coburg">Saxe-Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Eisenach">Saxe-Eisenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha" title="Saxe-Gotha">Saxe-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Saxe-Weimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Schwarzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-abbot" title="Prince-abbot">Prelates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gernrode" title="Gernrode">Gernrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg_Abbey" title="Quedlinburg Abbey">Quedlinburg Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkenried_Abbey" title="Walkenried Abbey">Walkenried Abbey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Counts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenstein,_Thuringia" title="Hohenstein, Thuringia">Hohnstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Flohra" title="Großlohra">Lohra</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hohenstein,_Thuringia" title="Hohenstein, Thuringia">Klettenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfeld_Land" title="Mansfeld Land">Mansfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nburg_(Saale)" title="Schönburg (Saale)">Schönburg (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Stolberg" title="County of Stolberg">Stolberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Stolberg-Stolberg">Stolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolberg-Wernigerode" title="Stolberg-Wernigerode">Wernigerode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolberg-Rossla" title="Stolberg-Rossla">Rossla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a><br />Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <b>Upper Saxon</b>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a><br /> See also: <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)792" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (1525–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" title="Brandenburg–Prussia">Before 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">1648</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">1657</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">St. Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">After 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guelders" title="Prussian Guelders">Guelders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">1713</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1719)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">1720</a> / 1815)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">Glatz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">1742</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1744)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772–73</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Post-Congress of<br />Vienna</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">(1814–15)</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1848)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1822)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1824–1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1850)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">1866–68</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Territorial reforms<br />after 1918</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">1919</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Merseburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Magdeburg" title="Province of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Became <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> in 1848.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&oldid=1270582342">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margraviate_of_Brandenburg&oldid=1270582342</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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