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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolutionary_units&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary units">French Revolutionary units</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Units of measurement used in France</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Systeme-Metrique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Systeme-Metrique.jpg/220px-Systeme-Metrique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Systeme-Metrique.jpg/330px-Systeme-Metrique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Systeme-Metrique.jpg/440px-Systeme-Metrique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut dated 1800 illustrating the new decimal units which became the legal norm across all France on 4 November 1800</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pernes_-_Mesures_anciennes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pernes_-_Mesures_anciennes.JPG/200px-Pernes_-_Mesures_anciennes.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pernes_-_Mesures_anciennes.JPG/300px-Pernes_-_Mesures_anciennes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pernes_-_Mesures_anciennes.JPG/400px-Pernes_-_Mesures_anciennes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="4015" /></a><figcaption>Table of the measuring units used in the 17th century at <a href="/wiki/Pernes-les-Fontaines" title="Pernes-les-Fontaines">Pernes-les-Fontaines</a> in the covered market at <a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">region</a> of southeastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> has a unique history of <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">units of measurement</a> due to its radical decision to invent and adopt the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> after the French Revolution. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a> and until 1795, France used a system of measures that had many of the characteristics of the modern <a href="/wiki/Imperial_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial System">Imperial System</a> of units but with no unified system. There was widespread abuse of the king's standards, to the extent that the <i>lieue</i> could vary from 3.268 km in <a href="/wiki/Beauce,_France" title="Beauce, France">Beauce</a> to 5.849 km in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>. During the revolutionary era and motivated in part by the inhomogeneity of the old system, France switched to the first version of the metric system. This system was not well received by the public, and between 1812 and 1837, the country used the <i><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">mesures usuelles</a></i> – traditional names were restored, but the corresponding quantities were based on metric units: for example, the <i>livre</i> (pound) became exactly 500 g. After 1837, the metric system was reintroduced and progressively became the only system of use, with other units now in only residual use. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancien_régime_(to_1795)"><span id="Ancien_r.C3.A9gime_.28to_1795.29"></span>Ancien régime (to 1795)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancien régime (to 1795)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_French_units_of_measurement" title="Traditional French units of measurement">Traditional French units of measurement</a></div> <p>In the pre-revolutionary era (before 1795), France used a system of measures that had many of the characteristics of the modern <a href="/wiki/Imperial_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial System">Imperial System</a> of units, but there was no unified system of measurement. Charlemagne and successive kings had tried but failed to impose a unified system of measurement in France.<sup id="cite_ref-histmet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histmet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In England, by contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> decreed that "there shall be one unit of measure throughout the realm.") </p><p>The names and relationships of many units of measure were adopted from Roman units of measure and many more were added – it has been estimated that there were seven or eight hundred different names for the various units of measure. In addition, the quantity associated with each unit of measure differed from town to town and even from trade to trade to such an extent that the <i>lieue</i> (<a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a>) could vary from 3.268 km in <a href="/wiki/Beauce,_France" title="Beauce, France">Beauce</a> to 5.849 km in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>. It has been estimated that, on the eve of the Revolution, a quarter of a million different units of measure were in use in France.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although certain standards, such as the <i>pied du roi</i> (the king's foot) had a degree of pre-eminence and were used by <a href="/wiki/Experts" class="mw-redirect" title="Experts">savants</a> across Europe, many traders chose to use their own measuring devices, giving scope for fraud and hindering commerce and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-histmet_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histmet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an example, the weights and measures used at <a href="/wiki/Pernes-les-Fontaines" title="Pernes-les-Fontaines">Pernes-les-Fontaines</a> in southeastern France differ from those catalogued later in this article as having been used in Paris. In many cases, the names are different, while the <i>livre</i> is shown as being 403 g, as opposed to 489 g – the value of the <i>livre du roi</i>. (The Imperial pound is about 453.6 g.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_France_(1795–1812)"><span id="Revolutionary_France_.281795.E2.80.931812.29"></span>Revolutionary France (1795–1812)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolutionary France (1795–1812)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horloge-republicaine4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Horloge-republicaine4.jpg/150px-Horloge-republicaine4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Horloge-republicaine4.jpg/225px-Horloge-republicaine4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Horloge-republicaine4.jpg/300px-Horloge-republicaine4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>A clock of the republican era showing both <a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">decimal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_time" title="Standard time">standard time</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. The forces of change that had been brewing manifested themselves across all of France, including the way in which units of measure should be defined. The savants of the day favored the use of a system of units that were inter-related and which used a decimal basis. </p><p>There was also a wish that the units of measure should be for all people and for all time and therefore not dependent on an artefact owned by any one particular nation. <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a>, at the prompting of the savant <a href="/wiki/Condorcet" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet">Condorcet</a>, approached the British and the Americans in the early 1790s with proposals of a joint effort to define the metre.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, these approaches came to nothing and France decided to "go it alone".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a> was introduced in the decree of 5 October 1793 under which the day was divided into 10 "decimal hours", the "hour" into 100 " decimal minutes" and the "decimal minute" into 100 "decimal seconds". The "decimal hour" corresponded to 2 hr 24 min, the "decimal minute" to 1.44 min and the "decimal second" to 0.864 s. </p><p>The implementation of decimal time proved an immense task and under the article 22 of the law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795), the use of decimal time was no longer mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1806, France reverted to the traditional timekeeping.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg/200px-Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg/300px-Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg/400px-Obs-Paris-meridienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>The Paris meridian, which passes through the <a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatoire de Paris">Observatoire de Paris</a>. The metre was defined along this meridian using a survey that stretched from <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The metric system of measure was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutionary</a> government. Article 5 of the law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure. The units and their preliminary values were:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a>, for length – defined as being one ten millionth of the distance between the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> through <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">are</a> (100 m<sup>2</sup>) for area [of land]</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Stère">stère</a> (1 m<sup>3</sup>) for volume of firewood</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> (1 dm<sup>3</sup>) for volumes of liquid</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>, for mass – defined as being the mass of one cubic centimetre of water</li></ul> <p>Decimal multiples and submultiples of these units would be defined by Greek <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">prefixes</a> - "myria", "kilo", "hecta" (100), "deka" - and Latin prefixes - "deci", "centi" and "milli". Using <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassini_de_Thury" title="César-François Cassini de Thury">Cassini's</a> survey of 1744, a provisional value of 443.44 <i>lignes</i> was assigned to the metre which, in turn, defined the other units of measure.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final value of the metre had to wait until 1799, when <a href="/wiki/Delambre" class="mw-redirect" title="Delambre">Delambre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechain" title="Mechain">Mechain</a> presented the results of their <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metre" title="History of the metre">survey between Dunkirk and Barcelona</a> that fixed the length of the metre at 443.296 <i>lignes</i>. The law 19 Frimaire An VIII (10 December 1799) defined the metre in terms of this value and the kilogram as being 18,827.15 <i>grains</i>. These definitions enabled the construction of reference copies of the kilogram and metre, which were to be used as standards for the next 90 years. </p><p>At the same time, a new decimal-based system for <a href="/wiki/Angular_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular measurement">angular measurement</a> was implemented. The right angle was divided into 100 <a href="/wiki/Grad_(angle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad (angle)"><i>grads</i></a>, which in turn was divided in 100 <i>centigrads</i>. An arc on the earth’s surface formed by an angle of one <i>centigrad</i> was one kilometre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesures_usuelles_(1812–1839)"><span id="Mesures_usuelles_.281812.E2.80.931839.29"></span><i>Mesures usuelles</i> (1812–1839)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mesures usuelles (1812–1839)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_Groot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Napoleon_Groot.jpg/150px-Napoleon_Groot.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Napoleon_Groot.jpg/225px-Napoleon_Groot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Napoleon_Groot.jpg/300px-Napoleon_Groot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Mesures usuelles</i> were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</a> in 1812</figcaption></figure> <p>The metric system was introduced into France in 1795 on a district by district basis, starting with Paris. However, the introduction was by modern standards poorly managed. Although thousands of pamphlets were distributed, the Agency of Weights and Measures, which oversaw the introduction, underestimated the work involved. Paris alone needed 500,000 metre sticks, yet one month after the metre became the sole legal unit of measure, there were only 25,000 in store.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, combined with other excesses of the Revolution made the metric system unpopular. </p><p>Napoleon ridiculed the metric system, but as an able administrator, he recognized the value of a sound basis for a uniform system of measurement. Under the <i>décret impérial du 12 février 1812</i> (imperial decree of 12 February 1812), he introduced a revised system of measure – the <i>mesures uselles</i> or "customary measures" for use in small retail businesses. However, all government, legal and similar works still had to use the metric system and the metric system continued to be taught at all levels of education.<sup id="cite_ref-Fevier_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fevier-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pre-metric units were reintroduced, with their old relations to each other, but were redefined in terms of metric units. Thus the <i>aune</i> was defined as 120 centimetres and the <i>toise</i> (fathom) as being two metres, with as before six <i>pied</i> (feet) making up one <i>toise</i>, twelve <i>pouce</i> (inches) making up one <i>pied</i> and twelve <i>lignes</i> making up one <i>pouce</i>. Likewise, for mass and weight, the <i>livre</i> (pound) was defined as being 500 g, each <i>livre</i> comprising sixteen <i>once</i> and each <i>once</i> eight <i>gros</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-H&H_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&H-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_metric_system_restored_(1840–1875)"><span id="The_metric_system_restored_.281840.E2.80.931875.29"></span>The metric system restored (1840–1875)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The metric system restored (1840–1875)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>La loi du 4 juillet 1837</i> (the law of 4 July 1837) of the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> effectively revoked the use of <i>mesures usuelles</i> by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-histmet_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histmet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many units of measure, such as the <i>livre</i>, remained in colloquial use for many years and the <i>livre</i> still does to some extent. </p><p>When this legislation was introduced, the metric system was beginning to take hold across Europe. <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and the German state of <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> had both defined their <i>Fuß</i> (foot) as being 300 mm and the German state of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hessen-Darmstadt</a> has defined its <i>Fuß</i> as being 250 mm. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> had all adopted the metric system, albeit with local names for the "metre", "kilogram" and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metric system was given a boost when the German <i><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i> (Customs Union) introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Zollpfund" title="Zollpfund">Zollpfund</a></i> of 500 g in 1850. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> of 1851 in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was followed by international exhibitions in Paris in <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">1855</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)" title="Exposition Universelle (1867)">1867</a>. The 1867 exhibition had a stand showing how the diverse units of measure were converging onto the metric system – a system that had been developed in France and whose standards were in the custody of the French government, but available for world use.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa1842_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa1842-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870, while France was preparing to host an international conference to discuss international cooperation in the sphere of units of measurement, the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">war</a> broke out. France was humiliated by Prussia's military action, but in 1872 France seized the diplomatic initiative and re-issued the invitations for the 1870 conference. The conference met in 1875 and concluded with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of the Metre">Treaty of the Metre</a>. The principal agreements under the treaty were:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A three-tier organization would be put into place to provide political (<a href="/wiki/CGPM" class="mw-redirect" title="CGPM">CGPM</a>), scientific (<a href="/wiki/CIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="CIPM">CIPM</a>) and secretarial (<a href="/wiki/BIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="BIPM">BIPM</a>) support for coordinating calibrations of national standards against an international standard.</li> <li>One of the eighteen seats on the CIPM would always be filled by a Frenchman.</li> <li>France would provide premises for the secretariat. These premises, at the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Breteuil" title="Pavillon de Breteuil">Pavillon de Breteuil</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> would have a diplomatic status.</li> <li>New prototypes of the kilogram and metre would be manufactured. These were ultimately made in England and delivered in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Thus the French metre and kilogram passed into international control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_era_(1875_onwards)"><span id="International_era_.281875_onwards.29"></span>International era (1875 onwards)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International era (1875 onwards)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early part of the twentieth century, the French introduced their own units of <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> – the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Poncelet" title="Poncelet">poncelet</a></i></span>, which was defined as being the power required to raise a mass of 100 kg against <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a> with a velocity of 1 m/s, giving a value of 980.665 W.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many other European countries defined their units of power (the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pferdestärke</i></span> in Germany, the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">paardekracht</i></span> in the Netherlands and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cavallo vapore</i></span> in Italy) using 75 kg rather than 100 kg, which gave a value of 735.49875 W (about 0.985 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">HP</a>). Eventually, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">poncelet</i></span> was replaced with the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cheval vapeur</i></span>, which was identical to equivalent units of measure in neighboring countries. In 1977, these units, along with the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">stère</i></span> and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre</i></span> (and amongst others, the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfund</i></span>) were proscribed by <a href="/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">EEC Directive 71/354/EEC</a> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which required <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a> to standardize on the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) and therefore to use the watt and its multiples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansus" title="Mansus">Mansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">Réaumur scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement_in_France_before_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution">Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-histmet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histmet_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histmet_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histmet_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metrologie-francaise.lne.fr/en/metrology/history-units">"History of measurement"</a>. Métrologie française<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+measurement&rft.pub=M%C3%A9trologie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetrologie-francaise.lne.fr%2Fen%2Fmetrology%2Fhistory-units&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2002" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Ken (2002). <i>The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey That Transformed the World</i>. Nepal: Jay Prajapatri. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0349115079" title="Special:BookSources/0349115079"><bdi>0349115079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Measure+of+All+Things%3A+The+Seven-Year+Odyssey+That+Transformed+the+World&rft.place=Nepal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Jay+Prajapatri&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0349115079&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF@NatGeoUK2020" class="citation web cs1">@NatGeoUK (2020-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/09/the-french-revolution-not-only-toppled-a-king-and-spurred-the">"The French Revolution not only toppled a king and spurred The Terror —it also forged the metric system"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+French+Revolution+not+only+toppled+a+king+and+spurred+The+Terror+%E2%80%94it+also+forged+the+metric+system&rft.date=2020-09-11&rft.au=%40NatGeoUK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fhistory-and-civilisation%2F2020%2F09%2Fthe-french-revolution-not-only-toppled-a-king-and-spurred-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler" class="citation book cs1">Adler. pp. <span class="nowrap">88–</span>96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.au=Adler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm">"Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures. 18 germinal an 3 (7 avril 1795)"</a>. <i>Le systeme metrique decimal</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+systeme+metrique+decimal&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9cret+relatif+aux+poids+et+aux+mesures.+18+germinal+an+3+%287+avril+1795%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmdsi.quartier-rural.org%2Fhistoire%2F18germ_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antique-horology.org/_Editorial/RepublicanCalendar/default.htm">"Dials & Symbols of the French revolution. The Republican Calendar and Decimal time"</a>. The Horological Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dials+%26+Symbols+of+the+French+revolution.+The+Republican+Calendar+and+Decimal+time.&rft.pub=The+Horological+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antique-horology.org%2F_Editorial%2FRepublicanCalendar%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviatechno.free.fr/unites/nouveausys.php">"La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 (The law of 18 Germanial year 3) " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) – Forum des Anciens<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+loi+du+18+Germinal+an+3+%28The+law+of+18+Germanial+year+3%29+%22+la+mesure+%5Br%C3%A9publicaine%5D+de+superficie+pour+les+terrains%2C+%C3%A9gale+%C3%A0+un+carr%C3%A9+de+dix+m%C3%A8tres+de+c%C3%B4t%C3%A9+%22&rft.pub=Le+CIV+%28Centre+d%27Instruction+de+Vilg%C3%A9nis%29+%E2%80%93+Forum+des+Anciens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviatechno.free.fr%2Funites%2Fnouveausys.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler" class="citation book cs1">Adler. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=106&rft.au=Adler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler" class="citation book cs1">Adler. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=269&rft.au=Adler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fevier-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fevier_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Février" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Denis Février. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/metro/aquoisert/metre.htm">"Un historique du mètre"</a> (in French). Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+historique+du+m%C3%A8tre&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Economie%2C+des+Finances+et+de+l%27Industrie&rft.au=Denis+F%C3%A9vrier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industrie.gouv.fr%2Fmetro%2Faquoisert%2Fmetre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H&H-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H&H_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallockWade1906" class="citation web cs1">Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/outlinesofevolut00halluoft/outlinesofevolut00halluoft_djvu.txt">"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system"</a>. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+the+evolution+of+weights+and+measures+and+the+metric+system&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hallock&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Wade%2C+Herbert+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Foutlinesofevolut00halluoft%2Foutlinesofevolut00halluoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler" class="citation book cs1">Adler. pp. <span class="nowrap">349–</span>357.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E357&rft.au=Adler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa1842-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Europa1842_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Appell2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolfgang Appell (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.fonline.de/fo0126/geschichte/groessen/mas1.htm"><i>Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842</i></a> [<i>Official units of measure in Europe 1842</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7686-1036-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7686-1036-5"><bdi>3-7686-1036-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-10</span></span>Website based on <i>Alte Meß und Währungssysteme aus dem deutschen Sprachgebiet</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amtliche+Ma%C3%9Feinheiten+in+Europa+1842&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-7686-1036-5&rft.au=Wolfgang+Appell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.fonline.de%2Ffo0126%2Fgeschichte%2Fgroessen%2Fmas1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/convention/">"The Metre Convention"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Metre+Convention&rft.pub=Bureau+international+des+poids+et+mesures%2FInternational+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures+%28BIPM%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fconvention%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFJ_Smith1973" class="citation journal cs1">FJ Smith (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609194754/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v17-i2-066-068.pdf">"Standard Kilogram Weights: A Story of Precision Fabrication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Platinum Metals Review</i>. <b>17</b> (2). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Standard+Kilogram+Weights%3A+A+Story+of+Precision+Fabrication&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1973&rft.au=FJ+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fpdf%2Fpmr-v17-i2-066-068.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/poncelet">"poncelet (physics)"</a>. The Free Dictionary by Farlex<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=poncelet+%28physics%29&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary+by+Farlex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2Fponcelet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiery_Thomasset,_Universitié_de_Technology,_Compiègne2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thiery Thomasset, Universitié de Technology, Compiègne (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165934/http://www.utc.fr/~tthomass/Themes/Unites/Hommes/pon/Poncelet.pdf">"Jean Victor Poncelet (1788-1867)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tout sur les unités de mesure</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utc.fr/~tthomass/Themes/Unites/Hommes/pon/Poncelet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tout+sur+les+unit%C3%A9s+de+mesure&rft.atitle=Jean+Victor+Poncelet+%281788-1867%29&rft.date=2010-12&rft.au=Thiery+Thomasset%2C+Universiti%C3%A9+de+Technology%2C+Compi%C3%A8gne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utc.fr%2F~tthomass%2FThemes%2FUnites%2FHommes%2Fpon%2FPoncelet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Notice.do?mode=dbl&lang=en&lng1=en,nl&lng2=da,de,el,en,es,fr,it,nl,pt,&val=22924:cs&page=1&hwords=">"Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of laws of the member states relating to units of measurement, (71/354/EEC)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+Directive+of+18+October+1971+on+the+approximation+of+laws+of+the+member+states+relating+to+units+of+measurement%2C+%2871%2F354%2FEEC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FNotice.do%3Fmode%3Ddbl%26lang%3Den%26lng1%3Den%2Cnl%26lng2%3Dda%2Cde%2Cel%2Cen%2Ces%2Cfr%2Cit%2Cnl%2Cpt%2C%26val%3D22924%3Acs%26page%3D1%26hwords%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template talk:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_of_measurement98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">UK imperial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary units (USCS/USC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Apothecaries'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_electrical_unit" title="Conventional electrical unit">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrized_unit_system" title="Geometrized unit system">Geometrised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units" title="Heaviside–Lorentz units">Heaviside–Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_units#Quantum_chromodynamics_units" title="Natural units">Quantum chromodynamical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_units" title="Stoney units">Stoney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system" title="Outline of the metric system">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">UK/US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second</a> (FPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MKS_system_of_units" class="mw-redirect" title="MKS system of units">metre–kilogram–second</a> (MKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre%E2%80%93tonne%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Metre–tonne–second system of units">metre–tonne–second</a> (MTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">centimetre–gram–second</a> (CGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_metric_system" title="Gravitational metric system">gravitational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish_units_of_measurement" title="Old Cornish units of measurement">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_units_of_measurement" title="Cypriot units of measurement">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_units_of_measurement" title="Czech units of measurement">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement" title="Dutch units of measurement">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_units_of_measurement" title="Estonian units of measurement">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Finnish_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Finnish units of measurement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_French_units_of_measurement" title="Traditional French units of measurement">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_German_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete German units of measurement">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_units_of_measurement" title="Hungarian units of measurement">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_units_of_measurement" title="Icelandic units of measurement">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish units of measurement">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_units_of_measurement" title="Italian units of measurement">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_units_of_measurement" title="Latvian units of measurement">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian units of measurement">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_units_of_measurement" title="Maltese units of measurement">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement" title="Norwegian units of measurement">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_units_of_measurement" title="Polish units of measurement">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_units_of_measurement" title="Portuguese units of measurement">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_units_of_measurement" title="Romanian units of measurement">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Russian units of measurement">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_units" title="Scottish units">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Serbian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Serbian units of measurement">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_units_of_measurement" title="Slovak units of measurement">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_units_of_measurement" title="Spanish units of measurement">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_units_of_measurement" title="Swiss units of measurement">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_units" title="Welsh units">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_units_of_measurement" title="Afghan units of measurement">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_units_of_measurement" title="Cambodian units of measurement">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_units_of_measurement" title="Indonesian units of measurement">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_units_of_measurement" title="Korean units of measurement">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_units" title="Mongolian units">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_customary_units_of_measurement" title="Nepalese customary units of measurement">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_units_of_measurement" title="Omani units of measurement">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_Pakistan" title="History of measurement systems in Pakistan">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_units_of_measurement" title="Philippine units of measurement">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abucco" title="Abucco">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_units_of_measurement" title="Singaporean units of measurement">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_units_of_measurement" title="Sri Lankan units of measurement">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_units_of_measurement" title="Syrian units of measurement">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Tatar_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Tatar units of measurement">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_units_of_measurement" title="Algerian units of measurement">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_units_of_measurement" title="Ethiopian units of measurement">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_units_of_measurement" title="Eritrean units of measurement">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_units_of_measurement" title="Guinean units of measurement">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_units_of_measurement" title="Libyan units of measurement">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_units_of_measurement" title="Malagasy units of measurement">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_units_of_measurement" title="Mauritian units of measurement">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_units_of_measurement" title="Moroccan units of measurement">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_units_of_measurement" title="Seychellois units of measurement">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_units_of_measurement" title="Somali units of measurement">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_units_of_measurement" title="South African units of measurement">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_units_of_measurement" title="Tunisian units of measurement">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_units_of_measurement" title="Tanzanian units of measurement">Tanzanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Costa Rican units of measurement">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_units_of_measurement" title="Cuban units of measurement">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_units_of_measurement" title="Haitian units of measurement">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_units_of_measurement" title="Honduran units of measurement">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_units_of_measurement" title="Mexican units of measurement">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_units_of_measurement" title="Nicaraguan units of measurement">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Puerto Rican units of measurement">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_units_of_measurement" title="Argentine units of measurement">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_units_of_measurement" title="Bolivian units of measurement">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_units_of_measurement" title="Chilean units of measurement">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_units_of_measurement" title="Colombian units of measurement">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Paraguayan units of measurement">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_units_of_measurement" title="Peruvian units of measurement">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Uruguayan units of measurement">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_units_of_measurement" title="Venezuelan units of measurement">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Arabic units of measurement">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement" title="Persian units of measurement">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement" title="List of humorous units of measurement">Humorous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="List of obsolete units of measurement">Obsolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement" title="List of unusual units of measurement">Unusual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_scale" title="Absolute scale">Absolute scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-body_units" title="N-body units">N-body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor">Modulor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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