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id="toc-History_and_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_the_metre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_the_metre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relation to the metre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_the_metre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_the_SI_system_of_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_the_SI_system_of_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relation to the SI system of units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_the_SI_system_of_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gradian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desimale_graad" title="Desimale graad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Desimale graad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="غراد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غراد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_centesimal" title="Grau centesimal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grau centesimal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8A%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB)" title="Град (ъгъл) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Град (ъгъл)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_centesimal" title="Grau centesimal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grau centesimal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nygrad" title="Nygrad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nygrad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon" title="Gon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCmnendkraad" title="Kümnendkraad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kümnendkraad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Βαθμός (γεωμετρία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαθμός (γεωμετρία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_centesimal" title="Grado centesimal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grado centesimal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduso" title="Graduso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Graduso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradu_ehundar" title="Gradu ehundar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gradu ehundar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="گراد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(angle)" title="Grade (angle) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grade (angle)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grao_centesimal" title="Grao centesimal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grao centesimal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_(%EA%B0%81%EB%8F%84)" title="그레이드 (각도) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이드 (각도)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_(kut)" title="Grad (kut) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grad (kut)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDgr%C3%A1%C3%B0a" title="Nýgráða – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýgráða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_centesimale" title="Grado centesimale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grado centesimale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="גראד (זווית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גראד (זווית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradi" title="Gradi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gradi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradi%C3%A1n" title="Gradián – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gradián" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Градус (агол) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Градус (агол)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon_(hoek)" title="Gon (hoek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gon (hoek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रेडियन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रेडियन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)" title="グラード (単位) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラード (単位)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon" title="Gon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon" title="Gon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_(k%C4%85t)" title="Grad (kąt) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grad (kąt)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_(%C3%A2ngulo)" title="Grado (ângulo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grado (ângulo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_centezimal" title="Grad centezimal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grad centezimal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Град (геометрия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Град (геометрия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_(uhol)" title="Grad (uhol) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grad (uhol)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_(enota)" title="Grad (enota) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grad (enota)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Град (математика) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Град (математика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooni" title="Gooni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gooni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon" title="Gon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரேடியன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரேடியன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94" title="แกร็ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกร็ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0)" title="Град (ҳандаса) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Град (ҳандаса)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Град (одиниця вимірювання) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Град (одиниця вимірювання)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C)" title="גראד (ווינקל) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גראד (ווינקל)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grad_(angle)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad (angle)">Grad (angle)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of measurement of an angle, equal to 1/400th of a circle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grade (angle)" redirects here. For the grade of an inclined surface, see <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gon (angle)" redirects here. For n-gon, see <a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">Regular polygon</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">Gradient</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">gon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Boussole_en_grades_table_conversion_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boussole_en_grades_table_conversion_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Boussole_en_grades_table_conversion_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boussole_en_grades_table_conversion_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Boussole_en_grades_table_conversion_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boussole_en_grades_table_conversion_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Boussole_en_grades_table_conversion_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1013" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a> graded with 400 gon</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">Angle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">gon, ᵍ, grad</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 gon <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Turn_(angle)" title="Turn (angle)">turns</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">400</span></span>⁠</span> turn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radians</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">200</span></span>⁠</span> rad <br />≈ 0.0157... rad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">milliradians</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>5<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> mrad <br />≈ 15.71... mrad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">9</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">10</span></span>⁠</span>°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minutes of arc</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>54′</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>, the <b>gradian</b> – also known as the <b>gon</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γωνία">γωνία</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>gōnía</i></span>)</i> 'angle'), <b>grad</b>, or <b>grade</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – is a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">unit of measurement</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a>, defined as one-hundredth of the <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angle</a>; in other words, 100 gradians is equal to 90 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-handbookOfMath_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookOfMath-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is equivalent to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">400</span></span>⁠</span> of a <a href="/wiki/Turn_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn (geometry)">turn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">9</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">10</span></span>⁠</span> of a <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree</a>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">200</span></span>⁠</span> of a <a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radian</a>. Measuring angles in gradians (gons) is said to employ the <i>centesimal</i> system of angular measurement, initiated as part of <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">metrication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decimalisation" title="Decimalisation">decimalisation</a> efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Balzer_1946_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balzer_1946-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorini_2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorini_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In continental <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the French word <i><b>centigrade</b></i>, also known as <i>centesimal minute of arc</i>, was in use for one hundredth of a grade; similarly, the <i>centesimal second of arc</i> was defined as one hundredth of a centesimal arc-minute, analogous to <a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">decimal time</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexagesimal degrees">sexagesimal</a> <a href="/wiki/Minutes_and_seconds_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minutes and seconds of arc">minutes and seconds of arc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_2012_p._114_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein_2012_p._114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chance of confusion was one reason for the adoption of the term <i><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a></i> to replace <i>centigrade</i> as the name of the temperature scale.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradians (Gons) are principally used in <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> (especially in Europe),<sup id="cite_ref-Kahmen_and_Faig_2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahmen_and_Faig_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sroka_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sroka-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunzburger_et_al._2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunzburger_et_al._2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_and_Kühn_2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_and_Kühn_2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gon (gradian) is a legally recognised unit of measurement in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-EU_units_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_units-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Switzerland_units_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switzerland_units-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this unit is not part of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI).<sup id="cite_ref-SI_Brochure_9th_ed_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Brochure_9th_ed-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EU_units_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_units-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_name">History and name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unit originated in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in connection with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grade</i></span>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, hence it is occasionally referred to as a <i>metric degree</i>. Due to confusion with the existing term <i>grad(e)</i> in some northern European countries (meaning a standard degree, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">360</span></span>⁠</span> of a turn), the name <i>gon</i> was later adopted, first in those regions, and later as the international standard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> In France, it was also called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grade nouveau</i></span>. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the unit was formerly also called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neugrad</i></span> (new degree) (whereas the standard degree was referred to as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Altgrad</i></span> (old degree)), likewise <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">nygrad</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> (also <i>gradian</i>), and <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">nýgráða</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>. </p><p>Although attempts at a general introduction were made, the unit was only adopted in some countries, and for specialised areas such as <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kahmen_and_Faig_2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahmen_and_Faig_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sroka_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sroka-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunzburger_et_al._2004_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunzburger_et_al._2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_and_Kühn_2007_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_and_Kühn_2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the degree, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">360</span></span>⁠</span> of a <a href="/wiki/Turn_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn (geometry)">turn</a>, or the mathematically more convenient <a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radian</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span></span>⁠</span> of a turn (used in the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> system of units) is generally used instead. </p><p>In the <span class="nowrap">1970s –</span>1990s, most <a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">scientific calculators</a> offered the gon (gradian), as well as radians and degrees, for their <a href="/wiki/Trigonometric_functions" title="Trigonometric functions">trigonometric functions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, some scientific calculators lack support for gradians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbol">Symbol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #ccc; font-size: 500%; line-height:1.3; font-weight:normal; font-family:'times new roman', times, georgia, serif, sans-serif;">◌ᵍ</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;"><div style="background: #ccc; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.1em 0.25em 0.2em; line-height: 1.2em;">Gon</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+1D4D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᵍ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter" title="Modifier letter">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL G</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;">Related</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See also</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00B0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">°</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Degree_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree sign">DEGREE SIGN</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The international standard symbol for this unit is "gon" (see <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a>, Annex B).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="ISO 31-1 has been superseded twice, so this information may be obsolete. (December 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Other symbols used in the past include "gr", "grd", and "g", the last sometimes written as a superscript, similarly to a degree sign: 50<sup>g</sup> = 45°. A <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">metric prefix</a> is sometimes used, as in "dgon", "cgon", "mgon", denoting respectively 0.1 gon, 0.01 gon, 0.001 gon. Centesimal arc-minutes and centesimal arc-seconds were also denoted with superscripts <sup>c</sup> and <sup>cc</sup>, respectively. </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <caption>SI multiples of gon (gon) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Submultiples </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Multiples </th></tr> <tr style="background:#d4d4d4;"> <th scope="col">Value </th> <th scope="col">SI symbol </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Value </th> <th scope="col">SI symbol </th> <th scope="col">Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−1</sup> gon </td> <td>dgon </td> <td>decigon </td> <td>10<sup>1</sup> gon </td> <td>dagon </td> <td>decagon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−2</sup> gon </td> <td>cgon </td> <td>centigon </td> <td>10<sup>2</sup> gon </td> <td>hgon </td> <td>hectogon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−3</sup> gon </td> <td>mgon </td> <td>milligon </td> <td>10<sup>3</sup> gon </td> <td>kgon </td> <td>kilogon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−6</sup> gon </td> <td>μgon </td> <td>microgon </td> <td>10<sup>6</sup> gon </td> <td>Mgon </td> <td>megagon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−9</sup> gon </td> <td>ngon </td> <td>nanogon </td> <td>10<sup>9</sup> gon </td> <td>Ggon </td> <td>gigagon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−12</sup> gon </td> <td>pgon </td> <td>picogon </td> <td>10<sup>12</sup> gon </td> <td>Tgon </td> <td>teragon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−15</sup> gon </td> <td>fgon </td> <td>femtogon </td> <td>10<sup>15</sup> gon </td> <td>Pgon </td> <td>petagon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−18</sup> gon </td> <td>agon </td> <td>attogon </td> <td>10<sup>18</sup> gon </td> <td>Egon </td> <td>exagon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−21</sup> gon </td> <td>zgon </td> <td>zeptogon </td> <td>10<sup>21</sup> gon </td> <td>Zgon </td> <td>zettagon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−24</sup> gon </td> <td>ygon </td> <td>yoctogon </td> <td>10<sup>24</sup> gon </td> <td>Ygon </td> <td>yottagon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−27</sup> gon </td> <td>rgon </td> <td>rontogon </td> <td>10<sup>27</sup> gon </td> <td>Rgon </td> <td>ronnagon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup>−30</sup> gon </td> <td>qgon </td> <td>quectogon </td> <td>10<sup>30</sup> gon </td> <td>Qgon </td> <td>quettagon </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each quadrant is assigned a range of 100 gon, which eases recognition of the four quadrants, as well as arithmetic involving perpendicular or opposite angles. </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">0°</td> <td align="center">=</td> <td align="right">0 gradians </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">90°</td> <td align="center">=</td> <td align="right">100 gradians </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">180°</td> <td align="center">=</td> <td align="right">200 gradians </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">270°</td> <td align="center">=</td> <td align="right">300 gradians </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">360°</td> <td align="center">=</td> <td align="right">400 gradians </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>One advantage of this unit is that right angles to a given angle are easily determined. If one is sighting down a compass course of 117 gon, the direction to one's left is 17 gon, to one's right 217 gon, and behind one 317 gon. A disadvantage is that the common angles of 30° and 60° in geometry must be expressed in fractions (as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> gon and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠66<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> gon respectively). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion">Conversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Conversion of common angles </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Turn_(angle)" title="Turn (angle)">Turns</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">Radians</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">Degrees</a> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gradians</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 turn </td> <td>0 rad </td> <td>0° </td> <td>0<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">72</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">36</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">72</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>5° </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">9</span></span>⁠</span><sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">24</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">24</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>15° </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span><sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>22.5° </td> <td>25<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">6</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>30° </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠33<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span><sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">10</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">10</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>36° </td> <td>40<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>45° </td> <td>50<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> or 𝜏</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td>1 rad </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="approximately">approx.</span> 57.3° </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="approximately">approx.</span> 63.7<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">6</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">6</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>60° </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠66<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span><sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> or 𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>72° </td> <td>80<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>90° </td> <td>100<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> or 𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>120° </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠133<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span><sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> or 2𝜏 or α</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>144° </td> <td>160<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>180° </td> <td>200<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span> turn </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> or ρ</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3𝜏</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span> rad </td> <td>270° </td> <td>300<sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 turn </td> <td>𝜏 or 2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span> rad </td> <td>360° </td> <td>400<sup>g</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_the_metre">Relation to the metre <span class="anchor" id="Metre"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relation to the metre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metre#Meridional_definition" title="History of the metre">History of the metre § Meridional definition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arc_length#Great_circles_on_Earth" title="Arc length">Arc length § Great circles on Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile#Similar_definitions" title="Nautical mile">Nautical mile § Similar definitions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilometre_definition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kilometre_definition.svg/220px-Kilometre_definition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kilometre_definition.svg/330px-Kilometre_definition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kilometre_definition.svg/440px-Kilometre_definition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>An early definition of the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> was one ten-millionth of the distance from the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, measured along a <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> through <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> was defined as the 10-millionth part of a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter meridian">quarter meridian</a>. Thus, 1 gon corresponds to an <a href="/wiki/Arc_length" title="Arc length">arc length</a> along the Earth's surface of approximately 100 kilometres; 1 centigon to 1 kilometre; 10 microgons to 1 metre.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The <a href="/wiki/Metre#History_of_definition" title="Metre">metre has been redefined</a> with increasing precision since then.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_the_SI_system_of_units">Relation to the SI system of units <span class="anchor" id="SI"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relation to the SI system of units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The gradian is <i>not</i> part of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI). The EU directive on the units of measurement<sup id="cite_ref-EU_units_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_units-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> notes that the gradian "does not appear in the lists drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">CGPM</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures#CIPM" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">CIPM</a> or <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">BIPM</a>." The most recent, 9th edition of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units#SI_Brochure" title="International System of Units">SI Brochure</a> does not mention the gradian at all.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_Brochure_9th_ed_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Brochure_9th_ed-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous edition mentioned it only in the following footnote:<sup id="cite_ref-SI_Brochure_8th_ed_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Brochure_8th_ed-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The gon (or grad, where grad is an alternative name for the gon) is an alternative unit of plane angle to the degree, defined as (π/200) rad. Thus there are 100 gon in a right angle. The potential value of the gon in navigation is that because the distance from the pole to the equator of the Earth is approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> km</span>, 1 km on the surface of the Earth subtends an angle of one centigon at the centre of the Earth. However the gon is rarely used.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_frequency" title="Angular frequency">Angular frequency</a> – Rate of change of angle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">Milliradian</a> – Angular measurement, thousandth of a radian (primarily military use)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_analysis" title="Harmonic analysis">Harmonic analysis</a> – Study of superpositions in mathematics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Borda" title="Jean-Charles de Borda">Jean-Charles de Borda</a> – French scientist and Navy officer (1733–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_circle" title="Repeating circle">Repeating circle</a> – Type of angular measurement instrument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_(rational_trigonometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread (rational trigonometry)">Spread (rational trigonometry)</a> – 2005 book reformulating plane geometry<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steradian" title="Steradian">Steradian</a> – SI derived unit of solid angle (the "square radian")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On rare occasions, <i>centesimal</i> refers to the division of the full angle (360°) into hundred parts. One example is the description of the gradations on <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a>'s torsion balance in a history of physics book from 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-Cajori_1899_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cajori_1899-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gradations were in one-hundredths of a full revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohm_1826_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohm_1826-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keithley_1999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keithley_1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Gradian.html">"Gradian"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Gradian&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FGradian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbookOfMath-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-handbookOfMath_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisStocker1998" class="citation book cs1">Harris, J. W.; Stocker, H. (1998). <i>Handbook of Mathematics and Computational Science</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Mathematics+and+Computational+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=Stocker%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417071705/https://www.nist.gov/pml/nist-guide-si-appendix-b9-factors-units-listed-kind-quantity-or-field-science">"NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix B.9: Factors for units listed by kind of quantity or field of science"</a>. <i>nist.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nist.gov/pml/nist-guide-si-appendix-b9-factors-units-listed-kind-quantity-or-field-science#ANGLE">the original</a> on 2017-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nist.gov&rft.atitle=NIST+Guide+to+the+SI%2C+Appendix+B.9%3A+Factors+for+units+listed+by+kind+of+quantity+or+field+of+science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnist.gov%2Fpml%2Fnist-guide-si-appendix-b9-factors-units-listed-kind-quantity-or-field-science%23ANGLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Bouron2005" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Bouron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415034329/http://webdav-noauth.unit-c.fr/files/perso/pbarbier/cours_unit/Elements_de_base_de_la_cartographie.pdf"><i>Cartographie: Lecture de Carte</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institut Géographique National. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdav-noauth.unit-c.fr/files/perso/pbarbier/cours_unit/Elements_de_base_de_la_cartographie.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartographie%3A+Lecture+de+Carte&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Institut+G%C3%A9ographique+National&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Patrick+Bouron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebdav-noauth.unit-c.fr%2Ffiles%2Fperso%2Fpbarbier%2Fcours_unit%2FElements_de_base_de_la_cartographie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/Gradian">"Gradian"</a>. <i>Art of Problem Solving</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+of+Problem+Solving&rft.atitle=Gradian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartofproblemsolving.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FGradian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balzer_1946-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balzer_1946_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalzer1946" class="citation book cs1">Balzer, Fritz (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IxG7M9Yw0UC&q=centesimal&pg=PP9"><i>Five Place Natural Sine and Tangent Functions in the Centesimal System</i></a>. Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Place+Natural+Sine+and+Tangent+Functions+in+the+Centesimal+System&rft.pub=Army+Map+Service%2C+Corps+of+Engineers%2C+U.S.+Army.&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Balzer&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2IxG7M9Yw0UC%26q%3Dcentesimal%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1995" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Edward G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2gB7w9XlNJAC&q=centesimal&pg=PA80">"6. Angle Measurement: Transits and Theodolites"</a>. In Minnick, Roy; Brinker, Russell Charles (eds.). <i>The surveying handbook</i> (2nd ed.). Chapman & Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041298511X" title="Special:BookSources/041298511X"><bdi>041298511X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Angle+Measurement%3A+Transits+and+Theodolites&rft.btitle=The+surveying+handbook&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=041298511X&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2gB7w9XlNJAC%26q%3Dcentesimal%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorini_2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorini_2003_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorini2003" class="citation book cs1">Gorini, Catherine A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlYCcvgLJxYC"><i>The Facts on File Geometry Handbook</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlYCcvgLJxYC&q=centesimal&pg=PA22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0957-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0957-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0957-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Geometry+Handbook&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0957-2&rft.aulast=Gorini&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlYCcvgLJxYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cajori_1899-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cajori_1899_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCajori1899" class="citation book cs1">Cajori, Florian (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y5KAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22history%22%20centesimal%20angle&pg=PA229"><i>A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781548494957" title="Special:BookSources/9781548494957"><bdi>9781548494957</bdi></a>. <q>The angle through which the torsion-head must be deflected was measured in centesimal divisions of the circle</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Physics+in+Its+Elementary+Branches%3A+Including+the+Evolution+of+Physical+Laboratories&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=9781548494957&rft.aulast=Cajori&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Y5KAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522history%2522%2520centesimal%2520angle%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohm_1826-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ohm_1826_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhm1826" class="citation journal cs1">Ohm, Georg Simon (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523161946/http://www2.ohm-hochschule.de/bib/textarchiv/Ohm.Bestimmung_des_Gesetzes.pdf">"Bestimmung des Gesetzes, nach welchem Metalle die Contactelektricität leiten, nebst einem Entwurfe zur Theorie des Voltaischen Apparates und des Schweiggerschen Multiplikators"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal für Chemie und Physik</i>. <b>46</b>: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>166. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohm-hochschule.de/bib/textarchiv/Ohm.Bestimmung_des_Gesetzes.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 May 2020. <q><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">wurde die Größe der Drehung oben an der Drehwage in Hunderttheilen einer ganzen Umdrehung abgelesen</i> (p. 147) [the amount of rotation at the top of the torsion balance was read in hundred parts of an entire revolution]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+Chemie+und+Physik&rft.atitle=Bestimmung+des+Gesetzes%2C+nach+welchem+Metalle+die+Contactelektricit%C3%A4t+leiten%2C+nebst+einem+Entwurfe+zur+Theorie+des+Voltaischen+Apparates+und+des+Schweiggerschen+Multiplikators&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Ohm&rft.aufirst=Georg+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohm-hochschule.de%2Fbib%2Ftextarchiv%2FOhm.Bestimmung_des_Gesetzes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keithley_1999-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keithley_1999_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeithley1999" class="citation book cs1">Keithley, Joseph F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=%22It+hung+on+a+ribbon+torsion+element+with+a+knob+on+top%2C+graduated+in+100+parts.%22"><i>The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-1193-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-1193-0"><bdi>978-0-7803-1193-0</bdi></a>. <q>It hung on a ribbon torsion element with a knob on top, graduated in 100 parts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Electrical+and+Magnetic+Measurements%3A+From+500+BC+to+the+1940s&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-1193-0&rft.aulast=Keithley&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26q%3D%2522It%2Bhung%2Bon%2Ba%2Bribbon%2Btorsion%2Belement%2Bwith%2Ba%2Bknob%2Bon%2Btop%252C%2Bgraduated%2Bin%2B100%2Bparts.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein_2012_p._114-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_2012_p._114_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2012" class="citation book cs1">Klein, H.A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrmuSiCFyikC&pg=PA114"><i>The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey</i></a>. Dover Books on Mathematics. Dover Publications. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14497-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14497-9"><bdi>978-0-486-14497-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Measurement%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.series=Dover+Books+on+Mathematics&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-486-14497-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCrmuSiCFyikC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrasier1974" class="citation cs2">Frasier, E. Lewis (February 1974), "Improving an imperfect metric system", <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>, <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>44, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974BuAtS..30b...9F">1974BuAtS..30b...9F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1974.11458078">10.1080/00963402.1974.11458078</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Improving+an+imperfect+metric+system&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1974-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.1974.11458078&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974BuAtS..30b...9F&rft.aulast=Frasier&rft.aufirst=E.+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span>. On <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42">p. 42</a> Frasier argues for using grads instead of radians as a standard unit of angle, but for renaming grads to "radials" instead of renaming the temperature scale.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahaffey1976" class="citation cs2">Mahaffey, Charles T. (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/metricationprobl915maha">"Metrication problems in the construction codes and standards sector"</a>, <i>Final Report National Bureau of Standards</i>, NBS Technical Note 915, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Commerce, Institute for Applied Technology, Center for Building Technology, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976nbs..reptU....M">1976nbs..reptU....M</a>, <q>The term "Celsius" was adopted instead of the more familiar "centigrade" because in France the word centigrade has customarily been applied to angles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Final+Report+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.atitle=Metrication+problems+in+the+construction+codes+and+standards+sector&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976nbs..reptU....M&rft.aulast=Mahaffey&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmetricationprobl915maha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahmen_and_Faig_2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kahmen_and_Faig_2012_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahmen_and_Faig_2012_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahmenFaig2012" class="citation book cs1">Kahmen, Heribert; Faig, Wolfgang (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nMiAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22gon%22%20%20%22surveying%22%20%22Europe%22&pg=PA58"><i>Surveying</i></a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110845716" title="Special:BookSources/9783110845716"><bdi>9783110845716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surveying&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783110845716&rft.aulast=Kahmen&rft.aufirst=Heribert&rft.au=Faig%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nMiAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522gon%2522%2520%2520%2522surveying%2522%2520%2522Europe%2522%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2001" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Wilfred (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wYBMUYV0b0C&q=gon&pg=PA23"><i>Engineering surveying: theory and examination problems for students</i></a> (5th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750649872" title="Special:BookSources/9780750649872"><bdi>9780750649872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+surveying%3A+theory+and+examination+problems+for+students&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780750649872&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wYBMUYV0b0C%26q%3Dgon%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sroka-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sroka_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sroka_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSroka2006" class="citation book cs1">Sroka, Anton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-smnDwAAQBAJ&q=gon&pg=PA68">"Contribution to the prediction of ground surface movements caused by a rising water level in a flooded mine"</a>. In Sobczyk, Eugeniusz; Kicki, Jerzy (eds.). <i>International Mining Forum 2006, New Technological Solutions in Underground Mining: Proceedings of the 7th International Mining Forum, Cracow - Szczyrk - Wieliczka, Poland, February 2006</i>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415889391" title="Special:BookSources/9780415889391"><bdi>9780415889391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contribution+to+the+prediction+of+ground+surface+movements+caused+by+a+rising+water+level+in+a+flooded+mine&rft.btitle=International+Mining+Forum+2006%2C+New+Technological+Solutions+in+Underground+Mining%3A+Proceedings+of+the+7th+International+Mining+Forum%2C+Cracow+-+Szczyrk+-+Wieliczka%2C+Poland%2C+February+2006&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415889391&rft.aulast=Sroka&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-smnDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgon%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunzburger_et_al._2004-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunzburger_et_al._2004_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunzburger_et_al._2004_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunzburgerMerrien-SoukatchoffSenfautePiguet2004" class="citation book cs1">Gunzburger, Yann; Merrien-Soukatchoff, Véronique; Senfaute, Gloria; Piguet, Jack-Pierre; Guglielmi, Yves (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLPNBQAAQBAJ&dq=mining%20measurement%20%22gon%22%20-%22data%20mining%22&pg=PA561">"Field investigations, monitoring and modeling in the identification of rock fall causes"</a>. In Lacerda, W.; Ehrlich, Mauricio; Fontoura, S. A. B.; Sayão, A. S. F. (eds.). <i>Landslides: Evaluation & Stabilization/Glissement de Terrain: Evaluation et Stabilisation, Set of 2 Volumes: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Landslides, June 28 -July 2, 2004 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</i>. Vol. 1. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-6288-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-6288-9"><bdi>978-1-4822-6288-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Field+investigations%2C+monitoring+and+modeling+in+the+identification+of+rock+fall+causes&rft.btitle=Landslides%3A+Evaluation+%26+Stabilization%2FGlissement+de+Terrain%3A+Evaluation+et+Stabilisation%2C+Set+of+2+Volumes%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Ninth+International+Symposium+on+Landslides%2C+June+28+-July+2%2C+2004+Rio+de+Janeiro%2C+Brazil&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-6288-9&rft.aulast=Gunzburger&rft.aufirst=Yann&rft.au=Merrien-Soukatchoff%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Senfaute%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Piguet%2C+Jack-Pierre&rft.au=Guglielmi%2C+Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDLPNBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmining%2520measurement%2520%2522gon%2522%2520-%2522data%2520mining%2522%26pg%3DPA561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt_and_Kühn_2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_and_Kühn_2007_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_and_Kühn_2007_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtKühn2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Dietmar; Kühn, Friedrich (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QF5_Xvhm8KQC&dq=geology%20%22gon%22&pg=PA28">"3. Remote sensing: 3.1 Aerial Photography"</a>. In Knödel, Klaus; Lange, Gerhard; Voigt, Hans-Jürgen (eds.). <i>Environmental Geology: Handbook of Field Methods and Case Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74671-3"><bdi>978-3-540-74671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Remote+sensing%3A+3.1+Aerial+Photography&rft.btitle=Environmental+Geology%3A+Handbook+of+Field+Methods+and+Case+Studies&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-74671-3&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft.au=K%C3%BChn%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQF5_Xvhm8KQC%26dq%3Dgeology%2520%2522gon%2522%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU_units-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU_units_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_units_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_units_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522202337/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A01980L0181-20090527&from=EN">"Directive 80/181/EEC"</a>. 27 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01980L0181-20090527&from=EN">the original</a> on 22 May 2020. <q>On the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directive+80%2F181%2FEEC&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FPDF%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A01980L0181-20090527%26from%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Switzerland_units-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Switzerland_units_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522202750/https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19940345/">"941.202 Einheitenverordnung"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19940345/">the original</a> on 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=941.202+Einheitenverordnung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fopc%2Fde%2Fclassified-compilation%2F19940345%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_Brochure_9th_ed-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Brochure_9th_ed_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Brochure_9th_ed_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf"><i>The International System of Units</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0"><bdi>978-92-822-2272-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft.date=2022-12&rft.isbn=978-92-822-2272-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2FSI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney1992" class="citation cs2">Maloney, Timothy J. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricityfunda0000malo/page/453"><i>Electricity: Fundamental Concepts and Applications</i></a>, Delmar Publishers, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricityfunda0000malo/page/453">453</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827346758" title="Special:BookSources/9780827346758"><bdi>9780827346758</bdi></a>, <q>On most scientific calculators, this [the unit for angles] is set by the DRG key</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electricity%3A+Fundamental+Concepts+and+Applications&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Delmar+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780827346758&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectricityfunda0000malo%2Fpage%2F453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2007" class="citation cs2">Cooke, Heather (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3t4B3stB0UC&pg=PA53"><i>Mathematics for Primary and Early Years: Developing Subject Knowledge</i></a>, SAGE, p. 53, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847876287" title="Special:BookSources/9781847876287"><bdi>9781847876287</bdi></a>, <q>Scientific calculators commonly have two modes for working with angles – degrees and radians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+for+Primary+and+Early+Years%3A+Developing+Subject+Knowledge&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781847876287&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3t4B3stB0UC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdav-noauth.unit-c.fr/files/perso/pbarbier/cours_unit/Elements_de_base_de_la_cartographie.pdf">Cartographie – lecture de carte – Partie H Quelques exemples à retenir</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302111251/http://webdav-noauth.unit-c.fr/files/perso/pbarbier/cours_unit/Elements_de_base_de_la_cartographie.pdf">Archived</a> 2 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_Brochure_8th_ed-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_Brochure_8th_ed_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf"><i>The International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6"><bdi>92-822-2213-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-822-2213-6&rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2Fsi_brochure_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGradian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/55451.html">Ask Dr Math</a></li> <li>Definitions of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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