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Washington Jr.</b> (November 10, 1908 – June 7, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sculptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculptor">sculptor</a> prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle</a> art community.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_W._Washington_Jr.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_-_James_W._Washington_garden_and_studio_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seattle_-_James_W._Washington_garden_and_studio_02.jpg/220px-Seattle_-_James_W._Washington_garden_and_studio_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seattle_-_James_W._Washington_garden_and_studio_02.jpg/330px-Seattle_-_James_W._Washington_garden_and_studio_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seattle_-_James_W._Washington_garden_and_studio_02.jpg/440px-Seattle_-_James_W._Washington_garden_and_studio_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Garden and studio at Washington's Seattle home</figcaption></figure> <p>Washington was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Gloster,_Mississippi" title="Gloster, Mississippi">Gloster, Mississippi</a>, a rural mill town in the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> South.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of six children of <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister James Washington and his wife Lizzie.<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was still a child, his father fled due to threats of violence, and they never met again.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to draw at the age of 12,<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and apprenticed at the age of 14 to become a <a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">shoemaker</a>, and worked a series of odd jobs (including working with a <a href="/wiki/Banana_messenger" title="Banana messenger">banana messenger</a>, which gave him the opportunity to travel regularly to bigger towns<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). By the time he was 17, he had obtained his first <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service">Civil Service</a> job; he worked for the federal government intermittently until his late 50s.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938 he became involved with the Federal <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> as an assistant art instructor at the Baptist Academy in <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>. Excluded in the South from shows featuring white artists, he created a WPA-sponsored exhibition of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> artists, the first such in Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941 Washington moved to <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>, where his mother had already taken up residence.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked there repairing shoes at <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Maneuver_Training_Center" title="Robinson Maneuver Training Center">Camp Robinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Civil Service job soon took him to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, where he and his wife Janie Rogella Washington,<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Miller</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived in 1944. It was their home for the rest of their lives. Washington did electrical wiring for warships at the <a href="/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington" title="Bremerton, Washington">Bremerton, Washington</a> Naval Base before transferring to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawton" title="Fort Lawton">Fort Lawton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle</a>, where he set up and operated a shoe shop.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He quickly became part of Seattle's then-small art community. He showed at the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_and_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick and Nelson">Frederick and Nelson</a> Department Store Gallery with <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kenney" title="Leo Kenney">Leo Kenney</a>, studied under <a href="/wiki/Mark_Tobey" title="Mark Tobey">Mark Tobey</a> (who appears mostly to have encouraged him rather than taught him anything specific<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and, from 1948 to 1961, curated a series of art shows at Seattle's Mount Zion Baptist Church. Among the artists who showed there was painter <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Callahan" title="Kenneth Callahan">Kenneth Callahan</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Art_Museum" title="Seattle Art Museum">Seattle Art Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of his study with Tobey, Washington's work took on characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_School_(art)" title="Northwest School (art)">Northwest School</a>, sharing characteristics with Tobey's work and that of <a href="/wiki/Morris_Graves" title="Morris Graves">Morris Graves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other artists Washington met during this period were <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pratt" title="Dudley Pratt">Dudley Pratt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fay_Chong" title="Fay Chong">Fay Chong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Chinn" title="Andrew Chinn">Andrew Chinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenjiro_Nomura_(artist)" title="Kenjiro Nomura (artist)">Kenjiro Nomura</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Matsudaira" title="John Matsudaira">John Matsudaira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Tsutakawa" title="George Tsutakawa">George Tsutakawa</a>. He also took <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> extension classes with painter <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Twining_Humber" title="Yvonne Twining Humber">Yvonne Twining Humber</a> and printmaker <a href="/wiki/Glen_Alps" title="Glen Alps">Glen Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington and his wife lived in Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Central_District,_Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Central District, Seattle, Washington">Central District</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Madison_Valley,_Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Valley, Seattle, Washington">Madison Valley</a>; he maintained a studio in his home. From 1950 he was a member of <a href="/wiki/Artists_Equity" title="Artists Equity">Artists Equity</a> Seattle; he served as its secretary (1950–1960) and later president (1960–1962).<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington traveled to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1951, where he met muralists <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> and where he encountered the soft <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic</a> stone that would soon drive his work in the direction of sculpture; what little sculpture he had done was in wood.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first stone sculpture, <i>Young Boy of Athens</i> was done with a stone he picked up at <a href="/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Teotihuacán">Teotihuacán</a> on the path between the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_W._Washington_Jr.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washington was both a painter and a sculptor. Some of his paintings also incorporate <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a>. Many of his paintings depict exteriors or interiors of buildings that figured in his life, or views encountered in his travels. Others directly address the topic of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, such as <i>The Making of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a></i> (1945), which incorporates collaged newspaper clippings and images of body parts, and which "express[es] the concept that Blacks died for the idea of freedom in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but were denied a place in their own country as stated in <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> declarations at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, his 1946 sculpture <i>The Chaotic Half</i> shows a black hand reaching for a ballot box, juxtaposed with a hooded <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Klansman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Noose" title="Noose">noose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington often worked on <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> and African-American subjects. For example, he executed a <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> in 1962, and in 1969 was commissioned to execute six <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> sculptures of famous African Americans for a "Rotunda of Achievement" at <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan#Progress_Plaza" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan's Progress Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work also includes many references to <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> topics.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a 33rd-degree Mason of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Rite Consistory</a>, a member of Hercules Lodge no. 17.<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington explicitly considered his art to be a spiritual undertaking. "To me," he said to an interviewer on one occasion, "art is a holy land".<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said of sculpting an animal, "I wait until intuition moves me, and then… I get to the point where I am the animal… I release the spiritual force into the inanimate material and animate it."<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this happens, I feel like I'm working with flesh rather than just stone" Among his overtly religious works are a series of paintings from 1952, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a></i> (a version of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>), a <i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity</a> Scene</i>, and an <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic</a> of <i>Christ in the Garden of <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a></i>. The last of these, which Deloris Tarzan Ament describes as "the strongest work of that series", shows "Christ at prayer amid a hail of scratched white lines and a background of dark billowing trees." One of his sculptures from the mid-1950s is entitled <i>Head of <a href="/wiki/Job_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (Bible)">Job</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once Washington established himself as a sculptor, his preferred sculptural material was granite. Scholars have compared his early sculptural work to prehistoric Mediterranean pieces, but its simplicity and power also fit within the tradition of reductive modern sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ament_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_and_studio">House and studio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_W._Washington_Jr.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: House and studio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1992, Washington's house and studio at 1816 26th Avenue have had official status as a Seattle <a href="/wiki/List_of_Landmarks_in_Seattle" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Landmarks in Seattle">city landmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_W._Washington_Jr.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Death_Index" title="Social Security Death Index">Social Security Death Index</a> lists James W. Washington as born 10 Nov 1908, and died 7 Jun 2000 in Washington state; he is listed as having been issued his Social Security number in Mississippi; the November 10 birthday matches Washington's statements. His <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44269278">gravestone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> shows his birth year as 1908. Several sources, including <a href="#CITEREFAment2003">Ament 2003</a>, give Washington's birth year as 1909 or 1911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAAM-program-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAM-program_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Noyes Platt, "James W. Washington Jr." in program for <i>Making a Life | Creating a World</i>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_African_American_Museum" title="Northwest African American Museum">Northwest African American Museum</a>, 2008, an exhibit featuring works by Washington and by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ament-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ament_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAment2003">Ament 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArt" class="citation web cs1">Art, Archives of American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-james-w-washington-jr-11439">"Oral history interview with James W. Washington Jr., 1987 June 29 - Oral Histories | Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution"</a>. <i>www.aaa.si.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aaa.si.edu&rft.atitle=Oral+history+interview+with+James+W.+Washington+Jr.%2C+1987+June+29+-+Oral+Histories+%7C+Archives+of+American+Art%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.aulast=Art&rft.aufirst=Archives+of+American&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Finterviews%2Foral-history-interview-james-w-washington-jr-11439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+W.+Washington+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714051746/http://www.jameswashington.org/1/category/james%20washington%20history/1.html">"Philadelphia sculptures found Monday, May 24, 2010"</a>. James and Janie Washington Foundation. March 2, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jameswashington.org/1/category/james%20washington%20history/1.html">the original</a> on July 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+sculptures+found+Monday%2C+May+24%2C+2010&rft.pub=James+and+Janie+Washington+Foundation&rft.date=2011-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jameswashington.org%2F1%2Fcategory%2Fjames%2520washington%2520history%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+W.+Washington+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/collections/video/2004251432_washingtonhouse02/2004251441_washingtonhouse.html">Video tour of James W. Washington Jr.'s residence</a>, <i>Seattle Times</i> online. Accessed online 20 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jameswashington.org/studio.pl/Timeline_of_Dr._Washington">The Timeline of Dr. James W. Washington Jr.</a>, James W. Washington Jr. and Janie Rogella Washington Foundation. Accessed online 20 March 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_W._Washington_Jr.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAment2003" class="citation cs2">Ament, Deloris Tarzan (2003-03-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5328"><i>Washington, James Jr. (1911–2000): Art as Holy Land</i></a>, Seattle: HistoryLink<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%2C+James+Jr.+%281911%E2%80%932000%29%3A+Art+as+Holy+Land&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=HistoryLink&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft.aulast=Ament&rft.aufirst=Deloris+Tarzan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2Fessays%2Foutput.cfm%3Ffile_id%3D5328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+W.+Washington+Jr." class="Z3988"></span>, excerpted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAment2002" class="citation cs2">Ament, Deloris Tarzan (2002), <i>Iridescent Light: The Emergence of Northwest Art</i>, Seattle: University of Washington Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iridescent+Light%3A+The+Emergence+of+Northwest+Art&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ament&rft.aufirst=Deloris+Tarzan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+W.+Washington+Jr." class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_W._Washington_Jr.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jameswashingtonculturalcenter.org/">Website of The James W. Washington, Jr. and Janie Rogella Washington Foundation</a>, website of the James W. Washington Jr. and Janie Rogella Washington Foundation. Includes images of several paintings and sculptures, with commentary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/collections/video/2004251432_washingtonhouse02/2004251441_washingtonhouse.html">(broken link) Video tour of James W. Washington Jr.'s residence</a>, <i>Seattle Times</i> online. Includes many photos of Washington and his work.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodsidebrasethgallery.com/artists/james-washington-jr/James_Washington%20Jr.">(broken link) Artwork and information at Woodside Braseth Gallery, Seattle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216071720/http://www.woodsidebrasethgallery.com/artists/james-washington-jr/James_Washington%20Jr.">Archived</a> 2020-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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