CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Crucifix - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"22d3a366-f4a1-4f41-8362-eabbd69e67b6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Crucifix","wgTitle":"Crucifix","wgCurRevisionId":1283089245,"wgRevisionId":1283089245,"wgArticleId":7324,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Use dmy dates from October 2020","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Christian iconography","Iconography of Jesus","Sacramentals","Christian religious objects","Crosses by form","Christian symbols","Statues of Jesus","Christian terminology","Crucifixion of Jesus in art","Anglican liturgy","Lutheran liturgy and worship","Objects believed to protect from evil","Crucifixes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Crucifix","wgRelevantArticleId":7324,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q20460","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg/1200px-Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2640"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg/960px-Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1760"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1408"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Crucifix - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Crucifix rootpage-Crucifix skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Crucifix" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Crucifix" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Crucifix" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Crucifix" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestant_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Protestant Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crucifix</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santocristo" title="Santocristo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Santocristo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Разпятие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разпятие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusifi" title="Krusifi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krusifi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crucifix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucifix" title="Krucifix – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krucifix" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucifiks" title="Krucifiks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krucifiks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruzifix" title="Kruzifix – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kruzifix" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krutsifiks" title="Krutsifiks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krutsifiks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifijo" title="Crucifijo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crucifijo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucifikso" title="Krucifikso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krucifikso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurutzefika" title="Gurutzefika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurutzefika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crucifix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusifiks" title="Krusifiks – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krusifiks" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AD%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%A0%EC%83%81" title="십자고상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="십자고상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspelo" title="Raspelo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Raspelo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucifixo" title="Krucifixo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krucifixo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusifiks" title="Krusifiks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krusifiks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3%C3%B0ukross" title="Róðukross – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róðukross" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocifisso" title="Crocifisso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crocifisso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="קרוסיפיקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרוסיפיקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixum" title="Crucifixum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Crucifixum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucifikss" title="Krucifikss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krucifikss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucifiksas" title="Krucifiksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krucifiksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruusbeeld" title="Kruusbeeld – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kruusbeeld" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesz%C3%BClet" title="Feszület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feszület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രൂശിതരൂപം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രൂശിതരൂപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="كروسيفيكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كروسيفيكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Crucifix" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusifiks" title="Krusifiks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krusifiks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusifiks" title="Krusifiks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krusifiks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruchefis" title="Cruchefis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cruchefis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucyfiks" title="Krucyfiks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krucyfiks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixo" title="Crucifixo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crucifixo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crucifix" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Распятие (иконография) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Распятие (иконография)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucifix" title="Krucifix – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krucifix" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razpelo" title="Razpelo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razpelo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspelo" title="Raspelo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raspelo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusifiksi" title="Krusifiksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krusifiksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucifix" title="Krucifix – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krucifix" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="திருச்சிலுவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருச்சிலுவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Розп'яття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розп'яття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2y_kh%E1%BB%95_h%C3%ACnh" title="Cây khổ hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cây khổ hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9E%B6%E8%8B%A6%E5%83%8F" title="十架苦像 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="十架苦像" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20460#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Crucifix" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crucifix"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crucifix"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Crucifix" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Crucifix" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&oldid=1283089245" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Crucifix&id=1283089245&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCrucifix"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCrucifix"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Crucifix&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crucifixes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20460" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crucifix_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crucifix (disambiguation)">Crucifix (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg/250px-Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="484" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg/330px-Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg/500px-Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="5695" /></a><figcaption>Crucifixion of Jesus at the winged triptych at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Teutonic_Order,_Vienna" title="Church of the Teutonic Order, Vienna">Church of the Teutonic Order</a> in Vienna, Austria. Woodcarvings by an anonymous master; polychromy by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Wavere" title="Jan van Wavere">Jan van Wavere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, signed 1520. This altarpiece was originally made for <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk">St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk</a>, and came to Vienna in 1864.</figcaption></figure><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Symbol of Christianity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/60px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/120px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>crucifix</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cruci fixus</i></span> meaning '(one) fixed to a cross') is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> with an image of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> on it, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">corpus</i></span> (Latin for 'body').<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crucifix emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' sacrifice, including his death by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>, which Christians believe brought about the <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption of mankind</a>. Most crucifixes portray Jesus on a <a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a>, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Tau" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Tau">Tau cross</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Coptic cross</a>. </p><p>The crucifix is a principal symbol for many groups of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, and one of the most common forms of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_in_the_arts" title="Crucifixion in the arts">Crucifixion in the arts</a>. It is especially important in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, and in most <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> (except the Armenian Church and Syriac Church).<sup id="cite_ref-UOTB2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UOTB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol is less common in churches of other <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, which prefer to use a cross without the figure of Jesus (the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">corpus</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ACE2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman Catholics and Lutherans see the crucifix as the perfect fulfillment of that inferred by the serpent created by Moses in <a href="/wiki/Numbers_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers 21">Numbers 21</a>:8—9,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called the <a href="/wiki/Nehushtan" title="Nehushtan">Nehushtan</a>. It was promised that those sinners who looked upon the Nehushtan would be healed. The section of Numbers about the Nehushtan is one of the readings on <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a> that occurs on September 14 in the Roman Catholic Church. It is paired with John 3:14–15<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the gospel reading. Taken together, these readings explain the striking front and center position of a large crucifix normally fixed above or behind a Catholic altar. </p><p>Western crucifixes usually have a three-dimensional <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">corpus</i></span>, but in Eastern Orthodoxy Jesus' body is normally painted on the cross, or in low <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>. Strictly speaking, to be a crucifix, the cross must be three-dimensional, but this distinction is not always observed. An entire painting of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a> including a landscape background and other figures is not a crucifix either. </p><p>Large crucifixes high across the central axis of a church are known by the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> term <a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">rood</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> these were a near-universal feature of Western churches, but they are now very rare. Modern Roman Catholic churches and many Lutheran churches often have a crucifix above the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> on the wall;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the Catholic Church requires that "on or close to the altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chancel_of_Trinity_Lutheran_Church_on_Holy_Saturday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chancel_of_Trinity_Lutheran_Church_on_Holy_Saturday.jpg/220px-Chancel_of_Trinity_Lutheran_Church_on_Holy_Saturday.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chancel_of_Trinity_Lutheran_Church_on_Holy_Saturday.jpg/330px-Chancel_of_Trinity_Lutheran_Church_on_Holy_Saturday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chancel_of_Trinity_Lutheran_Church_on_Holy_Saturday.jpg/440px-Chancel_of_Trinity_Lutheran_Church_on_Holy_Saturday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3278" data-file-height="3021" /></a><figcaption>A crucifix in the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> church</figcaption></figure> <p>The standard, four-pointed Latin crucifix (used in the Catholic and Lutheran traditions) consists of an upright post or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">stipes</i></span> and a single crosspiece to which the sufferer's arms were nailed. There may also be a short projecting <a href="/wiki/Titulus_(inscription)" title="Titulus (inscription)">nameplate</a>, showing the letters <a href="/wiki/INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">INRI</a> (Greek: INBI). The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> crucifix usually has an additional third crossbar, to which the feet are nailed, and which is angled upward toward the penitent thief <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dismas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Dismas">Saint Dismas</a> (to the viewer's left) and downward toward the impenitent thief <a href="/wiki/Gestas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestas">Gestas</a> (to the viewer's right). The corpus of Eastern crucifixes is normally a two-dimensional or <a href="/wiki/Low_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Low relief">low relief</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> that shows Jesus as already dead, his face peaceful and somber. They are rarely three-dimensional figures as in the Western tradition, although these may be found where Western influences are strong, but are more typically icons painted on a piece of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> shaped to include the double-barred cross and perhaps the edge of Christ's hips and <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, and no background. More sculptural small crucifixes in metal <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> are also used in Orthodoxy (see gallery examples), including as <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">pectoral crosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blessing_cross" title="Blessing cross">blessing crosses</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_Crucifix_in_the_Church_of_St_Mary-le-Bow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hanging_Crucifix_in_the_Church_of_St_Mary-le-Bow.jpg/220px-Hanging_Crucifix_in_the_Church_of_St_Mary-le-Bow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hanging_Crucifix_in_the_Church_of_St_Mary-le-Bow.jpg/330px-Hanging_Crucifix_in_the_Church_of_St_Mary-le-Bow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hanging_Crucifix_in_the_Church_of_St_Mary-le-Bow.jpg/440px-Hanging_Crucifix_in_the_Church_of_St_Mary-le-Bow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3049" data-file-height="4645" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> also uses the crucifix; this one is in the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <p>Western crucifixes may show Christ dead or alive, the presence of the spear wound in his ribs traditionally indicating that he is dead. In either case his face very often shows his suffering. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition he has normally been shown as dead since around the end of the period of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern crucifixes have Jesus' two feet nailed side by side, rather than crossed one above the other, as Western crucifixes have shown them since around the 13th century. The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a> is also generally absent in Eastern crucifixes, since the emphasis is not on Christ's suffering, but on his triumph over sin and death. The S-shaped position of Jesus' body on the cross is a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> innovation of the late 10th century,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though also found in the German <a href="/wiki/Gero_Cross" title="Gero Cross">Gero Cross</a> of the same date. Probably more from Byzantine influence, it spread elsewhere in the West, especially to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> period, though it was more usual in painting than sculpted crucifixes. It was in Italy that the emphasis was put on Jesus' suffering and realistic details, during a process of general humanization of Christ favored by the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan order</a>. During the 13th century the suffering Italian model (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Christus patiens</i></span>) triumphed over the traditional Byzantine one (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Christus gloriosus</i></span>) anywhere in Europe also due to the works of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Giunta_Pisano" title="Giunta Pisano">Giunta Pisano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a>. Since the Renaissance the "S"-shape is generally much less pronounced. Eastern Christian blessing crosses will often have the Crucifixion depicted on one side, and the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> on the other, illustrating <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a>'s understanding of the Crucifixion and Resurrection as two intimately related aspects of the same act of salvation. </p><p>Another, symbolic, depiction shows a triumphant Christ (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Christus triumphans</i>), clothed in robes, rather than stripped as for his execution, with arms raised, appearing to rise up from the cross, sometimes accompanied by "rays of light", or an <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">aureole</a> encircling his body. He may be robed as a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (headgear)">crowned</a> as a <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>, and vested in a <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a> as <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament#High_Priest_.7C_Chief_Priest" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Great High Priest</a>. </p><p>On some crucifixes a skull and crossbones are shown below the corpus, referring to Golgotha (<a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>), the site at which Jesus was crucified, which the Gospels say means in Hebrew "the place of the skull."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval tradition held that it was the burial-place of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>, and that the cross of Christ was raised directly over Adam's skull, so many crucifixes manufactured in Catholic countries still show the skull and crossbones below the corpus. </p><p>Very large crucifixes have been built, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Cross_in_the_Woods" title="Cross in the Woods">Cross in the Woods</a> in Michigan, with a 31 feet (9.4 m) high statue.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a>, many Christians hung a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> on the eastern wall of their house in order to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Direction_of_prayer" title="Direction of prayer">eastward direction of prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Storey2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storey2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prayer in front of a crucifix, which is seen as a <a href="/wiki/Sacramentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentals">sacramental</a>, is often part of devotion for Christians, especially those worshipping in a church, also privately. The person may sit, stand, or kneel in front of the crucifix, sometimes looking at it in contemplation, or merely in front of it with head bowed or eyes closed. During the Middle Ages small crucifixes, generally hung on a wall, became normal in the personal cells or living quarters first of monks, then all clergy, followed by the homes of the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>, spreading down from the top of society as these became cheap enough for the average person to afford. Most towns had a large crucifix erected as a monument, or some other shrine at the crossroads of the town. Building on the ancient custom, many Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans hang a crucifix inside their homes and also use the crucifix as a focal point of a <a href="/wiki/Home_altar" title="Home altar">home altar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Storey2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storey2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White2016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealthy erected <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_chapel" title="Proprietary chapel">proprietary chapels</a> as they could afford to do this. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marques_de_parana_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Marques_de_parana_1856.jpg/250px-Marques_de_parana_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Marques_de_parana_1856.jpg/330px-Marques_de_parana_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Marques_de_parana_1856.jpg/500px-Marques_de_parana_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Hermeto_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o,_Marquis_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná">Marquis of Paraná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime Minister of Brazil</a> lying in repose in 1856. In the background, candles and a metal crucifix.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholicism"> Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church"> Western</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> Christians generally use the crucifix in public religious services. They believe use of the crucifix is in keeping with the statement by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> in <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>: "we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the West, <a href="/wiki/Altar_cross" title="Altar cross">altar crosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">processional crosses</a> began to be crucifixes in the 11th century, which became general around the 14th century, as they became cheaper. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> requires that "either on the altar or near it, there is to be a cross, with the figure of Christ crucified upon it, a cross clearly visible to the assembled people. It is desirable that such a cross should remain near the altar even outside of liturgical celebrations, so as to call to mind for the faithful the saving <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> of the Lord."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirement of the altar cross was also mentioned in pre-1970 editions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though not in the original 1570 Roman Missal of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rite of Funerals says that the Gospel Book, the Bible, or a cross (which will generally be in crucifix form) may be placed on the coffin for a <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a>, but a second standing cross is not to be placed near the coffin if the altar cross can be easily seen from the body of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Christian liturgical processions called <a href="/wiki/Crucession" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucession">crucessions</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> include a cross or crucifix at their head. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the crucifix is often placed above the <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a> in the church. In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> a large crucifix ("<a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>") is placed behind the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Table">Holy Table</a> (altar). During <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, a large crucifix is taken in procession to the center of the church, where it is venerated by the faithful. Sometimes the <i>soma</i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">corpus</i></span>) is removable and is taken off the crucifix at <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> that evening during the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> lesson describing the <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a>. The empty cross may then remain in the centre of the church until the <a href="/wiki/Paschal_vigil" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschal vigil">Paschal vigil</a> (local practices vary). The <a href="/wiki/Blessing_cross" title="Blessing cross">blessing cross</a> which the <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> uses to bless the faithful at the <a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">dismissal</a> will often have the crucifix on one side and an <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> on the other, the side with the Resurrection being used on Sundays and during <a href="/wiki/Paschaltide" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschaltide">Paschaltide</a>, and the crucifix on other days. </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">anti-Christians</a> have used an inverted (upside-down) crucifix when showing disdain for <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> which believes in <a href="/wiki/Divinity_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinity of Jesus">his divinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> was <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a> by being <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of St. Peter">crucified upside-down</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirche_Oberwiesenthal_Kruzifixe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kirche_Oberwiesenthal_Kruzifixe.jpg/250px-Kirche_Oberwiesenthal_Kruzifixe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kirche_Oberwiesenthal_Kruzifixe.jpg/330px-Kirche_Oberwiesenthal_Kruzifixe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kirche_Oberwiesenthal_Kruzifixe.jpg/500px-Kirche_Oberwiesenthal_Kruzifixe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="4092" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a> retained the use of the crucifix; depicted is Martin Luther Church in <a href="/wiki/Oberwiesenthal" title="Oberwiesenthal">Oberwiesenthal</a>, Germany. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protestant Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wittenberg_in_winter_2005_47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wittenberg_in_winter_2005_47.jpg/300px-Wittenberg_in_winter_2005_47.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wittenberg_in_winter_2005_47.jpg/450px-Wittenberg_in_winter_2005_47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wittenberg_in_winter_2005_47.jpg/600px-Wittenberg_in_winter_2005_47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> of <i>Thesis Door</i> at the <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">Castle Church in Wittenberg</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> kneeling in prayer, facing the crucified Christ.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Zinzendorf" title="Nicolaus Zinzendorf">Nicolaus Zinzendorf</a> had an experience in which he believed he encountered Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing a painting of a crucifix, Zinzendorf fell on his knees vowing to glorify Jesus after contemplating on the <a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">wounds of Christ</a> and an inscription that stated "This is what I have done for you, what will you do for me?".<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard2019_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lutheran Churches retained the use of the crucifix, "justifying their continued use of medieval crucifixes with the same arguments employed since the Middle Ages, as is evident from the example of the altar of the Holy Cross in the Cistercian church of Doberan."<sup id="cite_ref-UOTB2014_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UOTB2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarquardtJordan2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarquardtJordan2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> did not object to them, and this was among his differences with <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a> as early as 1525. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, Luther retained the crucifix in the Lutheran Church and they remain the center of worship in Lutheran parishes across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-LyonsO'Connor2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LyonsO'Connor2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, however, Lutheranism came under the influence of Calvinism, and the plain cross came to be used in some churches, though many Lutheran churches continue to use the crucifix.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills2024_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills2024-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the practice of the Catholic Church, Moravian Church and Lutheran Churches, the early <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Churches</a> rejected the use of the crucifix, and indeed the unadorned cross, along with other traditional religious imagery, as idolatrous.<sup id="cite_ref-ObelkevichRoper2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObelkevichRoper2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a>, considered to be the father of the Reformed Church, was strongly opposed to both cross and crucifix.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In England (where Anglican Christianity is the dominant faith), the Royal Chapels of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> were most unusual among local churches in retaining crucifixes, following the Queen's conservative tastes. These disappeared under her successor, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, and their brief re-appearance in the early 1620s when James' heir was seeking a Spanish marriage was the subject of rumour and close observation by both Catholics and Protestants; when the match fell through they disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visite,_Hotel_du_Parlement_du_Quebec_-_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Visite%2C_Hotel_du_Parlement_du_Quebec_-_14.jpg/220px-Visite%2C_Hotel_du_Parlement_du_Quebec_-_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Visite%2C_Hotel_du_Parlement_du_Quebec_-_14.jpg/330px-Visite%2C_Hotel_du_Parlement_du_Quebec_-_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Visite%2C_Hotel_du_Parlement_du_Quebec_-_14.jpg/440px-Visite%2C_Hotel_du_Parlement_du_Quebec_-_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="5152" /></a><figcaption>A Crucifix had been hanging above the seat of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a> from 1936 until It was removed on July 9, 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, a mother accused her daughter's school in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, England, of discriminating against Christians after the teenager was suspended for refusing to take off a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix_necklace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifix necklace">crucifix necklace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a chapel in a <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> in England replaced its crucifix and static altar with a cross and portable altar when it was renovated as a multi-faith chapel. Right-wing media reported that the crucifix had been removed "in case it offends Muslims".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 in Spain, a local judge ordered crucifixes removed from public schools to settle a decades-old dispute over whether crucifixes should be displayed in public buildings in a non-confessional state.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 March 2011, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lautsi_v._Italy" title="Lautsi v. Italy">Lautsi v. Italy</a></i> case, that the requirement in Italian law that crucifixes be displayed in classrooms of state schools does not violate the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crucifixes are common in most other Italian official buildings, including <a href="/wiki/Law_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Law court">courts of law</a>. </p><p>On 24 March 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru" title="Constitutional Court of Peru">Constitutional Court of Peru</a> ruled that the presence of crucifixes in courts of law does not violate the secular nature of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gero Cross."><img alt="The Gero Cross." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/77px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/116px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/154px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gero_Cross" title="Gero Cross">Gero Cross</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_crucifix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A handheld crucifix"><img alt="A handheld crucifix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Small_crucifix.jpg/65px-Small_crucifix.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Small_crucifix.jpg/98px-Small_crucifix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Small_crucifix.jpg/131px-Small_crucifix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A handheld crucifix</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baux-de-provence-eglise-st-vincent-crucifix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A crucifix in a church, with votive candles."><img alt="A crucifix in a church, with votive candles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Baux-de-provence-eglise-st-vincent-crucifix.jpg/120px-Baux-de-provence-eglise-st-vincent-crucifix.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Baux-de-provence-eglise-st-vincent-crucifix.jpg/180px-Baux-de-provence-eglise-st-vincent-crucifix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Baux-de-provence-eglise-st-vincent-crucifix.jpg/240px-Baux-de-provence-eglise-st-vincent-crucifix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A crucifix in a church, with <a href="/wiki/Votive" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive">votive</a> candles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orth_Kreuz.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Orthodox crucifix, brass"><img alt="Russian Orthodox crucifix, brass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Orth_Kreuz.gif/64px-Orth_Kreuz.gif" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Orth_Kreuz.gif/97px-Orth_Kreuz.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Orth_Kreuz.gif/129px-Orth_Kreuz.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian Orthodox crucifix, brass</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Orthodox crucifix, 19th - early 20th century"><img alt="Russian Orthodox crucifix, 19th - early 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_01.jpg/71px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_01.jpg/107px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_01.jpg/142px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="2670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian Orthodox crucifix, 19th - early 20th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucifixion_icon_orthodox_cathedral_vilnius.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Orthodox crucifix with the Virgin Mary on the left and the Apostle John on the right in Vilnius, Lithuania"><img alt="Orthodox crucifix with the Virgin Mary on the left and the Apostle John on the right in Vilnius, Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Crucifixion_icon_orthodox_cathedral_vilnius.JPG/120px-Crucifixion_icon_orthodox_cathedral_vilnius.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Crucifixion_icon_orthodox_cathedral_vilnius.JPG/250px-Crucifixion_icon_orthodox_cathedral_vilnius.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orthodox crucifix with the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> on the left and the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle John">Apostle John</a> on the right in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucifix,_ca._1795-1862,_02.257.2427.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifix, c. 1795–1862, Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Crucifix, c. 1795–1862, Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Crucifix%2C_ca._1795-1862%2C_02.257.2427.jpg/96px-Crucifix%2C_ca._1795-1862%2C_02.257.2427.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Crucifix%2C_ca._1795-1862%2C_02.257.2427.jpg/144px-Crucifix%2C_ca._1795-1862%2C_02.257.2427.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Crucifix%2C_ca._1795-1862%2C_02.257.2427.jpg/192px-Crucifix%2C_ca._1795-1862%2C_02.257.2427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Crucifix</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span>–1862, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immeldorf_Kirche_2467.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Processional crucifix with the portrait of Martin Luther at Saint George's Lutheran church in Immeldorf, Lichtenau"><img alt="Processional crucifix with the portrait of Martin Luther at Saint George's Lutheran church in Immeldorf, Lichtenau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Immeldorf_Kirche_2467.jpg/120px-Immeldorf_Kirche_2467.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Immeldorf_Kirche_2467.jpg/180px-Immeldorf_Kirche_2467.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Immeldorf_Kirche_2467.jpg/240px-Immeldorf_Kirche_2467.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">Processional crucifix</a> with the portrait of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> at Saint George's <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran church">Lutheran church</a> in Immeldorf, <a href="/wiki/Lichtenau,_Bavaria" title="Lichtenau, Bavaria">Lichtenau</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naantalin_kirkko_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4,_Naantali,_25.7.2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A triumph crucifix at Naantali Church in Naantali, Finland"><img alt="A triumph crucifix at Naantali Church in Naantali, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Naantalin_kirkko_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4%2C_Naantali%2C_25.7.2010.JPG/120px-Naantalin_kirkko_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4%2C_Naantali%2C_25.7.2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Naantalin_kirkko_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4%2C_Naantali%2C_25.7.2010.JPG/250px-Naantalin_kirkko_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4%2C_Naantali%2C_25.7.2010.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A triumph crucifix at Naantali Church in <a href="/wiki/Naantali" title="Naantali">Naantali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gereja_Santa,_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A large crucifix at Gereja Santa, Jakarta, Indonesia"><img alt="A large crucifix at Gereja Santa, Jakarta, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gereja_Santa%2C_Jakarta.jpg/120px-Gereja_Santa%2C_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gereja_Santa%2C_Jakarta.jpg/180px-Gereja_Santa%2C_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gereja_Santa%2C_Jakarta.jpg/240px-Gereja_Santa%2C_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large crucifix at <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Santa" title="Gereja Santa">Gereja Santa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A post–World War II crucifix in a courtroom in Nuremberg, Germany"><img alt="A post–World War II crucifix in a courtroom in Nuremberg, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg/120px-S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg/180px-S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg/240px-S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> crucifix in a courtroom in Nuremberg, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_of_the_Anglican_Shrine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_791188.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A crucifix overlooks a fountain at the Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham"><img alt="A crucifix overlooks a fountain at the Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Garden_of_the_Anglican_Shrine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_791188.jpg/80px-Garden_of_the_Anglican_Shrine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_791188.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Garden_of_the_Anglican_Shrine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_791188.jpg/120px-Garden_of_the_Anglican_Shrine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_791188.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Garden_of_the_Anglican_Shrine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_791188.jpg/160px-Garden_of_the_Anglican_Shrine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_791188.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A crucifix overlooks a fountain at the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham">Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulpit_of_Canterbury_Cathedral_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pulpit crucifix at Canterbury Cathedral"><img alt="Pulpit crucifix at Canterbury Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pulpit_of_Canterbury_Cathedral_08.JPG/120px-Pulpit_of_Canterbury_Cathedral_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pulpit_of_Canterbury_Cathedral_08.JPG/250px-Pulpit_of_Canterbury_Cathedral_08.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pulpit crucifix at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford"><img alt="Altar of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Christ_Church_Cathedral_altar.jpg/120px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Christ_Church_Cathedral_altar.jpg/250px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_altar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2518" data-file-height="1813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Herderkirche_Innen_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar panel of the Church of St. Peter and Paul in Weimar depicts the Crucifixion of Jesus with Lucas Cranach the Elder and Martin Luther standing on the right"><img alt="Altar panel of the Church of St. Peter and Paul in Weimar depicts the Crucifixion of Jesus with Lucas Cranach the Elder and Martin Luther standing on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2022_Herderkirche_Innen_6.jpg/80px-2022_Herderkirche_Innen_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2022_Herderkirche_Innen_6.jpg/120px-2022_Herderkirche_Innen_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2022_Herderkirche_Innen_6.jpg/160px-2022_Herderkirche_Innen_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar panel of the Church of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter_und_Paul,_Weimar" title="St. Peter und Paul, Weimar">St. Peter and Paul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> depicts the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> standing on the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:21-26-082-church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifix at the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist"><img alt="Crucifix at the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/21-26-082-church.jpg/120px-21-26-082-church.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/21-26-082-church.jpg/250px-21-26-082-church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="4216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crucifix at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Savannah,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. John the Baptist (Savannah, Georgia)">Cathedral of St. John the Baptist</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montafon_037_Gortipohl_Kirche_(fcm).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifixion group at Catholic parish church of St. Nikolaus in Montafon, Austria"><img alt="Crucifixion group at Catholic parish church of St. Nikolaus in Montafon, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Montafon_037_Gortipohl_Kirche_%28fcm%29.jpg/100px-Montafon_037_Gortipohl_Kirche_%28fcm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Montafon_037_Gortipohl_Kirche_%28fcm%29.jpg/150px-Montafon_037_Gortipohl_Kirche_%28fcm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Montafon_037_Gortipohl_Kirche_%28fcm%29.jpg/200px-Montafon_037_Gortipohl_Kirche_%28fcm%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="2780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crucifixion group at Catholic parish church of St. Nikolaus in <a href="/wiki/Montafon" title="Montafon">Montafon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galluzzo,_Certosa_di_Firenze,_Chiesa_di_San_Lorenzo_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifix at the Carthusian monastery in Galluzzo, Italy"><img alt="Crucifix at the Carthusian monastery in Galluzzo, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Galluzzo%2C_Certosa_di_Firenze%2C_Chiesa_di_San_Lorenzo_002.JPG/120px-Galluzzo%2C_Certosa_di_Firenze%2C_Chiesa_di_San_Lorenzo_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Galluzzo%2C_Certosa_di_Firenze%2C_Chiesa_di_San_Lorenzo_002.JPG/250px-Galluzzo%2C_Certosa_di_Firenze%2C_Chiesa_di_San_Lorenzo_002.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crucifix at the <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> monastery in <a href="/wiki/Galluzzo" title="Galluzzo">Galluzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Petr%C3%B3polis_(3783874460).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb with effigies of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and his wife Teresa Cristina in front of an altar crucifix in the Cathedral of Petrópolis, Brazil. The cross is made of black granite from Tijuca forest.[40]"><img alt="Tomb with effigies of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and his wife Teresa Cristina in front of an altar crucifix in the Cathedral of Petrópolis, Brazil. The cross is made of black granite from Tijuca forest.[40]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Catedral_de_Petr%C3%B3polis_%283783874460%29.jpg/120px-Catedral_de_Petr%C3%B3polis_%283783874460%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Catedral_de_Petr%C3%B3polis_%283783874460%29.jpg/250px-Catedral_de_Petr%C3%B3polis_%283783874460%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb with effigies of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Teresa Cristina</a> in front of an altar crucifix in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Cathedral of Petrópolis">Cathedral of Petrópolis</a>, Brazil. The cross is made of black granite from <a href="/wiki/Tijuca_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuca forest">Tijuca forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/120px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloisters_Cross" title="Cloisters Cross">Cloisters Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">Cross necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifer" title="Crucifer">Crucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix_Decrees" title="Crucifix Decrees">Crucifix Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_in_the_arts" title="Crucifixion in the arts">Crucifixion in the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Feast of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Lucca" title="Holy Face of Lucca">Holy Face of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">Jesus, King of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Blue_Crucifixes" title="Master of the Blue Crucifixes">Master of the Blue Crucifixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Papal ferula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">Rood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripalium" title="Tripalium">Tripalium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact this is clearly <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> rather than Hebrew. <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Gûlgaltâ</i></span> is the Aramaic for 'skull'. The name appears in all of the gospels except Luke, which calls the place simply Kranion, 'the Skull', with no Aramaic. See <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic of Jesus">Aramaic of Jesus</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLuchsDistelbergerVerdierBarbour1993" class="citation book cs1">Luchs, Alison; Distelberger, Rudolf; Verdier, Philippe; Barbour, Daphne S.; Wilson, Timothy H.; Sturman, Shelley G.; Vandiver, Pamela B. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQAVYr2Lc-YC&dq=crucifix+corpus&pg=PA15"><i>Rufolf Distelberger, </i>Western Decorative Arts<i> (National Gallery of Art 1993), p. 15</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521470681" title="Special:BookSources/9780521470681"><bdi>9780521470681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rufolf+Distelberger%2C+Western+Decorative+Arts+%28National+Gallery+of+Art+1993%29%2C+p.+15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780521470681&rft.aulast=Luchs&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Distelberger%2C+Rudolf&rft.au=Verdier%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Barbour%2C+Daphne+S.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Timothy+H.&rft.au=Sturman%2C+Shelley+G.&rft.au=Vandiver%2C+Pamela+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQAVYr2Lc-YC%26dq%3Dcrucifix%2Bcorpus%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2002" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrVDmaXP6HEC&dq=crucifix+corpus&pg=PA139"><i>Paul F. Bradshaw, </i>The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship<i> (Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, 2002)</i></a>. SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780334028833" title="Special:BookSources/9780334028833"><bdi>9780334028833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+F.+Bradshaw%2C+The+New+SCM+Dictionary+of+Liturgy+and+Worship+%28Hymns+Ancient+%26+Modern+Ltd%2C+2002%29&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780334028833&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrVDmaXP6HEC%26dq%3Dcrucifix%2Bcorpus%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UOTB2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UOTB2014_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UOTB2014_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unityofthebrethren.org/missions/cade-lake-community-chapel-mission-church/">"New Beginnings (formerly Cade Lake Community Chapel)"</a>. Unity of the Brethren. 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Beginnings+%28formerly+Cade+Lake+Community+Chapel%29&rft.pub=Unity+of+the+Brethren&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funityofthebrethren.org%2Fmissions%2Fcade-lake-community-chapel-mission-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslchibbing.org/?page_id=43">"Our Savior's Lutheran Church, "Sanctuary and Chapel"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 13 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Savior%27s+Lutheran+Church%2C+%22Sanctuary+and+Chapel%22&rft.date=2008-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oslchibbing.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619074528/http://www.stjohnlcmstopeka.org/AltarCrucifix.html">"St. John's Lutheran Church of Topeka, KS, "The Altar Crucifix"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjohnlcmstopeka.org/AltarCrucifix.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+John%27s+Lutheran+Church+of+Topeka%2C+KS%2C+%22The+Altar+Crucifix%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjohnlcmstopeka.org%2FAltarCrucifix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACE2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACE2020_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414091409/https://www.assyrianchurch.org.au/about-us/the-sacraments/sign-of-the-cross/">"Sign of the Cross"</a>. <i>Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assyrianchurch.org.au/about-us/the-sacraments/sign-of-the-cross/">the original</a> on 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Inside their homes, a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room. If one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures, it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the Church of the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+Apostolic+Catholic+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East+-+Archdiocese+of+Australia%2C+New+Zealand+and+Lebanon&rft.atitle=Sign+of+the+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyrianchurch.org.au%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-sacraments%2Fsign-of-the-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.styeghiche.org.uk/about-us/history-of-st-yeghiche-church/">"History of St Yeghiche Church, Kensington, London"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+St+Yeghiche+Church%2C+Kensington%2C+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.styeghiche.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory-of-st-yeghiche-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2021:8–9&version=nrsv">Numbers 21:8–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:14–15&version=nrsv">John 3:14–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.lcms.org/palanga-lutheran-church-beautified-with-new-crucifix/">"Palanga Lutheran Church Beautified with New Crucifix"</a>. LCMS International Mission. 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palanga+Lutheran+Church+Beautified+with+New+Crucifix&rft.pub=LCMS+International+Mission&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.lcms.org%2Fpalanga-lutheran-church-beautified-with-new-crucifix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf">"General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 117"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Instruction+of+the+Roman+Missal%2C+117.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liturgyoffice.org.uk%2FResources%2FGIRM%2FDocuments%2FGIRM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Schiller" title="Gertrud Schiller">Schiller, Gertrud</a>, <i>Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II</i>, 1972 (English trans from German) Lund Humphries, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85331-324-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85331-324-5">0-85331-324-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiller, 98-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishweb.com/maps/cheboygan/indianriver/shrine/index.html">"Welcome to the Worlds Largest Crucifixion"</a>. <i>Michigan Interactive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Interactive&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Worlds+Largest+Crucifixion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishweb.com%2Fmaps%2Fcheboygan%2Findianriver%2Fshrine%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storey2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storey2004_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storey2004_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStorey2004" class="citation book cs1">Storey, William G. (2004). <i>A Prayer Book of Catholic Devotions: Praying the Seasons and Feasts of the Church Year</i>. Loyola Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8294-2030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8294-2030-2"><bdi>978-0-8294-2030-2</bdi></a>. <q>Long before Christians built churches for public prayer, they worshipped daily in their homes. In order to orient their prayer (to <i>orient</i> means literally "to turn toward the east"), they painted or hung a cross on the east wall of their main room. This practice was in keeping with ancient Jewish tradition ("Look toward the east, O Jerusalem," Baruch 4:36); Christians turned in that direction when they prayed morning and evening and at other times. This expression of their undying belief in the coming again of Jesus was united to their conviction that the cross, "the sign of the Son of Man," would appear in the eastern heavens on his return (see Matthew 24:30). Building on that ancient custom, devout Catholics often have a home altar, shrine, or prayer corner containing a crucifix, religious pictures (icons), a Bible, holy water, lights, and flowers as a part of the essential furniture of a Christian home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Prayer+Book+of+Catholic+Devotions%3A+Praying+the+Seasons+and+Feasts+of+the+Church+Year&rft.pub=Loyola+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8294-2030-2&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2016_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Maxwell E. (2016). <i>Between Memory and Hope: Readings on the Liturgical Year</i>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6282-3"><bdi>978-0-8146-6282-3</bdi></a>. <q>Because Christ was expected to come from the east, Christians at a very early date prayed facing that direction in order to show themselves ready for his appearing, and actually looking forward to the great event which would consummate the union with him already experienced in prayer. For the same reason the sign of the cross was frequently traced on the eastern wall of places of prayer, thereby indicating the direction of prayer, but also rendering the Lord's coming a present reality in the sign which heralds it. In other words, through the cross the anticipated eschatological appearance becomes <i>parousia</i>: presence. The joining of prayer with the eschatological presence of Christ, unseen to the eye but revealed in the cross, obviously underlies the widely attested practice of prostrating before the sacred wood while praying to him who hung upon it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Memory+and+Hope%3A+Readings+on+the+Liturgical+Year&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-6282-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2016-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White2016_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation web cs1">White, Jon (20 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.episcopalcafe.com/diy-tabernacling-holy-objects-holy-space-at-home/">"DIY Tabernacling: Holy Objects & Holy Space, at home"</a>. Episcopal Cafe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIY+Tabernacling%3A+Holy+Objects+%26+Holy+Space%2C+at+home&rft.pub=Episcopal+Cafe&rft.date=2016-03-20&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalcafe.com%2Fdiy-tabernacling-holy-objects-holy-space-at-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+1:23">1 Corinthians 1:23–24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rubricae generales Missalis</i>, XX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manlio Sodi, Achille Maria Triacca, <i>Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570)</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-209-2547-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-209-2547-8">88-209-2547-8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rite of Funerals, 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucifer Rising: A Book of Sin, Devil Worship and Rock n' Roll (Nemesis, 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator - 1928), <i>The Malleus Maleficarum</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard2019-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard2019_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard2019_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2019" class="citation web cs1">Hubbard, Jason (14 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lowpc.org/story-of-the-moravians/">"Story of the Moravians"</a>. Light of the World Prayer Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Story+of+the+Moravians&rft.pub=Light+of+the+World+Prayer+Center&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flowpc.org%2Fstory-of-the-moravians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarquardtJordan2009-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarquardtJordan2009_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarquardtJordan2009" class="citation book cs1">Marquardt, Janet T.; Jordan, Alyce A. (14 January 2009). <i>Medieval Art and Architecture after the Middle Ages</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443803984" title="Special:BookSources/9781443803984"><bdi>9781443803984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Art+and+Architecture+after+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft.isbn=9781443803984&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=Janet+T.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Alyce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LyonsO'Connor2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LyonsO'Connor2010_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyonsO'Connor2010" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Mary Ann; O'Connor, Thomas (2010). <i>The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600-1800</i>. Four Courts Press. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ulster+Earls+and+Baroque+Europe%3A+Refashioning+Irish+Identities%2C+1600-1800&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills2024-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mills2024_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills" class="citation web cs1">Mills, Jeremy H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epiphanylcms.org/why-does-a-lutheran-church-have-a-crucifix-above-the-altar/">"Why does a Lutheran Church have a Crucifix above the Altar?"</a>. Epiphany LCMS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+does+a+Lutheran+Church+have+a+Crucifix+above+the+Altar%3F&rft.pub=Epiphany+LCMS&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepiphanylcms.org%2Fwhy-does-a-lutheran-church-have-a-crucifix-above-the-altar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801011650/http://www.trinitycamphill.org/ArtsandMusic/Arts/ChristusRex/ChristusRex.htm">"HOME"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinitycamphill.org/ArtsandMusic/Arts/ChristusRex/ChristusRex.htm">the original</a> on 1 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HOME&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinitycamphill.org%2FArtsandMusic%2FArts%2FChristusRex%2FChristusRex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ObelkevichRoper2013-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ObelkevichRoper2013_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFObelkevichRoper2013" class="citation book cs1">Obelkevich, James; Roper, Lyndal (5 November 2013). <i>Disciplines of Faith: Studies in Religion, Politics and Patriarchy</i>. Routledge. p. 548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136820793" title="Special:BookSources/9781136820793"><bdi>9781136820793</bdi></a>. <q>The Calvinizers sought to remove the crucifix as idolatrous. There was considerable continuity, certainly, between the Lutheran use of the crucifix and the Catholic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disciplines+of+Faith%3A+Studies+in+Religion%2C+Politics+and+Patriarchy&rft.pages=548&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=9781136820793&rft.aulast=Obelkevich&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Roper%2C+Lyndal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Calvin" class="citation book cs1">John Calvin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iii.xii.html?highlight=wood#highlight"><i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>Of what use, then, were the erection in churches of so many crosses of wood and stone, silver and gold,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutes+of+the+Christian+Religion&rft.au=John+Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fcalvin%2Finstitutes.iii.xii.html%3Fhighlight%3Dwood%23highlight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyacke, Nicholas in Lake, Peter and Questier, Michael C.; <i>Conformity and orthodoxy in the English church, c. 1560-1660</i>, Boydell & Brewer, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-797-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-797-1">0-85115-797-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-797-9">978-0-85115-797-9</a>, pp. 29–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913031447/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1504822/School-ban-on-girl-wearing-cross-%27discriminatory%27.html">"School ban on girl wearing cross 'discriminatory'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1504822/School-ban-on-girl-wearing-cross-%27discriminatory%27.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=School+ban+on+girl+wearing+cross+%27discriminatory%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1504822%2FSchool-ban-on-girl-wearing-cross-%2527discriminatory%2527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219231822/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3775702/Prison-chapel-not-to-have-a-crucifix.html">"Prison chapel not to have a crucifix"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3775702/Prison-chapel-not-to-have-a-crucifix.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prison+chapel+not+to+have+a+crucifix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fpolitics%2Flawandorder%2F3775702%2FPrison-chapel-not-to-have-a-crucifix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903174347/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/features/article_1446455.php/&quotWar_of_crucifix%22_questions_Catholic_predominance_in_Spain__Feature__">"Monster and Critics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/features/article_1446455.php/&quotWar_of_crucifix%22_questions_Catholic_predominance_in_Spain__Feature__">the original</a> on 3 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monster+and+Critics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstersandcritics.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2Ffeatures%2Farticle_1446455.php%2F%26quotWar_of_crucifix%2522_questions_Catholic_predominance_in_Spain__Feature__&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=open&documentId=883171&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649">"Press release of the European Court of Human Rights"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release+of+the+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmiskp.echr.coe.int%2Ftkp197%2Fview.asp%3Faction%3Dopen%26documentId%3D883171%26portal%3Dhbkm%26source%3Dexternalbydocnumber%26table%3DF69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/resources/hudoc/lautsi_and_others_v__italy.pdf">"Full text of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+the+judgment+of+the+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echr.coe.int%2Fechr%2Fresources%2Fhudoc%2Flautsi_and_others_v__italy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religionclause.blogspot.com/2011/03/european-courts-grand-chamber-upholds.html">"Summary of the ruling by the European Court of Human Rights"</a>. 18 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+the+ruling+by+the+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligionclause.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F03%2Feuropean-courts-grand-chamber-upholds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/22197/peru-court-upholds-presence-of-crucifix-in-public-places">"Peru court upholds presence of crucifix in public places"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peru+court+upholds+presence+of+crucifix+in+public+places&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F22197%2Fperu-court-upholds-presence-of-crucifix-in-public-places&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catedraldepetropolis.org.br/matriz-atual/">"Matriz Atual"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matriz+Atual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catedraldepetropolis.org.br%2Fmatriz-atual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crucifixes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crucifixes">Crucifixes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04517a.htm">Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04533a.htm">The Cross and Crucifix in Liturgy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_prayers_and_sacramentals_for_protection_against_evil262" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_protection" title="Template:Catholic protection"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_protection" title="Template talk:Catholic protection"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_protection" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic protection"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_prayers_and_sacramentals_for_protection_against_evil262" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Catholic prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental" title="Sacramental">sacramentals</a> for protection against evil</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vade_retro_satana" title="Vade retro satana">Vade retro satana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Sacramentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_salt" title="Blessed salt">Blessed salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_cloth" title="Prayer cloth">Prayer cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">Cross necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">Head covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sachet" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Sachet">Little Sachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" title="Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel">Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Medal" title="Saint Benedict Medal">Saint Benedict Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Holy Chalk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20460#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033320-6">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&oldid=1283089245">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&oldid=1283089245</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_iconography" title="Category:Christian iconography">Christian iconography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iconography_of_Jesus" title="Category:Iconography of Jesus">Iconography of Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sacramentals" title="Category:Sacramentals">Sacramentals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_religious_objects" title="Category:Christian religious objects">Christian religious objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crosses_by_form" title="Category:Crosses by form">Crosses by form</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_symbols" title="Category:Christian symbols">Christian symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Statues_of_Jesus" title="Category:Statues of Jesus">Statues of Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crucifixion_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Crucifixion of Jesus in art">Crucifixion of Jesus in art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_liturgy" title="Category:Anglican liturgy">Anglican liturgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheran_liturgy_and_worship" title="Category:Lutheran liturgy and worship">Lutheran liturgy and worship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Objects_believed_to_protect_from_evil" title="Category:Objects believed to protect from evil">Objects believed to protect from evil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crucifixes" title="Category:Crucifixes">Crucifixes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 March 2025, at 11:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crucifix&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crucifix</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>44 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-zrtqq","wgBackendResponseTime":137,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.822","walltime":"1.089","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3678,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":89917,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3209,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":189516,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 951.581 1 -total"," 31.12% 296.116 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.88% 141.622 8 Template:Cite_book"," 11.91% 113.289 8 Template:Lang"," 10.64% 101.223 1 Template:Christianity"," 8.90% 84.707 20 Template:Cite_web"," 6.07% 57.759 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.78% 55.041 1 Template:Sister_project"," 5.57% 52.965 1 Template:Side_box"," 5.50% 52.379 2 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.514","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22682579,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-59d85bb4bd-g2wkm","timestamp":"20250331174154","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Crucifix","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crucifix","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q20460","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q20460","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-03T08:19:41Z","dateModified":"2025-03-30T11:11:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0e\/Wien_Deutschordenskirche_Fl%C3%BCgelaltar_Kreuzigung_01.jpg","headline":"cross with an image or artwork of Jesus on it"}</script> </body> </html>