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<ul id="toc-Theories_of_coping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appraisal-focused_coping_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appraisal-focused_coping_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Appraisal-focused coping strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appraisal-focused_coping_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptive_behavioral_coping_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_behavioral_coping_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Adaptive behavioral coping strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_behavioral_coping_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotion-focused_coping_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotion-focused_coping_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Emotion-focused coping strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotion-focused_coping_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_theory_of_coping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_theory_of_coping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Health theory of coping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_theory_of_coping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactive_and_proactive_coping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactive_and_proactive_coping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reactive and proactive coping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactive_and_proactive_coping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_coping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_coping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Social coping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_coping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Humor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_techniques_(maladaptive_coping_or_non-coping)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_techniques_(maladaptive_coping_or_non-coping)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Negative techniques (maladaptive coping or non-coping)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_techniques_(maladaptive_coping_or_non-coping)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Further examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_psychoanalytic_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_psychoanalytic_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical psychoanalytic theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_psychoanalytic_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical psychoanalytic theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_psychoanalytic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Otto_Fenichel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otto_Fenichel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Otto Fenichel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otto_Fenichel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karen_Horney" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karen_Horney"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Karen Horney</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karen_Horney-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heinz_Hartmann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heinz_Hartmann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Heinz Hartmann</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heinz_Hartmann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Object relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gender differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physiological basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Coping</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="কোপিং (মনোবিজ্ঞান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোপিং (মনোবিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Механизъм за справяне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Механизъм за справяне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrat%C3%A8gia_d%27afrontament" title="Estratègia d'afrontament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estratègia d'afrontament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping" title="Coping – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Coping" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping" title="Coping – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Coping" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bew%C3%A4ltigungsstrategie" title="Bewältigungsstrategie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bewältigungsstrategie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toimetulek_(ps%C3%BChholoogia)" title="Toimetulek (psühholoogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toimetulek (psühholoogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrategias_de_afrontamiento" title="Estrategias de afrontamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrategias de afrontamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="راهبردهای مقابله‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهبردهای مقابله‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strat%C3%A9gie_d%27adaptation" title="Stratégie d'adaptation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stratégie d'adaptation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B2%98_(%ED%96%89%EB%8F%99)" title="대처 (행동) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대처 (행동)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Քոփինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քոփինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_tanggulang" title="Daya tanggulang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daya tanggulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategie_di_adattamento" title="Strategie di adattamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strategie di adattamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התמודדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התמודדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megk%C3%BCzd%C3%A9s" title="Megküzdés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Megküzdés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_tindak" title="Daya tindak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daya tindak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(psychologie)" title="Coping (psychologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Coping (psychologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestringsrespons" title="Mestringsrespons – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mestringsrespons" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanismo_de_enfrentamento" title="Mecanismo de enfrentamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mecanismo de enfrentamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Копинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Копинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4m%C3%A4nhallinta" title="Elämänhallinta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elämänhallinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livshantering" title="Livshantering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Livshantering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD_(%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="การรับมือ (จิตวิทยา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรับมือ (จิตวิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Копінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Копінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%87%89_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="因應 (心理學) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="因應 (心理學)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1759895#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping_mechanism&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping mechanism">Coping mechanism</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Strategies used to reduce unpleasant emotions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coping_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coping (disambiguation)">Coping (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Coping mechanism" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coping_Mechanisms_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Coping Mechanisms (disambiguation)">Coping Mechanisms (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Coping</b> refers to conscious or unconscious strategies used to reduce and manage unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a>. Coping strategies can be cognitions or behaviors and can be individual or social. To cope is to deal with struggles and difficulties in life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a way for people to maintain their mental and emotional well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everybody has ways of handling difficult events that occur in life, and that is what it means to cope. Coping can be healthy and productive, or destructive and unhealthy. It is recommended that an individual cope in ways that will be beneficial and healthy. "Managing your stress well can help you feel better physically and psychologically and it can impact your ability to perform your best."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_coping">Theories of coping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theories of coping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hundreds of coping strategies have been proposed in an attempt to understand how people cope.<sup id="cite_ref-Carver_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carver-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classification of these strategies into a broader architecture has not been agreed upon. Researchers try to group coping responses rationally, empirically by factor analysis, or through a blend of both techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolkmanMoskowitz2004751_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolkmanMoskowitz2004751-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early days, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Folkman" title="Susan Folkman">Folkman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Lazarus</a> split the coping strategies into four groups, namely problem-focused, emotion-focused, support-seeking, and meaning-making coping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolkmanMoskowitz2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolkmanMoskowitz2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington2013303_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2013303-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weiten and Lloyd have identified four types of coping strategies:<sup id="cite_ref-Weiten_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiten-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive), problem-focused (adaptive behavioral), emotion-focused, and occupation-focused coping. Billings and Moos added avoidance coping as one of the emotion-focused coping.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have questioned the psychometric validity of forced categorization as those strategies are not independent to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolkmanMoskowitz2004753_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolkmanMoskowitz2004753-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, in reality, people can adopt multiple coping strategies simultaneously. </p><p>Typically, people use a mixture of several functions of coping strategies,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may change over time. All these strategies can prove useful, but some claim that those using problem-focused coping strategies will adjust better to <a href="/wiki/Personal_life" title="Personal life">life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problem-focused coping mechanisms may allow an individual greater perceived control over their problem, whereas emotion-focused coping may sometimes lead to a reduction in perceived control (maladaptive coping). </p><p>Lazarus "notes the connection between his idea of 'defensive reappraisals' or cognitive coping and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s concept of 'ego-defenses<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>",<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2005_p438_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2005_p438-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coping strategies thus overlapping with a person's <a href="/wiki/Defense_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense mechanisms">defense mechanisms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appraisal-focused_coping_strategies">Appraisal-focused coping strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appraisal-focused coping strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive) strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a>, or distancing oneself from the problem. Individuals who use appraisal coping strategies purposely alter their perspective on their situation in order to have a more positive outlook on their situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Patients'_experiences_of_coping_wit_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patients'_experiences_of_coping_wit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of appraisal coping strategies could be individuals purchasing tickets to a football game, knowing their medical condition would likely cause them to not be able to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-Patients'_experiences_of_coping_wit_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patients'_experiences_of_coping_wit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their <a href="/wiki/Objective_(goal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective (goal)">goals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a>, such as by seeing the <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humor</a> in a situation: "Some have suggested that humor may play a greater role as a stress moderator among women than men".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_behavioral_coping_strategies">Adaptive behavioral coping strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adaptive behavioral coping strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> coping mechanisms are commonly termed <i>coping strategies</i> or <i>coping skills</i>. The term <i>coping</i> generally refers to adaptive (constructive) coping strategies, that is, strategies which reduce stress. In contrast, other coping strategies may be coined as maladaptive, if they increase stress. Maladaptive coping is therefore also described, based on its outcome, as non-coping. Furthermore, the term coping generally refers to <i>reactive coping</i>, i.e. the coping response which follows the <a href="/wiki/Stressor" title="Stressor">stressor</a>. This differs from <i>proactive coping</i>, in which a coping response aims to neutralize a future stressor. Subconscious or unconscious strategies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanism" title="Defence mechanism">defense mechanisms</a>) are generally excluded from the area of coping. </p><p>The effectiveness of the coping effort depends on the type of stress, the individual, and the circumstances. Coping responses are partly controlled by <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a> (habitual traits), but also partly by the <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social environment</a>, particularly the nature of the stressful environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Carver_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carver-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People using problem-focused strategies try to deal with the cause of their problem. They do this by finding out <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> on the problem and learning new skills to manage the problem. Problem-focused coping is aimed at changing or eliminating the source of the stress. The three problem-focused coping strategies identified by Folkman and Lazarus are: taking control, information seeking, and evaluating the pros and cons. However, problem-focused coping may not be necessarily adaptive, but backfire, especially in the uncontrollable case that one cannot make the problem go away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington2013303_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2013303-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotion-focused_coping_strategies">Emotion-focused coping strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emotion-focused coping strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emotion-focused strategies involve: </p> <ul><li>releasing pent-up emotions</li> <li>distracting oneself<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolkmanMoskowitz2004751_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolkmanMoskowitz2004751-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>managing hostile feelings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditating" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditating">meditating</a></li> <li>mindfulness practices<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>using systematic relaxation procedures.</li> <li>situational exposure</li></ul> <p>Emotion-focused coping "is oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress".<sup id="cite_ref-Brannon_&_Feist_2009_pp121-3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brannon_&_Feist_2009_pp121-3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five emotion-focused coping strategies identified by Folkman and Lazarus<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2005_p438_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2005_p438-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are: </p> <ul><li>disclaiming</li> <li>escape-avoidance</li> <li>accepting responsibility or blame</li> <li>exercising self-control</li> <li>and positive reappraisal.</li></ul> <p>Emotion-focused coping is a mechanism to alleviate distress by minimizing, reducing, or preventing, the emotional components of a stressor.<sup id="cite_ref-Carver,_C._S._2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carver,_C._S._2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mechanism can be applied through a variety of ways, such as: </p> <ul><li>seeking social support</li> <li>reappraising the stressor in a positive light</li> <li>accepting responsibility</li> <li>using avoidance</li> <li>exercising self-control</li> <li>distancing<sup id="cite_ref-Carver,_C._S._2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carver,_C._S._2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folkman_&_Lazarus_1988_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkman_&_Lazarus_1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The focus of this coping mechanism is to change the meaning of the stressor or transfer attention away from it.<sup id="cite_ref-Folkman_&_Lazarus_1988_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkman_&_Lazarus_1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, reappraising tries to find a more positive meaning of the cause of the stress in order to reduce the emotional component of the stressor. Avoidance of the emotional distress will distract from the negative feelings associated with the stressor. Emotion-focused coping is well suited for stressors that seem uncontrollable (ex. a terminal illness diagnosis, or the loss of a loved one).<sup id="cite_ref-Carver,_C._S._2011_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carver,_C._S._2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mechanisms of emotion focused coping, such as distancing or avoidance, can have alleviating outcomes for a short period of time, however they can be detrimental when used over an extended period. Positive emotion-focused mechanisms, such as seeking social support, and positive re-appraisal, are associated with beneficial outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emotional_approach_coping" title="Emotional approach coping">Emotional approach coping</a> is one form of emotion-focused coping in which emotional expression and processing is used to adaptively manage a response to a stressor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include relaxation training through deep breathing, meditation, yoga, music and art therapy, and aromatherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_theory_of_coping">Health theory of coping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health theory of coping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The health theory of coping overcame the limitations of previous theories of coping,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing coping strategies within categories that are conceptually clear, mutually exclusive, comprehensive, functionally homogenous, functionally distinct, generative and flexible, explains the continuum of coping strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usefulness of all coping strategies to reduce acute distress is acknowledged, however, strategies are categorized as healthy or unhealthy depending on their likelihood of additional adverse consequences. Healthy categories are self-soothing, relaxation/distraction, social support and professional support. Unhealthy coping categories are negative self-talk, harmful activities (e.g., emotional eating, verbal or physical aggression, drugs such as alcohol, self-harm), social withdrawal, and suicidality. Unhealthy coping strategies are used when healthy coping strategies are overwhelmed, not in the absence of healthy coping strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has shown that everyone has personal healthy coping strategies (self-soothing, relaxation/distraction), however, access to social and professional support varies. Increasing distress and inadequate support results in the additional use of unhealthy coping strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-Modelling_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modelling-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overwhelming distress exceeds the capacity of healthy coping strategies and results in the use of unhealthy coping strategies. Overwhelming distress is caused by problems in one or more biopsychosocial domains of health and wellbeing.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continuum of coping strategies (healthy to unhealthy, independent to social, and low harm to high harm) have been explored in general populations,<sup id="cite_ref-Modelling_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modelling-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> university students,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and paramedics.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New evidence propose a more comprehensive view of a continuum iterative transformative process of developing coping competence among palliative care professionals<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactive_and_proactive_coping">Reactive and proactive coping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reactive and proactive coping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most coping is reactive in that the coping response follows stressors. Anticipating and reacting to a future stressor is known as <i>proactive coping</i> or future-oriented coping.<sup id="cite_ref-Brannon_&_Feist_2009_pp121-3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brannon_&_Feist_2009_pp121-3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anticipation_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticipation (emotion)">Anticipation</a> is when one reduces the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for how one is going to cope with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_coping">Social coping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social coping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Social coping</i> recognises that individuals are bedded within a social environment, which can be stressful, but also is the source of coping resources, such as seeking <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a> from others.<sup id="cite_ref-Brannon_&_Feist_2009_pp121-3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brannon_&_Feist_2009_pp121-3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Help-seeking" title="Help-seeking">help-seeking</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humor">Humor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Humor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humor used as a positive coping method may have useful benefits to emotional and mental health well-being. However, maladaptive humor styles such as self-defeating humor can also have negative effects on psychological adjustment and might exacerbate negative effects of other stressors.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By having a humorous outlook on life, stressful experiences can be and are often minimized. This coping method corresponds with positive emotional states and is known to be an indicator of mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physiological processes are also influenced within the exercise of humor. For example, laughing may reduce muscle tension, increase the flow of oxygen to the blood, exercise the cardiovascular region, and produce endorphins in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using humor in coping while processing feelings can vary depending on life circumstance and individual humor styles. In regards to grief and loss in life occurrences, it has been found that genuine laughs/smiles when speaking about the loss predicted later adjustment and evoked more positive responses from other people.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person might also find comedic relief with others around irrational possible outcomes for the deceased funeral service. It is also possible that humor would be used by people to feel a sense of control over a more powerless situation and used as way to temporarily escape a feeling of helplessness. Exercised humor can be a sign of positive adjustment as well as drawing support and interaction from others around the loss.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_techniques_(maladaptive_coping_or_non-coping)"><span id="Negative_techniques_.28maladaptive_coping_or_non-coping.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Negative"></span>Negative techniques (maladaptive coping or non-coping)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Negative techniques (maladaptive coping or non-coping)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas adaptive coping strategies improve functioning, a <a href="/wiki/Maladaptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Maladaptive">maladaptive</a> coping technique (also termed non-coping) will just reduce symptoms while maintaining or strengthening the stressor. Maladaptive techniques are only effective as a short-term rather than long-term coping process. </p><p>Examples of maladaptive behavior strategies include <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_coping" title="Avoidance coping">anxious avoidance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escape</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">self-medication</a>), use of <a href="/wiki/Humor_styles" title="Humor styles">maladaptive humor styles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Humor_styles#Self-defeating_humor" title="Humor styles">self-defeating humor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procrastination" title="Procrastination">procrastination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">rationalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_behaviors_(anxiety)" title="Safety behaviors (anxiety)">safety behaviors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sensitization" title="Sensitization">sensitization</a>. These coping strategies interfere with the person's ability to unlearn, or break apart, the paired association between the situation and the associated <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> symptoms. These are maladaptive strategies as they serve to maintain the disorder. </p> <ul><li>Anxious avoidance is when a person avoids anxiety provoking situations by all means. This is the most common method.</li> <li>Dissociation is the ability of the mind to separate and compartmentalize thoughts, memories, and emotions. This is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Post traumatic stress syndrome">post traumatic stress syndrome</a>.</li> <li>Escape is closely related to avoidance. This technique is often demonstrated by people who experience panic attacks or have phobias. These people want to flee the situation at the first sign of anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The use of self-defeating humor means that a person disparages themselves in order to entertain others. This type of humor has been shown to lead to negative psychological adjustment and exacerbate the effect of existing stressors.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Procrastination is when a person willingly delays a task in order to receive a temporary relief from stress. While this may work for short-term relief, when used as a coping mechanism, procrastination causes more issues in the long run.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rationalization is the practice of attempting to use reasoning to minimize the severity of an incident, or avoid approaching it in ways that could cause <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> or stress. It most commonly manifests in the form of making excuses for the behavior of the person engaging in the rationalization, or others involved in the situation the person is attempting to rationalize.</li> <li>Sensitization is when a person seeks to learn about, rehearse, and/or anticipate fearful events in a protective effort to prevent these events from occurring in the first place.</li> <li>Safety behaviors are demonstrated when individuals with anxiety disorders come to rely on something, or someone, as a means of coping with their excessive anxiety.</li> <li>Overthinking</li> <li>Emotion suppression</li> <li>Emotion-driven behavior</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_examples">Further examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further examples of coping strategies include<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emotional or instrumental support, self-distraction, <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_misuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance misuse">substance use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-blame" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-blame">self-blame</a>, behavioral disengagement and the use of drugs or alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people think that <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> "not only calms our emotions, but...makes us feel more 'together<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", as too can "the kind of prayer in which you're trying to achieve an inner quietness and peace".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low-effort syndrome or low-effort coping refers to the coping responses of a person refusing to work hard. For example, a student at school may learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe if they put in effort it could unveil their flaws.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogbu_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogbu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_psychoanalytic_theories">Historical psychoanalytic theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical psychoanalytic theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otto_Fenichel">Otto Fenichel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Otto Fenichel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fenichel" title="Otto Fenichel">Otto Fenichel</a></div> <p>Otto Fenichel summarized early psychoanalytic studies of coping mechanisms in children as "a gradual substitution of actions for mere discharge reactions...[&] the development of the function of judgement" – noting however that "behind all active types of mastery of external and internal tasks, a readiness remains to fall back on passive-receptive types of mastery."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In adult cases of "acute and more or less 'traumatic' upsetting events in the life of normal persons", Fenichel stressed that in coping, "in carrying out a 'work of learning' or 'work of adjustment', [s]he must acknowledge the new and less comfortable reality and fight tendencies towards regression, towards the misinterpretation of reality", though such rational strategies "may be mixed with relative allowances for rest and for small regressions and compensatory wish fulfillment, which are recuperative in effect".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karen_Horney">Karen Horney</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Karen Horney"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></div> <p>In the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Freudian">Freudian</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a> Karen Horney "developed her mature theory in which individuals cope with the anxiety produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and undervalued by disowning their spontaneous feelings and developing elaborate strategies of defence."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horney defined four so-called coping strategies to define interpersonal relations, one describing <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">psychologically healthy</a> individuals, the others describing <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurotic</a> states. </p><p>The healthy strategy she termed "Moving with" is that with which psychologically healthy people develop relationships. It involves compromise. In order to move with, there must be communication, agreement, disagreement, compromise, and decisions. The three other strategies she described – "Moving toward", "Moving against" and "Moving away" – represented neurotic, unhealthy strategies people utilize in order to protect themselves. </p><p>Horney investigated these patterns of neurotic needs (compulsive attachments).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neurotics might feel these attachments more strongly because of difficulties within their lives. If the neurotic does not experience these needs, they will experience anxiety. The ten needs are:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Affection and approval, the need to please others and be liked.</li> <li>A partner who will take over one's life, based on the idea that love will solve all of one's problems.</li> <li>Restriction of one's life to narrow borders, to be undemanding, satisfied with little, inconspicuous; to simplify one's life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a>, for control over others, for a facade of omnipotence, caused by a desperate desire for strength and dominance.</li> <li>Exploitation of others; to get the better of them.</li> <li>Social recognition or prestige, caused by an abnormal concern for appearances and popularity.</li> <li>Personal admiration.</li> <li>Personal achievement.</li> <li>Self-sufficiency and independence.</li> <li>Perfection and unassailability, a desire to be perfect and a fear of being flawed.</li></ol> <p>In Compliance, also known as "Moving toward" or the "Self-effacing solution", the individual moves towards those perceived as a threat to avoid retribution and getting hurt, "making any sacrifice, no matter how detrimental."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument is, "If I give in, I won't get hurt." This means that: if I give everyone I see as a potential threat whatever they want, I will not be injured (physically or emotionally). This strategy includes neurotic needs one, two, and three.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeree_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeree-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Withdrawal, also known as "Moving away" or the "Resigning solution", individuals distance themselves from anyone perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt – "the 'mouse-hole' attitude ... the security of unobtrusiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument is, "If I do not let anyone close to me, I won't get hurt." A neurotic, according to Horney desires to be distant because of being abused. If they can be the extreme introvert, no one will ever develop a relationship with them. If there is no one around, nobody can hurt them. These "moving away" people fight personality, so they often come across as cold or shallow. This is their strategy. They emotionally remove themselves from society. Included in this strategy are neurotic needs three, nine, and ten.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeree_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeree-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Aggression, also known as the "Moving against" or the "Expansive solution", the individual threatens those perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt. Children might react to parental in-differences by displaying anger or hostility. This strategy includes neurotic needs four, five, six, seven, and eight.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Related to the work of Karen Horney, <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> scholars<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed a classification of coping by frontline workers when working with clients (see also the work of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lipsky" title="Michael Lipsky">Michael Lipsky</a> on <a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level bureaucracy</a>). This coping classification is focused on the behavior workers can display towards clients when confronted with stress. They show that during public service delivery there are three main families of coping: </p> <ul><li>Moving <i>towards</i> clients: Coping by helping clients in stressful situations. An example is a teacher working overtime to help students.</li> <li>Moving <i>away from</i> clients: Coping by avoiding meaningful interactions with clients in stressful situations. An example is a public servant stating "the office is very busy today, please return tomorrow."</li> <li>Moving <i>against</i> clients: Coping by confronting clients. For instance, teachers can cope with stress when working with students by imposing very rigid rules, such as no cellphone use in class and sending everyone to the office when they use a cellphone. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> towards clients is also included here.</li></ul> <p>In their systematic review of 35 years of the literature, the scholars found that the most often used family is moving <i>towards</i> clients (43% of all coping fragments). Moving <i>away from</i> clients was found in 38% of all coping fragments and Moving <i>against</i> clients in 19%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heinz_Hartmann">Heinz Hartmann</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heinz Hartmann"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hartmann" title="Heinz Hartmann">Heinz Hartmann</a></div> <p>In 1937, the psychoanalyst (as well as a physician, psychologist, and psychiatrist) Heinz Hartmann marked it as the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">ego psychology</a> by publishing his paper, "Me" (which was later translated into English in 1958, titled, "The Ego and the Problem of Adaptation").<sup id="cite_ref-Bendicsen2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendicsen2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hartmann focused on the adaptive progression of the ego "through the mastery of new demands and tasks".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, according to his <i>adaptive point of view</i>, once infants were born they have the ability to be able to cope with the demands of their surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-Bendicsen2009_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendicsen2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his wake, ego psychology further stressed "the development of the personality and of 'ego-strengths'...adaptation to social realities".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object_relations">Object relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Object relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a> has stressed the importance of "the capacity to soothe oneself, to shake off rampant anxiety, gloom, or irritability....People who are poor in this ability are constantly battling feelings of distress, while those who excel in it can bounce back far more quickly from life's setbacks and upsets".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this perspective, "the art of soothing ourselves is a fundamental <a href="/wiki/Life_skill" class="mw-redirect" title="Life skill">life skill</a>; some psychoanalytic thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._W._Winnicott" class="mw-redirect" title="D. W. Winnicott">D. W. Winnicott</a> see this as the most essential of all psychic tools."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations theory</a> has examined the childhood development both of "independent coping...capacity for self-soothing", and of "aided coping. Emotion-focused coping in infancy is often accomplished through the assistance of an adult."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_differences">Gender differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gender differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gender differences in coping strategies are the ways in which men and women differ in managing <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">psychological stress</a>. There is evidence that males often develop stress due to their careers, whereas females often encounter stress due to issues in interpersonal relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early studies indicated that "there were gender differences in the sources of stressors, but gender differences in coping were relatively small after controlling for the source of stressors";<sup id="cite_ref-Billings_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billings-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recent work has similarly revealed "small differences between women's and men's coping strategies when studying individuals in similar situations."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, such differences as exist indicate that women tend to employ emotion-focused coping and the "<a href="/wiki/Tend-and-befriend" class="mw-redirect" title="Tend-and-befriend">tend-and-befriend</a>" response to stress, whereas men tend to use problem-focused coping and the "<a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight-or-flight">fight-or-flight</a>" response, perhaps because societal standards encourage men to be more individualistic, while women are often expected to be <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal">interpersonal</a>. An alternative explanation for the aforementioned differences involves genetic factors. The degree to which genetic factors and social conditioning influence behavior, is the subject of ongoing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Washburn_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washburn-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_basis">Physiological basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Physiological basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hormones also play a part in stress management. <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a>, a stress hormone, was found to be elevated in males during stressful situations. In females, however, cortisol levels were decreased in stressful situations, and instead, an increase in <a href="/wiki/Limbic" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbic">limbic</a> activity was discovered. Many researchers believe that these results underlie the reasons why men administer a <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight-or-flight">fight-or-flight</a> reaction to stress; whereas, females have a <a href="/wiki/Tend-and-befriend" class="mw-redirect" title="Tend-and-befriend">tend-and-befriend</a> reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "fight-or-flight" response activates the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> in the form of increased focus levels, adrenaline, and epinephrine. Conversely, the "tend-and-befriend" reaction refers to the tendency of women to protect their offspring and relatives. Although these two reactions support a genetic basis to differences in behavior, one should not assume that in general females cannot implement "fight-or-flight" behavior or that males cannot implement "tend-and-befriend" behavior. Additionally, this study implied differing health impacts for each gender as a result of the contrasting stress-processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_performance" title="Adaptive performance">Adaptive performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_coping" title="Communal coping">Communal coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyscopia" title="Dyscopia">Dyscopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms#Level_4:_mature" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Defence mechanisms § Level 4: mature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">Emotional eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_avoidance" title="Experiential avoidance">Experiential avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_support" title="Invisible support">Invisible support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_skills" title="Life skills">Life skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_stress_reduction" title="Mindfulness-based stress reduction">Mindfulness-based stress reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_as_a_coping_strategy" title="Music as a coping strategy">Music as a coping strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Psychological resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-compassion" title="Self-compassion">Self-compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concealment" title="Self-concealment">Self-concealment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">Social sharing of emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff_upper_lip" title="Stiff upper lip">Stiff upper lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_management" title="Stigma management">Stigma management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">Stimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress management</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semel.ucla.edu/dual-diagnosis-program/News_and_Resources/How_Do_You_Cope#:~:text=Coping%20occurs%20in%20response%20to,health%20and%20emotional%20well-being.">the original</a> on 2023-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. p. 554.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychoanalytic+Theory+of+Neurosis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=554&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Fenichel&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/horney-danielson-karen">Bernard Paris, Horney-Danielson, Karen (1885–1952)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptypes.com/neurotic_needs.html">"The Neurotic Needs According to Karen Horney"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Neurotic+Needs+According+to+Karen+Horney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptypes.com%2Fneurotic_needs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoerre" class="citation web cs1">Boerre, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/horney.html">"Karen Horney"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karen+Horney&rft.aulast=Boeree&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.ship.edu%2Fcgboer%2Fhorney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Horney, <i>New Ways in Psychoanalysis</i> (London 1966) pp. 254–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135046/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/horney.html">"Karen Horney"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/horney.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karen+Horney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.edu%2F~woolflm%2Fhorney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTummersBekkersVinkMusheno2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tummers, Lars; Bekkers, Victor; Vink, Evelien; Musheno, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmuu056">"Coping During Public Service Delivery: A Conceptualization and Systematic Review of the Literature"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 1099–1126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmuu056">10.1093/jopart/muu056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153985343">153985343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Administration+Research+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Coping+During+Public+Service+Delivery%3A+A+Conceptualization+and+Systematic+Review+of+the+Literature&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1099-1126&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmuu056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153985343%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tummers&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Bekkers%2C+Victor&rft.au=Vink%2C+Evelien&rft.au=Musheno%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjopart%252Fmuu056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bendicsen2009-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bendicsen2009_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bendicsen2009_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendicsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Bendicsen, Harold K (2009). <i>Guide to Psychoanalytic Developmental Theories</i>. 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Gregory, <i>The Oxford Companion to the Mind</i> (Oxford 1987) p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoleman1996" class="citation book cs1">Goleman, Daniel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionalintell000gole"><i>Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-2830-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-2830-2"><bdi>978-0-7475-2830-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotional+Intelligence%3A+Why+It+Can+Matter+More+Than+IQ&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-2830-2&rft.aulast=Goleman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femotionalintell000gole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoleman1996" class="citation book cs1">Goleman, Daniel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionalintell000gole"><i>Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-2830-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-2830-2"><bdi>978-0-7475-2830-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotional+Intelligence%3A+Why+It+Can+Matter+More+Than+IQ&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-2830-2&rft.aulast=Goleman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femotionalintell000gole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummingsGreeneKarraker1991" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, E. 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A meta-analytic review of sex differences in major and minor life events"</a>. <i>Annals of Behavioral Medicine</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 83–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02895038">10.1007/BF02895038</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18425659">18425659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3679256">3679256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Behavioral+Medicine&rft.atitle=Is+life+more+difficult+on+mars+or+venus%3F+A+meta-analytic+review+of+sex+differences+in+major+and+minor+life+events&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-97&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3679256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18425659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02895038&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Karen+A.&rft.au=Twamley%2C+Elizabeth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF02895038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billings-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Billings_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillingsMoos1981" class="citation journal cs1">Billings, Andrew G.; Moos, Rudolf H. 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Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60132-6"><bdi>978-0-495-60132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Psychology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Behavior+and+Health%3A+An+Introduction+to+Behavior+and+Health&rft.pages=125&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-60132-6&rft.aulast=Brannon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Feist%2C+Jess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washburn-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washburn_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburn-OrmacheaHillmanSawilowsky2004" class="citation journal cs1">Washburn-Ormachea, Jill M.; Hillman, Stephen B.; Sawilowsky, Shlomo S. (2004). "Gender and Gender-Role Orientation Differences on Adolescents' Coping with Peer Stressors". <i>Journal of Youth and Adolescence</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 31–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1027330213113">10.1023/A:1027330213113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92981782">92981782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Youth+and+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Gender-Role+Orientation+Differences+on+Adolescents%27+Coping+with+Peer+Stressors&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-40&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1027330213113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92981782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Washburn-Ormachea&rft.aufirst=Jill+M.&rft.au=Hillman%2C+Stephen+B.&rft.au=Sawilowsky%2C+Shlomo+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangKorczykowskiRaoFan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, J.; Korczykowski, M.; Rao, H.; Fan, Y.; Pluta, J.; Gur, R.C.; McEwen, B.S.; Detre, J.A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1974871">"Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress"</a>. <i>Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 227–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fscan%2Fnsm018">10.1093/scan/nsm018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1974871">1974871</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17873968">17873968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Cognitive+and+Affective+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Gender+difference+in+neural+response+to+psychological+stress&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-39&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1974871%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17873968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fscan%2Fnsm018&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Korczykowski%2C+M.&rft.au=Rao%2C+H.&rft.au=Fan%2C+Y.&rft.au=Pluta%2C+J.&rft.au=Gur%2C+R.C.&rft.au=McEwen%2C+B.S.&rft.au=Detre%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1974871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2013" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Rick (2013). <i>Stress, health & well-being thriving in the 21st century</i>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83161-5"><bdi>978-1-111-83161-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781848419">781848419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stress%2C+health+%26+well-being+thriving+in+the+21st+century&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781848419&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83161-5&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolkmanMoskowitz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Folkman, Susan; Moskowitz, Judith Tedlie (February 2004). "Coping: Pitfalls and Promise". <i>Annual Review of Psychology</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 745–774. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.55.090902.141456">10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14744233">14744233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Coping%3A+Pitfalls+and+Promise&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=745-774&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.55.090902.141456&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14744233&rft.aulast=Folkman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Moskowitz%2C+Judith+Tedlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Susan Folkman and Richard S. Lazarus, "Coping and Emotion", in Nancy Stein <i>et al.</i> eds., <i>Psychological and Biological Approaches to Emotion</i> (1990)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughamZailMendozaMiller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brougham, Ruby R.; Zail, Christy M.; Mendoza, Celeste M.; Miller, Janine R. (2009). "Stress, Sex Differences, and Coping Strategies Among College Students". <i>Current Psychology</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 85–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12144-009-9047-0">10.1007/s12144-009-9047-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18784775">18784775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychology&rft.atitle=Stress%2C+Sex+Differences%2C+and+Coping+Strategies+Among+College+Students&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-97&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12144-009-9047-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18784775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brougham&rft.aufirst=Ruby+R.&rft.au=Zail%2C+Christy+M.&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+Celeste+M.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Janine+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Arantzamendi M, Sapeta P, Belar A, Centeno C. How palliative care professionals develop coping competence through their career: A grounded theory. Palliat Med. 2024 Feb 21:2692163241229961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38380528/">doi: 10.1177/02692163241229961</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coping&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coping" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Coping">Coping</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip/copingskills.html">Coping Skills for Trauma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717100219/http://www.lfcc.on.ca/HCT_SWASM_18.html">Coping Strategies for Children and Teenagers Living with Domestic Violence</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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