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<!doctype html> <html lang="auto"> <head> <base href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm"> <title>Javanese language and alphabet</title> <meta name="description" content="Javanese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken mainly on the Indonesian island of Java by about 80 million people."> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WB7PSHBG');</script> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.omniglot.com/images/logos/omniglot_thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:type" content="https://www.facebook.com/pg/Omniglot-100430558332117/posts/"> <link href="/styles/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <script src="https://the.gatekeeperconsent.com/cmp.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script async src="//www.ezojs.com/ezoic/sa.min.js"></script> <script> window.ezstandalone = window.ezstandalone || {}; 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}); </script></span> <div id="body"> <h1>Javanese alphabet (Carakan)   <img src="../images/langnames/nm_javanese.gif" width="180" height="36" class="rightfloat" alt="Carakan (Javanese alphabet)"></h1> <p>The earliest known writing in Javanese dates from the 4th Century AD, at which time Javanese was written with the Pallava alphabet. By the 10th Century the Kawi alphabet, which developed from Pallava, had a distinct Javanese form.</p> <p>For a period from the 15th century onwards, Javanese was also written with a version of the <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/javanese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#arabic">Arabic alphabet</a>, called <em>pegon</em> (<span dir="rtl">ن ݢ ٙ ڤٙي ٙ</span>).</p> <p>By the 17th Century, the Javanese alphabet had developed into its current form. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia between 1942 and 1945, the alphabet was prohibited.</p> <p>Since the Dutch introduced the <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/javanese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#latin">Latin alphabet</a> to Indonesia in the 19th Century, the Javanese alphabet has gradually been supplanted. Today it is used almost exclusively by scholars and for decoration. Those who can read and write it are held in high esteem.</p> <h2>Notable features</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/types.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Type of writing system</a>: <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/abugidas.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Abugida / Syllabic Alphabet</a> - each letter has an inherent vowel /a/. Other vowels can be indicated using a variety of diacritics which appear above, below, in front of or after the main letter.</li> <li><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/scriptfamilies.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Script family</a>: <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/protosinaitc.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Proto-Sinaitic</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/phoenician.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Phoenician</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/aramaic.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Aramaic</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/brahmi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Brāhmī</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/pallava.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Pallava</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/kawi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kawi</a>, Javanese</li> <li><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/direction.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Writing direction</a>: left to right in horizontal lines</li> <li>The Javanese alphabet consists of <em>akṣara</em> (letters), <em>saṇḍangan</em> (diacritics), <em>wilangan</em> (numerals), and <em>pada</em> (punctuation).</li> <li>The <em>akṣara</em> (letters) consist of <em>akṣara wyanyjana</em> (consonants) and <em>akṣara swara</em> (vowels); the <em>saṇḍangan</em> (diacritics) consist of <em>saṇḍangan swara</em> (vowel diacritics), <em>saṇḍangan panyigeging wanda</em> (sound killers), and <em>saṇḍangan wyanyjana</em> (semivowel diacritics).</li> <li>Each consonants has two forms: the <em>akṣara</em> form is used at the beginning of a syllable, while the <em>pasangan</em> form is used for the second consonant of a consonant cluster and mutes the vowel of the <em>akṣara</em>.</li> <li>There are a number of consonants letters called <em>akṣara murda</em> or <em>akṣara gêḍe</em> (great or important letters) which are used for honorific purposes, such as to write the names of respected people. There are also a number of additional consonant letters to represent foreign sounds called <em>akṣara rekan</em>.</li> <li>The order of the carakan consonants makes the following saying, "Hana caraka, data sawala, paḍa jayanya, maga baṭanga," which means, "There were (two) emissaries, they began to fight, their valor was equal, they both fell dead."</li> </ul> <h2>Used to write:</h2> <p>Javanese (Basa Jawa / ꦧꦱꦗꦮ), an Austronesian language spoken by about 80 million people in Indonesia and Suriname. In Indonesia Javanese is spoken in Java, particularly in central and east Java, and on the north coast of West Java, and in Madura, Bali, Lombok, and in the Sunda region of West Java. The Javanese alphabet also can be used to write old Javanese.</p> <p>Javanese was used as the court language in Palembang, South Sumatra until the late 18th century and has been used as a literary language for over a millenium. It currently has no official status though is recognised as a regional language in Central Java, Yogyakarta, and East Java. It is taught in some schools, and there are some radio and TV programmes in Javanese, as well as a number of magazines. The Javanese alphabet was also used to write Balinese and Sundanese, but has been replaced by the <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/javanese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#latin">Latin alphabet</a>.</p> <p>Also used to write <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/sundanese.php?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sundanese</a> and <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/madurese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Madurese</a>.</p> <h2>The Javanese alphabet</h2> <h3>Akṣara Wyanyjana (Consonants)</h3> <h4>Akṣara Carakan and Pasangan</h4> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_cons.gif" width="571" height="793" alt="Javanese consonants (Akṣara Carakan and Pasangan)"></p> <p><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_javanese.mp3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hear a recording of the Javanese consonants</a> by Faishal.</p> <p> <audio controls><source src="../soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_javanese.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> <embed height="50" width="100" src="../soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_javanese.mp3"> </audio></p> <h4>Notes</h4> <ul> <li>The <em>pasangan</em> (final consonants) are shown in red and are used at the ends of syllables.</li> <li>ḍa [ɖa] and ṭa [ʈa] are usually written dha and tha. ḍa and ṭa are used here to differentiate dha [ɖa] and tha [ʈa] in modern Javanese and dha [d̪ha] and tha [t̪ha] in old Javanese.</li> </ul> <h3>Akṣara murda consonants</h3> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_caps.gif" width="560" height="387" alt="Javanese Akṣara murda consonants"></p> <p>The <em>pasangan</em> (final consonants) are shown in red. ka, ta, pa, ga and ba are most commonly used. The others are rarely used.</p> <h2>Akṣara for writing Old Javanese</h2> <p>To write old Javanese some of the letters are aspirated. The arrangement of consonants is based on standard Sanskrit.</p> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_old.gif" width="591" height="686" alt="Old Javanese consonants"></p> <h3>Akṣara Rekan (additional consonants)</h3> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_extra.gif" width="557" height="775" alt="Javanese Akṣara Rekan (additional consonants)"></p> <h3>Vowels and vowel diacritics (Akṣara Swara & Saṇḍangan Swara)</h3> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_vwl.gif" width="593" height="648" alt="Javanese vowels and vowel diacritics (Akṣara Swara)"></p> <p>Note: rê, rêu, lê, and lêu are also treated as consonants. So they have pasangan:</p> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_rlp.gif" width="345" height="77" alt="Javanese vowels and vowel diacritics (Akṣara Swara)"></p> <p>The long vowels (ā, êu, ī, ai, rêu, lêu, ū, and au) are no longer used in modern Javanese, but just for special purposes like writing old Javanese and transliterating foreign sounds.</p> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_sk.gif" width="600" height="94" alt="Javanese numerals (Wilangan)"></p> <h3>Numerals (Wilangan)</h3> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_num.gif" width="582" height="115" alt="Javanese numerals (Wilangan)"></p> <p>The first line of numbers are native Javanese ones; the second line of number are adapted from Sanskrit.</p> <h3>Punctuation (Pada)</h3> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_padas.gif" width="599" height="498" alt="Javanese punctuation (Pada)"></p> <h2>Sample text in the Javanese alphabet</h2> <p><img src="../images/langsamples/udhr_javanese.gif" width="600" height="232" alt="ꦱꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦮꦺꦴꦁꦏꦭꦲꦶꦂꦫꦏ꧀ꦏꦺꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦩꦂꦢꦶꦏꦭꦤ꧀ꦢꦂꦧꦺꦩꦂꦠꦧꦠ꧀ꦭꦤꦲꦏ꧀ꦲꦏ꧀ꦏꦁꦥꦝ꧉ꦏꦧꦺꦃꦥꦶꦤꦫꦶꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦲꦏꦭ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦭ꧀ꦧꦸꦱꦂꦠꦏꦲꦗꦧ꧀ꦥꦱꦿꦮꦸꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦩꦼꦩꦶꦠꦿꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦗꦶꦭꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦗꦶꦤꦺꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦗꦶꦮꦱꦸꦩꦢꦸꦭꦸꦂ꧉" title="Javanese sample text (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)"></p> <p><em>Text provided by Aditya Bayu, with corrections by Hafidh Ihromi and Arif Budiarto</em></p> <h3>Transliteration</h3> <p>Saben uwong kalairake kanthi mardika lan darbe martabat lan hak-hak kang padha. Kabeh pinaringan akal lan kalbu sarta kaajab pasrawungan anggone memitran siji lan sijine kanthi jiwo sumadulur.</p> <p><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/soundfiles/udhr/udhr_javanese1.mp3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hear a recording of this text</a> by Faishal.</p> <p> <audio controls><source src="../soundfiles/udhr/udhr_javanese1.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> <embed height="50" width="100" src="../soundfiles/udhr/udhr_javanese1.mp3"> </audio></p> <h3>Translation</h3> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<br><em>(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)</em></p> <h2>Another sample text in the Javanese alphabet (Lord's prayer)</h2> <p><img src="../images/langsamples/smp_javanese.gif" width="550" height="359" alt="Javanese sample text (Lord's Prayer)"></p> <h3>Transliteration</h3> <p>Rama kaula ingkang wonten ing swarga. Wasta Sampeyan dadosa suci. Sajaman Sampeyan rawuha. Kars Sampean dadosa ying bumi kados ing swarga. Rejeki kaula kang sadinten-dinten sukani dinten puniki maring kaula. Ambi puntan maring kaula dosa kaula, kados kaula puntan maring satunggil-tunggil tiyang kang salah maring kaula. Ami sampun bekta kaula ing percoban. Tapi cuculaken kaula bari pada sang awon. Sabab sajamana ambi kowasa sarta kamukten Gusti kagunganipun dumugi ing awet. Amin.</p><a id="latin"></a> <h2>Latin alphabet for Javanese</h2> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_abc.gif" width="579" height="309" alt="Javanese alphabet"></p> <h3>Javanese pronunciation</h3> <p><img src="../images/writing/javanese_pron.gif" width="527" height="384" alt="Javanese pronunciation"></p> <h3>Notes</h3> <ul> <li>In some older texts the letters ṇ, ś, ṣ, ḍ and ṭ are used. In more modern texts the letters n, s, dh and th are used instead.</li> <li>The letters f, q, v, x, and z are used in loanwords from European languages and Arabic.</li> </ul> <h2>Sample text in Javanese</h2> <p>Saben uwong kalairake kanthi mardika lan darbe martabat lan hak-hak kang padha. Kabeh pinaringan akal lan kalbu sarta kaajab pasrawungan anggone memitran siji lan sijine kanthi jiwo sumadulur.</p> <p><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/soundfiles/udhr/udhr_javanese1.mp3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hear a recording of this text</a> by Faishal.</p> <p> <audio controls><source src="../soundfiles/udhr/udhr_javanese1.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> <embed height="50" width="100" src="../soundfiles/udhr/udhr_javanese1.mp3"> </audio></p> <h3>Translation</h3> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<br><em>(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)</em></p><a id="arabic"></a> <h2 align="right">Arabic alphabet for Javanese (Pegon / <span dir="rtl">ڤَيݢَون</span>)</h2> <p align="right"><img src="../images/writing/javanese_arb.gif" width="534" height="571" alt="Arabic alphabet for Javanese (Pegon) / ڤَيݢَون"></p> <p>Download an alphabet charts for Javanese in <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/charts/javanese.xls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Excel</a> or <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/charts/javanese.pdf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">PDF</a> format</p> <p><em>Information, corrections and additions provided by <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/charts/javanese.pdf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Wolfram Siegel</a>, Nurrahim Dwi Saputra and Michael Peter Füstumum</em></p> <h2>Sample videos in Javanese</h2> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eg0bYuuHzkI" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/O2eX3XuzWBM" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p class="info"><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/javanese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Information about Javanese</a> | <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/language/phrases/javanese.php?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Phrases</a> | <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/language/numbers/javanese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Numbers</a> | <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/language/kinship/javanese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Family words</a> | <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/babel/javanese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tower of Babel</a> | <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/books/language/indonesia.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#javanese">Learning materials</a></p> <h2>Links</h2> <p>Information about Javanese<br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_script">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_script</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanische_Sprache">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanische_Sprache</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589jaan_Basa_Jawa">https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éjaan_Basa_Jawa</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.joglosemar.co.id/hanacaraka/hanacaraka.html">http://www.joglosemar.co.id/hanacaraka/hanacaraka.html</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://geonames.de/alphfj.html">http://geonames.de/alphfj.html;</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/java1254">http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/java1254</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jav">https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jav</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.joglosemar.co.id/hanacaraka/hanacaraka.html">http://www.joglosemar.co.id/hanacaraka/hanacaraka.html</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegon">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegon</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegon_script">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegon_script</a></p> <p>Online Javanese lessons<br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/jawa/jawa.htm">http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/jawa/jawa.htm</a></p> <p>The Official Site of Akṣara Jawa - free fonts and a tutorial on how to write with the Javanese alphabet (in Javanese and Indonesian)<br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hanacaraka.fateback.com">http://hanacaraka.fateback.com</a></p> <p>Javanese fonts<br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.adjisaka.com/">http://www.adjisaka.com</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sites.google.com/site/jawaunicode/main-page">https://sites.google.com/site/jawaunicode/main-page</a><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.reocities.com/jglavy/asian.html">http://www.reocities.com/jglavy/asian.html</a></p> <h2>Malayo-Polynesian languages</h2><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/alorese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Alorese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ambai.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ambai</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ambel.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ambel</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/anuki.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Anuki</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/balinese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Balinese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bambam.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bambam</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/banjarese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Banjarese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/batuley.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Batuley</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bengkulu.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bengkulu</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/biak.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Biak</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bima.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bima</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bugis.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bugis</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bushi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bushi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/chamorro.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chamorro</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/duri.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Duri</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/fijian.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fijian</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/fordata.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fordata</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/gayo.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Gayo</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/iban.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iban</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/indonesian.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Indonesian</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/javanese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Javanese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/kei.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kei</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/kerinci.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kerinci</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/komering.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Komering</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/lamaholot.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lamaholot</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/lampung.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lampung</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ledokaili.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ledo Kaili</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/madurese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Madurese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/makassarese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Makasarese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/malagasy.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malagasy</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/malay.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malay</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/mamasa.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mamasa</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/mandar.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mandar</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/mandar.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mandar</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/mbula.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mbula</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/mentawai.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mentawai</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/minangkabau.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/mualang.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mualang</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/musi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Musi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ngaju.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ngaju</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/nias.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nias</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ogan.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ogan</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/palauan.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Palauan</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/sasak.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sasak</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/selaru.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Selaru</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/sumbawa.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sumbawa</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/sundanese.php?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sundanese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/toqabaqita.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Toqabaqita</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/torajasadan.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Toraja-Sa'dan</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ulumanda.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ulumandaʼ</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/uraklawoi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Urak Lawoi’</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/wamesa.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Wamesa</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/yamdena.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Yamdena</a> <p><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/langalph.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#latin">Languages written with the Latin alphabet</a></p> <h2><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/abugidas.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Abugidas / Syllabic alphabets</a></h2> <p><a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ahom.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ahom</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/aima.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Aima</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/arleng.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Arleng</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/badagu.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Badagu</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/badlit.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Badlit</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/basahan.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Basahan</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/balinese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Balinese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/baltia.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Balti-A</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/baltib.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Balti-B</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/batak.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Batak</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/baybayin.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Baybayin</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bengali.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bengali</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bhaiksuki.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bhaiksuki</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bhujimol.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bhujimol</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bilangbilang.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bilang-bilang</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/bima.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bima</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/blackfoot.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/brahmi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Brahmi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/buhid.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Buhid</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/burmese.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Burmese</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/carrier.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Carrier</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/chakma.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chakma</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/cham.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cham</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/cree.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cree</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/dehongdai.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Dehong Dai</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/devanagari.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Devanagari</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/dham.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Dham Lipi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/dhankari.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Dhankari / Sirmauri</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ditema.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ditema</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/dhivesakuru.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Dives Akuru</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/dogra.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Dogra</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/ethiopic.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ethiopic</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/dhivesakuru.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Evēla Akuru</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/fox.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fox</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/fraser.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fraser</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/gond.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Gond</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/goykanadi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Goykanadi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/grantha.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Grantha</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/gujarati.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Gujarati</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/gunjalagondi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Gunjala Gondi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/gupta.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Gupta</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/punjabi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Gurmukhi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/halbilipi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Halbi Lipi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/hanifi.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hanifi</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/hanunoo.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hanuno'o</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/hotcak.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hočąk</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/palawano.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ibalnan">Ibalnan</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/incung.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Incung</a>, <a href="https://www-omniglot-com.translate.goog/writing/inuktitut.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Inuktitut</a>, <a 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