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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> used in various <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabets</a>. In the list, <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> are arranged in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a> according to their base, e.g. ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>⟩ is alphabetised with ⟨a⟩, not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. Substantially-modified letters, such as ⟨<a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ</a>⟩ (a variant of ⟨s⟩) and ⟨ɔ⟩ (based on ⟨o⟩), are placed at the end. <a href="/wiki/Capitalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalisation">Capitalisation</a> only involves the first letter (⟨ch⟩ becomes ⟨Ch⟩) unless otherwise stated (⟨ij⟩ becomes ⟨IJ⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, and digraphs marking <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">eclipsis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, are capitalised on the second letter, i.e. ⟨mb⟩ becomes ⟨mB⟩). <div class="noprint"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#Apostrophe">Apostrophe </a></li> <li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="#Other_letters">Other letters </a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apostrophe[1]">Apostrophe<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a></h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Apostrophe[1]">edit</a>]</div> ⟨ʼb⟩ (capital ⟨ʼB⟩) is used in <a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a> for /ɓ/. ⟨ʼd⟩ (capital ⟨ʼD⟩) is used in Bari for /ɗ/. ⟨ʼm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">the Wu MiniDict Romanisation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">dark or yin tone</a> /m/. It is also often written as /ʔm/. ⟨ʼn⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /n/. ⟨ʼng⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /ŋ/. ⟨ʼny⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /ȵ/. ⟨ʼy⟩ (capital ⟨ʼY⟩) is used in Bari and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> (in Nigeria) for /ʔʲ/, but in Niger, Hausa ⟨ʼy⟩ is replaced with ⟨ƴ ⟩. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A">edit</a>]</div> ⟨aʼ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky-voiced</a> vowel /a̰/. ⟨aa⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a> and other languages with phonemic long vowels for /aː/. It was <a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet#History" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">formerly used in Danish and Norwegian</a> (and still is in some proper names) for [ɔ] or [ʌ] (in Danish), until it was replaced with ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>⟩. There is a ligature ⟨<a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜳ">Ꜳ</a>⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> romanisations such as <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yale_Romanization_of_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a>, it is used for /aː/, contrasting with ⟨a⟩ /ɐ/. ⟨ae⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /eː/ between two "broad" (<a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a>) consonants, e.g. Gael /ɡeːlˠ/ "a <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gael</a>". <dl><dd>In <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin</a>, ⟨ae⟩ originally represented the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> /ae/, before it was <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongized</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> period to /ɛ/; in medieval manuscripts, the digraph was frequently replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a>⟩.</dd> <dd>In Modern English, Latin loanwords with ⟨ae⟩ are generally pronounced with /iː/ (e.g. Caesar), prompting <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a> to shorten this to ⟨e⟩ in his 1806 <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">spelling reform</a> for <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.</dd> <dd>In <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a>, ⟨ae⟩ is a variant of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩ found in some proper names or in contexts where ⟨ä⟩ is unavailable.</dd> <dd>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a>, ⟨ae⟩ is an old spelling variant of ⟨aa⟩ but now only occurs in names of people or (less often) places and in a few loanwords from Greek and Latin.</dd> <dd>In <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a>, ⟨ae⟩ represents /a/ (⟨a⟩ represents /aː/).</dd> <dd>In <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a>, ⟨ae⟩ represents /ɛ/.</dd></dl> ⟨ãe⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ɐ̃ĩ̯/. ⟨ah⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> for breathy or <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> /a̤/. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> it typically represents a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> /ɑː/. ⟨ai⟩ is used in many languages, typically representing the diphthong /aɪ/. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>, it represents /eɪ/ as in pain and rain, while in unstressed syllables it may represent /ə/, e.g. bargain and certain(ly). In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, it represents /ɛ/. In Irish and it represents /a/ between a broad and a slender consonant. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a>, it represents /a/ or /ɛ/ between a broad and a slender consonant, except when preceding word-final or pre-consonant ⟨ll, m, nn⟩ (e.g. cainnt /kʰaiɲtʲ/, or pre-consonant ⟨bh, mh⟩ (e.g. aimhreit /ˈaivɾʲɪtʲ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a> orthography of <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents /eː/, mostly in loanwords from English such as paint.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a> ⟨aí⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /iː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨aî⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> for /ɛː/, as in aînesse /ɛːnɛs/ or maître /mɛːtʁ/. ⟨ái⟩ is used in Irish for /aː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ài⟩ is used in Scottish Gaelic for /aː/ or sometimes /ɛː/, between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ãi⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ɐ̃ĩ̯/, usually spelt ⟨ãe⟩. ⟨am⟩ is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ũ̯/ word finally, /ɐ̃/ before a consonant, and /am/ before a vowel. In French, it represents /ɑ̃/. ⟨âm⟩ is used in Portuguese for a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. ⟨an⟩ is used in many languages to write a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>. In Portuguese it is used for /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. In French it represents /ɑ̃/ (/an/ before a vowel). In <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> it represents /ɑ̃n/. ⟨aⁿ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> for /ã/. ⟨ân⟩ is used in Portuguese for a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. ⟨än⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Pinyin">Tibetan Pinyin</a> for /ɛ̃/. It is alternately written ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ain_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain (trigraph)">ain</a>⟩. ⟨ån⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>, for the nasal vowel /ɔ̃/. ⟨aŋ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Lakhota_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhota language">Lakhota</a> for the nasal vowel /ã/ ⟨ao⟩ is used in many languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>, to represent /au̯/. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a>, it represents /iː/ (/eː/ in <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a>) between broad consonants. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a>, it represents /ɯː/ between broad consonants. In <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>, it is found in a few words such as paon representing /ɑ̃/ and as paonne representing /a/. In <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, it represents /o/. In <a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a>, it represents /œʏ̯/. ⟨ão⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ɐ̃ũ̯/. ⟨aq⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> vowel /aˤ/. ⟨au⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> for /ɔː/. It occasionally represents /aʊ/, as in flautist. Other pronunciations are /æ/ or /ɑː/ (depending on dialect) in aunt and laugh, /eɪ/ in gauge, /oʊ/ in gauche and chauffeur, and /ə/ as in <a href="/wiki/Meerschaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Meerschaum">meerschaum</a> and restaurant. <dl><dd>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, it represents /au/ and /ʌu/, respectively (/au/ in some northern and /ɔu/ in some southern Dutch and some Flemish dialects).</dd> <dd>In <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>, it represents /o/ or sometimes /ɔ/.</dd> <dd>In <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> it represents /œy/ and /æʉ/, respectively.</dd> <dd>In several <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanizations of Wu Chinese</a>, it represents /ɔ/.</dd> <dd>In the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a>, it is used for /ɔ(ː)/, as in caul "cabbage" or dauncya "to dance".<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a></dd></dl> ⟨äu⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a> for the diphthong /ɔɪ/ in declension of native words with ⟨au⟩; elsewhere, /ɔɪ/ is written as ⟨eu⟩. In words, mostly of Latin origin, where ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨u⟩ are separated by a syllable boundary, it represents /ɛ.ʊ/, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus (disambiguation)">Matthäus</a> (a German form for <a href="/wiki/Matthew_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew (name)">Matthew</a>). ⟨aw⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> in ways that parallel English ⟨au⟩, though it appears more often at the end of a word. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents /aʊ/ or /æʊ/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a>, it represents /au/. ⟨ay⟩ is used in English in ways that parallel ⟨ai⟩, though it appears more often at the end of a word. In French, it represents /ɛj/ before a vowel (as in ayant) and /ɛ.i/ before a consonant (as in pays). In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents /aɪ/, /əɪ/, /ɛː/, or /eː/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨a_e⟩ (a <a href="/wiki/Split_digraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Split digraph">split digraph</a>) is used in English for /eɪ/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: B">edit</a>]</div> ⟨bb⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /b/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>, where ⟨b⟩ stands for /p/. It was used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Language">Portuguese</a> until 1947. It had the same sound as ⟨b⟩. Was used only for etymological purposes. In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, it represents <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> /bː/. In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short (so ⟨bb⟩ represents /b/). In ISO romanized <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, it is used for the fortis sound /p͈/, otherwise spelled ⟨pp⟩; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hobbang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbang">hobbang</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> it represents the ejective /pʼ/. In several African languages it is implosive /ɓ/. In <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a> it is /bʱ/. ⟨bd⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> for /d/ in a few words of Greek origin, such as bdellatomy. When not initial, it represents /bd/, as in abdicate. ⟨bf⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> and several <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a> for the /b̪͡v/. ⟨bh⟩ is used in transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan languages</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">voiced bilabial plosive</a> (/bʱ/), and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a>, it's used for the similar <a href="/wiki/Prevoiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevoiced">prevoiced</a> aspirated plosive /b͡pʰ/. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> to represent /w/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) and /vʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩), word-initially it marks the <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">lenition</a> of ⟨b⟩, e.g. mo bhád /mˠə waːd̪ˠ/ "my boat", bheadh /vʲɛx/ "would be". In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a>, it represents /v/, or in a few contexts as /w/~/u/ between a broad vowel and a broad consonant or between two broad vowels, as in labhair /l̪ˠau.ɪɾʲ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Orthography_for_languages_of_Guinea_(pre-1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985)">orthography used in Guinea before 1985</a>, ⟨bh⟩ was used in <a href="/wiki/Pular_language" title="Pular language">Pular</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula language</a>) for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">voiced bilabial implosive</a> /ɓ/, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, ⟨b⟩ represents the implosive and ⟨bh⟩ represents the plosive /b/. In some orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Dan_language" title="Dan language">Dan</a>, ⟨b⟩ is /b/ and ⟨bh⟩ is /ɓ/. ⟨bm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> for an optionally <a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">pre-occluded</a> /m/; that is, it represents either /m/ or /mː/ (in any position); /ᵇm/ (before a consonant or finally); or /bm/ (before a vowel); examples are mabm ('mother') or hebma ('this').<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨bp⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> and romanized <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> for /p/. ⟨bp⟩ (capital ⟨bP⟩) is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Eclipsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsis">eclipsis</a> of ⟨p⟩, to represent /bˠ/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) and /bʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩). ⟨bv⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">voiced labiodental affricate</a> /b̪͡v/. ⟨bz⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Whistled_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled sibilant">whistled sibilant</a> cluster /bz͎/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: C">edit</a>]</div> ⟨cc⟩ is used in Andean Spanish for loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> with /q/, as in Ccozcco (modern Qusqu) ('<a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>'). In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, ⟨cc⟩ before a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a> represents a geminated /tʃ/, as in lacci /ˈlat.tʃi/. In <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>, ⟨cc⟩ represents the /tʃ/ sound at the end of a word. In <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> it is the glottalized click /ᵑǀˀ/. In English <a href="/wiki/Crips" title="Crips">crip</a> slang, ⟨cc⟩ can sometimes replace the letters ⟨ck⟩ or ⟨ct⟩ at the ends of words, such as with thicc, protecc, succ and fucc. ⟨cg⟩ was used for [ddʒ] or [gg] in Old English (ecg in Old English sounded like 'edge' in Modern English, while frocga sounded like 'froga'), where both are <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">long consonants</a>. It is used for the click /ǀχ/ in <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a>, and in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental click">voiceless dental click</a> /ǀ/. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩ is used in several languages. In English, it can represent /tʃ/, /k/, /ʃ/, /x/ or /h/. See article. ⟨çh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> for /tʃ/, as a distinction from ⟨ch⟩ which is used for /x/. ⟨čh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Romani_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani orthography">Romani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> Latin alphabet for /tʃʰ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossete</a> Latin alphabet, it was used for /tʃʼ/. ⟨ci⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian</a> for /tʃ/ before the non-front vowel letters ⟨a, o, u⟩. In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, it usually represents /ʃ/ whenever it precedes any vowel other than ⟨i⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish</a>, it represents /t͡ɕ/ whenever it precedes a vowel, and /t͡ɕi/ whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%86" title="Ć">ć</a>⟩ appearing in other situations. In Romanian, it represents /tʃ/. The digraph is found at the end of a word (deci, atunci, copaci) or before the letters a, o, or u (ciorba, ciuleandra); the /tʃ/ sound made by the letter c in front of the letters e or i becomes /k/ in front of the three aforementioned vowels, making the addition of the letter i necessary. ⟨cj⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> for /c/ such as in words cjocolate /cokoˈlate/. It's also used in local orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> to represent /tʃ/ derived from Latin ⟨cl⟩. ⟨ck⟩ is used in many <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> in lieu of ⟨kk⟩ or ⟨cc⟩ to indicate either a <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a> /kː/, or a /k/ with a preceding (historically) <a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short vowel</a>. The latter is the case with English tack, deck, pick, lock, and buck (compare backer with baker). In <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a>, ⟨ck⟩ indicates that the preceding vowel is short. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/German_spelling_reform_of_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="German spelling reform of 1996">German spelling reform of 1996</a>, it was replaced by ⟨k-k⟩ for syllabification. The new spelling rules allow only syllabification of the ⟨ck⟩ as a whole: <dl><dd><ul><li>Old spelling: Säcke: Säk-ke ('sacks')</li> <li>New spelling: Säcke: Sä-cke</li></ul></dd> <dd>Among the modern Germanic languages, ⟨ck⟩ is used mainly in <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Similarly, ⟨kk⟩ is used for the same purpose in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, and other West Germanic languages in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. Compare the word nickel, which is the same in many of these languages except for the customary ⟨ck⟩ or ⟨kk⟩ spelling. The word is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nickel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nickel">nickel</a> in English and Swedish, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nickel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Nickel">Nickel</a> in German, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nikkel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nikkel">nikkel</a> in Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Icelandic and Norwegian.</dd> <dd>It was also used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental click">voiceless dental click</a> /ǀ/ (equivalent to ⟨cg⟩).</dd> <dd>It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> for /k/ at the end of a syllable after a short vowel; only in loanwords (mostly from English) in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a> (SWF),<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> more widely in <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a></dd></dl> ⟨cn⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> for /n/ in a few words of Greek origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Cnidarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarian">cnidarian</a>. When not initial, it represents /kn/, as in acne. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /kʰr/, and nasalises the following vowel, as in cneap /kʰrʲɛ̃hb/. ⟨cö⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">velar plosive</a>, /kʷ/. It is placed between ⟨<a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a>⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. ⟨cr⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for /ʈʂ/. ⟨cs⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">voiceless postalveolar affricate</a>, /tʃ/. It is considered a distinct letter, named csé, and is placed between ⟨<a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a>⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. Examples of words with ⟨cs⟩ include csak ('only'), csésze ('cup'), cső ('pipe'), csípős ('peppery'). ⟨ct⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> for /t/ in a few words of Greek origin, such as ctenoid. When not initial, it represents /kt/, as in act. Is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Orthography">Portuguese</a> for /t/ in some words, e.g. retrospecto but not in tacto. ⟨cu⟩ is used in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> (that is, based on <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese orthography</a>) for /kʷ/. In Nahuatl, ⟨cu⟩ is used before a vowel, whereas ⟨uc⟩ is used after a vowel. ⟨cw⟩ is used in modern scholarly editions of Old English for the sound /kw/, which was spelled ⟨cƿ⟩, ⟨cuu⟩ or ⟨cu⟩ in manuscripts. In Middle English these were all replaced by Latin ⟨qu⟩. ⟨cx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a> as <a href="/wiki/X-sistemo" class="mw-redirect" title="X-sistemo">an unofficial surrogate</a> of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%88" title="Ĉ">ĉ</a>⟩, which represents /tʃ/. ⟨cz⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish</a> for /ʈ͡ʂ/ as in <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bf\/Pl-cze%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg\/Pl-cze%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"cz<\/b>e\u015b\u0107<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-cze\u015b\u0107.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Pl-cze%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg/Pl-cze%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">cześć</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-cze%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg" title="File:Pl-cześć.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('hello'). In <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, ⟨cz⟩ represents /tʃ/. In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, historical ⟨cz⟩ contracted to the <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a>⟩, which represents /s/ when followed by ⟨a, o, u⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, it was formerly used for the sound /ts/, which is now written ⟨c⟩. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, ⟨cz⟩ is used to represent <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tʃ/</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> Czech, and Czechia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: D">edit</a>]</div> ⟨dc⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a> for the click /ᶢǀ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Prevoiced_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevoiced ejective">prevoiced ejective</a> /d͡tʃʼ/. ⟨dd⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> to indicate a /d/ with a preceding (historically) short vowel (e.g. jaded /ˈdʒeɪdɨd/ has a "long a" while ladder /ˈlædər/ has a "short a"). In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a>, ⟨dd⟩ represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a> /ð/. It is treated as a distinct letter, named èdd, and placed between ⟨<a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. In the ISO romanization of <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, it is used for the fortis sound /t͈/, otherwise spelled ⟨tt⟩; examples are <a href="/wiki/Ddeokbokki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ddeokbokki">ddeokbokki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bindaeddeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindaeddeok">bindaeddeok</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a>, it represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">voiced palatal plosive</a> /ɟ/, as in onddo "mushroom". In several African languages it is implosive /ɗ/. <a href="/wiki/Latin_delta" title="Latin delta">Latin delta</a> (ẟ, lowercase only) is represented by "dd" in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Welsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Welsh">Modern Welsh</a>. ⟨dg⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> for /dʒ/ in certain contexts, such as with judgement and hedge ⟨dh⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili alphabet">Swahili</a>, and revived <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a> /ð/. The first examples of this digraph are from the <a href="/wiki/Oaths_of_Strasbourg" title="Oaths of Strasbourg">Oaths of Strasbourg</a>, the earliest French text, where it denotes the same sound /ð/ developed mainly from intervocalic Latin -t-.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In early traditional Cornish ⟨ȝ⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">yogh</a>), and later ⟨th⟩, were used for this purpose. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a> is credited for introducing the grapheme to Cornish orthography in 1707 in his Archaeologia Britannica. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> it represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩); at the beginning of a word it shows the <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">lenition</a> of ⟨d⟩, e.g. mo dhoras /mˠə ɣɔɾˠəsˠ/ "my door" (cf. doras /d̪ˠɔɾˠəsˠ/ "door"). In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> it represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩). <dl><dd>In the <a href="/wiki/Orthography_for_languages_of_Guinea_(pre-1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985)">pre-1985 orthography of Guinea</a>, ⟨dh⟩ was used for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">voiced alveolar implosive</a> /ɗ/ in <a href="/wiki/Pular_language" title="Pular language">Pular</a>. It is currently written ⟨ɗ⟩. In the orthography of <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> it is the opposite: ⟨dh⟩ represents /d/, and ⟨d⟩ /ɗ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a>, ⟨dh⟩ represents a dental stop, /t̪/.</dd> <dd>In addition, ⟨dh⟩ is used in various romanization systems. In transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, for example, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">voiced dental plosive</a> /d̪ʱ/, and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a>, it's used for the similar <a href="/wiki/Prevoiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevoiced">prevoiced</a> aspirated plosive /d͡tʰ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanization of Arabic</a>, it denotes ⟨<a href="/wiki/%EF%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ﺫ">ﺫ</a>⟩, which represents /ð/ in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>.</dd> <dd>Represents /ɖ/ in Javanese and Somali.</dd></dl> ⟨dj⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Faroese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese alphabet">Faroese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese alphabet">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> and many French-based orthographies for /dʒ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a>, it represents a postalveolar stop such as /ṯ/ or /ḏ/; this sound is also written ⟨dy⟩, ⟨tj⟩, ⟨ty⟩, or ⟨c⟩. It is also formerly used in Indonesian as /d͡ʒ/. ⟨dl⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> for /tˡ/. In <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, it represents /tɬ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> it represents /ɮ̈/. In <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> it is ejective /cʎʼ/. ⟨dł⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_alphabet" title="Tlingit alphabet">Tlingit</a> for /tɬ/ (in Alaska, ⟨dl⟩ is used instead). ⟨dm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">nasally released</a> /t͡pn͡m/. ⟨dn⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">nasally released</a> /tn/. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it is used for an optionally <a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">pre-occluded</a> /n/; that is, it is pronounced either /n/ or /nː/ (in any position); /ᵈn/ (before a consonant or finally); or /dn/ (before a vowel); examples are pedn ('head') or pednow ('heads').<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨dp⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> /t͡p/. ⟨dq⟩ is used for the click /ᶢǃ/ in <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a>. ⟨dr⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> for /ɖʐ/. See ⟨<a href="#T">tr</a>⟩. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> for 'ndr' nasalized (/ɳɖr/). In some Amerindian languages it represents /ʈʂ/ as in Gwichʼin and sporatically /ɖ/ everywhere as in Paiwan and Maba ⟨ds⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Prevoiced_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevoiced ejective">prevoiced ejective</a> /d͡tsʼ/. ⟨dt⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> orthography as well as the romanization of <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> for /t/. ⟨dt⟩ (capital ⟨dT⟩) is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Eclipsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsis">eclipsis</a> of ⟨t⟩, to represent /d̪ˠ/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) and /tʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩). ⟨dv⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">voiced dental affricate</a> /d͡ð/. ⟨dx⟩ is used in some <a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan languages</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> /ʒ/. (It is placed between ⟨<a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>.) In <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> it is used for the <a href="/wiki/Prevoiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevoiced">prevoiced</a> uvularized plosive /d͡tᵡ/. ⟨dy⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> for /dʲʱ/. In <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, it represents /dʒɡ/. In <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> it is used for /dʒ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a>, it represents a postalveolar stop such as /ṯ/ or /ḏ/. This sound is also written ⟨tj⟩, ⟨dj⟩, ⟨ty⟩, ⟨c⟩, or ⟨j⟩. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">dz</a>⟩ is used in several languages, often to represent /d͡z/. See article. ⟨dź⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a> alphabets for /d͡ʑ/, the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">voiced alveolo-palatal affricate</a>, as in dźwięk /d͡ʑvʲɛŋk/. ⟨dź⟩ is never written before a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> (⟨dzi⟩ is used instead, as in dziecko /d͡ʑɛt͡skɔ/ 'child'). ⟨dż⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">voiced retroflex affricate</a> /ɖ͡ʐ/ (e.g. <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9d\/Pl-d%C5%BCem.ogg\/Pl-d%C5%BCem.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"d\u017c<\/b>em"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-d\u017cem.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Pl-d%C5%BCem.ogg/Pl-d%C5%BCem.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">dżem</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-d%C5%BCem.ogg" title="File:Pl-dżem.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'jam'). ⟨<a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dž (digraph)">dž</a>⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> to represent /d͡ʒ/. See article. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: E">edit</a>]</div> ⟨e′⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, where it represents the <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalised</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky</a> vowel /ḛ/. ⟨ea⟩ is used in many <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, ⟨ea⟩ usually represents the monophthong /iː/ as in meat; due to a <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_high_front_vowels#Bred–bread_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological history of English high front vowels">sound change</a> that happened in Middle English, it also often represents the vowel /ɛ/ as in sweat. Rare pronunciations occur, like /eɪ/ in break, great, steak, and yea, and /ɔː/ in the archaic <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a>. When followed by ⟨r⟩, it can represent the standard outcomes of the previously mentioned three vowels in this environment: /ɪər/ as in beard, /ɜːr/ as in heard, and /ɛər/ as in bear, respectively; as another exception, /ɑr/ occurs in the words hearken, heart, and hearth. It often represents two independent vowels, like /eɪ.ɑː/ (seance), /i.æ/ (reality), /i.eɪ/ (create), and /i.ɪ/ or /i.ə/ (lineage). Unstressed, it may represent /jə/ (ocean) and /ɪ/ or /ə/ (Eleanor). In <a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a>, it represents the diphthong /e̯a/ as in beată ('drunk female'). In <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a>, ⟨ea⟩ represents /a/ between a slender and a broad consonant. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a>, ⟨ea⟩ represents /ʲa/, /ɛ/ or /e/ between a slender and a broad context, depending on context or dialect. In <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, it represents the diphthong /æɑ̯/. ⟨Ea⟩ is also the transliteration of the ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛠ">ᛠ</a>⟩ rune of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_Futhorc" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian Futhorc">Anglo-Frisian Futhorc</a>. ⟨eá⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /aː/ between a slender and a broad consonant. ⟨eà⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /ʲaː/ between a slender and a broad consonant. ⟨éa⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /eː/ between a slender and a broad consonant. ⟨èa⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /ia/ between a slender and a broad consonant, unless the broad consonant is m, mh, or p, in which case it represents /ɛ/. ⟨ee⟩ represents a long mid vowel in a number of languages. In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, ⟨ee⟩ represents /iː/ as in teen. In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German</a>, ⟨ee⟩ represents /eː/ (though it is pronounced [eɪ] in majority of northern Dutch dialects). In the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Cantonese Romanisation</a>, it represents /iː/ as in English, or /ei/ for characters which might be pronounced as /iː/ in <a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">other dialects</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>, ⟨ee⟩ is used for plain /e/, as ⟨e⟩ stands for /ɯ/. ⟨eh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> vowel /e̤/. In the <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, it is used for /ɛ/ after a consonant, as in yeh /jɛ/. In <a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German</a>, ⟨eh⟩ represents /eː/, as in Reh. ⟨ei⟩ This digraph was taken over from <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>, where it represented /eɪ/. It usually represents a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern German">Modern German</a>, ⟨ei⟩ is predominant in representing /aɪ/, as in Einstein, while the equivalent digraph ⟨ai⟩ appears in only a few words. In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, ⟨ei⟩ can represent many sounds, including /eɪ/, as in vein, /i/ as in seize, /aɪ/ as in heist, /ɛ/ as in heifer, /æ/ as in enceinte, and /ɪ/ or /ə/ as in forfeit. See also <a href="/wiki/I_before_e_except_after_c" class="mw-redirect" title="I before e except after c">I before e except after c</a>. In southern and western <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> dialects, it represents the diphthong /aɪ/, while in northern and eastern dialects, it represents the diphthong /ɔɪ/. In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a>, ⟨ei⟩ represents /ɐj/ in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Lisbon">Greater Lisbon</a>, so do ⟨éi⟩ and ⟨êi⟩, but /ej ~ e/ or /ɛj/ in Brazil, East Timor, Macau, rest of Portugal, and Portuguese-speaking African countries, In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh alphabet">Welsh</a>, ⟨ei⟩ represents /əi/. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a>, it represents /ɛ/ or /e/, or /ɪ/ when unstressed, before a slender consonant. In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a>, ⟨ei⟩ represents /ɛi/. In <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>, ⟨ei⟩ represents /ɛ/, as in seiche. In <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> it is used to transcribe the sound /eː/. ⟨eî⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> for /ɛː/, as in reître /ʁɛːtʁ/. ⟨éi⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /eː/ between slender consonants. ⟨èi⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /ɛː/ or /eː/ between slender consonants. ⟨ej⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">Swedish</a> in some short words, such as leja /leːja/ or nej /nɛj/. ⟨em⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ at the end of a word and /ẽ/ before a consonant. In French orthography, it represents a /ɑ̃/ when it is followed by a b or a p. ⟨ẽm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ẽĩ/ at the end of a word. ⟨ém⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ at the end of a word. ⟨êm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ at the end of a word and /ẽ/ before a consonant. ⟨en⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ at the end of a word followed or not by an /s/ as in hífen or hifens; and for /ẽ/ before a consonant within a word. In <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>, it represents /ɑ̃/ or /ɛ̃/. ⟨én⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ before a consonant. ⟨ên⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ẽ/ before a consonant. ⟨eo⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /oː/ (/ɔ/ in 4 words) between a slender and a broad consonant. In Scottish Gaelic it is used for /ʲɔ/ between a slender and a broad consonant. In the <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, it represents /ɵ/, an allophone of /œː/, while in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Cantonese Romanisation</a>, it represents /œː/. In the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a>, ⟨eo⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">open-mid back unrounded vowel</a> /ʌ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> it is /ɛu̯/. In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> ⟨eo⟩ is a rare digraph without a single pronunciation, representing /ɛ/ in <a href="/wiki/Feoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Feoff">feoff</a>, jeopardy, leopard and the given names Geoffrey and Leonard, /iː/ in people, /oʊ/ in <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> and /juː/ in the archaic <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">feodary</a>, while in the originally Gaelic name <a href="/wiki/MacLeod" title="MacLeod">MacLeod</a> it represents /aʊ/. However, usually it represents two vowels, like /iː.ə/ in leotard and galleon, /iː.oʊ/ in stereo and, /iː.ɒ/ in <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>, and, uniquely, /uː.iː/ in <a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">geoduck</a>. ⟨eò⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /jɔː/ word-initially, and /ɔː/ elsewhere. ⟨eq⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> vowel /eˤ/. ⟨eu⟩ is found in many <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, most commonly for the diphthong /eu/. Additionally, in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, ⟨eu⟩ represents /juː/ as in neuter (/uː/ in yod-dropping accents); however, the ⟨eu⟩ in "maneuver/manoeuvre" always represents /uː/ even in most non yod-dropping accents. In <a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German</a>, it represents /ɔʏ/ as in Deutsch; and in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, it represents /ø/. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents either long /øː ~ œː/ and short /œ/ or long /eː/ and short /ɛ/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> it normally represents /ia/, as in beul /pial̪ˠ/, except when preceding ⟨m⟩ (e.g. leum /ʎeːm/) and usually ⟨b, mh, bh⟩, or in certain high-register words such as treun /t̪ʰɾeːn/ where it represents /eː/, and in southern dialects it is /eː/ in most contexts. In <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization of Cantonese</a> it represents /ɵ ~ œː/, while in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Cantonese Romanisation</a>, it represents /œː/. In romanization of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a>, it represents /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>/, depending on the lect. In <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>, it represents /ɤ/ as in beureum ('red'). In the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a>, it represents /ɯ/. ⟨eû⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> for /ø/, as in jeûne /ʒøn/. ⟨ew⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> for /juː/ as in few and flew. An exception is the pronunciation /oʊ/ in sew, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)" title="Heteronym (linguistics)">heteronym</a> sewer,(/ˈsuːər/, 'drain') vs sewer (/ˈsoʊər/, 'one who sews'). In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it stands for /ɛʊ/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨êw⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a> orthography of <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> to refer to a sound that can be either /ɛʊ/ or /oʊ/. This distribution can also be written ⟨ôw⟩.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a> ⟨ey⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> for a variety of sounds, including /eɪ/ in they, /iː/ in key, and /aɪ/ in geyser. In <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, it represents the diphthong /ɛɪ/. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents the diphthong /ɛɪ/ or /əɪ/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨e_e⟩ (a <a href="/wiki/Split_digraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Split digraph">split digraph</a>) indicates an English <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">'long e'</a>, historically /e:/ but now most commonly realised as /i:/. ⟨eⁿ⟩ is used for /ẽ/ in <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: F">edit</a>]</div> ⟨ff⟩, which may be written as the <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">typographic ligature</a> ⟨ﬀ⟩, is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> for the same sound as single ⟨f⟩, /f/. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or for <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymological</a> reasons, in <a href="/wiki/Latinism" title="Latinism">latinisms</a>. Very rarely, <a href="/wiki/Word-initial_ff" title="Word-initial ff">⟨ff⟩ may be found word-initially</a> in English, such as in proper names (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rose_ffrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose ffrench">Rose ffrench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Fforde" title="Jasper Fforde">Jasper Fforde</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh alphabet">Welsh</a>, ⟨ff⟩ represents /f/, while ⟨f⟩ represents /v/. In Welsh, ⟨ff⟩ is considered a distinct letter, and placed between ⟨f⟩ and ⟨g⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. In medieval <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, vowel nasalisation was represented by a following ⟨ff⟩. This notation was reformed during the 18th century, though proper names retain the former convention, which leads to occasional mispronunciation. ⟨fh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> of ⟨f⟩. This happens to be silent, so that ⟨fh⟩ in Gaelic corresponds to no sound at all, e.g. the Irish phrase cá fhad /kaː ˈad̪ˠ/ "how long", where fhad is the lenited form of fad /fˠad̪ˠ/ "long". However, in three Scottish Gaelic words, fhèin, fhuair, and fhathast, it is pronounced as /h/. ⟨fx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /ɸʔ/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: G">edit</a>]</div> ⟨<a href="/wiki/G%CA%BB" title="Gʻ">gʻ</a>⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> to represent /ɣ/. ⟨gb⟩ is used in some <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial-velar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labial-velar plosive">voiced labial-velar plosive</a>, /ɡ͡b/. ⟨gc⟩ is used in languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, for the click /ᶢǀ/. ⟨gc⟩ (capital ⟨gC⟩) is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Eclipsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsis">eclipsis</a> of ⟨c⟩, to represent /g/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩). ⟨ge⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> for /ʒ/ before ⟨e, i⟩ as in geôle /ʒol/. ⟨gg⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> for /ɡ/ before ⟨y⟩, ⟨i⟩ and ⟨e⟩ (e.g. doggy). It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /ɡ/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a>, it represents /x/. In <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a>, it represents /çː/. In the ISO romanization of <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, it is used for the fortis sound /k͈/, otherwise spelled ⟨kk⟩ (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ggakdugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ggakdugi">ggakdugi</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> it is ejective /kxʼ/. In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, ⟨gg⟩ before a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a> represents a geminated /dʒ/, as in legge /ˈled.dʒe/. In <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>, ⟨gg⟩ is an etymological spelling representing an /tʃ/ at the end of a word which is the unvoicing of an ancient /dʒ/. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">gh</a>⟩ is used in several languages. In English, it can be silent or represent /ɡ/ or /f/. See article. ⟨gi⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a> for /z/ in northern dialects and /j/ in the southern ones. In <a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian</a>, it represents /dʒ/ before the non-front vowel letters ⟨a o u⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> it represents /dʑ/ before ⟨a o u⟩ (written ⟨g⟩ before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>). ⟨gj⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">voiced palatal plosive</a> /ɟ/, though for <a href="/wiki/Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg">Gheg</a> speakers it represents /dʒ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> dialect, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> /ɡʲ/. In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish</a> ⟨gj⟩ represents /j/ in words like gjorde ('did'). In <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, it represents /dʒ/. It is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Romanization of Macedonian</a> as a Latin equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Cyrillic</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѓ">Ѓ</a>⟩. Also, it's used in <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> to represent /ɟ/ (whilst /dʒ/ is one of the pronunciations of the letter ⟨z⟩). It can be found in some local orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> to represent /dʒ/ derived from Latin ⟨gl⟩. Before the letter <a href="/wiki/%C4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Đ">Đ</a> was introduced into <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin alphabet</a> in 1878, the digraph ⟨gj⟩ had been used instead; and it remained in use till the beginning of the 20th century. ⟨gk⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> and the romanization of <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> for /k/; in <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> it represents /ɡ/. Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph <a href="/wiki/Gamma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma (letter)">γ</a><a href="/wiki/Kappa_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa (letter)">κ</a> for /g/, as <a href="/wiki/Gamma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma (letter)">γ</a> is used for /ɣ/ ~ /ʝ/. ⟨gl⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and some African languages for /ʎ/. ⟨gm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> for /m/ in a few words of Greek origin, such as phlegm and paradigm. Between vowels, it simply represents /ɡm/, as in paradigmatic. ⟨gn⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and phonology">Latin</a>, where it represented /ŋn/ in the classical period. Latin <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> sequences like this (and also ⟨cl cr ct gd gl gr x⟩) underwent a <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatal</a> mutation to varying degrees in most <a href="/wiki/Italo-Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Western">Italo-Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. For most languages that preserve the ⟨gn⟩ spelling (such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), it represents a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> /ɲ/ (or more precisely /ɲː/ in Italian), and is similarly used in <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> schemes such as <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Wugniu</a> for /ȵ/. This was not the case in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a> where a different mutation changed the velar component to a <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial consonant</a> as well as the spelling to ⟨mn⟩. In Portuguese, ⟨gn⟩ represents /n/, as if there was no ⟨g⟩, e.g. assignatura, signal, impregnado and plurissignificação. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /kr/, and nasalises the following vowel, as in gnè /krʲɛ̃ː/. <dl><dd>In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, ⟨gn⟩ represents /n/ initially (see <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#gn" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">/gn/ reduction</a>) and finally (i.e. gnome, gnu, benign, sign). When it appears between two syllables, it represents /ɡn/ (e.g. signal). In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish</a>, ⟨gn⟩ represents /ŋn/ in monosyllabic words like agn, and between two syllables, tegne. Initially, it represents /ɡn/, e.g. Swedish gnista /ˈɡnɪsta/.</dd></dl> ⟨gñ⟩ was used in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific for /ŋ/. It is one of several variants of the digraph ⟨ñg⟩, and is preserved in the name of the town of <a href="/wiki/Sag%C3%B1ay,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagñay, Camarines Sur">Sagñay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. ⟨go⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> for /ɡw/ (like the “gu” in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>) . ⟨gq⟩ is used in languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, for the click /ᶢǃ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa language</a>, it represents /ɢ/. ⟨gr⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> for /ɣ̈/. ⟨gu⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a> for /ɡ/ before front vowels ⟨i e⟩ (⟨i e y⟩ in English and French) where a "soft g" pronunciation (English /dʒ/; Spanish /x/; French, Portuguese and Catalan /ʒ/) would otherwise occur. In English, it can also be used to represent /ɡw/. In the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossete</a> Latin alphabet, it is used for /ɡʷ/. ⟨gü⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Orthography">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a> for /ɡw/ before front vowels ⟨i e⟩ where the digraph ⟨gu⟩ would otherwise represent /ɡ/. ⟨gv⟩ is used for /kʷ/ in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> it is used for the labialized fricative /ɣʷ/. ⟨gw⟩ is used in various languages for /ɡʷ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Dene_Suline_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene Suline language">Dene Suline</a> it represents /kʷ/. ⟨ǥw⟩, capital ⟨Ǥw⟩ (or ⟨G̱w⟩), is used in <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> for /qʷ/ (in Alaska); in Canada, this sound is represented by ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ghw_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghw (trigraph)">ghw</a>⟩. ⟨gx⟩ is used in languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, for the click /ᶢǁ/. In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/X-sistemo" class="mw-redirect" title="X-sistemo">an unofficial surrogate</a> of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%9C" title="Ĝ">ĝ</a>⟩, which represents /dʒ/. ⟨gy⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">voiced palatal plosive</a> /ɟ/. In Hungarian, the letter's name is gyé. It is considered a single letter, and <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> keep the digraph intact. The letter appears frequently in Hungarian words, such as the word for "Hungarian" itself: magyar. In the old orthography of <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>, it was used for /tɕ/. ⟨gǃ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">voiced alveolar click</a> /ᶢǃ/. ⟨gǀ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">voiced dental click</a> /ᶢǀ/. ⟨gǁ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_lateral_click" title="Voiced lateral click">voiced lateral click</a> /ᶢǁ/. ⟨gǂ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">voiced palatal click</a> /ᶢǂ/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: H">edit</a>]</div> ⟨hh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">murmured glottal fricative</a> /ɦ̤/, though this is often written ⟨h⟩. In the <a href="/wiki/Iraqw_language" title="Iraqw language">Iraqw language</a>, ⟨hh⟩ is the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless epiglottal fricative">voiceless epiglottal fricative</a> /ʜ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Dene_Suline_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene Suline language">Chipewyan</a> it is a velar/uvular /χ/. In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/H-system" class="mw-redirect" title="H-system">an official surrogate</a> of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">ĥ</a>⟩, which represents /x/. ⟨hj⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Italian dialect of Albanian</a> for /xʲ/. In <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, it represents either /tʃ/ or /j/, and in Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, it represents /j/. In <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> it is used to denote /ç/. ⟨hl⟩ is used for /ɬ/ or /l̥/ in various alphabets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a> (/ɬ/) and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> (/l̥/). See also <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#HL" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">reduction of Old English /hl/</a>. ⟨hm⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, where it represents the sound /m̥/. ⟨hn⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, where it represents the sound /n̥/. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> to denote the same phoneme. See also <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#HL" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">reduction of Old English /hn/</a>. ⟨hr⟩ is used for /ɣ/ in <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> it is used for /r̥/. See also <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#HL" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">reduction of Old English /hr/</a>. ⟨hs⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> transcription of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> for the sound /ɕ/, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> ⟨x⟩. ⟨hu⟩ is used primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a> language, in which it represents the /w/ sound before a vowel; for example, Wikipedia in Nahuatl is written Huiquipedia. After a vowel, ⟨uh⟩ is used. In the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossete</a> Latin alphabet, ⟨hu⟩ was used for /ʁʷ/, similar to French roi. The sequence ⟨hu⟩ is also found in Spanish words such as huevo or hueso; however, in Spanish this is not a digraph but a simple sequence of silent ⟨h⟩ and the vowel ⟨u⟩. ⟨hv⟩ is used <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> for /kv/ (often /kf/), generally in <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">wh-words</a>, but also in other words, such as Faroese hvonn. In the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> it is used for the supposed fricative /ɣ͜β/. ⟨<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>hw⟩ is used in modern editions of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> for /hw/, originally spelled ⟨huu⟩ or ⟨hƿ⟩ (the latter with the <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> letter). In its descendants in modern English, it is now spelled ⟨<a href="#wh">wh</a>⟩ (see there for more details). It is used in some orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> for /ʍ/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨hx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /h/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a> (⟨h⟩ alone represents the fricative /x/), and in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> it is a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /hʔ/. In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/X-sistemo" class="mw-redirect" title="X-sistemo">an unofficial surrogate</a> of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">ĥ</a>⟩, which represents /x/. ⟨hy⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> to transcribe the sound /ç/, which is the syllable hi before a y-vowel, such as hya, hyu, and hyo, which appear in Chinese loanwords. Was also used in Portuguese until 1947. It appeared in words like: Hydroginástica and Hypóthese. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: I">edit</a>]</div> ⟨i′⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky</a> vowel /ḭ/. ⟨ia⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> for the diphthong /iə/. ⟨ie⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, where it usually represents the /aɪ/ sound as in pries and allied or the /iː/ sound as in priest and rallied. Followed by an ⟨r⟩, these vowels follow the standard changes to /aɪə/ and /ɪə/, as in brier and bier. Unique pronunciations are /ɪ/ in sieve, /ɛ/ in friend, and /eɪ/ in lingerie. Unstressed it can represent /jə/, as in spaniel and conscience, or /ɪ/ or /ə/ as in mischief and hurriedly. It also can represent many vowel combinations, including /aɪə/ in diet and client, /aɪɛ/ in diester and quiescent, /iːə/ in alien and skier, /iːɛ/ in oriental and hygienic, and /iː.iː/ in British medieval. <dl><dd>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>, ⟨ie⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tense</a> vowel /i/. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, it may represent the lengthened vowel /iː/ as in Liebe (love) as well as the vowel combination /iə/ as in Belgien (Belgium). In <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, ⟨ie⟩ is considered two letters for all purposes and represents /iæ̯/, commonly (although less precisely) transcribed as /i̯e/. In <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, ⟨ie⟩ is a distinct letter and represents a long <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">close front unrounded vowel</a>, /iː/ or /iɛ/. In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> it is used to write the vowel /e/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>, where ⟨e⟩ stands for /ɛ/. In <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> ⟨ie⟩ was one of the common diphthongs, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">umlauted</a> version of ⟨ea⟩ and ⟨eo⟩. Its value is not entirely clear, and in Middle English it had become /e/.</dd></dl> ⟨îe⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> for /əːə/. ⟨ig⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> for /t͡ʃ/ (ch as in cheese) in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a>. ⟨ih⟩, is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> to represent the breathy or <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> vowel /i̤/. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> transcription for the fricative vowels of Mandarin Chinese, which are spelled ⟨i⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>. ⟨ii⟩ is used in many languages such as Portuguese (e.g. Semiinsinuante, Sacerdócii) and Finnish (e.g. Riikka, Niinistö, Siitala, Riikkeli), Italian (e.g. Riina), Estonian (e.g. Riik), Scots (e.g. Auld Nii, Iisay), with phonemic long vowels for /iː/. ⟨ií⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /iyi/. In Portuguese, when forming the superlative absolute synthetic form of adjectives that end in "-io," we often end up with "ii" in the spelling. This happens because the "-íssimo(a)" suffix is added directly to the adjective(e.g. feio(a) -> feiíssimo(a), sério(a) -> seriíssimo(a)). ⟨<a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">ij</a>⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a> for /ɛi/. See article. ⟨il⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> for /j/, historically /ʎ/, as in ail /aj/ (approximately <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">eye</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>) "garlic". Can also be written as ⟨ille⟩ as in vieille /vjɛj/. ⟨im⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ĩ/. ⟨ím⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ĩ/ before a consonant. ⟨ĩm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for the diphthong /ĩə/. ⟨in⟩ is used in many languages to write a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> before a consonant, and in many <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> languages, it is /ĩ/, while in French it is /ɛ̃/. ⟨ín⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ĩ/ before a consonant. ⟨în⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> to write a vowel sound /ɛ̃/ that was once followed by a historical ⟨s⟩, as in vous vîntes /vu vɛ̃t/ "you came". ⟨iŋ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Lakhota_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhota language">Lakhota</a> for the nasal vowel /ĩ/. ⟨io⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /iː/ between a slender and a broad consonant. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> it is used for /i/ and sometimes /(j)ũ(ː)/ between a slender and a broad consonant. ⟨ío⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /iː/ between a slender and a broad consonant. ⟨ìo⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /iː/ and /iə/ between a slender and a broad consonant. ⟨iq⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> vowel /iˤ/. ⟨iu⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /ʊ/ between a slender and a broad consonant. In Scottish Gaelic, it is used for /(j)u/ between a slender and a broad consonant. In Mandarin <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>, it is /i̯ou̯/ after a consonant. (In initial position, this is spelled ⟨you⟩). ⟨iú⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /uː/ between a slender and a broad consonant. ⟨iù⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /(j)uː/ between a slender and a broad consonant. ⟨iw⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> for the diphthong /iʊ/ or /ɪʊ/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨ix⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> for /ʃ/ (Eastern Catalan) or /jʃ/ (Western Catalan) after a vowel. ⟨i_e⟩ (a <a href="/wiki/Split_digraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Split digraph">split digraph</a>) indicates an English <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">'long i'</a>, historically /iː/ but now most commonly realised as /aɪ/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: J">edit</a>]</div> ⟨jh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> to write a consonant that is variously /h/, /ʒ/ or /ç/, depending on the dialect. In <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongyong pinyin">Tongyong pinyin</a>, it represents /tʂ/, written ⟨zh⟩ in standard pinyin. ⟨jh⟩ is also the standard transliteration for the <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a> letter झ /dʒʱ/. In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/H-system" class="mw-redirect" title="H-system">an official surrogate</a> of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%B4" title="Ĵ">ĵ</a>⟩, which represents /ʒ/. In <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Spanish">Latin American Spanish</a>, it is sometimes used in first names (like <a href="/wiki/Jhon" title="Jhon">Jhon</a> and Jhordan) to represent /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a>/ and distinguish it from the typical sound of ⟨<a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a>⟩ in Spanish, /x/. ⟨jj⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /dʑ/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>. In romanized <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, it represents the fortis sound /tɕ͈/. In <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> it is ejective /tʃʼ/. ⟨jö⟩ is used as a letter of the <a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a> alphabet, where it represents a <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">velar fricative</a>, /xʷ/. It is placed between <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> and <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. ⟨jr⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for /ɖʐ/. ⟨jx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a> as <a href="/wiki/X-sistemo" class="mw-redirect" title="X-sistemo">an unofficial surrogate</a> of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%B4" title="Ĵ">ĵ</a>⟩, which represents /ʒ/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: K">edit</a>]</div> ⟨kg⟩ is used for /kχ/ in southern African languages such as <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari">Kalahari</a> is spelled Kgalagadi /kχalaχadi/ in Setswana. ⟨kh⟩, in transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>, represents the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a> (/kʰ/). For most other languages, [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> /x/, for example in transcriptions of the letter <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">ḫāʾ</a> (خ) in standard Arabic, standard Persian, and Urdu, Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a>, х (kha), Spanish ⟨j⟩, as well as the Hebrew letter <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kaf</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>כ‎) in instances when it is <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a>. When used for transcription of the letter <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4et" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥet">ḥet</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎) in <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Hebrew">Sephardic Hebrew</a>, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">voiceless pharyngeal fricative</a> /ħ/. In Canadian <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> it represents /qʰ/, which in Alaska is written k. In the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossete</a> Latin alphabet, it was used for /kʼ/. ⟨kj⟩ is used <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> for /ɕ/ or /ç/. See also ⟨tj⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, it represents /tʃ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">romanization of Macedonian</a>, it represents /c/. ⟨kk⟩ is used in romanized <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> sound /k͈/, in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective /kʼ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a> for /kʰː/. ⟨kl⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> to write a sound variously realized as /kʟ̥ʼ/ or /kxʼ/. ⟨km⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">nasally released</a> /k͡pŋ͡m/. ⟨kn⟩ is used in English to write the word-initial sound /n/ (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#kn" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">formerly pronounced /kn/</a>) in some words of Germanic origin, such as knee and knife. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">nasally released</a> /kŋ/. ⟨kp⟩ is used as a letter in some <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a>, where it represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial-velar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless labial-velar plosive">voiceless labial-velar plosive</a> /k͡p/. ⟨kr⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> for /kxʼ/. ⟨ks⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> for either /ks/ or /ɡz/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨ku⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a> for /kʷ/. It also had that value in the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossete</a> Latin alphabet. ⟨kv⟩ is used for /kwh/ in some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>. ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">kw⟩ is used in various languages for the <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labialized velar consonant</a> /kʷ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Dene_Suline_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene Suline language">Dene Suline</a> (Chipewyan) for /kwh/. Used informally in English for <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic spelling">phonemic spelling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu (digraph)">qu</a>, as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kwik" class="extiw" title="wikt:kwik">kwik</a> (from quick), ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> */ɡʷ/. ⟨ḵw⟩ is used in Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> for /qwh/, which in Canada is written ⟨<a href="/wiki/Khw_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khw (trigraph)">khw</a>⟩. ⟨kx⟩ in used in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /kʔ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> /kxʼ/. ⟨ky⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Pinyin">Tibetan Pinyin</a> for /tʃʰ/. It is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese romanization systemes</a> to represent /tʃ/ (⟨ch⟩ is already used to represent aspirated /tʃʰ/). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: L">edit</a>]</div> ⟨lh⟩, in <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, represents a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">palatal lateral approximant</a> /ʎ/. In many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a> it represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> /ɬ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a> it represents a dental lateral, /l̪/. In the <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, initial ⟨lh⟩ indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in /l/, which is otherwise spelled ⟨l⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> it was sometimes used to represent the sound /ɬ/ as well as ⟨ll⟩, in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">modern Welsh</a> it has been replaced by ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">ll</a>⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">voiceless alveolar lateral approximant</a> /ɬ/, as in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">lj</a>⟩ is a letter in some <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic languages</a>, such as the Latin orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, where it represents a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">palatal lateral approximant</a> /ʎ/. For example, the word ljiljan is pronounced /ʎiʎan/. <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a> first used the digraph ⟨lj⟩ in 1830; he devised it by analogy with a <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> digraph, which developed into the <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/Lje" title="Lje">љ</a>⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, it represents /j/ in initial position e.g. ljus. <dl><dd>The sound /ʎ/ is written ⟨gl⟩ in Italian, in Castilian Spanish and Catalan as ⟨ll⟩, in Portuguese as ⟨lh⟩, in some Hungarian dialects as ⟨lly⟩, and in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> as ⟨ļ⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, it is often transcribed as ⟨ľ⟩; it is used more frequently in the latter language. While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01C7 (Ǉ), U+01C8 (ǈ) and U+01C9 (ǉ), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Љљ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters.</dd></dl> ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">ll</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/L%C2%B7l" class="mw-redirect" title="L·l">l·l</a>⟩ are used in several languages. See article. ⟨ḷḷ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> for a sound that was historically /ʎ/ but which is now an affricate, [t͡s], [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ]. ⟨lr⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for /ɭ /. ⟨lv⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">doubly articulated</a> /l͜β/. ⟨lw⟩ is used for /lʷ/ in <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language#Orthography" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>. ⟨lx⟩ in used in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /ˀl/. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">ly</a>⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>. See article. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: M">edit</a>]</div> ⟨mb⟩, in many <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a>, represents /mb/ or /ᵐb/. In English, it represents /m/ when final, as in lamb (see <a href="/wiki/-mb" class="mw-redirect" title="-mb">reduction of /mb/</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>, ⟨mb⟩ is used for /ɓ/. ⟨mb⟩ (capital ⟨mB⟩) is used word initially in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">eclipsis</a> of ⟨b⟩, to represent /mˠ/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) and /mʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩); e.g. ár mbád /aːɾˠ mˠaːd̪ˠ/ "our boat" (cf. /bˠaːd̪ˠ/ "boat"), i mBaile Átha Cliath "in Dublin". ⟨md⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalized">prenasalized</a> /n͡mt͡p/. ⟨mf⟩, in many <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a>, represents /mf/ or /ᵐf/. ⟨mg⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /ŋɡ/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>, where the more common digraph ⟨ng⟩ is restricted to /ŋ/. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalized">prenasalized</a> /ŋ͡mk͡p/. ⟨mh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">lenition</a> of ⟨m⟩, to represent /w/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) and /vʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩), e.g. mo mháthair /mˠə ˈwaːhəɾʲ/ "my mother" (cf. máthair /ˈmˠaːhəɾʲ/ 'mother'). In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a>, it represents /v/, or in a few contexts as /w/~/u/ between a broad vowel and a broad consonant or between two broad vowels, as in reamhar /rˠɛ̃ũ.əɾ/.. In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> it stands for the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_morphology" title="Welsh morphology">nasal mutation</a> of ⟨p⟩ and represents the <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> /m̥/; for example fy mhen /və m̥ɛn/ 'my head' (cf. pen /pɛn/ 'head'). In both languages it is considered a sequence of the two letters ⟨m⟩ and ⟨h⟩ for purposes of alphabetization. In <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> and several other languages, it is used for a <a href="/wiki/Murmured" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmured">murmured</a> /m̤/. In the <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, initial ⟨mh⟩- indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in /m/, which is otherwise spelled ⟨m⟩-. In several languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Gogo_language" title="Gogo language">Gogo</a>, it's a voiceless /m̥/. ⟨ml⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, where it represents the sound /mˡ/. ⟨mm⟩ is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized /ˀm/. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> for an optionally <a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">pre-occluded</a> /m/; that is, it is pronounced either /m/ or /mː/ (in any position); /ᵇm/ (before a consonant or finally); or /bm/ (before a vowel); examples are mamm ('mother') or hemma ('this').<a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨mn⟩ is used in English to write the word-initial sound /n/ in a few words of Greek origin, such as mnemonic. When final, it represents /m/, as in damn or /im/ as in hymn, and between vowels it represents /m/ as in damning, or /mn/ as in damnation (see <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#mb" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">/mn/-reduction</a>). In <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> it represents /n/, as in automne and condamner. ⟨mp⟩, in many <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a>, represents /mp/ or /ᵐp/. Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">μ</a><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">π</a> for /b/, as <a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (letter)">β</a> is used for /v/. In <a href="/wiki/Mpumpong_language" title="Mpumpong language">Mpumpong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, ⟨mp⟩ is a plain /p/. ⟨mq⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngealized">pharyngealized</a> or perhaps <a href="/wiki/Creaky" title="Creaky">creaky</a> /m̰/. ⟨mt⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalized">prenasalized</a> /n̪͡mt̪͡p/. ⟨mv⟩, in many <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a>, represents /mv/ or /ᵐv/. ⟨mw⟩ is used for /mʷ/ in <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language#Orthography" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>. ⟨mx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /ˀm/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: N">edit</a>]</div> ⟨nʼ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> for /ŋ/. Since ⟨ʼ⟩ is not a letter in either language, ⟨nʼ⟩ is not technically a digraph. ⟨nb⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /mb/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a> in Guinea for /ᵐb/ (written as ⟨mb⟩ in other countries). ⟨nc⟩ is used in various alphabets. In the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, it represents the sound /ɲɟ/. In <a href="/wiki/Tharaka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharaka language">Tharaka</a> it is /ntʃ/. In <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> it represents the click /ᵑǀ/. ⟨nd⟩ (capital ⟨Nd⟩) is used in many <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a> to represent /nd/ or /ⁿd/. In <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>, itrepresents /ɗ/. ⟨nd⟩ (capital ⟨nD⟩) is used word initially in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">eclipsis</a> of ⟨d⟩, to represent /n̪ˠ/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) and /n̠ʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩), e.g. ár ndoras /aːɾˠ ˈn̪ˠɔɾˠəsˠ/ "our door" (cf. doras /ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəsˠ/ "door"), i nDoire "in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>". ⟨nf⟩, equivalent to ⟨mf⟩ for /mf/ or /ᵐf/. In <a href="/wiki/Rangi_language" title="Rangi language">Rangi</a> ⟨nf⟩ is /ᵐf/ while ⟨mf⟩ is /m.f/. ⟨ng⟩, in <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> as in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and several other European and derived orthographies (for example <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>),<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> generally represents the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> /ŋ/.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It is considered a single letter in many <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a>),<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Language">Welsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rheinische_Dokumenta" title="Rheinische Dokumenta">Rheinische Dokumenta</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> /ŋ/; and in some <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalized</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ (/ⁿɡ/).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <dl><dd>For the development of the pronunciation of this digraph in English, see <a href="/wiki/NG-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="NG-coalescence">NG-coalescence</a> and <a href="/wiki/G-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="G-dropping">G-dropping</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> uses ⟨ng⟩ to represent the phonemically long <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> /ŋː/ in contrast to ⟨nk⟩ /ŋk/, which is its "strong" form under <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>. Weakening /k/ produces an <a href="/wiki/Archiphoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiphoneme">archiphonemic</a> "velar fricative", which, as a velar fricative does not exist in Standard Finnish, is assimilated to the preceding /ŋ/, producing /ŋː/. (No /ɡ/ is involved at any point, despite the spelling ⟨ng⟩). The digraph ⟨ng⟩ is not an independent letter, but it is an exception to the <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic principle</a>, one of the few in standard Finnish.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>⟨ng⟩ (capital ⟨nG⟩) is used word-initially in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">eclipsis</a> of ⟨g⟩, to represent /ŋ/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) or /ɲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩), e.g. ár ngalar /aːɾˠ ˈŋalˠəɾˠ/ "our illness" (cf. /ˈɡalˠəɾˠ/), i nGaillimh "in Galway".</dd></dl> <dl><dd>In Tagalog and other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, ⟨ng⟩ represented the prenasalized sequence /ŋɡ/ during the Spanish era. The velar nasal, /ŋ/, was written in a variety of ways, namely "n͠g", "ñg", "gñ" (as in <a href="/wiki/Sag%C3%B1ay,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagñay, Camarines Sur">Sagñay</a>), and—after a vowel—at times "g̃". During the standardization of Tagalog in the early part of the 20th century, ⟨ng⟩ became used for the velar nasal /ŋ/, while prenasalized /ŋɡ/ came to be written ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngg_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngg (trigraph)">ngg</a>⟩. Furthermore, ⟨ng⟩ is also used for a common <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> particle pronounced /naŋ/, to differentiate it from an adverbial particle nang.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>In <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, it is considered as a separate letter, being the last (twenty-ninth) letter of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek alphabet</a>. It is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> (tutuq belgisi).</dd></dl> ⟨ńg⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> to write the voiceless nasal sound /ŋ̊/. ⟨ñg⟩, or more precisely ⟨n͠g⟩, was a digraph in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific, such as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> where it represented the sound /ŋ/, as opposed to ⟨ng⟩, which originally represented /ŋɡ/. An example is Chamorro agan͠gñáijon (modern agangñaihon) "to declare". Besides ⟨ñg⟩, variants of ⟨n͠g⟩ include ⟨gñ⟩ (as in <a href="/wiki/Sag%C3%B1ay,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagñay, Camarines Sur">Sagñay</a>), ⟨ng̃⟩, and a ⟨g̃⟩, that is preceded by a vowel (but not a consonant). It has since been replaced by the trigraph ⟨ngg⟩ or ⟨ng⟩ (see above). ⟨ngʼ⟩ is used for /ŋ/ in Swahili and languages with Swahili-based orthographies. Since ⟨ʼ⟩ is not a letter in Swahili, ⟨ngʼ⟩ is technically a digraph, not a <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a>. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">nh</a>⟩ is used in several languages. See article. ⟨ni⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish</a>, it usually represents ɲ whenever it precedes a vowel, and ɲi whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of <a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">ń</a> appearing in other situations. (In some cases it may represent also ɲj before a vowel; for a better description, when, see <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography#Other_issues_with_i_and_j" title="Polish orthography">the relevant section in the article on Polish orthography</a>). ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">nj</a>⟩ is a letter in the Latin orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a>, a Croat, first used this digraph in 1830. In all of these languages, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> /ɲ/. For example, the Croatian and Serbian word konj "horse" is pronounced /koɲ/. The digraph was created in the 19th century by analogy with a digraph of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, which developed into the <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nje" title="Nje">њ</a>⟩. While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01CA (Ǌ), U+01CB (ǋ) and U+01CC (ǌ), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Њњ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters. <dl><dd>In <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, it generally represents /ɲ/, although in some words it represent /nj/, like in banjo. It is also used in some languages of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a> where it represents a <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenazalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">voiced postalveolar affricate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">fricative</a>, /ⁿdʒ/ or /ⁿʒ/. In <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, it represents /ⁿdz/.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Other letters and digraphs of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> used for spelling this sound are ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">ń</a>⟩ (in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>), ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%87" title="Ň">ň</a>⟩ (in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovakian language">Slovakian</a>), ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>⟩ (in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>), ⟨nh⟩ (in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>), ⟨gn⟩ (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), and ⟨ny⟩ (in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, among others).</dd></dl> ⟨nk⟩ is used in many <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshiluba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshiluba">Tshiluba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kikongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikongo">Kikongo</a>, for /ŋk/ or /ᵑk/.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a>, it distinguishes a prenasalized velar stop, /ŋ͡k ~ ŋ͡ɡ/, from the nasal /ŋ/. ⟨nm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> /n͡m/. ⟨ńm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> /n̪͡m/. ⟨nn⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology#Fortis_and_lenis_sonorants" title="Irish phonology">fortis nasals</a> /n̪ˠ/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩) and /n̠ʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩). It is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> to represent /n̪ˠ/ beside ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ɲ/ beside ⟨e, i⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> historical ⟨nn⟩ has contracted to the <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>⟩ and represents the sound /ɲ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, final -nn indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in /n/, which is otherwise spelled -n. It is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized /ˀn/. In <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, it is /ŋn/ in the middle of a word, and /n/ at the end. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it is used for an optionally <a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">pre-occluded</a> /n/; that is, it is pronounced either /n/ or /nː/ (in any position); /ᵈn/ (before a consonant or finally); or /dn/ (before a vowel); examples are penn ('head') or pennow ('heads').<a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨np⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, where it represents the sound /mb/. ⟨nq⟩ is used in various alphabets. In the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, it represents the sound /ɴɢ/. In <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> it represents the click /ᵑǃ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, final -nq indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in /ŋ/, which is otherwise spelled -ng. ⟨nr⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, where it represents the sound /ɳɖ/. In the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> it is /ɳ /. ⟨ns⟩, in many <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a>, represents /ns/ or /ⁿs/. ⟨nt⟩ is a letter present in many <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a> where it represents /nt/ or /ⁿt/. Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">ν</a><a href="/wiki/Tau_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau (letter)">τ</a> for /d/, as <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">δ</a> is used for /ð/. ⟨nv⟩, equivalent to ⟨mv⟩ for /mv/ or /ᵐv/. ⟨nw⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> for /ŋʷ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language#Orthography" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a> for /nʷ/. ⟨nx⟩ is used for the click /ᵑǁ/ in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /ˀn/. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩ is used in several languages for /ɲ/. See article. ⟨nz⟩, in many <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a>, represents /nz/ ~ /ⁿz/, /ndz/ ~ /ⁿdz/, /nʒ/ ~ /ⁿʒ/, or /ndʒ/ ~ /ⁿdʒ/. ⟨nǃ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">alveolar nasal click</a> /ᵑǃ/. ⟨nǀ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">dental nasal click</a> /ᵑǀ/. ⟨nǁ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral nasal click">lateral nasal click</a> /ᵑǁ/. ⟨nǂ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">palatal nasal click</a> /ᵑǂ/. ⟨n-⟩ is used for medial /ŋ/ in <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: O">edit</a>]</div> ⟨o′⟩ is used for /o/ and /ø/ in <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, with the preferred typographical form being ⟨<a href="/wiki/O%CA%BB" title="Oʻ">oʻ</a>⟩ (Cyrillic ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ў">ў</a>⟩). Technically it is not a digraph in Uzbek, since ⟨ʻ⟩ is not a letter of the Uzbek alphabet, but rather a typographic convention for a diacritic. In handwriting the letter is written as ⟨õ⟩. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky</a> vowel /o̰/. ⟨oa⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, where it commonly represents the /oʊ/ sound as in road, coal, boast, coaxing, etc. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, where the digraph originated, it represented /ɔː/, a pronunciation retained in the word broad and derivatives, and when the digraph is followed by an "r", as in soar and <a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">bezoar</a>. The letters also represent two vowels, as in koala /oʊ.ɑː/, <a href="/wiki/Boa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Boa (disambiguation)">boas</a> /oʊ.ə/, <a href="/wiki/Coaxial" title="Coaxial">coaxial</a> /oʊ.æ/, oasis /oʊ.eɪ/, and doable /uː.ə/. In <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, it is occasionally used for /o/. ⟨oe⟩ is found in many <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, it represents the /oʊ/ sound as in hoe and sometimes the /uː/ sound as in shoe. It may also represent the /ɛ/ sound in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">AmE</a> pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, (o)esophagus (also in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">BrE</a>), and (o)estrogen, /eɪ/ in boehmite (AmE) and surnames like <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Groening</a> (as if spelled Bayner and Gray/Greyning respectively), and /iː/ in foetus (BrE and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">CoE</a>) and some speakers' pronunciation of Oedipus and oestrogen. ⟨oe⟩ represents /u/ in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, e.g. doen; it also represented the same phoneme in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Ejaan_Yang_Disempurnakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan">1972 spelling reform</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">Ligatured</a> to ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a>⟩ in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>, it stands for the vowels /œ/ (as in œil /œj/) and /e/ (as in œsophage /ezɔfaʒ ~ øzɔfaʒ/). It is an alternative way to write ⟨ö⟩ or ⟨ø⟩ in German or Scandinavian languages when this character is unavailable. In romanization of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">Royal Thai General System of Transcription</a>, it represents /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>/. In <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a> it represents the vowel /ɵ ~ œː/, while in the <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> romanisation of <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> it represents /œː/, and in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a> it is used for /o/ (⟨o⟩ is used for /oː/). In <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, it is /wɛ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a> orthography of <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it is used for a phoneme which is [oː] long, [oˑ] mid-length, and [ɤ] short.<a href="#cite_note-GerlyverMeur-16">[16]</a> ⟨oê⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> to write the vowel sound /wa/ in a few words before what had historically been an ⟨s⟩, mostly in words derived from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/po%C3%AAle" class="extiw" title="wikt:poêle">poêle</a> /pwal/ "stove". The diacriticless variant, ⟨oe⟩, rarely represents this sound except in words related to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moelle" class="extiw" title="wikt:moelle">moelle</a> /mwal/ (rarely spelt <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:mo%C3%ABlle" class="extiw" title="fr:wikt:moëlle">moëlle</a>). ⟨ôe⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> for the vowel /ɔː/. ⟨õe⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /õĩ̯/. It is used in plural forms of some words ended in ⟨ão⟩, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/an%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:anão">anão</a>–anões and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/campe%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:campeão">campeão</a>–campeões. ⟨oh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, for the breathy or <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> vowel /o̤/. ⟨oi⟩ is used in various <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, it represents the /ɔɪ̯/ sound as in coin and join. In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, it represents /wa/, which was historically – and still is in some cases – written ⟨oy⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> it is used for /ɛ/, /ɔ/, /ɪ/, /əi̯/, /iː/, /oː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> it is used for /ɔ/, /ɤ/, except before ⟨ll, m, nn⟩ word-finally or pre-consonant, where it is /əi/. In <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, it is /ui̯/. ⟨oí⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /iː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨oî⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> to write /wa/ before what had historically been an ⟨s⟩, as in boîtier or cloître. ⟨ói⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /oː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Orthography">Portuguese</a>. ⟨òi⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> for /oi̯/. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> for /oː/ or /ɔː/ ⟨om⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /õ/, and in French to write /ɔ̃/. ⟨ôm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Brazilian Portuguese</a> for /õ/ before a consonant. ⟨on⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /õ/ before a consonant, and in French to write /ɔ̃/. ⟨ôn⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /õ/ before a consonant. ⟨ön⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Pinyin">Tibetan Pinyin</a> for /ø̃/. It is alternately written <a href="/wiki/Oin_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oin (trigraph)">oin</a>. ⟨oo⟩ is used in many <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, it generally represents sounds which historically descend from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle English pronunciation</a> /oː/. After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>, this came to typically represent /uː/ as in "moon" and "food". Subsequently, in a handful of common words like "good" and "flood" the vowel was shortened to ⟨/u/⟩, and after the <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels#FOOT–STRUT_split" title="Phonological history of English close back vowels">Middle English <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000052-QINU`"'</style>FOOT–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">STRUT split</a>, these became /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ respectively. Like in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, the digraph's pronunciation is /oː/ in most other languages. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, the digraph represents /oː/. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents either /oː/ or /uː/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨oq⟩ Is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> vowel /oˤ/. ⟨or⟩, in <a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a>, represents <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">mid central vowel</a> /ə/ or <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">close-mid back rounded vowel</a> /o/ in <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> ⟨ou⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> /aʊ/, as in out /aʊt/. This spelling is generally used before consonants, with ⟨ow⟩ being used instead before vowels and at the ends of words. Occasionally ⟨ou⟩ may also represent other vowels – /ʌ/ as in trouble, /oʊ/ as in soul, /ʊ/ as in would, /uː/ as in group, or /juː/ as in the alternate American pronunciation of coupon. The ⟨ou⟩ in out originally represented /uː/, as in French, and its pronunciation has mostly changed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>. However, the /uː/ sound was kept before ⟨p⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> ⟨ou⟩ represents /ʌu/ in the Netherlands or /oʊ/ in Flanders. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents [uː], [u], or [ʊ].<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> /u/, as in vous /vu/ "you", or the <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant consonant</a> /w/, as in oui /wi/ "yes". In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> this digraph stands for the <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">close-mid back rounded vowel</a> /o/ or for the falling <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> /ou/, according to dialect. ⟨ou⟩ is used In <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> to transcribe the sound /oː/. ⟨oû⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> to write the vowel sound /u/ before what had historically been an ⟨s⟩, as in soûl /su/ "drunk" (also spelt soul). ⟨ow⟩, in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, usually represents the /aʊ/ sound as in coward, sundowner, and now or the /oʊ/ sound, as in froward, landowner, and know. An exceptional pronunciation is /ɒ/ in knowledge and <a href="/wiki/Rowlock" title="Rowlock">rowlock</a>. There are many English <a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)" title="Heteronym (linguistics)">heteronyms</a> distinguished only by the pronunciation of this digraph, like: bow (front of ship or weapon), bower (a dwelling or string player), lower (to frown or drop), mow (to grimace or cut), row (a dispute or line-up), shower (rain or presenter), sow (a pig or to seed), tower (a building or towboat). In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, this represents the diphthong /ɔʊ/<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> or /oʊ/;<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a> before vowels, it can also represent /uː/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨ôw⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a> orthography of <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> to refer to a sound that can be either /ɛʊ/ or /oʊ/. This distribution can also be written ⟨êw⟩.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a> ⟨oy⟩ is found in many <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, ⟨oy⟩ represents the diphthong /ɔɪ/. Examples in English include toy and annoy. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents the diphthong /oɪ/<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a>~/ɔɪ/<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a>; in the words oy ('egg') and moy ('much'), it can also be pronounced /uɪ/<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a>~/ʊɪ/<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a>. ⟨oŷ⟩ is an obsolete digraph once used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>. ⟨øy⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> for /øʏ/. ⟨o_e⟩ (a <a href="/wiki/Split_digraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Split digraph">split digraph</a>) indicates an English <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">'long o'</a>, historically /ɔ:/ but now most commonly realised as /oʊ/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: P">edit</a>]</div> ⟨pf⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for /pf/, e.g. Pferd "horse", Apfel "apple", and Knopf "button". In English, usually in recent loan words from German, it generally represents /f/, such as in <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>. ⟨ph⟩ in used in English and French for /f/, mostly in words derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, but also some words derived from <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> it represents the <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">lenition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">Aspirate mutation</a> of ⟨p⟩. It represents /f/ in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, where ⟨f⟩ is not used. ⟨pl⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write Hmong, for /pˡ/. ⟨pm⟩ is used for /ᵖm/ in <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language#Orthography" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>. ⟨pn⟩ is used in English for /n/ initially in words of Greek origin such as pneumatic. ⟨pp⟩ is used in romanized <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> for the fortis sound /p͈/, and in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a> for /pʰː/. It was used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> until 1947, e.g. guardanappo, appa and mappelido. ⟨ps⟩ is used in English and Portuguese for /s/ initially in words of Greek origin such as psyche (English) and Psychòtico (Portuguese). In <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> it represents a <a href="/wiki/Whistled_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled sibilant">whistled sibilant</a> cluster /ps͎/. ⟨pt⟩ is used in several languages for /t/ in words of Greek origin, where it was /pt/, e.g. in English <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaur</a> /ˈtɛrəsɔːr/. ⟨pw⟩ is used in Arrernte for /pʷ/. ⟨py⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a> for /pc/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Q">Q</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Q">edit</a>]</div> ⟨qg⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a> for the click /ǃχ/. It was used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar click">voiceless alveolar click</a> /ǃ/. ⟨qh⟩ is used in various alphabets. In <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, it represents /qʰ/. In <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, it represents the click /ǃʰ/. ⟨qk⟩ was used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar click">voiceless alveolar click</a> /ǃ/ (equivalent to ⟨qg⟩). ⟨qq⟩ is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective /qʼ/. In <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> it represents the glottalized click /ᵑǃˀ/. ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">qu⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a> for /k/ before ⟨e, i⟩, where ⟨c⟩ represents /θ/ (<a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galicia</a>) or /s/ (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">American Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>). In French, ⟨qu⟩ is also usually /k/ before ⟨a, o⟩. This dates to <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> ⟨qu⟩, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labialized velar consonant</a> */kʷ/; in English this sound instead became written primarily as ⟨<a href="/wiki/Wh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh (digraph)">wh</a>⟩, due to <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a> changing kʷ > xʷ (written ⟨hw⟩), and Middle English spelling change switching ⟨hw⟩ to ⟨wh⟩. In English, it represents /k/ in words derived from those languages (e.g., <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quiche" class="extiw" title="wikt:quiche">quiche</a>), and /kw/ in other words, including borrowings from Latin (e.g., <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantity" class="extiw" title="wikt:quantity">quantity</a>). In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, it represents /kv/. In the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> Latin alphabet, it was used for /qʷ/. In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a> it is used to represent /kw/ or /w/. In Cornish, it represents /kw/.<a href="#cite_note-UCRdict-19">[19]</a> ⟨qü⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for /kw/ before ⟨e, i⟩. ⟨qv⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a> for /ˀw/. ⟨qw⟩ is used in some languages for /qʷ/. In <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a> it represents /xʷ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a> orthographies for Revived Cornish, it represents /kw/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨qy⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a> for glottalized /ˀj/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: R">edit</a>]</div> ⟨rd⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a> for a retroflex stop, /ʈ/. In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> it represents <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">voiced retroflex plosive</a>, [ɖ]. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> it sometimes represents /rˠʃt̪/ when broad, or /rˠʃtʲ/ when slender, though this epenthetic consonant is not found in all dialects. ⟨rh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> for <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> through <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>. Examples include "rhapsody", "rhetoric" and "rhythm". These were pronounced in Ancient Greek with a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> "r" sound, /r̥/, as in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> ⟨hr⟩. The digraph may also be found within words, but always at the start of a word component, e.g., "polyrhythmic". <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> use ⟨rh⟩ in the same way. ⟨Rh⟩ is also found in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> where it represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">voiceless alveolar trill</a> (r̥), that is a voiceless "r" sound. It can be found anywhere; the most common occurrence in English from Welsh is in the slightly respelled given name "Rhonda". In <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> transliteration, ⟨rh⟩ is used for the syllable-final rhotic of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, initial ⟨rh⟩- indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in /ʐ/, which is otherwise spelled ⟨r⟩-. In <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a>, it is a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a>, /ɽ/. ⟨rl⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a>, as well in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, for a retroflex lateral, written /ɭ/ in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a>, it represents /ɬː/ as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component. ⟨rm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> for /ɴm/. ⟨rn⟩ represents the retroflex nasal /ɳ/ in <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a>), as well in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a>, it represents /ɴ/. In <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, it represents /ɴn/. ⟨rp⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> for /pː/ as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component. ⟨rr⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> for ⟨r⟩. It normally appears in words of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> origin, and ⟨rrh⟩ in words of ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> origin. It is quite a common digraph. Some words with ⟨rr⟩ are relatively recent <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages; examples include <a href="/wiki/Burro" class="mw-redirect" title="Burro">burro</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. It is often used in impromptu pronunciation guides to denote either an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a>. It is a letter in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian alphabet</a>. In several European languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, Basque or <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, "rr" represents the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> /r/ (or the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a> /ʁ/ in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>) and contrasts with the single "r", which represents the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> /ɾ/ (in Catalan and Spanish a single "r" also represents the alveolar trill at the beginning of words or syllables). In Italian and Finnish, "rr" is a <a href="/wiki/Geminate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate consonant">geminated</a> (long) consonant /rː/. In <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> it is used for /χ/. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it can represent either /rː/, /ɾʰ/, or /ɹ/.<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a>, it represents /rˠ/. ⟨rs⟩ was equivalent to ⟨rz⟩ and stood for /r̝/ (modern <a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">ř</a>) in medieval <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a>, it represents /sː/ as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component. In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">voiceless retroflex fricative</a>, [ʂ]. ⟨rt⟩ is used in Australian Aboriginal languages such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a>, as well in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, for a retroflex stop /ʈ/. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Scottish Gaelic</a> it often represents /rˠʃt̪/ when broad, or /rˠʃtʲ/ when slender, though this epenthetic consonant is not found in all dialects. ⟨rw⟩ is used for /ɻʷ/ in <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language#Orthography" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>. ⟨rz⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet" title="Kashubian alphabet">Kashubian</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">voiced retroflex fricative</a> /ʐ/, similar to English ⟨<a href="/wiki//%CA%92/" class="mw-redirect" title="/ʒ/">zh</a>⟩ as in Zhivago. Examples from Polish are marzec /ˈma.ʐɛt͡s/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/41\/Pl-marzec.ogg\/Pl-marzec.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-marzec.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Pl-marzec.ogg/Pl-marzec.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-marzec.ogg" title="File:Pl-marzec.ogg">ⓘ</a> "March" and rzeka /ˈʐɛ.ka/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/Pl-Rzeka.ogg\/Pl-Rzeka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Rzeka.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Pl-Rzeka.ogg/Pl-Rzeka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Rzeka.ogg" title="File:Pl-Rzeka.ogg">ⓘ</a> "river". ⟨rz⟩ represents the same sound as ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%BB" title="Ż">ż</a>⟩, but they have a different origin. ⟨rz⟩ used to be pronounced the same way as Czech ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">ř</a>⟩ (/r̝/) in older Polish, but the sounds <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic merger">merged</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a> still follows etymology. When preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless consonant</a> (⟨ch, k, p, t⟩) or <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">end of a word</a>, ⟨rz⟩ <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">devoices</a> to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>], as in przed /ˈpʂɛt/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b4\/Pl-przed.ogg\/Pl-przed.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-przed.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Pl-przed.ogg/Pl-przed.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-przed.ogg" title="File:Pl-przed.ogg">ⓘ</a> "before". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: S">edit</a>]</div> ⟨sc⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a> for /ʃː/ before the front vowel letters ⟨e, i⟩. It is used for /s/ in Catalan, Spanish, French, English, Occitan and Brazilian Portuguese (e.g. French/English reminiscence, Spanish reminiscencia, Brazilian Portuguese reminiscência, Catalan reminiscència, Occitan reminiscéncia); in European Portuguese this changed to /ʃ/ in the early 20th century, although in careful speech it can be /ʃs/. However, it represents /z/ in modern pronunciations of crescent in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> and non-<a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Old_English_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English orthography">Old English</a> it usually represented /ʃ/. ⟨sç⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> for /s/ in a few verb forms such as simple past acquiesça /akjɛsa/. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> as in the imperative/conjunctive form of verbs ending with ⟨scer⟩: crescer cresça. Still pronounced /s/ in <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, in <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a> this changed to /ʃ/ in the early 20th century, although in careful speech it can be /ʃs/. ⟨sg⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> for /ʒ/. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>⟩ is used in several languages. In English, it represents /ʃ/. See <a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">separate article</a>. See also ⟨ſh⟩ <a href="#Other_letters">below</a>, which has the capitalized forms SH and ŞH. ⟨si⟩ is used in English for /ʒ/ in words such as fusion (see <a href="/wiki/Yod-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-coalescence">yod-coalescence</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish</a>, it represents /ɕ/ whenever it precedes a vowel, and /ɕi/ whenever it precedes a consonant (or at the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">ś</a>⟩ appearing in other situations. In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> ⟨si⟩ is used for the sound /ʃ/ as in siocled /ʃɔklɛd/ ('chocolate'). ⟨sj⟩ is used <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal-velar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal-velar fricative">sje sound</a> /ɧ/ (see also ⟨sk⟩) and in <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> to write <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">Voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> /ʃ/. ⟨sk⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal-velar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal-velar fricative">sje sound</a> /ɧ/. It takes by rule this sound value before the front vowels (⟨e, i, y, ä, ö⟩) word or root initially (as in sked (spoon)), while normally representing /sk/ in other positions. In Norwegian and Faroese, it is used to write <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> /ʃ/ (only in front of ⟨i, y, ei, øy/oy⟩). ⟨sl⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Iraqw_language" title="Iraqw language">Iraqw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral fricative">lateral fricative</a> /ɬ/. (⟨sl⟩ is used in the French tradition to transcribe /ɬ/ in other languages as well, as in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a>.) ⟨sp⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for /ʃp/ as in Spaß /ʃpaːs/ instead of using ⟨schp⟩. ⟨sr⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Kosraean_language" title="Kosraean language">Kosraean</a> for /ʂ/. In northern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> it represents /s̪t̪ɾ/, as in sràid /s̪t̪ɾaːtʲ/. ⟨ss⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /z/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>. For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles#Syllabic_consonants" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles → Syllabic consonants</a>. In English, ⟨ss⟩ typically represents /z/ in the first ⟨ss⟩ of possess and its derivatives possessed, possesses, possession, possessive and possessor, brassiere, dessert, dissolution and its derivatives dissolved, dissolves and dissolving, <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missoula_County,_Montana" title="Missoula County, Montana">County</a>), <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>(an), scissors, and pronunciations of <a href="/wiki/Aussie" class="mw-redirect" title="Aussie">Aussie</a> outside the United States; otherwise, it represents /s/. In other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a>, where ⟨s⟩ transcribes /z/ between vowels (and elsewhere in the case of Yup'ik), ⟨ss⟩ is used for /s/ in that position (/sː/ in Italian and also in some cases in Cornish<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a>); English sometimes also follows this convention. In romanized <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, it represents the fortis sound /s͈/. In <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a> it is used for /sʰː/. Also to note, there are spellings of words with ⟨ss⟩ as opposed to them with just one ⟨s⟩, varied in different types of English. For the word focus, in British English the 3rd person singular, the past participle and the present participle are spelled with ⟨ss⟩ (i.e. focusses, focussed and focussing) whereas in American English and usually Canadian and Australian English they are spelled with one ⟨s⟩ (i.e. focuses, focused and focusing). ⟨st⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for /ʃt/ as in Stadt /ʃtat/ instead of using ⟨scht⟩ (or ⟨cht⟩). In some parts of northern Germany, the pronunciation /st/ (as in English) is still quite common in the local dialect. ⟨sv⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Whistled_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled sibilant">whistled sibilant</a> /s͎/. This was written ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȿ">ȿ</a>⟩ from 1931 to 1955. ⟨sx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /sʔ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a> it is <a href="/wiki/X-sistemo" class="mw-redirect" title="X-sistemo">an unofficial surrogate</a> of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">ŝ</a>⟩, that represents /ʃ/. ⟨sy⟩ represents /ʃ/ in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">sz</a>⟩ is used in several languages. See article. ⟨s-c⟩ and ⟨s-cc⟩ are used in <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> for the sequence /stʃ/. ⟨s-g⟩ and ⟨s-gg⟩ are used in <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> for the sequence /zdʒ/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: T">edit</a>]</div> ⟨tc⟩ is used for the palatal click /ǂ/ in <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a>, and to write the affricate /tʃ/ in <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a>. ⟨tf⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">voiceless dental affricate</a> /t͡θ/ ⟨tg⟩ is used for /tχ/ in <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a>, it represents /d͡ʒ/. In <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> orthographies it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">Alveolo-palatal consonant</a> /tɕ/. ⟨<a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>⟩ is used in several languages. In English, it can represent /ð/, /θ/ or /t/. See article. See also: <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_th" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronunciation of English th">Pronunciation of English th</a>. ⟨ti⟩, before a vowel, is usually pronounced /sj/ in French and /tsj/ in German and is commonly /ʃ/ in English, especially in the suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-tion" class="extiw" title="wikt:-tion">-tion</a>. ⟨tj⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> words like tjære/tjøra ('tar') for /ç/ (Norwegian) and /tʃ/ (Faroese). In the closely related <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish alphabet</a>, it represents /ɕ/, as in tjära /ˈɕæːɾa/. It is also the standard written form of the /tʃ/ sound in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and was likewise used in Dutch-based orthographies that used to apply for languages in Indonesia and Surinam. In the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a>, it represents a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Postalveolar_stop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postalveolar stop (page does not exist)">postalveolar stop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">transcribed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> as /ṯ/ or /ḏ/ depending on voicing. This sound is also written ⟨dj⟩, ⟨ty⟩, ⟨dy⟩, ⟨c⟩, or ⟨j⟩. In Catalan it represents /d͡ʒ/. In <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> it is used for the <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> affricate /tʃʼ/. ⟨tk⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for the uvularized <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> /tᵡʼ/. ⟨tl⟩ is used in various orthographies for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">voiceless alveolar lateral affricate</a> /tɬ/. In Catalan it represents /lː/, although it may be simplify to /l/ in some dialects. ⟨tł⟩ is used in the transcription of <a href="/wiki/Athabascan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabascan languages">Athabascan languages</a> for a lateral affricate /tɬ/ or /tɬʰ/. ⟨tm⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">nasally released</a> /t̪͡pn̪͡m/. In Catalan, it is used to represent /mː/, that can result not geminated as well, /m/, as in setmana (pronounced /səˈmːanə/ in standard Catalan and /seˈmana/ in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>). ⟨tn⟩ is used for a prestopped nasal /ᵗn/ in <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, and for the similar /t̪n̪/ in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a>. In Catalan it represents /nː/, although it may be simplify to /n/ in some dialects. ⟨tp⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a> for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> /t̪͡p/. ⟨tr⟩ generally represents a sound like a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> version of English "ch" in areas of German influence, such as <a href="/wiki/Truk_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Truk Lagoon">Truk lagoon</a>, now spelled ⟨chuuk⟩. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> it represents /tʂ/. In southern <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, ⟨tr⟩ represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">voiceless retroflex affricate</a> /tʂ/. In the northern dialects, this sound is pronounced /tɕ/, just like what ⟨ch⟩ represents. ⟨tr⟩ was formerly considered a distinct letter of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a>, but today is not. ⟨ts⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a>, where it represents an <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">voiceless alveolar affricate</a> /t̺s̺/. It contrasts with ⟨tz⟩, which is <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> /t̻s̻/. It is mainly used to Latinize the letter <a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">Tse (Cyrillic)</a> (ц) In <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, ⟨ts⟩ represents an alveolar ejective fricative /sʼ/ or affricate /tsʼ/), depending on dialect. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between ⟨t⟩ and ⟨u⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a> for /t͡s/. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Boko_alphabet" title="Boko alphabet">Hausa Boko</a>. In central-western <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> it's used for /t͡s/. The <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a> romanizations of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> use ⟨ts⟩ for an <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unaspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">voiceless alveolar affricate</a> /ts/. Wade–Giles also uses ⟨ts'⟩ for the aspirated equivalent /tsʰ/. These are equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> ⟨z⟩ and ⟨c⟩, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> uses ⟨ts⟩ for a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">voiceless alveolar affricate</a> /ts/). In native Japanese words, this sound only occurs before ⟨u⟩, but it may occur before other vowels in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. Other romanization systems write /tsu/ as ⟨tu⟩. ⟨Ts⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> is used for /tʃ/. The sequence ⟨ts⟩ occurs in English, but it has no special function and simply represents a sequence of ⟨t⟩ and ⟨s⟩. It occurs word-initially only in some <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a>. Most English-speakers do not pronounce a /t/ in such words and pronounce them as if they were spelled ⟨sunami⟩ and ⟨sar⟩ or ⟨zar⟩, respectively. ⟨ts̃⟩ was used in medieval[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Resurrecci%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Azkue" title="Resurrección María de Azkue">Azkue</a>'s Basque dictionary<a href="#cite_note-Azkue-20">[20]</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">voiceless postalveolar affricate</a> /t͡ʃ/; this is now represented by ⟨tx⟩. ⟨tt⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> for /c/, and in romanized <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a> for /ts/. In romanized <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, it represents the fortis sound /t͈/, in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is ejective /tʼ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a>, it represents /tʰː/. ⟨tw⟩ is used for /tʷ/ in <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>. ⟨tx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and some indigenous languages of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, for a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">voiceless postalveolar affricate</a> /t͡ʃ/. In <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> it represents a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /tʔ/. In <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> it is used for the <a href="/wiki/Uvularized" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvularized">uvularized</a>-release /tᵡ/. ⟨ty⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian alphabet</a> for /cç/, a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">voiceless palatal affricate</a>; in Hungarian, digraphs are considered single letters, and <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> keep them intact. In Xhosa, ⟨ty⟩ represents /tʲʼ/ and the similar /tʲʼ/ in the Algonquian <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusett orthography">Massachusett orthography</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, it represents /tʃk/. In Tagalog it represents /tʃ/. In the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages">transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, it represents a postalveolar stop, either voiceless /ṯ/ or voiced /ḏ/. (This sound is also written ⟨tj⟩, ⟨dj⟩, ⟨dy⟩, ⟨c⟩, and ⟨j⟩). In <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a>, it represents /c/. ⟨tz⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">voiceless alveolar affricate</a> /t͡s/). In Basque, this sound is <a href="/wiki/Laminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminal">laminal</a> and contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> affricate represented by ⟨ts⟩. It is also used in Catalan to represent the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">voiced alveolar affricate</a> /d͡z/. In <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> it is used for the <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> affricate /tsʼ/. For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles#Syllabic_consonants" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles → Syllabic consonants</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U">U</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: U">edit</a>]</div> ⟨u′⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky</a> vowel /ṵ/. ⟨ua⟩ is used in Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>, to represent the diphthong /uə/. ⟨uc⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> for /kʷ/ before a consonant. Before a vowel, ⟨cu⟩ is used. ⟨ue⟩ is found in many languages. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, it represents /juː/ or /uː/ as in cue or true, respectively. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, it is /ʏ/ or /yː/ (equivalent to ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩), appearing mainly in proper nouns. In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Cantonese Romanisation</a>, it represents /yː/ in a non-initial position. ⟨ûe⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> to represent /œː/. ⟨ug⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> for /ɣʷ/. ⟨uh⟩ is used in Taa for the breathy or <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> vowel /ṳ/. In <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a>, it is used for /w/ before a consonant. Before a vowel, ⟨hu⟩ is used. ⟨ui⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for the diphthong /œy/. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a>, it is /ɪ/ after a broad (<a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a>) consonant. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a> it normally represents /u/, however before ⟨m, n, ng, s⟩ or before ⟨ll, m, nn⟩ preceding a vowel, it represents /ɯ/, and before ⟨dh⟩ or before ⟨ll, m, nn⟩ word-finally or pre-consonant, it represents /ɯi/. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, it represents the diphthong /ʊɪ̯/, which appears only in <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a> such as "pfui!". In Mandarin <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>, it is used for /wei̯/ after a consonant (spelt ⟨wei⟩ in the initial position). In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Cantonese Romanisation</a>, it represents /uːy/ or /ɵy/. In <a href="/wiki/Scots_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots orthography">Scots</a> it represents /ø/, e.g. bluid "blood", duin "done", muin "moon" and spuin "spoon". In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, when used as a digraph, it represents /uː/ in fruit, juice, suit and pursuit. However, after ⟨g⟩, the ⟨u⟩ functions as a modifier (marking ⟨g⟩ as /ɡ/ rather than /dʒ/), e.g. guild, guilty, sanguine, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, guide etc.), it is also used for other sounds, in cases of unusual etymological spelling, e.g. circuit, biscuit, build. ⟨ũi⟩ is used in Portuguese for /ũː/ ⟨uĩ⟩ is used in Portuguese for /wĩː/ ⟨uí⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a> for /iː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨úi⟩ is used in Irish for /uː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ùi⟩ is used in Scottish Gaelic for /uː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨um⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> for /ũ/, and in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> to write /œ̃/ (only before a consonant and at the end of a word). ⟨úm⟩ is used in Portuguese for /ũ/ before a consonant. ⟨un⟩ is used in many languages for a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>. In Portuguese before a consonant, and in many <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> languages, it is /ũ/, while in French it is /œ̃/, or among the younger generation /ɛ̃/. In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>, /u̯ən/ is spelled ⟨un⟩ after a consonant, ⟨wen⟩ initially. ⟨ún⟩ is used in Portuguese for /ũ/ before a consonant. ⟨ün⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Pinyin">Tibetan Pinyin</a> for /ỹ/. ⟨uŋ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Lakhota_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhota language">Lakhota</a> for the nasal vowel /ũ/. ⟨uo⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /o/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>, where ⟨o⟩ stands for /ɔ/. ⟨uq⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> vowel /uˤ/. ⟨ur⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> for /ʁʷ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trilled</a> vowel /ʙ̝/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] ⟨uu⟩ is used in many languages with phonemic long vowels, for /uː/. In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, it is used for /y/. ⟨uw⟩ is used in Dutch for /yu̯/, e.g. uw "yours", duwen "to push". In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> it is used for /iʊ/<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> or /yʊ/.<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨uy⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> for /œy/. ⟨ux⟩ is <a href="/wiki/X-sistemo" class="mw-redirect" title="X-sistemo">unofficially</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a>, instead of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">ŭ</a>⟩, for /u̯/. ⟨u_e⟩ (a <a href="/wiki/Split_digraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Split digraph">split digraph</a>) is used in English for /juː/ or /uː/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="V">V</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: V">edit</a>]</div> ⟨vb⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental flap">labiodental flap</a> /ⱱ/. ⟨vg⟩ was used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal click">voiceless palatal click</a> /ǂ/. ⟨vh⟩ represents /v̤/ in <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>. It was also used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Palatal_click" title="Palatal click">palatal click</a> /ǂʰ/. ⟨vk⟩ was used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal click">voiceless palatal click</a> /ǂ/ (equivalent to ⟨vg⟩). ⟨vn⟩ was used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">palatal nasal click</a> /ᵑǂ/. ⟨vv⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> for /f/. ⟨vr⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: W">edit</a>]</div> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">wh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> /hw/, the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelar</a> */kʷ/ (which became ⟨<a href="#qu">qu</a>⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>). Most English question words begin with this digraph, hence the terms <a href="/wiki/Wh-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh-word">wh-word</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wh-question" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh-question">wh-question</a>. In Old English, /hw/ was spelled ⟨huu⟩ or ⟨hƿ⟩, and only the former was retained during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> period, becoming ⟨hw⟩ during the gradual development of the letter ⟨w⟩ during the 14th-17th centuries. In most dialects it is now pronounced /w/, but a distinct pronunciation realized as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labio-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless labio-velar approximant">voiceless w sound</a>, [ʍ], is retained in some areas: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, central and southern <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and (mostly among older speakers) in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. In a few words (who, whose, etc.) the pronunciation used among almost all speakers regardless of geography is /h/. For details, see <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩">Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩</a>. In <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, ⟨wh⟩ represents /ɸ/ or more commonly /f/, with some regional variations approaching /h/ or /hw/. In the <a href="/wiki/Taranaki_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Taranaki Region">Taranaki</a> region, for some speakers, this represents a glottalized /wʼ/. In <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, it represents /w̤/, a murmured variant of /w/ found in loan words. In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, it represents /ʍ/.<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨wr⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> for words which formerly began /wr/, now <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#wr" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">reduced to /r/</a> in virtually all dialects. ⟨wu⟩ is used in Mandarin <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> to write the vowel /u/ in initial position, as in the name <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>. It is sometimes found with this value in Romanized Korean as well, as in <a href="/wiki/Hanwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanwu">hanwu</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Cantonese Romanisation</a>, it is used to represent /wuː/ in an initial position or /uː/ in a non-initial position. ⟨ww⟩ is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized /ˀw/. ⟨wx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /ˀw/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="X">X</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: X">edit</a>]</div> ⟨xc⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> for /s/ before the front vowel letters ⟨e, i⟩. ⟨xf⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for the labialized fricative /xʷ/. ⟨xg⟩ is used to write the click /ǁχ/ in <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a>. It was used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless lateral click">voiceless lateral click</a> /ǁ/. ⟨xh⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">voiced postalveolar affricate</a> /dʒ/, as in the surname Hoxha /ˈhɔdʒa/. In <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> it represents the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">voiceless aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral click">alveolar lateral click</a> /kǁʰ/, e.g. Xhosa /ˈkǁʰoːsa/. In <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> it represents a consonant that is variously /h/, /ʃ/, /ç ~ x/, depending on the dialect. In Canadian <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> it represents /χ/, which is represented by ⟨x̱⟩ in Alaska. ⟨xi⟩ is used in English for /kʃ/ in words such as flexion. (It is equivalent to ⟨c⟩ plus the digraph ⟨ti⟩, as in action.) ⟨xk⟩ was used in the Tindall orthography of <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless lateral click">voiceless lateral click</a> /ǁ/ (equivalent to ⟨xg⟩). ⟨xö⟩ is used as a letter of the <a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a> alphabet, where it represents a <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">uvular fricative</a>, /χʷ/. It is placed between ⟨<a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a>⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. ⟨xs⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> in the word exsudar /ˌe.su.ˈda(ʁ)/ in <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>. In <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a> this digraph changed to /ʃs/ in the early 20th century and the word came to be pronounced as /ɐjʃ.su.ˈðaɾ/ ⟨xu⟩ was used in the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossete</a> Latin alphabet for /χʷ/. ⟨xw⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit language</a> for /xʷ/. ⟨x̱w⟩ is used in Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> for /χʷ/, which in Canada is written ⟨<a href="/wiki/Xhw_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xhw (trigraph)">xhw</a>⟩. ⟨xx⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> for the glottalized click /ᵑǁˀ/, and in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a> for /χː/. ⟨xy⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a> to write /ç/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y">Y</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Y">edit</a>]</div> ⟨ye⟩ used in various languages. In English it represents /aɪ/ word finally, e.g. bye or dye. ⟨yh⟩ was used in the <a href="/wiki/Orthography_for_languages_of_Guinea_(pre-1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985)">pre-1985 orthography of Guinea</a>, for the "ejective y" or <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (/ʔʲ/) in <a href="/wiki/Pular_language" title="Pular language">Pular</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula language</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a> [j̰]. In the current orthography it is now written ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C6%B3" title="Ƴ">ƴ</a>⟩. In <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> it represents /j̤/. In a handful of Australian languages, it represents a "dental semivowel".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] ⟨yi⟩ is used in Mandarin <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> to write /i/ when it forms an entire syllable. ⟨yk⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a> for a pre-<a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> stop, /ɡ̟ ~ k̟/. ⟨ym⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> to write /ɛ̃/ (/im/ before another vowel), as in thym /tɛ̃/ "thyme". ⟨yn⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> to write /ɛ̃/ in some words of Greek origin, such as syncope /sɛ̃kɔp/ "syncope". ⟨yr⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trilled</a> vowel /r̝/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>. ⟨yu⟩ is used in romanized Chinese to write the vowel /y/. In Mandarin <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> it is used for /y/ in initial position, whereas in Cantonese <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> it is used for /yː/ in non-initial position. In the <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization of Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Cantonese Romanisation</a>, it represents /jyː/ in an initial position and /yː/ in a non-initial position. ⟨yw⟩ is used for /jʷ/ in <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language#Orthography" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Double_articulation" title="Double articulation">doubly articulated</a> /ɥ/ in <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a>. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> for the diphthongs /iʊ/,<a href="#cite_note-SAT-KS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">[3]</a> /ɪʊ/, or /ɛʊ/.<a href="#cite_note-SWF-4">[4]</a> ⟨yx⟩ in used in <a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> /ˀj/. ⟨yy⟩ is used in some languages such as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> to write the long vowel /yː/. In Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is represents glottalized /ˀj/. Used in some <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> dialects to represent /ɟ͡ʝ/. ⟨y_e⟩ (a <a href="/wiki/Split_digraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Split digraph">split digraph</a>) indicates an English <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">'long y'</a> (equivalent to ⟨i...e⟩). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Z">Z</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Z">edit</a>]</div> ⟨zh⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> (/ʒ/), like the ⟨s⟩ in pleasure, in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">Native American</a> orthographies such as <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>. It is used for the same sound in some English-language dictionaries, as well as to transliterate the sound when represented by <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> ⟨ж⟩ and <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> ⟨ژ⟩ into English, but is rarely seen in English words, appearing primarily in foreign borrowings (e.g. muzhik) and slang (e.g. zhoosh). ⟨zh⟩ as a digraph is rare in European languages using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>; in addition to Albanian it is found in <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> in words that are pronounced with /z/ in some dialects and /h/ in others. In <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, ⟨zh⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">voiceless retroflex affricate</a> /tʂ/. When <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> are transliterated into the Latin script, ⟨zh⟩ represents a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> (Malayalam <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ഴ">ഴ</a> and Tamil <a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ழ">ழ</a> ⟨ḻ⟩ [ɻ]). ⟨zi⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish</a> represents /ʑ/ whenever it precedes a vowel, and /ʑi/ whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">ź</a>⟩ appearing in other situations. ⟨zl⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced lateral fricative">voiced lateral fricative</a> /ɮ/ ⟨zr⟩ is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for /ʐ/. ⟨zs⟩ is the last (forty-fourth) letter of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian alphabet</a>. Its name is zsé and represents /ʒ/, a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a>, similar to ⟨j⟩ in Jacques and beside ⟨s⟩ in vision. A few examples are rózsa "rose" and zsír "fat". ⟨zv⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Whistled_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled sibilant">whistled sibilant</a> /z͎/. This was written ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɀ">ɀ</a>⟩ from 1931 to 1955. ⟨zz⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> for /dz/ in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>. It is also used with that value in romanized <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a>. In medieval <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, it stood for /s/. In <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> it is ejective /tsʼ/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> ⟨ɛn⟩, capital ⟨Ɛn⟩, is used in many <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> languages for the nasal vowel /ɛ̃/. ⟨ɛ⟩ is an "<a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">open e</a>". ⟨ɔn⟩, capital ⟨Ɔn⟩, is used in many West African languages for the nasal vowel /ɔ̃/. ⟨ɔ⟩ is an "<a href="/wiki/Open_o" class="mw-redirect" title="Open o">open o</a>". ⟨œu⟩, capital ⟨Œu⟩, is used in <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> for the vowels /œ/ and /ø/. The first element of the digraph, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a>⟩, is itself is a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> of ⟨o⟩ and ⟨e⟩, and ⟨œu⟩ may also be written as the <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a> ⟨oeu⟩. ⟨ŋg⟩ is used in the <a href="/wiki/General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages" title="General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages">General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages</a> for /ᵑɡ/. ⟨ŋk⟩ is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for /ᵑk/. ⟨ŋm⟩ is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the <a href="/wiki/Labial-velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar nasal">labial-velar nasal</a> /ŋ͡m/. ⟨ŋv⟩, capital ⟨Ŋv⟩, was used for /ŋʷ/ in the old orthography of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>; this is now spelled with the <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a> ⟨ngv⟩. ⟨ŋʼ⟩ is used in <a href="/wiki/Adzera" class="mw-redirect" title="Adzera">Adzera</a> for the prenasalized glottal stop /ⁿʔ/. ⟨ſh⟩, capital ⟨SH⟩ or sometimes ⟨ŞH⟩, was a digraph used in the Slovene <a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a> for /ʃ/. The first element, ⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">ſ</a>⟩, the <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a>, is an archaic non-final form of the letter ⟨s⟩. ⟨ǃʼ⟩ ⟨ǀʼ⟩ ⟨ǁʼ⟩ ⟨ǂʼ⟩ are used in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan">Juǀʼhoan</a> for its four <a href="/wiki/Glottalized_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized nasal click">glottalized nasal clicks</a>, /ᵑǃˀ, ᵑǀˀ, ᵑǁˀ, ᵑǂˀ/. ⟨ǃg⟩ ⟨ǀg⟩ ⟨ǁg⟩ ⟨ǂg⟩ are used in <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> for its four tenuis <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">clicks</a>, /ǃ, ǀ, ǁ, ǂ/. ⟨ǃh⟩ ⟨ǀh⟩ ⟨ǁh⟩ ⟨ǂh⟩ are used in Khoekhoe for its four aspirated <a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">nasal clicks</a>, /ᵑ̊ǃʰ, ᵑ̊ǀʰ, ᵑ̊ǁʰ, ᵑ̊ǂʰ/, and in Juǀʼhoan for its plain aspirated clicks, /ǃʰ, ǀʰ, ǁʰ, ǂʰ/. ⟨ǃk⟩ ⟨ǀk⟩ ⟨ǁk⟩ ⟨ǂk⟩ are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate <a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_click" title="Ejective-contour click">ejective-contour clicks</a>, /ǃ͡χʼ, ǀ͡χʼ, ǁ͡χʼ, ǂ͡χʼ/. ⟨ǃn⟩ ⟨ǀn⟩ ⟨ǁn⟩ ⟨ǂn⟩ are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain <a href="/wiki/Nasal_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal clicks">nasal clicks</a>, /ᵑǃ, ᵑǀ, ᵑǁ, ᵑǂ/. ⟨ǃx⟩ ⟨ǀx⟩ ⟨ǁx⟩ ⟨ǂx⟩ are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_click" title="Pulmonic-contour click">pulmonic-contour clicks</a>, /ǃ͡χ, ǀ͡χ, ǁ͡χ, ǂ͡χ/. ⟨ьj⟩ was used in <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Yañalif</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> for the diphthong /ɤj/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">Trigraph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">List of Latin-script trigraphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragraph" title="Tetragraph">Tetragraph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">List of Latin-script tetragraphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagraph" title="Pentagraph">Pentagraph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">List of Latin-script pentagraphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagraph" title="Hexagraph">Hexagraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptagraph" title="Heptagraph">Heptagraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin letters">List of Latin letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyrillic_digraphs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cyrillic digraphs">List of Cyrillic digraphs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin-script_digraphs&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SAT-KS-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-KS_1-23">x</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChubb2013" class="citation book cs1">Chubb, Ray (2013) [First published 2010]. "Leveryans – Pronunciation". Skeul an Tavas: A coursebook in Standard Cornish. Illustrations by Nigel Roberts (Second ed.). Cnoc Sceichín, <a href="/wiki/Leac_an_Anfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leac an Anfa">Leac an Anfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathair_na_Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathair na Mart">Cathair na Mart</a>, Co. Mhaigh Eo: Evertype. pp. 84–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-93-0"><bdi>978-1-904808-93-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leveryans+%E2%80%93+Pronunciation&rft.btitle=Skeul+an+Tavas%3A+A+coursebook+in+Standard+Cornish&rft.place=Cnoc+Sceich%C3%ADn%2C+Leac+an+Anfa%2C+Cathair+na+Mart%2C+Co.+Mhaigh+Eo&rft.pages=84-94&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Evertype&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-904808-93-0&rft.aulast=Chubb&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Latin-script+digraphs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAT-SWF-T-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-T_2-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChubb2011" class="citation book cs1">Chubb, Ray (2011) [First published 2010]. "Leveryans – Pronunciation". Skeul an Tavas: A Cornish language coursebook for adults in the Standard Written Form with Traditional Graphs. Illustrations by Nigel Roberts (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Redruth" title="Redruth">Redruth</a>, Kernow / Cornwall, UK: <a href="/wiki/Agan_Tavas" title="Agan Tavas">Agan Tavas</a>. pp. 84–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901409-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901409-12-3"><bdi>978-1-901409-12-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leveryans+%E2%80%93+Pronunciation&rft.btitle=Skeul+an+Tavas%3A+A+Cornish+language+coursebook+for+adults+in+the+Standard+Written+Form+with+Traditional+Graphs&rft.place=Redruth%2C+Kernow+%2F+Cornwall%2C+UK&rft.pages=84-92&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Agan+Tavas&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-901409-12-3&rft.aulast=Chubb&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Latin-script+digraphs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAT-SWF-M-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAT-SWF-M_3-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChubb2013" class="citation book cs1">Chubb, Ray (2013) [First published 2010]. "Leveryans – Pronunciation". Skeul an Tavas: A Cornish language coursebook for schools in the Standard Written Form. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rifal.org/cahiers_rifal/rifal23.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+cahiers+du+Rifal&rft.atitle=L%27orthographe+des+langues+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+d%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo%3A+entre+usages+et+norme&rft.volume=23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rifal.org%2Fcahiers_rifal%2Frifal23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Latin-script+digraphs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GerlyverMeur-16"><a href="#cite_ref-GerlyverMeur_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2009" class="citation book cs1">George, Ken, ed. (September 2009) [First edition published in 1993 under the title Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn – An Gerlyver Meur]. "6. Recommended pronunciation". Gerlyver Meur (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Kesva_an_Taves_Kernewek" title="Kesva an Taves Kernewek">Cornish Language Board</a>. pp. 28–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902917-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902917-84-9"><bdi>978-1-902917-84-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Recommended+pronunciation&rft.btitle=Gerlyver+Meur&rft.pages=28-35&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cornish+Language+Board&rft.date=2009-09&rft.isbn=978-1-902917-84-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Latin-script+digraphs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html">IPA: Vowels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313235947/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> 董峰政, "Taiwanese Tong-iong Pingim Dictionary", 臺南市寧南語言文化協會, <a href="/wiki/Tainan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tainan City">Tainan City</a>, Jul 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-UCRdict-19"><a href="#cite_ref-UCRdict_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Williams_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Williams (poet)">Williams, Nicholas</a> (2006). "Pronunciation and Spelling of Unified Cornish Revised". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a> (ed.). English–Cornish Dictionary: Gerlyver Sawsnek–Kernowek (Second ed.). Redruth, Kernow, UK: <a href="/wiki/Agan_Tavas" title="Agan Tavas">Agan Tavas</a>. pp. xxvii–xxx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901409-09-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901409-09-3"><bdi>978-1-901409-09-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pronunciation+and+Spelling+of+Unified+Cornish+Revised&rft.btitle=English%E2%80%93Cornish+Dictionary%3A+Gerlyver+Sawsnek%E2%80%93Kernowek&rft.place=Redruth%2C+Kernow%2C+UK&rft.pages=xxvii-xxx&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Agan+Tavas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-901409-09-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Latin-script+digraphs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azkue-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Azkue_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aurtenbai.eus/dok/Azkue-tutoriala_ES.pdf">"R. M. de Azkue: "Euskara-Gaztelania-Frantsesa Hiztegia" / "Diccionario Vasco-Español-Francés" online -Tutorial de uso"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Aurten Bai Fundazioa. p. 6. Retrieved 12 February 2024. <q>El autor usaba fuentes propias para representar fenómenos propios de algunos de los dialectos del euskera. Estos son los caracteres especiales utilizados en el diccionario: ã d̃ ẽ ĩ l̃ ñ õ s̃ t̃ ũ x̃.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.+M.+de+Azkue%3A+%22Euskara-Gaztelania-Frantsesa+Hiztegia%22+%2F+%22Diccionario+Vasco-Espa%C3%B1ol-Franc%C3%A9s%22+online+-Tutorial+de+uso&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Aurten+Bai+Fundazioa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aurtenbai.eus%2Fdok%2FAzkue-tutoriala_ES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Latin-script+digraphs" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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