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<span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_and_revitalization_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_revitalization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Use and revitalization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_and_revitalization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronominals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronominals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pronominals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronominals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subject_pronominals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject_pronominals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Subject pronominals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_pronominals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object_pronominals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_pronominals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Object pronominals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_pronominals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Directionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Focus_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focus_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Focus particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focus_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phrasal_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phrasal_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Phrasal particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phrasal_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.3</span> <span>Mobile particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentence-initial_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence-initial_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.4</span> <span>Sentence-initial particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence-initial_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tlingit-language_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tlingit-language_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tlingit-language media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tlingit-language_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tlingit language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingitkiel%C3%A2" title="Tlingitkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tlingitkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlinkit_dili" title="Tlinkit dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tlinkit dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Тлінкіт (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тлінкіт (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_(Sproch)" title="Tlingit (Sproch) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tlingit (Sproch)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingiteg" title="Tlingiteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tlingiteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_(llengua)" title="Tlingit (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tlingit (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_(Sprache)" title="Tlingit (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tlingit (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingiti_keel" title="Tlingiti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tlingiti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%84" title="Γλώσσα Τλινγκίτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Τλινγκίτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tlingit" title="Idioma tlingit – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tlingit" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingita_lingvo" title="Tlingita lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tlingita lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="زبان تلینگیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تلینگیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tlingit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%80%EB%A7%81%EA%B9%83%EC%96%B4" title="틀링깃어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틀링깃어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koluschan" title="Koluschan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koluschan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tlingit" title="Bahasa Tlingit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tlingit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tlingit" title="Lingua tlingit – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tlingit" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Тлингит (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тлингит (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Тлингит йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тлингит йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tlingitica" title="Lingua Tlingitica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tlingitica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlinkitu_valoda" title="Tlinkitu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tlinkitu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Тлингит чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Тлингит чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlinkit%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tlinkitų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tlinkitų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tlingit" title="Bahasa Tlingit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tlingit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_(taal)" title="Tlingit (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tlingit (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="トリンギット語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリンギット語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_spriak" title="Tlingit spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tlingit spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Tlingit (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tlingit (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tlingit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_tlingit" title="Lenga tlingit – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tlingit" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tlingit" title="Język tlingit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tlingit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tlingit" title="Língua tlingit – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tlingit" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Na-Dene language of southeast Alaska and western Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Tlingit</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #99ddff;"><i>Lingít</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ/</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">10,000 <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">~50 highly proficient first language speakers in United States, 10 highly proficient second language speakers (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />120 in Canada (2016 census)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Tlingit</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_alphabet" title="Tlingit alphabet">Tlingit alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=453">tli</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tli" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tli">tli</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tlin1245">tlin1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/850">Tlingit</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlingit-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tlingit-map.png/320px-Tlingit-map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="531" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tlingit-map.png/480px-Tlingit-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Tlingit-map.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Tlingit is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Lingít</a><br /><small>"People of the Tides"</small></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Lingít</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Tlingit Aaní</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="376" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik'i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Lingít.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Lgeik%27i_and_Naakil.aan_speaking_Ling%C3%ADt.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Two Tlingit speakers, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Tlingit language</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/Tlingit_English_pronunciation.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tlingit English pronunciation.mp3"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Tlingit_English_pronunciation.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlingit_English_pronunciation.mp3" title="File:Tlingit English pronunciation.mp3">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KLING</span>-kit</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span title="Tlingit-language text"><i lang="tli">Lingít</i></span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tlingit pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tli-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Southeast Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> and is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene language family</a>. Extensive effort is being put into revitalization programs in Southeast <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to revive and preserve the Tlingit language and culture. </p><p>Missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> were the first to develop a written version of Tlingit by using the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> to record and translate it when the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> had contact with Alaska and the coast of North America down to <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma County, California</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a>, English-speaking missionaries from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> developed a written version of the language with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of Tlingit is poorly known, mostly because there is no written record until the first contact with Europeans around the 1790s. Documentation was sparse and irregular until the early 20th century. The language appears to have spread northward from the <a href="/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska" title="Ketchikan, Alaska">Ketchikan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Saxman,_Alaska" title="Saxman, Alaska">Saxman</a> area towards the <a href="/wiki/Chilkat_Peninsula" title="Chilkat Peninsula">Chilkat</a> region since certain conservative features are reduced gradually from south to north. The shared features between the <a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak language</a>, found around the <a href="/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska)" title="Copper River (Alaska)">Copper River</a> delta, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongass_Tlingit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongass Tlingit (page does not exist)">Tongass Tlingit</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Canal" title="Portland Canal">Portland Canal</a>, are all the more striking for the distances that separate them, both geographic and linguistic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlingit is currently classified as a distinct and separate branch of Na-Dene, an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous language family of North America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> (1915) argued for its inclusion in the Na-Dené family, a claim that was subsequently debated by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> (1917), <a href="/wiki/Pliny_Earle_Goddard" title="Pliny Earle Goddard">P.E. Goddard</a> (1920), and many other prominent linguists of the time. </p><p>Studies in the late 20th century by (Heinz-)Jürgen Pinnow (1962, 1968, 1970, int. al.) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Krauss" title="Michael E. Krauss">Michael E. Krauss</a> (1964, 1965, 1969, int. al.) showed a strong connection to <a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a> and hence to the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan languages</a>. </p><p>Sapir initially proposed a connection between Tlingit and <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>, but the debate over Na-Dene gradually excluded Haida from the discussion. Haida is now considered an <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolate</a>, with some borrowing from its long proximity with Tlingit. In 2004, the Haida linguist John Enrico presented new arguments and reopened the debate. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Golla" title="Victor Golla">Victor Golla</a> writes in his 2011 <i>California Native Languages</i>, "John Enrico, the contemporary linguist with the deepest knowledge of Haida, continues to believe that a real, if distant, genetic relationship connects Haida to Na-Dene[.]"<sup id="cite_ref-Golla2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golla2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tlingit language is distributed from near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska)" title="Copper River (Alaska)">Copper River</a> down the open coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a> and throughout almost all of the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago" title="Alexander Archipelago">Alexander Archipelago</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Southeast Alaska</a>. It is characterized by four or five distinct dialects, but they are mostly mutually intelligible. Almost all of the area where the Tlingit language is endemic is contained within the modern borders of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. </p><p>The exception is an area known as "Inland Tlingit" that extends up the <a href="/wiki/Taku_River" title="Taku River">Taku River</a> and into northern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> around <a href="/wiki/Atlin_Lake" title="Atlin Lake">Atlin Lake</a> (<i>Áa Tleen</i> "Big Lake") and <a href="/wiki/Teslin_Lake" title="Teslin Lake">Teslin Lake</a> (<i>Desleen</i> < <i>Tas Tleen</i> "Big Thread") lake districts, as well as a concentration around <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Lake" title="Bennett Lake">Bennett Lake</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Trail" title="Chilkoot Trail">Chilkoot Trail</a> (<i>Jilkhoot</i>). Otherwise, Tlingit is not found in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Tlingit legend tells that groups of Tlingit once inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Stikine_River" title="Stikine River">Stikine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nass_River" title="Nass River">Nass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skeena_River" title="Skeena River">Skeena</a> river valleys during their migrations from the interior. There is a small group of speakers (some 85) in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_and_revitalization_efforts">Use and revitalization efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use and revitalization efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Golla (2007) reported a decreasing population of 500 speakers in Alaska. The <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples%27_Cultural_Council" title="First Peoples' Cultural Council">First Peoples' Cultural Council</a> (2014) reported 2 speakers in Canada out of an ethnic population of 400. </p><p>As of 2013, Tlingit courses are available at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Southeast" title="University of Alaska Southeast">University of Alaska Southeast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ktoo201310_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktoo201310-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2014, Alaska HB 216 recognized Tlingit as an official language of Alaska, lending support to <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">language revitalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlingit is divided into roughly five major dialects, all of which are essentially mutually intelligible: </p> <ul><li>The Northern dialect is also called the Yakutat (<i>Yakhwdaat</i>) dialect, after its principal town and is spoken in an area south from <a href="/wiki/Lituya_Bay" title="Lituya Bay">Lituya Bay</a> (<i>Litu.aa</i>) to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sound" title="Frederick Sound">Frederick Sound</a>.</li> <li>The Transitional dialect, a two-tone dialect like the Northern dialect but has phonological features of the Southern, is historically spoken in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Alaska" title="Petersburg, Alaska">Petersburg</a> (<i>Gántiyaakw Séedi</i> "Steamboat Canyon"), <a href="/wiki/Kake,_Alaska" title="Kake, Alaska">Kake</a> (<i>Khéixh' </i> "Daylight"), and <a href="/wiki/Wrangell,_Alaska" title="Wrangell, Alaska">Wrangell</a> (<i>Khaachxhana.áak'w</i> "Khaachxhan's Little Lake"), and in the surrounding regions although it has almost disappeared.</li> <li>The similarly-moribund Southern dialects of <i>Sanya</i> and <i>Heinya</i> are spoken from <a href="/wiki/Sumner_Strait" title="Sumner Strait">Sumner Strait</a> south to the Alaska-Canada border, excepting <a href="/wiki/Annette_Island" title="Annette Island">Annette Island</a>, which is the reservation of the <a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a>, and the southern end of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Alaska)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)">Prince of Wales Island</a>, which is the land of the Kaigani <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> (<i>K'aayk'aani</i>).</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inland_Tlingit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inland Tlingit (page does not exist)">Inland Tlingit</a> dialect is spoken in Canada around <a href="/wiki/Atlin_Lake" title="Atlin Lake">Atlin Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teslin_Lake" title="Teslin Lake">Teslin Lake</a>.</li> <li>The Tongass Tlingit dialect was once spoken in the Cape Fox area south of <a href="/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska" title="Ketchikan, Alaska">Ketchikan</a> but recently died with its last speakers in the 1990s.</li></ul> <p>The various dialects of Tlingit can be classified roughly into two-tone and three-tone systems. Tongass Tlingit, however, has no tone but a four-way <a href="/wiki/Register_(phonology)" title="Register (phonology)">register</a> contrast between short, long, glottalized, and "fading" vowels. (In the last type, the onset of the vowel is articulated normally but the release is <a href="/wiki/Murmured_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmured voice">murmured</a>, essentially a rapid opening of the glottis once articulation is begun.) </p><p>The tone values in two-tone dialects can be predicted in some cases from the three-tone values but not the reverse. Earlier, it was hypothesized that the three-tone dialects were older and that the two-tone dialects evolved from them. However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Leer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Leer (page does not exist)">Jeff Leer</a>'s discovery of the Tongass dialect in the late 1970s has shown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the Tongass vowel system is adequate to predict the tonal features of both the two-tone and three-tone dialects, but none of the tonal dialects could be used to predict vocalic feature distribution in Tongass Tlingit. Thus, Tongass Tlingit is the most conservative of the various dialects of Tlingit, preserving contrasts which have been lost in the other dialects. </p><p>The fading and glottalized vowels in Tongass Tlingit have also been compared with similar systems in the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian dialect</a>. However, Krauss and Leer (1981, p. 165) point out that the fading vowels in Coastal Tsimshian are the surface realization of <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">underlying</a> sequences of vowel and glottalized sonorant, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">VʔC</span>. That is in contradistinction to the glottal modifications in Tongass Tlingit, which Leer argues are symmetric with the modifications of the consonantal system. Thus, a fading vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">V̤</span> is symmetric<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with an aspirated consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Cʰ</span>, and a glottalized vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Vʔ</span> is symmetric with an ejective (glottalized) consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Cʼ</span>. That implies that the two systems have no familial relationship. Leer (1978) speculated that the maintenance of the pretonal system in Tongass Tlingit was caused by the proximity of its speakers around the Cape Fox area near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Canal" title="Portland Canal">Portland Canal</a> to speakers of Coastal Tsimshian, just to the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlingit has a complex <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> system compared to <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> such as English or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. It has an almost complete series of <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> consonants accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants. The only missing consonant in the Tlingit ejective series is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃʼ]</span>. The language is also notable for having several <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">laterals</a> but no voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> and for having no <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labials</a> in most dialects, except for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> in recent English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonants in the table are given in the IPA, with the popular orthography equivalents in brackets. Marginal or historical phonemes are given in parentheses. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation">labial</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small>labial</small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small>labial</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>unaspirated</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ghw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨.⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʔʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨.w⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-Leer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɬʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨khw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tlʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨chʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kʼw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨khʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨khʼw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xhw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">hʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hw⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-Leer_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>ejective</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨lʼ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xʼw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xh’⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xhʼw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ÿ⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leer_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leer_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leer (1991) argues the existence of two labialized glottal consonants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔʷ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʷ]</span>, which could be written in the popular orthography as <i>.w</i> and <i>hw</i>. The latter sound does appear in the speech of some speakers, but only in the highly variable word <i>oohwaan</i> ("first person plural independent pronoun"). This particular word is also pronounced (and hence spelled) <i>oohaan</i>, <i>hoowaan</i>, and <i>oowaan</i> among other variations. The labialized glottal stop is not attested in any Tlingit transcriptions or recordings, although speakers seem to be able to produce it when requested.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The consonant <i>m</i> is a variant of <i>w</i> found in the Interior dialect; <i>amsikóo</i> "(he) knew it" would be <i>awsikóo</i> in the Coastal dialects. It is not strictly an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a>, as Interior speakers appear to distinguish the two; it is more likely that the distinction is allomorphic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The consonant <i>ll</i> is an allophone of <i>n</i> now mostly obsolete, but still occasionally heard among the oldest speakers, particularly in the Interior dialect. However, its former allophony with <i>n</i> is still evident in many Tlingit loanwords in which <i>n</i> replaces the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> in the source language, such as <i>sgóon</i> "school".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The consonant <i>ÿ</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɰ/</span>) has recently merged with (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>) <i>y</i> or (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>) <i>w</i>, depending on the phonological environment, with <i>w</i> next to <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> vowels and <a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation">labialized</a> consonants, and <i>y</i> elsewhere. It occurs as <i>g</i> occasionally in placenames derived from Tlingit during the 18th and the 19th centuries as well as in some broad transcriptions by earlier anthropologists: "Gan Gulihashee Hit" for <i>Ÿan Ÿuliháshi Hít</i> "Drifted Ashore House" as recorded by Olson, today written <i>Yan Wuliháshi Hít</i>. Because the use of <i>y</i> versus <i>w</i> is predictable from context where it was originally a <i>ÿ</i>, this graph is used consistently in linguistic transcription, but not in ordinary writing. Note that this consonant has been erroneously referred to as "gamma", confused with the similar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> which is however the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a>, not an <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal consonants</a> <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilating</a> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">plosives</a> is common among Tlingit-speakers of all dialects. For example, the sequence <i>ng</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nk/</span>) is often heard as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋk]</span> and <i>ngh</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nq/</span>) as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɴq]</span>. Native speakers in a teaching position may admonish learners when they produce these assimilated forms, deriding them as "not Tlingit" or "too English", but it is common to later hear such speakers producing those forms themselves. It is uncertain whether this assimilation is autochthonous or if it arose from contact with English, but the former is more likely from a purely articulatory perspective. </p><p>Young speakers and second-language learners are increasingly making a <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced/unvoiced</a> distinction between consonants, rather than the traditional <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unaspirated/aspirated</a> distinction. That is because of the influence of English, which makes a similar distinction. For speakers who make the voiced/unvoiced distinction, the distribution is symmetrical with the unaspirated/aspirated distinction among other speakers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson</a>, Smith, and Bessel (2001) note that all word final non-ejective stops are phonemically unaspirated. That contrasts with the orthography that typically represents them as aspirated stops: <i>t</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span> for the more accurate <i>d</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>. There is a wide variation in ordinary speech, ranging from unreleased <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̚]</span> to a very delayed aspiration <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tːʰ]</span>. However, the underlying phoneme is certainly unaspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> since it is consistently produced when the word is suffixed. The orthography usually but not always reflects that: <i>hít</i> "house" is written <i>(du) hídi</i> "(his) house" when marked with the possessive suffix <i>-ÿí</i>. It is possible but has not been verified that aspirated and unaspirated stops are collapsed into a single phoneme word-finally. </p><p>Maddieson and colleagues also confirm that the <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> in Tlingit are in fact true ejectives, despite the widely-held assumption that ejective fricatives are not actually phonetically ejective but are as a sequence of fricative and glottal stop. In Tlingit, at least, the articulation of ejective fricatives includes complete closure of the glottis before frication begins, and the larynx is raised in the same manner as with ejective stops. </p><p>Characteristically, the ejective fricatives in Tlingit feature a much smaller aperture for frication than is found in ordinary fricatives. That articulation provides increased resistance to counter the continual loss of dynamic airstream pressure. Also, ejective fricatives appear to include tightening of the pharyngeal muscles, which reduces the diameter of the air column and so further increases pressure. That pharyngeal constriction is not true pharyngealization, however, since the diameter is still greater than what is found in pharyngealized consonants in other languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlingit has eight <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, four vowels further distinguished formally by <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a>. However, the length distinction is often in terms of <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tenseness</a> rather than length, particularly in rapid speech. For the Northern dialect, the dominant spoken dialect of Tlingit and the standard for written Tlingit, every vowel may take either high or low <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>; in the orthography high tone is indicated by an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<i>áa</i>) and low tone is unmarked (<i>aa</i>). The Southern and Transitional dialects have a mid tone which is unmarked and additional low tone which is marked by a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (<i>àa</i>). </p><p>The Inland Tlingit orthography does not use vowel digraphs. Instead, short high vowels are marked with an acute accent, long high vowels are marked with a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, and long low vowels are marked with a grave accent. Short low vowels are unmarked. Coastal Tlingit <áa> and <aa> are Inland <â> and <à> respectively. Coastal <éi> and <ei> are Inland <ê> and <è>, Coastal <ée> and <ee> are Inland <î> and <ì>, and Coastal <óo> and <oo> are Inland <û> and <ù>. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">Tense/Long</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lax_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lax vowel">Lax/Short</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a></small></th> <th><small>central</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨oo⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ei⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> which is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒː]</span> under the influence of uvular consonants. However this is not consistent for all speakers. The backness influence arises from articulation with uvular consonants and so the word <span title="Tlingit-language text"><i lang="tli">kháa</i></span> "person" is often spoken as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʰɒ́ː]</span>, but the word <span title="Tlingit-language text"><i lang="tli">(a) káa</i></span> "on (its) surface" is said as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[(ʔʌ)<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰáː]</span> by the same speakers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Word onset is always consonantal in Tlingit and so words never begin with a vowel. Where a vowel would theoretically have occurred, such as by prefixing or compounding, the vowel is always followed by either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>. The former is universal in single words, and both are found in word-medial position in compounds. The orthography does not reflect the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> in word-initial position, but either <i>.</i> or <i>y</i> may be seen in medial position. For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʰuːwʌtʼáː]</span><br />khoowat'áa</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khu-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite human" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDH</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object(ive)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ÿu-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERF</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ÿa-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="0: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">0</abbr>, -<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="core dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">D</abbr>, +I)-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t'áa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hot</p></div><p style="display: none;">khu- ÿu- ÿa- t'áa</p><p style="display: none;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite human" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDH</abbr>.OBJ- PERF- {(0, -D, +I)}- hot</p><p style="clear: left;">"the weather is hot"<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>But when the perfective prefix <i>ÿu-</i> is word-initial, the glottal stop appears to ensure that the word begins with a consonant. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔʊwʌtʼáː]</span><br />uwat'áa</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">∅-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEU</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object(ive)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ÿu-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERF</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ÿa-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="0: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">0</abbr>, -<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="core dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">D</abbr>, +I)-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t'áa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hot</p></div><p style="display: none;">∅- ÿu- ÿa- t'áa</p><p style="display: none;">3.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEU</abbr>.OBJ- PERF- {(0, -D, +I)}- hot</p><p style="clear: left;">"it is hot"<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_alphabet" title="Tlingit alphabet">Tlingit alphabet</a></div> <p>Until the late 1960s, Tlingit was written exclusively in phonetic transcription in the works of linguists and anthropologists except for a little-known Cyrillic alphabet used for publications by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. A number of amateur anthropologists doing extensive work on the Tlingit had no training in linguistics and so left numerous samples in vague and inconsistent transcriptions, the most famous being <a href="/wiki/George_T._Emmons" title="George T. Emmons">George T. Emmons</a>. However, such noted anthropologists as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">John R. Swanton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederica_de_Laguna" title="Frederica de Laguna">Frederica de Laguna</a> have transcribed Tlingit in various related systems that feature accuracy and consistency but sacrifice readability. </p><p>Two problems ensue from the multiplicity of transcription systems used for Tlingit. One is that there are many of them, thus requiring any reader to learn each individual system depending on what sources are used. The other is that most transcriptions made before Boas's study of Tlingit have numerous mistakes in them, particularly because of misinterpretations of the short vowels and ejective consonants. Accuracy of transcription can be increased by checking against similar words in other systems, or against a modern work postdating Naish and Story's work in the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlingit grammar at first glance appears to be highly <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a>, but this is an incorrect assumption. There are predictable processes by which the basic phonetic shapes of individual morphemes are modified to fit various phonological requirements. These processes can be described with a regular language, and such descriptions are given here on a per morpheme basis by giving rule schemas for the context sensitive phonological modification of base morphemes. Analyzing all the possible combinations of morphemes and phonological contexts in Tlingit and constructing a regular language to describe them is a daunting but tractable task.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite not being a fusional language, Tlingit is still highly <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinating_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinating language">agglutinating language</a>, and is even <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a> to some extent. The verb, as with all the Na-Dené languages, is characteristically <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">incorporating</a>. Nouns are in comparison relatively simple, with many being derived from verbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlingit <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> when non-<a href="/wiki/Pronominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronominal">pronominal</a> <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a> both exist in the sentence. However, there is a strong urge to restrict the argument of the <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a> to a single non-pronominal <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>, with any other phrases being extraposed from the verb phrase. If a noun phrase occurs outside of the verb phrase then it is typically represented in the verb phrase by an appropriate pronoun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See main article: <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit noun">Tlingit noun</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronominals">Pronominals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronominals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlingit has a complex system of <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronominals</a>, which vary depending on their relationship to the verb. The subject pronominals are incorporated into the verb in its subject slot. The object pronominals are also technically incorporated into the verb (i.e. the verb "complex"), but most are graphically independent. They are divided into three classes, the verbal object, nominal object, and postpositional object. There are also the independent pronominals which are completely separate from the verb and can be used in dependent clauses or in subject or object position. </p><p>The pronominals all have related semantic values, and their organization can hence easily be visualized in a table. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><b>Type</b></th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Subject</b></th> <th colspan="3"><b>Object</b></th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Independent</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>VO</th> <th>NO</th> <th>PO </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 <small>SINGULAR</small></td> <td>xha-</td> <td>xhat, axh</td> <td>axh</td> <td>xha-</td> <td>xhát </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <small>PLURAL</small></td> <td>too-</td> <td>haa</td> <td>haa</td> <td></td> <td>uháan </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 <small>SINGULAR</small></td> <td>ee-</td> <td>i-</td> <td>i</td> <td></td> <td>wa.é </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 <small>PLURAL</small></td> <td>yi-</td> <td>yee-</td> <td>yee</td> <td></td> <td>yeewáan* </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <small>RECESSIVE</small></td> <td></td> <td>a-, 0-</td> <td>a</td> <td>a-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <small>NEUTRAL</small></td> <td>0-</td> <td>a-, 0-</td> <td>du</td> <td>u-</td> <td>hú </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <small>SALIENT</small></td> <td></td> <td>ash</td> <td>ash</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>REFLEXIVE</small></td> <td></td> <td>sh-, 0-</td> <td>chush</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>RECIPROCAL</small></td> <td></td> <td>woosh</td> <td>woosh</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>INDEFINITE<br />HUMAN</small></td> <td>du-</td> <td>khu-, khaa-</td> <td>khaa</td> <td>khu-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>INDEFINITE<br />NON HUMAN</small></td> <td></td> <td>at-</td> <td>at</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>PARTITIVE</small></td> <td></td> <td>aa-</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The numbers in the first column represent the usual concept of person, i.e. first, second, or third. Story and Naish identified a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth person">fourth person</a>, but this term is inappropriate since they did not describe a clear separation between the so-called fourth person and the other impersonal pronominals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When analyzing a sentence, the pronominal type is given first, then the form (subject, object, independent) is given following a period. This uniquely represents the pronominal as a two dimensional unit. Thus 1<small>SINGULAR SUBJECT</small> is the first person singular subject pronominal, realized as <i>xhat</i>. The <small>RECIPROCAL</small> does not uniquely identify one of the two reciprocal pronominals, but since they are both phonetically identical as <i>woosh</i>, it is generally unnecessary to uniquely identify them. </p><p>There is also a notional zeroth person which can be of subject, object, or independent form. This is not realized in Tlingit, instead it is an empty placeholder for analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject_pronominals">Subject pronominals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subject pronominals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject pronominals are all incorporated into the verb. Thus when the subject is represented as a pronominal, the subject position of the sentence is empty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Object_pronominals">Object pronominals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Object pronominals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Object pronominals are divided into three classes, the verbal, nominal, and postpositional. </p><p>The verbal object pronominals function similarly to the subject pronominals in that they preclude an explicit object when used. </p><p>The nominal object pronominals are similar in some respects to the possessive pronouns of English. They precede a noun and represent the object of the noun, typically implying possession of the noun. </p><p>Postpositional object pronominals function as objects to which postpositions are attached. They act as the object of a postposition in a manner similar to an ordinary noun suffixed with a postposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directionals">Directionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Directionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strictly speaking, the Tlingit directionals can be classified as nouns on the basis of their syntactic function. However, they form a distinct semantic set of nouns which indicate direction relative to some stated position. They also show stem variation depending locative suffixation, in particular with the allative suffix <i>-dei</i>. These stem variants also occur with the adverb construction <i>N<sub>1</sub></i>-da-<i>N<sub>2</sub></i>-(i)n "<i>N<sub>2</sub></i> <i>N<sub>1</sub></i>-ward" where <i>N<sub>2</sub></i> is an anatomic noun and <i>N<sub>1</sub></i> is a directional stem. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Noun</th> <th><i>N</i>-dei</th> <th><i>N</i>-naa</th> <th>Adverb (+15) </th></tr> <tr> <td>up above</td> <td>(di-)kée</td> <td>(di-)kín-dei</td> <td>(di-)kee-naa</td> <td>kei, kéi </td></tr> <tr> <td>down below</td> <td>(di-)yée</td> <td>(di-)yín-dei</td> <td>(di-)yee-naa</td> <td>yei, yéi, yaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>upstream</td> <td>naakée</td> <td>nán-dei</td> <td>naa-nyaa ~ naa-naa</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>downstream</td> <td>ix-kée, éex</td> <td>íx-dei</td> <td>ixi-naa</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>from landshore, interior</td> <td>dáakh</td> <td>dákh-dei</td> <td>dakhi-naa</td> <td>daakh </td></tr> <tr> <td>toward landshore</td> <td>éekh</td> <td>íkh-dei</td> <td>ikhi-naa</td> <td>yeikh ~ eekh </td></tr> <tr> <td>toward seashore</td> <td>yán</td> <td>yán-dei</td> <td>—</td> <td>yan </td></tr> <tr> <td>from seashore, out to sea</td> <td>dei-kí</td> <td>dák-dei</td> <td>daki-naa ~ diki-naa</td> <td>daak </td></tr> <tr> <td>across, other side</td> <td>diyáa</td> <td>diyáa-dei</td> <td>—</td> <td>yan </td></tr> <tr> <td>inside</td> <td>neil</td> <td>neil-dei</td> <td>—</td> <td>neil </td></tr> <tr> <td>outside</td> <td>gáan</td> <td>gán-dei</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>back</td> <td>—</td> <td>khúxh-dei</td> <td>—</td> <td>khuxh </td></tr> <tr> <td>aground, shallow water</td> <td>—</td> <td>kúx-dei</td> <td>—</td> <td>kux </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particles function as neither noun nor verb. They are restricted to positions relative to phrases in the sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Focus_particles">Focus particles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Focus particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The focus particles follow the left periphery ("forephrase" per Leer) of a sentence. The Naish-Story term for them is "post-marginals". Many of them may be suffixed with a demonstrative (<i>-yá</i>, <i>-hé</i>, <i>-wé</i>, <i>-yú</i>), and they may also be combined with the interrogative (<i>-gé</i>). Focus particles are stylistically written as separate words, but phonetically, they may be indivisible from the preceding utterance. </p> <ul><li><i>sá</i> — wh-question</li> <li><i>gé</i> — dubitative, unlikelihood, "perhaps", "maybe, "it would seem..."</li> <li><i>á</i> — focus</li> <li><i>ágé</i> — interrogative (< <i>á</i> + <i>gé</i>)</li> <li><i>ásé</i> — discovery, understanding of previously unclear information, "oh, so..."</li> <li><i>ásgé</i> — second hand information, "I hear...", "they say..." (< <i>ásé</i> + <i>gé</i>)</li> <li><i>khu.aa</i> — contrastive, "however"</li> <li><i>xháa</i> – softening, "you see"</li> <li><i>shágdéi</i> — dubitative, likelihood, "perhaps", "probably"</li> <li><i>dágáa</i> — emphatic assertion, "indeed", "for sure"</li> <li><i>shéi</i> — mild surprise</li> <li><i>gwáa</i>, <i>gu.áa</i> — strong surprise</li> <li><i>gwshéi</i>, <i>gushéi</i> — rhetorical interrogative, request for corroboration, "I wonder", "perhaps"</li> <li><i>óosh</i> — hypothetical, "as if", "even if", "if only"</li></ul> <p>The combination of the focus <i>á</i> with the demonstratives gives the frequently used particles <i>áyá</i> and <i>áwé</i>, and the less common <i>áhé</i> and <i>áyú</i>. Combination of the interrogative <i>ágé</i> with the demonstratives gives the confirmative particles <i>ákwé</i> and <i>ákyá</i> (<i>ák-hé</i> and <i>ákyú</i> are uncommon), used to elicit a yes/no response from the listener. </p><p>The interrogative <i>ágé</i> also usually contracts to <i>ág</i> before <i>tsú</i> "also": <i>ág tsú</i> "also?" < <i>ágé</i> + <i>tsú</i>. </p><p>The particle <i>sá</i> is obligatory in forming <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">wh-question</a> phrases. It can be combined with a demonstrative, the dubitative, the rhetorical interrogative, and the emphatic assertion: </p> <ul><li><i>sáwé</i> (< <i>sá</i> + <i>áwé</i>), <i>sáyá</i>, ... — focused question, "... is that?"</li> <li><i>sgé</i> (< <i>sá</i> + <i>gé</i>) — dubitative question, "maybe?", "perhaps?"</li> <li><i>ságwshéi</i> — "I wonder?"</li> <li><i>sdágáa</i> (< <i>sá</i> + <i>dágáa</i>) — "(what) on earth?", "really?"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phrasal_particles">Phrasal particles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phrasal particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phrasal particles may occur after focus particles that occur with or without demonstrative finals. The following are postphrasal particles, thus they may only occur after the phrase that they modify. </p> <ul><li><i>tsá</i> — "only then"</li> <li><i>tsú</i> — "also"</li> <li><i>s'é</i> — "first", "really!"</li> <li><i>déi</i> — "now", "this time"</li> <li><i>x'wán</i> — "be sure to"</li> <li><i>tsé</i> — "be sure not to"</li></ul> <p>Except for <i>x'wán</i> and <i>tsé</i>, the above may occur after the focus particles. </p><p>The following are prephrasal particles, i.e. they occur before the phrase that they modify. Naish and Story call these "pre-marginals". </p> <ul><li><i>ch'a</i> — "just", "the very"</li> <li><i>ch'as</i> — "only", "just"</li> <li><i>ch'ú</i> — "even"</li> <li><i>tlaxh</i> — "very"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_particles">Mobile particles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mobile particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These particles may occur before or after any phrase in a clause. </p> <ul><li><i>tlei</i> — "just," "simply," "just then"</li> <li><i>déi</i> — "already," "by now"</li> <li><i>tsu</i> — "again", "still", "some more"</li></ul> <p>Compare the mobile particle <i>tsu</i> with the postphrasal particle <i>tsú</i>. Both the sentence <i>káaxwei <b>tsu</b> eetéenaxh xhat yatee</i> "I need more coffee" and the sentence <i>káaxwei <b>tsú</b> eetéenaxh xhat yatee</i> "I also need coffee" are acceptable. However the sentence <i>*<b>tsú</b> káaxwei eetéenaxh xhat yatee</i> is syntactically inadmissible because the particle <i>tsú</i> is postphrasal, i.e. it cannot precede the phrase it modifies, in this case the noun phrase <i>káaxwei</i>. The corresponding sentence with the <i>tsu</i> particle in front, <i><b>tsu</b> káaxwei eetéenaxh xhat yatee</i> "I need coffee again/still" is in contrast syntactically acceptable. Thus a Tlingit listener will recognize the <i>tsu</i> particle in a phrase-initial position without confusion but tone is necessary to distinguish it in a phrase-final position. For this reason the <i>tsu</i> particle is often used prephrasally although it is syntactically admitted in either position. Thus the song name <i>Tsu Héidei Shugaxhtootaan</i> could also be <i>héidei tsu shugaxhtootaan</i>, but placing the <i>tsu</i> in front has the advantage of unambiguity, and thus seems more <a href="/wiki/Euphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphony">euphonious</a> to native speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sentence-initial_particles">Sentence-initial particles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sentence-initial particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These particles may only occur at the front of a sentence. Naish-Story term these "clause marginals". </p> <ul><li><i>tléik</i>, <i>l</i> — negative, "not"</li> <li><i>gwál</i> — dubitative, "perhaps"</li> <li><i>gu.aal</i> — optative, "hopefully"</li> <li><i>khaju</i>, <i>xhaju</i> — contrary, "actually", "in fact"</li> <li><i>khashde</i> — "I thought..."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tlingit-language_media">Tlingit-language media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tlingit-language media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Irish</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/An_Klondike" title="An Klondike">An Klondike</a></i> (2015–17), set in Canada in the 1890s, contains Tlingit dialogue. </p><p>The American comedy-drama <a href="/wiki/Northern_Exposure" title="Northern Exposure">Northern Exposure</a> contains Tlingit dialogue. </p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Council_of_the_Tlingit_%26_Haida_Indian_Tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes (page does not exist)">Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes</a> (Tlingit & Haida) announced the release of the first of nine Tlingit-language children's books and animated videos. As a collaborative effort between Tlingit & Haida, the Goldbelt Heritage Foundation, Cedar Group, and illustrators <a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Mata" title="Kelsey Mata">Kelsey Mata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Alan_Foote" title="Nick Alan Foote">Nick Alan Foote</a>, the project is funded under a three-year grant through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a>'s Alaska Native Education Program. The first book is titled <i>Kuhaantí (2023)</i> and has set release date of October 27, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/Tlingit">Tlingit language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/4/pub/ANLPAC/ANLPAC%202020%20Report%20to%20the%20Governor%20and%20Legislature.pdf">"2020 Biennial Report to the Governor and Legislature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Alaska Native Language Preservation & Advisory Council. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Biennial+Report+to+the+Governor+and+Legislature&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=The+Alaska+Native+Language+Preservation+%26+Advisory+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commerce.alaska.gov%2Fweb%2FPortals%2F4%2Fpub%2FANLPAC%2FANLPAC%25202020%2520Report%2520to%2520the%2520Governor%2520and%2520Legislature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016022/98-200-x2016022-eng.cfm">"Census in Brief: The Aboriginal languages of First Nations people, Métis and Inuit"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+in+Brief%3A+The+Aboriginal+languages+of+First+Nations+people%2C+M%C3%A9tis+and+Inuit&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fas-sa%2F98-200-x%2F2016022%2F98-200-x2016022-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2014" class="citation news cs1">Chappell, Bill (21 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official">"Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official"</a>. <i>NPR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Alaska+OKs+Bill+Making+Native+Languages+Official&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2014%2F04%2F21%2F305688602%2Falaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddieson et al. 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golla2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golla2011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolla2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Golla" title="Victor Golla">Golla, Victor</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_yqdSE1F8wC&pg=PA303"><i>California Indian Languages</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26667-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26667-4"><bdi>978-0-520-26667-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Indian+Languages&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26667-4&rft.aulast=Golla&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB_yqdSE1F8wC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/map_data_states&mode=lang_tops&lang_id=866">"Tlingit territory"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817053334/http://www.mla.org/map_data_states%26mode%3Dlang_tops%26lang_id%3D866">Archived</a> 2007-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Modern Language Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ktoo201310-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ktoo201310_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Lisa Phu (Director) (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ktoo.org/2013/10/22/uas-and-yukon-college-partnership-advances-native-language-efforts/">"UAS and Yukon College partnership advances Native language efforts"</a>. KTOO, <a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau, Alaska</a>. 3:44 minutes in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=KTOO%2C+Juneau%2C+Alaska&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ktoo.org%2F2013%2F10%2F22%2Fuas-and-yukon-college-partnership-advances-native-language-efforts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">cite episode</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|series=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchell2014" class="citation news cs1">Twitchell, Lance A (23 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426125850/http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20140423/alaskas-official-indigenous-languages-and-emotions-revitalization">"HB 216 and the emotions of language revitalization"</a>. <i>Alaska Dispatch</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20140423/alaskas-official-indigenous-languages-and-emotions-revitalization">the original</a> on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Dispatch&rft.atitle=HB+216+and+the+emotions+of+language+revitalization&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.aulast=Twitchell&rft.aufirst=Lance+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaskadispatch.com%2Farticle%2F20140423%2Falaskas-official-indigenous-languages-and-emotions-revitalization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myemail.constantcontact.com/FOR-IMMEDIATE-RELEASE--First-Ling-t-Language-Immersion-Book---Animated-Video-Produced-Under-Kei-Naltseen-Haa-Sg-oni-Partnership.html?soid=1124597381696&aid=lksbCDcc5is">"FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: First Lingít Language Immersion Book & Animated Video Produced Under Kei Naltseen Haa Sgóoni Partnership"</a>. <i>Central Council Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Council+Tlingit+%26+Haida+Indian+Tribes+of+Alaska&rft.atitle=FOR+IMMEDIATE+RELEASE%3A+First+Ling%C3%ADt+Language+Immersion+Book+%26+Animated+Video+Produced+Under+Kei+Naltseen+Haa+Sg%C3%B3oni+Partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyemail.constantcontact.com%2FFOR-IMMEDIATE-RELEASE--First-Ling-t-Language-Immersion-Book---Animated-Video-Produced-Under-Kei-Naltseen-Haa-Sg-oni-Partnership.html%3Fsoid%3D1124597381696%26aid%3DlksbCDcc5is&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2001" class="citation book cs1">Beck, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2019/11/WSCLA_5_Beck.pdf">"Conventionality and lexical classes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Gessner, Suzanne; Oh, Sunyoung; Shiobara, Kayono (eds.). <i>Proceedings of WSCLA 5: The Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas</i>. Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 5. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. pp. 19–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conventionality+and+lexical+classes&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+WSCLA+5%3A+The+Workshop+on+Structure+and+Constituency+in+Languages+of+the+Americas&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.series=Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=19-26&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca%2Ffiles%2F2019%2F11%2FWSCLA_5_Beck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2001" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Sonya (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2019/11/WSCLA_5_Bird.pdf">"What is a word? Evidence from a computational approach to Navajo verbal morphology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Gessner, Suzanne; Oh, Sunyoung; Shiobara, Kayono (eds.). <i>Proceedings of WSCLA 5: The Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas</i>. Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 5. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. pp. 27–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+a+word%3F+Evidence+from+a+computational+approach+to+Navajo+verbal+morphology&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+WSCLA+5%3A+The+Workshop+on+Structure+and+Constituency+in+Languages+of+the+Americas&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.series=Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=27-35&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Sonya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingpapers.sites.olt.ubc.ca%2Ffiles%2F2019%2F11%2FWSCLA_5_Bird.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1917" class="citation journal cs1">Boas, Franz (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027108970">"Grammatical notes on the language of the Tlingit Indians"</a>. <i>The University Museum Anthropological Publications</i>. <b>8</b> (1). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+Museum+Anthropological+Publications&rft.atitle=Grammatical+notes+on+the+language+of+the+Tlingit+Indians&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027108970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCable2004" class="citation report cs1">Cable, Seth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=775212961669e23beda44fbf8a9db489feec5ef4">A metrical analysis of syncope in Tlingit</a> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+metrical+analysis+of+syncope+in+Tlingit&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cable&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3D775212961669e23beda44fbf8a9db489feec5ef4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauenhauerDauenhauer1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Marks_Dauenhauer" title="Nora Marks Dauenhauer">Dauenhauer, Nora M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dauenhauer" title="Richard Dauenhauer">Dauenhauer, Richard</a>, eds. (1987). <i><span title="Tlingit-language text"><i lang="tli">Haa Shuká</i></span>, Our Ancestors</i>. Classics of Tlingit Oral Literature. Vol. 1. Seattle: University of Washington & Sealaska Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295964944" title="Special:BookSources/0295964944"><bdi>0295964944</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87002164">87002164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Tlingit-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22tli%22%3EHaa+Shuk%C3%A1%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Tlingit-language+text%2C+Our+Ancestors&rft.place=Seattle&rft.series=Classics+of+Tlingit+Oral+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+%26+Sealaska+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F87002164&rft.isbn=0295964944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauenhauerDauenhauer1990" class="citation book cs1">Dauenhauer, Nora M.; Dauenhauer, Richard, eds. 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Seattle: University of Washington & Sealaska Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295968494" title="Special:BookSources/0295968494"><bdi>0295968494</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90043234">90043234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Tlingit-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22tli%22%3EHaa+Tuwun%C3%A1agu+Y%C3%ADs%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Tlingit-language+text%2C+For+Healing+Our+Spirit&rft.place=Seattle&rft.series=Classics+of+Tlingit+Oral+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+%26+Sealaska+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90043234&rft.isbn=0295968494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauenhauerDauenhauer1994" class="citation book cs1">Dauenhauer, Nora M.; Dauenhauer, Richard, eds. 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Seattle: University of Washington & Sealaska Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295974001" title="Special:BookSources/0295974001"><bdi>0295974001</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94028657">94028657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Tlingit-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22tli%22%3EHaa+K%CC%B2usteey%C3%AD%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Tlingit-language+text%2C+Our+Culture%3A+Tlingit+life+stories&rft.place=Seattle&rft.series=Classics+of+Tlingit+Oral+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+%26+Sealaska+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94028657&rft.isbn=0295974001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauenhauerDauenhauer1995" class="citation book cs1">Dauenhauer, Nora M.; Dauenhauer, Richard (1995). "A Tlingit ceremonial speech by Willie Marks". In Dürr, M; Renner, E.; Oleschinski, W. (eds.). <i>Language and Culture in Native North America: Studies in honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow</i>. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics. Vol. 2. Munich: LINCOM. pp. 239–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-004-2"><bdi>3-89586-004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Tlingit+ceremonial+speech+by+Willie+Marks&rft.btitle=Language+and+Culture+in+Native+North+America%3A+Studies+in+honor+of+Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen+Pinnow&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=LINCOM+Studies+in+Native+American+Linguistics&rft.pages=239-244&rft.pub=LINCOM&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-89586-004-2&rft.aulast=Dauenhauer&rft.aufirst=Nora+M.&rft.au=Dauenhauer%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauenhauerDauenhauer2000" class="citation book cs1">Dauenhauer, Nora M.; Dauenhauer, Richard (2000) [1994]. <i>Beginning Tlingit</i> (4th ed.). 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Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers. Vol. 1. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80622238">80622238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Athabaskan+Verb+Stem+Variation%2C+Part+One%3A+Phonology&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.series=Alaska+Native+Language+Center+Research+Papers&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80622238&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1990" class="citation book cs1">Leer, Jeffery A. (1990). "Tlingit: A portmanteau language family?". In Baldi, P. (ed.). <i>Linguistics change and reconstruction methodology</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 73–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110886092.73">10.1515/9783110886092.73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011908-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011908-4"><bdi>978-3-11-011908-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tlingit%3A+A+portmanteau+language+family%3F&rft.btitle=Linguistics+change+and+reconstruction+methodology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=73-98&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110886092.73&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011908-4&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Leer, Jeffery A. 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Whitehorse, YT: Yukon Native Language Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55242-227-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55242-227-5"><bdi>1-55242-227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interior+Tlingit+Noun+Dictionary%3A+The+dialects+spoken+by+Tlingit+elders+of+Carcross+and+Teslin%2C+Yukon%2C+and+Atlin%2C+British+Columbia&rft.place=Whitehorse%2C+YT&rft.pub=Yukon+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55242-227-5&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Hitch%2C+David&rft.au=Ritter%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddiesonSmithBessell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Maddieson, Ian; Smith, Caroline L.; Bessell, Nicola (2001). "Aspects of the phonetics of Tlingit". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 135–176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+the+phonetics+of+Tlingit&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-176&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maddieson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Smith%2C+Caroline+L.&rft.au=Bessell%2C+Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaish1966" class="citation thesis cs1">Naish, Constance M. (1966). <i>A syntactic study of Tlingit</i> (MA thesis). University of North Dakota.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+syntactic+study+of+Tlingit&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=University+of+North+Dakota&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Naish&rft.aufirst=Constance+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaishStory1973" class="citation book cs1">Naish, Constance M.; Story, Gillian L. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_tli_morsyn-1"><i>Tlingit verb dictionary</i></a>. Summer Institute of Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933769-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-933769-25-3"><bdi>0-933769-25-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tlingit+verb+dictionary&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-933769-25-3&rft.aulast=Naish&rft.aufirst=Constance+M.&rft.au=Story%2C+Gillian+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_tli_morsyn-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaishStory1996" class="citation book cs1">Naish, Constance M.; Story, Gillian L. (1996). Davis, H.; Leer, J. (eds.). <i>The English-Tlingit dictionary: Nouns</i> (3rd ed.). Sitka, AK: Sheldon Jackson College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English-Tlingit+dictionary%3A+Nouns&rft.place=Sitka%2C+AK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sheldon+Jackson+College&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Naish&rft.aufirst=Constance+M.&rft.au=Story%2C+Gillian+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span> (Revision of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_tli_number-1">Naish-Story dictionary of 1963</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1958" class="citation journal cs1">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1958). "Zwei Probleme der historischen Lautlehre der Na-Dene-Sprachens" [Two problems of the historical phonology of Na-Dene languages]. <i>Zeitschrift für Phonetik und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft</i>. <b>11</b> (2–3): 128–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fstuf.1958.11.14.128">10.1524/stuf.1958.11.14.128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:180392855">180392855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Phonetik+und+allgemeine+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.atitle=Zwei+Probleme+der+historischen+Lautlehre+der+Na-Dene-Sprachens&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=128-159&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fstuf.1958.11.14.128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A180392855%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1966" class="citation book cs1">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1966). <i>Grundzüge einer historischen Lautlehre des Tlingit: ein Versuch</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3175377">3175377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+historischen+Lautlehre+des+Tlingit%3A+ein+Versuch&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3175377&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1976" class="citation book cs1">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1976). <i>Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung</i>. Indiana (Berlin, Germany). Vol. 5. Berlin: Mann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-3027-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-3027-2"><bdi>3-7861-3027-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Na-Dene-Forschung&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Indiana+%28Berlin%2C+Germany%29&rft.pub=Mann&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=3-7861-3027-2&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Swanton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Swanton">Swanton, John</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tlingitmythstexts00swanrich"><i>Tlingit Myths and Texts</i></a>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tlingit+Myths+and+Texts&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftlingitmythstexts00swanrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlingit+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlingit_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/tli" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/tli">Tlingit language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tlingitlanguage.com/">Lingít Yoo X̲'atángi: The Tlingit Language</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tlingitlanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Grammar-of-Tlingit-Language.pdf">A Grammar of the Tlingit Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/~tlingitverbs/examples.html">Tlingit Example Sentences with Audio</a> Collection of over 1,500 audio recordings of spoken Tlingit example sentences, compiled as part of a Sealaska Heritage Institute project funded by the Administration for Native Americans between 2005 and 2009. (Online since Oct 2022.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskool.org/language/indexing/tlingindex.htm">Tlingit Teaching and Learning Aids</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/akn/dictionary.asp">Tlingit Noun Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/akn/tlingit/information/Index_Verb.html">Tlingit Verb Dictionary (unfinished)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskool.org/native_ed/literature/TongassTexts/Intro_TT.htm">Tongass Text</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asna.ca/alaska/index.html#tlingit">Alaskan Orthodox texts (Tlingit)</a>, 1812–1920 (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archdiocese.ca/articles/alaskan-orthodox-texts-project-celebrates-its-10th-anniversary">The Alaskan Orthodox Texts Project celebrates its 10th anniversary</a>, May 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/russian/russch8.html">The Russian Church and Native Alaskan Cultures: Preserving Native Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynlc.ca">Yukon Native Language Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117194706/http://home.bluemarble.net/~langmin/miniatures/tlingit.htm">Talking about Beliefs: The Alaskan Tlingit language today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\nde\tli&limit=-1">Tlingit basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080330034434/http://anashinteractive.com/">Anash Interactive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ids.clld.org/contributions/228">Tlingit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Dictionary_Series" title="Intercontinental Dictionary Series">Intercontinental Dictionary Series</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagegeek.com/isolate/tlingit.html">Tlingit Information at Languagegeek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sealaskaheritage.org/programs/Language%20Resources/Tlingit_dictionary_web.pdf">Dictionary of Tlingit</a>, 2009, Keri Edwards, Sealaska Heritage Institute, Juneau, Alaska; Tlingit-English/English-Tlingit, grammar at the end</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yupik language">Central Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language" title="Denaʼina language">Denaʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagalog language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninilchik_Russian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninilchik Russian dialect">Ninilchik dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Category:Languages of Alaska">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Yukon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Template:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Template talk:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Yukon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Yukon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Yukon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Language_demographics_of_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Language demographics of Yukon">Languages of Yukon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br /> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Dän kʼè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Dän kʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Dene Zágéʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Häł gołan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Neeʼaandeegnʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tā̀gish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlingit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27792#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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