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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Somali language</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Somali_language" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Somali_language" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Somali+language" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Somali (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/səˈmɑːli, soʊ-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">sə-MAH-lee, soh-</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cllds-5">[5]</a> Latin script: Af Soomaali; <a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>اف صومالِ‎; <a href="/wiki/Osmanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya">Osmanya</a>: 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[af soːmaːli]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-s107-6">[6]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> language belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch. It is spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a> as a mother tongue. Somali is an official language in both <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and serves as a national language in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, it is also a recognised minority language in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. The Somali language is officially written with the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Latin_alphabet" title="Somali Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> although the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> and several Somali scripts like <a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_Script" title="Gadabuursi Somali Script">Borama script</a> are informally used.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis175-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9">[9]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Somali</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Af Soomaali,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Soomaali<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘, 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 اف صومالِ, صومالِ,</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[af soːmaːli]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">24 million (2019–2023)<a href="#cite_note-eth-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">Lowland East</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Somali_languages" title="Macro-Somali languages">Macro-Somali</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Somali</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf dialect">Ashraf</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Latin_alphabet" title="Somali Latin alphabet">Somali Latin alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>; official) <a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's writing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>) <a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya alphabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Borama_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Borama alphabet">Borama alphabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaddare_alphabet" title="Kaddare alphabet">Kaddare alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Somali_Language_Academy" title="Regional Somali Language Academy">Regional Somali Language Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=so">so</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=419">som</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/som" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:som">som</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/soma1255">soma1255</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=14-GAG-a">14-GAG-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Somali_map.jpg/250px-Somali_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Somali_map.jpg/375px-Somali_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Somali_map.jpg/500px-Somali_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1209"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Primary Somali <a href="/wiki/Sprachraum" title="Sprachraum">Sprachraum</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification">1 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geographic_distribution_of_Somali">2 Geographic distribution of Somali</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Official_status">2.1 Official status</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Varieties">3 Varieties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Phonology">4 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Vowels">4.1 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Consonants">4.2 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tone">4.3 Tone</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Phonotactics">4.4 Phonotactics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Grammar">5 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Morphology">5.1 Morphology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Syntax">5.2 Syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Vocabulary">6 Vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Writing_system">7 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Resources">8 Resources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Numbers_and_calendrical_terms">9 Numbers and calendrical terms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Numbers">9.1 Numbers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Multiples_of_10">9.2 Multiples of 10</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Names_of_large_numbers">9.3 Names of large numbers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Days_of_the_week">9.4 Days of the week</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Months_of_the_year">9.5 Months of the year</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sources">12.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a></div> Somali is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family, specifically, <a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">Lowland East Cushitic</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Somali is the best-documented of the Cushitic languages,<a href="#cite_note-lm22-11">[11]</a> with academic studies of the language dating back to the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-d9-12">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution_of_Somali">Geographic distribution of Somali</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution of Somali" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The Somali language is spoken in Somali inhabited areas of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and by members of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a>. It is also spoken as an adoptive language by a few ethnic minority groups and individuals in Somali majority regions. Somali is the most widely spoken Cushitic language in the region followed by <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s3-13">[13]</a> As of 2021, there are approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a> of which around 17 million reside in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The language is spoken by an estimated 95% of the country's inhabitants,<a href="#cite_note-d9-12">[12]</a> and also by a majority of the population in Djibouti.<a href="#cite_note-lm22-11">[11]</a> Following the start of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> in the early 1990s, the Somali-speaking diaspora increased in size, with newer Somali speech communities forming in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-eth-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Constitutionally, Somali and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> are the two <a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_country_and_territory" title="List of official languages by country and territory">official languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frspc-16">[16]</a> Somali has been an official national language since January 1973, when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a> (SRC) declared it the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a>'s primary language of administration and education. Somali was thereafter established as the main language of academic instruction in <a href="/wiki/Form_(education)" title="Form (education)">forms 1 through 4</a>, following preparatory work by the government-appointed Somali Language Committee. It later expanded to include all 12 forms in 1979. In 1972, the SRC adopted a <a href="/wiki/Somali_Latin_alphabet" title="Somali Latin alphabet">Latin orthography</a> as the official national alphabet over several other writing scripts that were then in use. Concurrently, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>-language daily newspaper Stella d'Ottobre ("The October Star") was nationalized, renamed to Xiddigta Oktoobar, and began publishing in Somali.<a href="#cite_note-Ammon-17">[17]</a> The state-run <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mogadishu" title="Radio Mogadishu">Radio Mogadishu</a> has also broadcast in Somali since 1951.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2010_x241-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Muqdisho_2022_m972-19">[19]</a> Additionally, other state-run public networks like <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_National_TV" title="Somaliland National TV">Somaliland National TV</a>, regional public networks such as <a href="/wiki/Puntland_TV_and_Radio" title="Puntland TV and Radio">Puntland TV and Radio</a> and, as well as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Television_Network" title="Eastern Television Network">Eastern Television Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_Cable_Television" title="Horn Cable Television">Horn Cable Television</a>, among other private broadcasters, air programs in Somali.<a href="#cite_note-Smmhctv-20">[20]</a> Somali is recognized as an official working language in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-Llicuv-21">[21]</a> Although it is not an official language of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, it constitutes a major national language there. Somali is used in television and radio broadcasts,<a href="#cite_note-d9-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethndjib-22">[22]</a> with the government-operated <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Djibouti" title="Radio Television of Djibouti">Radio Djibouti</a> transmitting programs in the language from 1943 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-d10-23">[23]</a> The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation also broadcasts in the Somali language in its Iftin FM Programmes. The language is spoken in the Somali territories within North Eastern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Wajir_County" title="Wajir County">Wajir County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garissa_County" title="Garissa County">Garissa County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandera_County" title="Mandera County">Mandera County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Somali language is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Somali_Language_Academy" title="Regional Somali Language Academy">Regional Somali Language Academy</a>, an intergovernmental institution established in June 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti City</a> by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia. It is officially mandated with preserving the Somali language.<a href="#cite_note-Crslalid-26">[26]</a> As of October 2022, Somali and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> are the only Cushitic languages available on <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gtniel-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Northern Somali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadiri Somali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png/220px-Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="4067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 249px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png/220px-Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png" data-width="220" data-height="249" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png/330px-Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png/440px-Distribution-of-Somali-dialectals.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Distribution of Somali dialectal groups in the Horn of Africa</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a> are broadly divided into three main groups: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Northern Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maay language">Maay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dalby2-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Northern Somali</a> forms the basis for Standard Somali.<a href="#cite_note-Dalby2-28">[28]</a> It is spoken by the majority of the Somali population<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> with its speech area stretching from <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Frontier_District" title="Northern Frontier District">Northern Frontier District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mwv2-30">[30]</a> This widespread modern distribution is a result of a long series of southward population movements over the past ten centuries from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> littoral.<a href="#cite_note-Andrzlewis2-31">[31]</a> Lamberti subdivides Northern Somali into three dialects: Northern Somali proper (spoken in the northwest; he describes this dialect as Northern Somali in the proper sense), the Darod group (spoken in the northeast and along the eastern Ethiopia frontier; greatest number of speakers overall), and the Lower Juba group (spoken by northern Somali settlers in the southern riverine areas).<a href="#cite_note-Lamberti-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Shaxmednuradc1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Shaxmednuradc1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Shaxmednuradc1.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Shaxmednuradc1.ogg/Shaxmednuradc1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Speech sample in Standard Somali (an Islamic discourse containing many Arabic loanwords)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadir</a> (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the central <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> seaboard, including <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>. It forms a relatively smaller group. The dialect is fairly <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with Northern Somali.<a href="#cite_note-s4-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Somali_Dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Northern_Somali_Dialects.png/220px-Northern_Somali_Dialects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="2169"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 232px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Northern_Somali_Dialects.png/220px-Northern_Somali_Dialects.png" data-width="220" data-height="232" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Northern_Somali_Dialects.png/330px-Northern_Somali_Dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Northern_Somali_Dialects.png/440px-Northern_Somali_Dialects.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Northern Somali (Nsom) dialect subgroups</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The language has five basic <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels<a href="#cite_note-ipu1982-34">[34]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a><a href="#cite_note-front_vowel-35">[a]</a> ⟨i⟩ <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> ⟨ii⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a><a href="#cite_note-back_vowel-36">[b]</a> ⟨u⟩ <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> ⟨uu⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> ⟨e⟩ <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> ⟨ee⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> ⟨o⟩ <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> ⟨oo⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> ⟨a⟩ <a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> ⟨aa⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Somali has 22 consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s7-37">[35]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Somali consonant phonemes<a href="#cite_note-s7-10-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-g6-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyn- geal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> ⟨m⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> ⟨n⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a> ⟨t⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> ⟨k⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> ⟨q⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> ⟨'⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> <a href="#endnote_lent">†</a> ⟨b⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a> <a href="#endnote_lent">†</a> ⟨d⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a> ⟨dh⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> <a href="#endnote_lent">†</a>⟨g⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨j⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> ⟨f⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> ⟨s⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> ⟨sh⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> ⟨kh⟩ </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-uvular-42">[c]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> ⟨x⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> ⟨h⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a> ⟨c⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> ⟨r⟩ </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-43">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> ⟨l⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> ⟨y⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> ⟨w⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_lent">^†</a> The consonants <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">/b d̪ ɡ/</a> often lenite to <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">[β̞ ð ɣ]</a> intervocalically.<a href="#cite_note-s8-44">[40]</a></dd></dl> The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive quality for some Somali Bantu speakers, and intervocalically it can be realized as the flap [ɽ]. Some speakers produce /ħ/ with <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal trill">epiglottal trilling</a> as /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a>/ in retrospect.<a href="#cite_note-g14-45">[41]</a> /q/ is often <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal">epiglottalized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edmondson_2004_5-41">[39]</a> The letter ⟨dh⟩ is pronounced as a retroflex flap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>] when it occurs intervocalically, as in qudhaanjo. The letter ⟨kh⟩, found in Arabic loanwords, is rarely pronounced as a velar fricative. It is more often conflated with /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/, which is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] in syllabic coda position. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Pitch is phonemic in Somali, but it is debated whether Somali is a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>, or it is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ceolotw-46">[42]</a> Andrzejewski (1954) posits that Somali is a tonal language,<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> whereas Banti (1988) suggests that it is a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch</a> system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonotactics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C). Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure. Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ɢ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and /l/. The following cannot be geminate: /t/, /k/ and the fricatives. Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. [j] and [ʔ], are therefore inserted. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali grammar</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Somali personal pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="3">Person </th> <th rowspan="2">Emphatic </th> <th colspan="2">Clitic (short) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Subject </th> <th>Object </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">1 </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td>aniga </td> <td>aan </td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th>inclusive </th> <td>innaga </td> <td>aynu </td> <td>ina </td></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <td>annaga </td> <td>aannu </td> <td>na </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td>adiga </td> <td>aad </td> <td>ku </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td>idinka </td> <td>aydin </td> <td>idin </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">3 </th> <th rowspan="2">singular </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>isaga </td> <td>uu </td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>iyada </td> <td>ay </td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td>iyaga </td> <td>ay </td> <td>-- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Somali is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> language, and also shows properties of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>. Affixes mark many grammatical meanings, including aspect, tense and case.<a href="#cite_note-d11-48">[44]</a> Somali has an old prefixal verbal inflection restricted to four common verbs, with all other verbs undergoing inflection by more obvious suffixation. This general pattern is similar to the stem alternation that typifies <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Cairene Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kraska-49">[45]</a> Somali has two sets of pronouns: independent (substantive, emphatic) pronouns and clitic (verbal) pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-s68-50">[46]</a> The independent pronouns behave grammatically as nouns, and normally occur with the suffixed article -ka/-ta (e.g. adiga, "you").<a href="#cite_note-s68-50">[46]</a> This article may be omitted after a conjunction or focus word. For example, adna meaning "and you..." (from adi-na).<a href="#cite_note-s68-50">[46]</a> Clitic pronouns are attached to the verb and do not take nominal morphology.<a href="#cite_note-s72-51">[47]</a> Somali marks <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a> in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of other East Cushitic languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Rendille_language" title="Rendille language">Rendille</a> and Dhaasanac.<a href="#cite_note-w43-52">[48]</a> As in various other Afro-Asiatic languages, Somali is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Polarity_of_gender" title="Polarity of gender">polarity of gender</a>, whereby plural nouns usually take the opposite gender <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> of their singular forms.<a href="#cite_note-Tosco-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-zp389-54">[50]</a> For example, the plural of the masculine noun dibi ("bull") is formed by converting it into feminine dibi.<a href="#cite_note-Tosco-53">[49]</a> Somali is unusual among the world's languages in that the object is unmarked for case while the subject is marked, though this feature is found in other Cushitic languages such as Oromo.<a href="#cite_note-Saeed84-55">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Somali is a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV) language.<a href="#cite_note-eth-3">[3]</a> It is largely <a href="/wiki/Head-directionality_parameter" title="Head-directionality parameter">head final</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> and with obliques preceding verbs.<a href="#cite_note-hn253-56">[52]</a> These are common features of the Cushitic and Semitic Afroasiatic languages spoken in the Horn region (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Wedekind-57">[53]</a> However, Somali noun phrases are head-initial, whereby the noun precedes its modifying adjective.<a href="#cite_note-hn253-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-s164173-58">[54]</a> This pattern of general head-finality with head-initial noun phrases is also found in other Cushitic languages (e.g. Oromo), but not generally in Ethiopian Semitic languages.<a href="#cite_note-hn253-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-f53-59">[55]</a> Somali uses three <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a> markers: baa, ayaa and waxa(a), which generally mark new information or contrastive emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-s117-60">[56]</a> Baa and ayaa require the focused element to occur preverbally, while waxa(a) may be used following the verb.<a href="#cite_note-s240-61">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somlangbooks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Somlangbooks.jpg/180px-Somlangbooks.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 270px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Somlangbooks.jpg/180px-Somlangbooks.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="270" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Somlangbooks.jpg/270px-Somlangbooks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Somlangbooks.jpg/360px-Somlangbooks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Somali language books on display.</figcaption></figure> Somali <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> extraction (mainly Italian).<a href="#cite_note-d71-62">[58]</a> Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-l25-63">[59]</a> This is a legacy of the Somali people's extensive social, cultural, commercial and religious links and contacts with nearby populations in the Arabian peninsula. Arabic loanwords are most commonly used in religious, administrative and education-related speech (e.g. aamiin for "faith in God"), though they are also present in other areas (e.g. kubbad-da, "ball").<a href="#cite_note-d71-62">[58]</a> Soravia (1994) noted a total of 1,436 Arabic loanwords in Agostini a.o. 1985,<a href="#cite_note-Versteegh-64">[60]</a> a prominent 40,000-entry Somali dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-s5-65">[61]</a> Most of the terms consisted of commonly used nouns. These lexical borrowings may have been more extensive in the past since a few words that Zaborski (1967:122) observed in the older literature were absent in Agostini's later work.<a href="#cite_note-Versteegh-64">[60]</a> In addition, the majority of personal names are derived from Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-s2-66">[62]</a> The Somali language also contains a few Indo-European loanwords that were retained from the colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-Ammon-17">[17]</a> Most of these lexical borrowings come from English and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and are used to describe modern concepts (e.g. telefishen-ka, "the television"; raadia-ha, "the radio").<a href="#cite_note-d73-67">[63]</a> There are 300 loan words from Italian, such as garawati for "tie" (from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> cravatta), dimuqraadi from democratico (democratic), mikroskoob from microscopio, and so on. Additionally, Somali contains lexical terms from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> that were acquired through historical trade with communities in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> (e.g. khiyaar "cucumber" from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: خيار khiyār ).<a href="#cite_note-d73-67">[63]</a> Other loan words have also displaced their native synonyms in some dialects (e.g. jabaati "a type of flat bread" from Hindi: चपाती <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapāti</a> displacing sabaayad). Some of these words were also borrowed indirectly via Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-d73-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Admmahe-68">[64]</a> As part of a broader governmental effort of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purism</a> in the Somali language, the past few decades have seen a push in Somalia toward replacement of loanwords in general with their Somali equivalents or <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>. To this end, the Supreme Revolutionary Council during its tenure officially prohibited the borrowing and use of English and Italian terms.<a href="#cite_note-Ammon-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali alphabets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciismaniya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ciismaniya.jpg/220px-Ciismaniya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ciismaniya.jpg/220px-Ciismaniya.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Ciismaniya.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a> writing script for Somali.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp/220px-10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="421"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp/220px-10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp/330px-10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp/440px-10437_2015_9184_Fig8_HTML.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Shaláw Sabaean writing, Sanaag (Photo: by Sada Mire, 2007). Inscription dates between 900 BCE and 300 CE.</figcaption></figure> Archaeological <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavations</a> and research in Somalia uncovered <a href="/wiki/Ancient_inscriptions_in_Somalia" title="Ancient inscriptions in Somalia">ancient inscriptions</a> in a distinct <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MOIANG-69">[65]</a> In an 1878 report to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> of Great Britain, scientist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Hildebrandt" title="Johann Maria Hildebrandt">Johann Maria Hildebrandt</a> noted upon visiting the area that "we know from ancient authors that these districts, at present so desert, were formerly populous and civilised[...] I also discovered ancient ruins and rock-inscriptions both in pictures and characters[...] These have hitherto not been deciphered."<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> According to the 1974 report for Ministry of Information and National Guidance, this script represents the earliest written attestation of Somali.<a href="#cite_note-MOIANG-69">[65]</a> Much more recently, Somali archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Sada_Mire" title="Sada Mire">Sada Mire</a> has published ancient inscriptions found throughout <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>. As for much of Somali linguistic history the language was not widely used for literature, Dr. Mire's publications however prove that writing as a technology was not foreign nor scarce in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Mire-71">[67]</a> These pieces of writing are from the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Himyaritic_language" title="Himyaritic language">Himyarite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean</a> languages that were largely spoken in what is modern day Yemen —"there is an extensive and ancient relationship between the people and cultures of both sides of the Red Sea coast" Mire posits. Yet, while many more such ancient inscriptions are yet to be found or analyzed, many have been "bulldozed by developers, as the Ministry of Tourism could not buy the land or stop the destruction".<a href="#cite_note-Mire-71">[67]</a> Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing the Somali language include the long-established <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's writing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_Andrzejewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogumił Andrzejewski">Bogumił Andrzejewski</a>, this usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems (<a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasidas</a>), recitations and chants.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Among these texts are the Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Since then a number of writing systems have been used for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Latin_alphabet" title="Somali Latin alphabet">Somali Latin alphabet</a>, officially adopted in 1972, is the most widely used and recognised as official orthography of the state.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The script was developed by a number of leading scholars of Somali, including <a href="/wiki/Musa_Haji_Ismail_Galal" title="Musa Haji Ismail Galal">Musa Haji Ismail Galal</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._W._Andrzejewski" title="B. W. Andrzejewski">B. W. Andrzejewski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shire_Jama_Ahmed" title="Shire Jama Ahmed">Shire Jama Ahmed</a> specifically for transcribing the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p, v and z.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> There are no <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, which does not occur word-initially. There are three consonant <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>: DH, KH and SH. Tone is not marked, and front and back vowels are not distinguished. Writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the <a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borama_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Borama alphabet">Borama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaddare_alphabet" title="Kaddare alphabet">Kaddare alphabets</a>, which were invented by <a href="/wiki/Osman_Yusuf_Kenadid" title="Osman Yusuf Kenadid">Osman Yusuf Kenadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdurahman_Sheikh_Nuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur">Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sheikh_Ahmed_Kaddare" title="Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare">Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-laitin-78">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Resources">Resources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Resources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Several digital collections of texts in the Somali language have been developed in recent decades. These corpora include <a href="/wiki/Somali_Corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Corpus">Kaydka Af Soomaaliga</a> (KAF), Bangiga Af Soomaaliga, the Somali Web Corpus (soWaC),<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> a Somali read-speech corpus, Asaas (Beginning in Somali) and a Web-Based Somali Language Model and text Corpus called Wargeys (Newspaper in Somali).<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Numbers_and_calendrical_terms">Numbers and calendrical terms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Numbers and calendrical terms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Somali_language" title="Special:EditPage/Somali language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Numbers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English</th> <th colspan="3">Somali </th></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <th>Osmanya </th> <th># </th></tr> <tr> <td>Zero </td> <td>Eber </td> <td>𐒗𐒁𐒗𐒇 </td> <td>𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>One</td> <td>kow </td> <td>𐒏𐒙𐒓 </td> <td>𐒡 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two</td> <td>laba </td> <td>𐒐𐒖𐒁𐒖 </td> <td>𐒢 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Three</td> <td>saddex </td> <td>𐒈𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒗𐒄 </td> <td>𐒣 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Four</td> <td>afar </td> <td>𐒖𐒍𐒖𐒇 </td> <td>𐒤 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Five</td> <td>shan </td> <td>𐒉𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒥 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Six</td> <td>lix </td> <td>𐒐𐒘𐒄 </td> <td>𐒦 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seven</td> <td>toddoba </td> <td>𐒂𐒙𐒆𐒆𐒙𐒁𐒖 </td> <td>𐒧 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eight</td> <td>siddeed </td> <td>𐒈𐒘𐒆𐒆𐒜𐒆 </td> <td>𐒨 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nine</td> <td>sagaal </td> <td>𐒈𐒖𐒌𐒛𐒐 </td> <td>𐒩 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ten</td> <td>toban </td> <td>𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒠 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="3">Somali </th></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <th>Osmanya </th> <th># </th></tr> <tr> <td>Eleven</td> <td> kow iyo toban </td> <td>𐒏𐒙𐒓 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒡 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twelve</td> <td> laba iyo toban </td> <td>𐒐𐒖𐒁𐒖 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒢 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thirteen</td> <td>saddex iyo toban </td> <td>𐒈𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒗𐒄 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒣 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourteen</td> <td> afar iyo toban </td> <td>𐒖𐒍𐒖𐒇 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒤 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifteen</td> <td>shan iyo toban </td> <td>𐒉𐒖𐒒 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒥 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixteen</td> <td>lix iyo toban </td> <td>𐒐𐒘𐒄 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒦 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventeen</td> <td>toddoba iyo toban </td> <td>𐒂𐒙𐒆𐒆𐒙𐒁𐒖 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒧 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eighteen</td> <td>sideed iyo toban </td> <td>𐒈𐒘𐒆𐒜𐒆 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒨 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nineteen</td> <td>sagaal iyo toban </td> <td>𐒈𐒖𐒌𐒛𐒐 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒩 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twenty</td> <td>labaatan </td> <td>𐒐𐒖𐒁𐒛𐒂𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒢𐒠 </td></tr></tbody></table> For all numbers between 11 kow iyo toban and 99 sagaashal iyo sagaal, it is equally correct to switch the placement of the numbers, although larger numbers is some dialects prefer to place the 10s numeral first. For example 25 may both be written as labaatan iyo shan and shan iyo labaatan (lit. Twenty and Five & Five and Twenty). Although neither the Latin nor Osmanya scripts accommodate this numerical switching. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiples_of_10">Multiples of 10</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Multiples of 10" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="3">Somali </th></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <th>Osmanya </th> <th># </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ten </td> <td>toban </td> <td>𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twenty </td> <td>labaatan </td> <td>𐒐𐒖𐒁𐒛𐒂𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒢𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thirty</td> <td>soddon </td> <td>𐒈𐒙𐒆𐒆𐒙𐒒 </td> <td>𐒣𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Forty</td> <td>afartan </td> <td>𐒖𐒍𐒖𐒇𐒂𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒤𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifty</td> <td>konton </td> <td>𐒏𐒙𐒒𐒂𐒙𐒒 </td> <td>𐒥𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixty</td> <td>lixdan </td> <td>𐒐𐒘𐒄𐒆𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒦𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventy</td> <td>todobaatan </td> <td>𐒂𐒙𐒆𐒙𐒁𐒛𐒂𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒧𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eighty</td> <td>sideetan </td> <td>𐒈𐒘𐒆𐒜𐒂𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒨𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ninety</td> <td>sagaashan </td> <td>𐒈𐒖𐒌𐒛𐒉𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒩𐒠 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_large_numbers">Names of large numbers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Names of large numbers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="3">Somali </th></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <th>Osmanya </th> <th>#* </th></tr> <tr> <td>One hundred</td> <td>boqol </td> <td>𐒁𐒙𐒎𐒙𐒐 </td> <td>𐒡𐒠𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>One thousand</td> <td>kun </td> <td>𐒏𐒚𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡,𐒠𐒠𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>One million</td> <td>milyan </td> <td>𐒑𐒘𐒐𐒕𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡,𐒠𐒠𐒠,𐒠𐒠𐒠 </td></tr> <tr> <td>One billion</td> <td>bilyan </td> <td>𐒁𐒘𐒐𐒕𐒖𐒒 </td> <td>𐒡,𐒠𐒠𐒠,𐒠𐒠𐒠,𐒠𐒠𐒠 </td></tr></tbody></table> *the commas in the Osmanya number chart are added for clarity <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_of_the_week">Days of the week</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Days of the week" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="2">Somali </th></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <th>Osmanya </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday</td> <td>Axad </td> <td>𐒖𐒄𐒖𐒆 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monday</td> <td>Isniin </td> <td>𐒘𐒈𐒒𐒕𐒒 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuesday</td> <td>Salaasa/Talaado </td> <td>𐒈𐒖𐒐𐒛𐒈𐒖/𐒂𐒖𐒐𐒛𐒆𐒙 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wednesday</td> <td>Arbaca/Arbaco </td> <td>𐒖𐒇𐒁𐒖𐒋𐒛/𐒖𐒇𐒁𐒖𐒋𐒙 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thursday</td> <td>Khamiis </td> <td>𐒅𐒖𐒑𐒕𐒈 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friday</td> <td>Jimce/Jimco </td> <td>𐒃𐒘𐒑𐒋𐒙 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturday</td> <td>Sabti </td> <td>𐒈𐒖𐒁𐒂𐒘 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Months_of_the_year">Months of the year</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Months of the year" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="2">Somali </th></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <th>Osmanya </th></tr> <tr> <td>January </td> <td>Janaayo </td> <td>𐒃𐒜𐒒𐒚𐒓𐒖𐒇𐒘 </td></tr> <tr> <td>February </td> <td>Febraayo </td> <td>𐒍𐒛𐒁𐒇𐒚𐒓𐒖𐒇𐒘 </td></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td>Maarso </td> <td>𐒑𐒛𐒃 </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>Abriil </td> <td>𐒖𐒁𐒇𐒕𐒐 </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>Maajo </td> <td>𐒑𐒖𐒕 </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>Juun </td> <td>𐒃𐒓𐒒 </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>Luuliyo </td> <td>𐒃𐒓𐒐𐒛𐒕 </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>Agoosto </td> <td>𐒝𐒌𐒖𐒈 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td>Sebteembar </td> <td>𐒈𐒘𐒁𐒂𐒖𐒑𐒁𐒖𐒇 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td>Oktoobar </td> <td>𐒙𐒏𐒂𐒝𐒁𐒖𐒇 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>Nofeembar </td> <td>𐒒𐒝𐒍𐒖𐒑𐒁𐒖𐒇 </td></tr> <tr> <td>December </td> <td>Diseembar </td> <td>𐒆𐒕𐒈𐒑𐒁𐒖𐒇 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Djibouti" title="Languages of Djibouti">Languages of Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Languages of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Studies">Somali Studies</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-front_vowel-35"><a href="#cite_ref-front_vowel_35-0">^</a> The short vowel <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> is sometimes lowered to a, for example; “Falastiin” <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Somali pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[falastiːn]</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Palestine'. Also when we see “Sidee Tahay” <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Somali pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[sadĕː tahaj]</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'How are you?', it is clear that it is merely dialectical. </li> <li id="cite_note-back_vowel-36"><a href="#cite_ref-back_vowel_36-0">^</a> The short vowel <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> is sometimes lowered to a, for example; “Jamhuuriyadda” <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Somali pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d͡ʒamhuːriyada]</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Republic' but however, it is clear that it is merely dialectical southerly. </li> <li id="cite_note-uvular-42"><a href="#cite_ref-uvular_42-0">^</a> /q/ is pronounced [χ] as a syllable coda, as in the word aqri (read).<a href="#cite_note-Edmondson_2004_5-41">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-postalveolar-43"><a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_43-0">^</a> /ɖ/ is pronounced [ɽ] intervocally. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/somali.htm">"Somali alphabets, pronunciation and language"</a>. 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Cuvillier. pp. 163–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86537-839-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-86537-839-0"><bdi>3-86537-839-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+literature%2C+and+identity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=Cuvillier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-86537-839-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNEiAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethndjib-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethndjib_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DJ/languages">"Ethnologue - Djibouti - Languages"</a>. Ethnologue. 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Berghahn Books. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789202977" title="Special:BookSources/9781789202977"><bdi>9781789202977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile+Urbanity+Somali+Presence+in+Urban+East+Africa&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781789202977&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/5g2xHqL7Eyo">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316013804/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g2xHqL7Eyo&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g2xHqL7Eyo">"KBC yazindua kitua kipya cha redio kwa lugha ya Kisomali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=KBC+yazindua+kitua+kipya+cha+redio+kwa+lugha+ya+Kisomali&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D5g2xHqL7Eyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crslalid-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Crslalid_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121105039/http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/news_details.php?chaine=regional-somali-language-academy-launched-in-djibouti&id_news=17578&id_article=119">"Regional Somali Language Academy Launched in Djibouti"</a>. 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Buske. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783871186905" title="Special:BookSources/9783871186905"><bdi>9783871186905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Map+of+Somali+dialects+in+the+Somalia+Democratic+Republic&rft.pub=H.+Buske&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9783871186905&rft.aulast=Lamberti&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace-roma3.caspur.it%2Fbitstream%2F2307%2F3034%2F1%2FMap%2520of%2520the%2520Somali%2520Dialects%2520in%2520the%2520Somali%2520Democratic%2520Republic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s4-33"><a href="#cite_ref-s4_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaeed1999">Saeed (1999</a>:4) </li> <li id="cite_note-ipu1982-34"><a href="#cite_ref-ipu1982_34-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>ipu1982</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-s7-37"><a href="#cite_ref-s7_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaeed1999">Saeed (1999</a>:7) </li> <li id="cite_note-s7-10-38"><a href="#cite_ref-s7-10_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaeed1999">Saeed (1999</a>:7–10) </li> <li id="cite_note-g6-39"><a href="#cite_ref-g6_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGabbard2010">Gabbard (2010</a>:6) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondsonEslingHarris2004">Edmondson, Esling & Harris (2004)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmondson_2004_5-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson_2004_5_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson_2004_5_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondsonEslingHarris2004">Edmondson, Esling & Harris (2004</a>:5) </li> <li id="cite_note-s8-44"><a href="#cite_ref-s8_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaeed1999">Saeed (1999</a>:8) </li> <li id="cite_note-g14-45"><a href="#cite_ref-g14_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGabbard2010">Gabbard (2010</a>:14) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceolotw-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Ceolotw_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Brown2010" class="citation book cs1">Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC">Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</a>. 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M. Hildebrandt on his Travels in East Africa", (Edward Stanford: 1878), p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mire-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mire_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mire_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMire2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mire, Sada (2015-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9184-9">"Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire"</a>. 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Omniglot. Retrieved 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Somali+writing+scripts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fsomali.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrezewski2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrezewski, B. W. (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CdBQAAQBAJ">In Praise of Somali Literature</a>. Lulu. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1291454536" title="Special:BookSources/978-1291454536"><bdi>978-1291454536</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Somali+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2013-07&rft.isbn=978-1291454536&rft.aulast=Andrezewski&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CdBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrezewski2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrezewski, B. W. (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CdBQAAQBAJ">In Praise of Somali Literature</a>. Lulu. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1291454536" title="Special:BookSources/978-1291454536"><bdi>978-1291454536</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Somali+Literature&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2013-07&rft.isbn=978-1291454536&rft.aulast=Andrezewski&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CdBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), Middle East annual review, (1975), p.229 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbdullahi2001">Abdullahi (2001</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/n98">73</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. 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James Currey Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-280-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-280-3"><bdi>978-0-85255-280-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-280-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK6SBJIckIsC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-laitin-78"><a href="#cite_ref-laitin_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaitin1977">Laitin (1977</a>:86–87) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Sketch Engine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sketchengine.eu/sowac-somali-corpus/">https://www.sketchengine.eu/sowac-somali-corpus/</a>. Retrieved October 19, 20204. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Nimaan, Abdillahi. 2014. Building and Evaluating Somali Language Corpora. In Jeff Good, Julia Hirschberg & Owen Rambow (eds.), Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages, 73–76. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/W14-2210">https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/W14-2210</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullahi2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri">Culture and Customs of Somalia</a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Somalia&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31333-2&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Diriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00diri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmonHellinger1992" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich; Hellinger, Marlis (1992). Status Change of Languages. 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Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somali+poetry%3A+an+introduction&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Andrzejewski&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomalipoetryintr0000andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1998" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+languages%3A+the+definitive+reference+to+more+than+400+languages&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubnov2003" class="citation book cs1">Dubnov, Helena (2003). A Grammatical Sketch of Somali. Koln: Rudiger Koppe Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammatical+Sketch+of+Somali&rft.place=Koln&rft.pub=Rudiger+Koppe+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dubnov&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsonEslingHarris2004" class="citation report cs1">Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001803/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/somali.pdf">Supraglottal cavity shape, linguistic register, and other phonetic features of Somali</a> (PDF) (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/somali.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-03-15. 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Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014905-0"><bdi>978-3-11-014905-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+reconstruction+and+typology&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014905-0&rft.aulast=Fisiak&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzBV_O3Y4Ov0C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbard2010" class="citation cs2">Gabbard, Kevin (2010), A Phonological Analysis of Somali and the Guttural Consonants (Thesis), The Ohio State University, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1811%2F46639">1811/46639</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Phonological+Analysis+of+Somali+and+the+Guttural+Consonants&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1811%2F46639&rft.aulast=Gabbard&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeineNurse2000" class="citation book cs1">Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7XhcYoFxaQC&pg=PA349">African Languages: An Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66629-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66629-9"><bdi>978-0-521-66629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Languages%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66629-9&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Nurse%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7XhcYoFxaQC%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitin1977" class="citation book cs1">Laitin, David (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. University Of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Language%2C+and+Thought%3A+The+Somali+Experience&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecarmeMaury1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lecarme, Jacqueline; Maury, Carole (1987). "A software tool for research in linguistics and lexicography: Application to Somali". Computers and Translation. 2. Paradigm Press: 21–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01540131">10.1007/BF01540131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6515240">6515240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+and+Translation&rft.atitle=A+software+tool+for+research+in+linguistics+and+lexicography%3A+Application+to+Somali&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01540131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6515240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lecarme&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Maury%2C+Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed1999" class="citation book cs1">Saeed, John (1999). Somali. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55619-224-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55619-224-X"><bdi>1-55619-224-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somali&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55619-224-X&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheik-ʻAbdi1993" class="citation book cs1">Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993). Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920). Zed Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+madness%3A+Mo%E1%B8%A5ammed+%CA%BBAbdulle+%E1%B8%A4assan+%281856-1920%29&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sheik-%CA%BBAbdi&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAbdi+%CA%BBAbdulqadir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2008" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004144767" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004144767"><bdi>978-9004144767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+language+and+linguistics%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004144767&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeninger2011" class="citation book cs1">Weninger, Stefan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&pg=PA42">Semitic Languages: An International Handbook</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6"><bdi>978-3-11-025158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+Languages%3A+An+International+Handbook&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025158-6&rft.aulast=Weninger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMzgBLT87MkC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwickyPullum1983" class="citation journal cs1">Zwicky, Arnold; Pullum, Geoffrey (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~zwicky/SomaliOptional.pdf">"Phonology in Syntax: The Somali Optional Agreement Rule"</a> (PDF). Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 1 (3): 385–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00142471">10.1007/bf00142471</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170420275">170420275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Language+%26+Linguistic+Theory&rft.atitle=Phonology+in+Syntax%3A+The+Somali+Optional+Agreement+Rule&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00142471&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170420275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zwicky&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2F~zwicky%2FSomaliOptional.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lilias_Armstrong" title="Lilias Armstrong">Armstrong, Lilias E.</a> (1969) [orig. pub. 1934, Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, vol. 37]. The phonetic structure of Somali. Gregg International Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2307%2F4698">2307/4698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0576-11443-X" title="Special:BookSources/0576-11443-X"><bdi>0576-11443-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+phonetic+structure+of+Somali&rft.pub=Gregg+International+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2307%2F4698&rft.isbn=0576-11443-X&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Lilias+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1953" class="citation book cs1">Bell, C. R. V. (1953). The Somali Language. London: Longmans, Green & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somali+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=C.+R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerchem1991" class="citation book cs1">Berchem, Jörg (1991). Referenzgrammatik des Somali. Köln: Omimee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3921008018" title="Special:BookSources/3921008018"><bdi>3921008018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Referenzgrammatik+des+Somali&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Omimee&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3921008018&rft.aulast=Berchem&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Somaliland">"Somaliland" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 378–384, see page 379. <q>Inhabitants.—The Somali belong to the Eastern (Abyssinia) Hamitic family.... Their influence has been very slight even on the Somali language, whose structure and vocabulary are essentially Hamitic, with marked affinities to the Galla on the one hand and to the Dankali (Afar) on the other.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Somaliland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E384%2C+see+page+379&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cardona, G. R. (1981). "Profilo fonologico del somalo". In Cardona, G. R.; Agostini, F. (eds.). Studi Somali I: Fonologia e Lessico (in Italian). Roma: Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Dipartimento per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Comitato Tecnico Linguistico per l'Universita Nazionale Somala. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15276449">15276449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Profilo+fonologico+del+somalo&rft.btitle=Studi+Somali+I%3A+Fonologia+e+Lessico&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Ministero+degli+Affari+Esteri%2C+Dipartimento+per+la+Cooperazione+allo+Sviluppo%2C+Comitato+Tecnico+Linguistico+per+l%27Universita+Nazionale+Somala&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15276449&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiriye_Abdullahi2000" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diriye Abdullahi, Mohamed (2000). Le Somali, dialectes et histoire (PhD dissertation) (in French). Université de Montréal. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1866%2F30162">1866/30162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Le+Somali%2C+dialectes+et+histoire&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1866%2F30162&rft.aulast=Diriye+Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobnova1990" class="citation book cs1">Dobnova, Elena Z. (1990). Sovremennyj somalijskij jazyk. Moskva: Nauka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovremennyj+somalijskij+jazyk&rft.place=Moskva&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Dobnova&rft.aufirst=Elena+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamberti1986" class="citation book cs1">Lamberti, M. (1986). Die Somali-Dialekte. Hamburg: Buske.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Somali-Dialekte&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Buske&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lamberti&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamberti1986" class="citation book cs1">Lamberti, M. (1986). Map of the Somali-Dialects in the Somali Democratic Republic. Hamburg: Buske.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Map+of+the+Somali-Dialects+in+the+Somali+Democratic+Republic&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Buske&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lamberti&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuglielli1997" class="citation book cs1">Puglielli, Annarita (1997). "Somali Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Phonologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. 1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 521–535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-019-4"><bdi>978-1-57506-019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Somali+Phonology&rft.btitle=Phonologies+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E535&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-019-4&rft.aulast=Puglielli&rft.aufirst=Annarita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed1987" class="citation book cs1">Saeed, John Ibrahim (1987). Somali Reference Grammar. Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0931745330" title="Special:BookSources/0931745330"><bdi>0931745330</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87-073464">87-073464</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18561242">18561242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somali+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=Springfield%2C+VA&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18561242&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F87-073464&rft.isbn=0931745330&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=John+Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomali+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="so:"> Somali edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somali_phrasebook#Q13275" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Somali phrasebook">Somali</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 39px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="39" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q13275" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q13275">Somali language</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Somali_proverbs" class="extiw" title="q:Somali proverbs">Somali proverbs</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991130050350/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/Louvre/2521/somali.html">Somali Language Page: Resources, links and information on the Somali language.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hooyo.web.free.fr/E_table.html">Hooyo.Web - Somali Grammar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2077/51577">Somali Language and Linguistics: A Bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn101.org/somali.php">Learn101 - Learn Somali</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/osmanya.htm">Virtual keyboard for historical Osmanya script</a>. Lexilogos.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaldialects.com/Somali.htm">Digital Dialects - Somali language learning games</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7QxuLt-N559YjhzUXdXYmotaG8/view">Enhancing the Quality of Google Somali Translations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&oldid=1278315850">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&oldid=1278315850</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 March 2025, at 18:39 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalies" title="Somalies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Somalies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ሶማልኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶማልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सोमाली भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सोमाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dmalisc_spr%C3%A6c" title="Sōmalisc spræc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sōmalisc spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الصومالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الصومالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somal%C3%ADn" title="Somalín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Somalín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_dili" title="Somali dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Somali dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সোমালি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোমালি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali-g%C3%AD" title="Somali-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Somali-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Самалійская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самалійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сомалийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сомалийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalieg" title="Somalieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Somalieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali" title="Somali – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Somali" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som%C3%A1l%C5%A1tina" title="Somálština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Somálština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalieg" title="Somalieg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Somalieg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_(sprog)" title="Somali (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Somali (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_(Sprache)" title="Somali (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Somali (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaali_keel" title="Somaali keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Somaali keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σομαλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σομαλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_somal%C3%AD" title="Idioma somalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma somalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somala_lingvo" title="Somala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Somala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliera" title="Somaliera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Somaliera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان سومالیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سومالیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_bhasa" title="Somali bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Somali bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali" title="Somali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Somali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSom%C3%A1ilis" title="An tSomáilis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSomáilis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_somal%C3%AD" title="Lingua somalí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua somalí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="소말리어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소말리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Somaliya" title="Harshen Somaliya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Somaliya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सोमाली भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोमाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Somališćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Somališćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalski_jezik" title="Somalski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Somalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliana_linguo" title="Somaliana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Somaliana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asusu_Somali" title="Asusu Somali – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asusu Somali" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Somali" title="Bahasa Somali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Somali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3malska" title="Sómalska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sómalska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_somala" title="Lingua somala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua somala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סומלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סומלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Somali" title="Basa Somali – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Somali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სომალი ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომალი ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisomali" title="Kisomali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisomali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Сомали кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сомали кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ພາສາໂຊມາລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາໂຊມາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Somalica" title="Lingua Somalica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Somalica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som%C4%81%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Somāļu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Somāļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali%C5%B3_kalba" title="Somalių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Somalių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szom%C3%A1li_nyelv" title="Szomáli nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szomáli nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сомалиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сомалиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_s%C3%B4maly" title="Fiteny sômaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sômaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="സൊമാലി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൊമാലി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सोमाली भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोमाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სომალური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სომალური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الصوماليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصوماليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سومالیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سومالیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Somali" title="Bahasa Somali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Somali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalisch" title="Somalisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Somalisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सोमाली भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सोमाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="ソマリ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソマリ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Сомалийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сомалийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaali_(spriak)" title="Somaali (spriak) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Somaali (spriak)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali" title="Somali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Somali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali" title="Somali – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Somali" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali" title="Somali – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Somali" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaan_Somaalee" title="Afaan Somaalee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Afaan Somaalee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="صومالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صومالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali" title="Somali – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Somali" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سوماليايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوماليايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_s%C3%B2mala" title="Lenga sòmala – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga sòmala" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_somalijski" title="Język somalijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język somalijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_somali" title="Língua somali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua somali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_tili" title="Somali tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Somali tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_somalez%C4%83" title="Limba somaleză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba somaleză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumali_simi" title="Sumali simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sumali simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сомалийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сомалийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_s%C3%B2mala" title="Limba sòmala – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba sòmala" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_leid" title="Somali leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Somali leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_somaleze" title="Gjuha somaleze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha somaleze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Somali language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="صومالي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صومالي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af_Soomaali" title="Af Soomaali – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af Soomaali" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی سۆمالی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سۆمالی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalikondre" title="Somalikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Somalikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сомалски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сомалски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalski_jezik" title="Somalski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Somalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalin_kieli" title="Somalin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Somalin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliska" title="Somaliska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Somaliska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Somali" title="Wikang Somali – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Somali" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சோமாலி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோமாலி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сомали теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сомали теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาโซมาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาโซมาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони сомалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони сомалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalice" title="Somalice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Somalice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Сомали кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сомали кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сомалійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сомалійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صومالی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صومالی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Somali" title="Tiếng Somali – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Somali" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="索马里语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="索马里语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Somal%C3%AD" title="Èdè Somalí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Somalí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%96%87" title="索馬里文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="索馬里文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="索馬里語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索馬里語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Somali" title="Basa Somali – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Somali" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 March 2025, at 18:39 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li 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[\"DEFAULTSORT:Somali Language\"] = 1,\n [\"DJI\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"ETH\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Grapheme\"] = 34,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 36,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 13,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 39,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"KEN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Languages of Djibouti\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Ethiopia\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Kenya\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Somalia\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SOM\"] = 1,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 7,\n [\"Somali language\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Somali language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somali_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13275","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13275","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-25T02:54:29Z","dateModified":"2025-03-01T18:39:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/26\/Somali_map.jpg","headline":"Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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