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class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Cushitic_languages" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cushitic+languages" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Cushitic languages are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>. They are spoken primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages to the north in Egypt and Sudan, and to the south in Kenya and Tanzania. As of 2012, the Cushitic languages with over one million speakers were <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambaata_language" title="Kambaata language">Kambaata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sidama_language" title="Sidama language">Sidama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012343%E2%80%93345-1">[1]</a> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #faecc8;">Cushitic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>Cushitic</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cushitic_language" title="Proto-Cushitic language">Proto-Cushitic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Cushitic_languages" title="North Cushitic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cushitic_languages" title="East Cushitic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cus" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cus">cus</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cush1243">cush1243</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg/300px-Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg/450px-Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg/600px-Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="322"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the Cushitic languages in Africa</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Cushitic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cushitic_map.svg/300px-Cushitic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cushitic_map.svg/450px-Cushitic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cushitic_map.svg/600px-Cushitic_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="761"></a> <div style="text-align:left;">Map of the Cushitic languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Official_status">1 Official status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin_and_prehistory">2 Origin and prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Typological_characteristics">3 Typological characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Phonology">3.1 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Grammar">3.2 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Nouns">3.2.1 Nouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Verbs">3.2.2 Verbs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Syntax">3.2.3 Syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Classification">4 Classification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Overview">4.1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Beja">4.2 Beja</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Omotic">4.3 Omotic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Other_divergent_languages">4.4 Other divergent languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Hypothesized_Cushitic_substrate_languages">5 Hypothesized Cushitic substrate languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Reconstruction">6 Reconstruction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Comparative_vocabulary">7 Comparative vocabulary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Basic_vocabulary">7.1 Basic vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Numerals">7.2 Numerals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Official status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Cushitic languages with the greatest number of total speakers are <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> (37 million),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> (22 million),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a> (3.2 million),<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidamo language">Sidamo</a> (3 million),<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> (2 million).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Oromo serves as one of the official working languages of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-africanews.com-7">[7]</a> and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system including <a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_world_factbook-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> regional states and of the <a href="/wiki/Oromia_Zone" title="Oromia Zone">Oromia Zone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethioct-9">[9]</a> Somali is the first of two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and three official languages of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It also serves as a language of instruction in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Djiloi96-12">[12]</a> and as the working language of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-Ethioct-9">[9]</a> Beja, Afar, <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Blin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a>, the languages of the Cushitic branch of Afroasiatic that are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, are languages of instruction in the Eritrean elementary school curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The constitution of Eritrea also recognizes the equality of all natively spoken languages.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Additionally, Afar is a language of instruction in Djibouti,<a href="#cite_note-Djiloi96-12">[12]</a> as well as the working language of the <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a> in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-Ethioct-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Origin_and_prehistory">Origin and prehistory</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and prehistory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_homeland#Northeast_African_homeland_theory" title="Proto-Afroasiatic homeland">Proto-Afroasiatic homeland § Northeast African homeland theory</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a> argues for a unified Proto-Cushitic language in the Red Sea Hills as far back as the Early Holocene.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The expansion of Cushitic languages of the Southern Cushitic branch into the Rift Valley is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1984234-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Typological_characteristics">Typological characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Typological characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most Cushitic languages have a simple five-vowel system with phonemic length (/a a: e e: i i: o o: u u:/); a notable exception are the <a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw languages</a>, which do not contrast vowel length, but have one or two additional <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central vowels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012202-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012353-18">[18]</a> The consonant inventory of many Cushitic languages includes <a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">glottalic consonants</a>, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, which has the <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective consonants">ejectives</a> /pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ and the <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosive consonants">implosive</a> /ᶑ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012355-19">[19]</a> Less common are <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal consonants</a> /ħ ʕ/, which appear e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Saho%E2%80%93Afar_languages" title="Saho–Afar languages">Saho–Afar languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012202-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012355-19">[19]</a> Most Cushitic languages have a system of <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">restrictive tone</a> also known as ‘pitch accent’ in which <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal contours</a> overlaid on the stressed syllable play a prominent role in morphology and syntax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012202-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012350%E2%80%93351-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Nouns are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. All nouns are further grouped into two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> categories, masculine gender and feminine gender. In many languages, gender is overtly marked directly on the noun (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Awngi_language" title="Awngi language">Awngi</a>, where all female nouns carry the suffix -a).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012204%E2%80%93206-21">[21]</a> The case system of many Cushitic languages is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Marked_nominative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marked nominative language">marked nominative</a> alignment, which is <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically</a> quite rare and predominantly found in languages of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6nig2008138-22">[22]</a> In marked nominative languages, the noun appears in unmarked "absolutive" case when cited in isolation, or when used as predicative noun and as object of a transitive verb; on the other hand, it is explicitly marked for nominative case when it functions as subject in a transitive or intransitive sentence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012205-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012369-24">[24]</a> Possession is usually expressed by <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> marking of the possessor. <a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Cushitic">South Cushitic</a>—which has no case marking for subject and object—follows the opposite strategy: here, the possessed noun is marked for <a href="/wiki/Construct_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Construct case">construct case</a>, e.g. Iraqw afé-r mar'i "doors" (lit. "mouths of houses"), where afee "mouth" is marked for construct case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012373%E2%80%93374-25">[25]</a> Most nouns are by default unmarked for number, but can be explicitly marked for singular ("<a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">singulative</a>") and plural number. E.g. in <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilin</a>, dəmmu "cat(s)" is number-neutral, from which singular dəmmura "a single cat" and plural dəmmut "several cats" can be formed. Plural formation is very diverse, and employs <a href="/wiki/Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">ablaut</a> (i.e. changes of root vowels or consonants), <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012204-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012361%E2%80%93363-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Verbs are inflected for person/number and tense/aspect. Many languages also have a special form of the verb in negative clauses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012389-28">[28]</a> Most Cushitic languages distinguish seven person/number categories: first, second, third person, singular and plural number, with a masculine/feminine gender distinction in third person singular. The most common conjugation type employs suffixes. Some languages also have a prefix conjugation: in <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saho%E2%80%93Afar_languages" title="Saho–Afar languages">Saho–Afar languages</a>, the prefix conjugation is still a productive part of the verb paradigm, whereas in most other languages, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, it is restricted to only a few verbs. It is generally assumed that historically, the suffix conjugation developed from the older prefix conjugation, by combining the verb stem with a suffixed auxiliary verb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012207%E2%80%93208-29">[29]</a> The following table gives an example for the suffix and prefix conjugations in affirmative present tense in Somali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012254%E2%80%93255-30">[30]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </th> <th>suffix conjugation </th> <th>prefix conjugation </th></tr> <tr> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>"bring" </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">"come" </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td>keen-aa </td> <td>i-maadd-aa </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td>keen-naa </td> <td>ni-maad-naa </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td>keen-taa </td> <td>ti-maadd-aa </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td>keen-taan </td> <td>ti-maadd-aan </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">3rd person </th> <th rowspan="2">singular </th> <th>masc. </th> <td>keen-aa </td> <td>yi-maadd-aa </td></tr> <tr> <th>fem. </th> <td>keen-taa </td> <td>ti-maadd-aa </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td>keen-aan </td> <td>yi-maadd-aan </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syntax">Syntax</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Basic <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> is verb final, the most common order being <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV). The subject or object can also follow the verb to indicate <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyard2012210%E2%80%93211-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012411%E2%80%93412-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The phylum was first designated as Cushitic in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Traditionally, Cushitic has been divided into North Cushitic (consisting solely of <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a>), Central Cushitic (the <a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw languages</a>), and the large <a href="/wiki/East_Cushitic_languages" title="East Cushitic languages">East Cushitic</a> group. Greenberg (1950) argued for the inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South Cushitic</a> group. The <a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic languages</a>, once classified as West Cushitic, have almost universally been reclassified as a separate branch of Afroasiatic. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Cushitic <ul><li>North Cushitic (<a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a>)</li> <li>Central Cushitic (<a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cushitic_languages" title="East Cushitic languages">East Cushitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South Cushitic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> This classification has not been without contention. For example, it has been argued that Southern Cushitic belongs in the Eastern branch, with its divergence explained by contact with <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>-like languages. Hetzron (1980) and Fleming (post-1981) exclude Beja altogether, though this is rejected by other linguists. Some of the classifications that have been proposed over the years are summarized here: <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:smaller; float:center"> <caption>Other subclassifications of Cushitic </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Greenberg (1963)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></th> <th>Hetzron (1980)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetzron1980-35">[35]</a></th> <th>Orel & Stolbova (1995)</th> <th>Ehret (2011)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Cushitic <ul><li>Northern Cushitic (Beja)</li> <li>Central Cushitic</li> <li>Eastern Cushitic</li> <li>Western Cushitic (<a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a>)</li> <li>Southern Cushitic</li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Beja (not part of Cushitic)</li> <li>Cushitic <ul><li>Highland <ul><li>Rift Valley (= Highland East Cushitic)</li> <li>Agaw</li></ul></li> <li>Lowland <ul><li>Saho–Afar</li> <li>Southern <ul><li>Omo-Tana</li> <li>Oromoid</li> <li>Dullay</li> <li>Yaaku</li> <li>Iraqw (i.e. Southern Cushitic)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Cushitic <ul><li>Omotic</li> <li>Beja</li> <li>Agaw</li> <li>Sidamic (i.e. Highland East Cushitic)</li> <li>East Lowlands</li> <li>Rift (Southern)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Cushitic <ul><li>North Cushitic (Beja)</li> <li>Agäw–East–South Cushitic <ul><li>Agäw</li> <li>East–South Cushitic <ul><li>Eastern Cushitic</li> <li>Southern Cushitic</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> For debate on the placement of the Cushitic branch within Afroasiatic, see <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beja">Beja</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beja" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beja_language#Classification" title="Beja language">Beja language § Classification</a></div> Beja constitutes the only member of the Northern Cushitic subgroup. As such, Beja contains a number of linguistic innovations that are unique to it, as is also the situation with the other subgroups of Cushitic (e.g. idiosyncratic features in <a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw</a> or Central Cushitic).<a href="#cite_note-Zaborski1988-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hetzron" title="Robert Hetzron">Hetzron</a> (1980) argues that Beja therefore may comprise an independent branch of the Afroasiatic family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetzron1980-35">[35]</a> However, this suggestion has been rejected by most other scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%BCldemann2018327%E2%80%93328-40">[40]</a> The characteristics of Beja that differ from those of other Cushitic languages are instead generally acknowledged as normal branch variation.<a href="#cite_note-Zaborski1988-37">[37]</a> Didier Morin (2001) assigned Beja to Lowland East Cushitic on the grounds that the language shared lexical and phonological features with the Afar and Saho idioms, and also because the languages were historically spoken in adjacent speech areas. However, among linguists specializing in the Cushitic languages, the standard classification of Beja as North Cushitic is accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Vanhove2016-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blemmyan_language" title="Blemmyan language">Blemmyan</a>, an early form of Beja – mostly attested through <a href="/wiki/Onomastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomastic">onomastic</a> evidence, but also directly by a small text on an <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostracon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> – was spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a>, an ancient people of Lower Nubia that appears in the Egyptian historical records from the 6th century BCE onwards. It is also likely that the <a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medjay</a> spoke a language that was ancestral to Beja.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERilly2019131%E2%80%93134-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omotic">Omotic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Omotic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cushitic was formerly seen as also including most or all of the <a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic languages</a>. An early view by <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Cerulli" title="Enrico Cerulli">Enrico Cerulli</a> proposed a "Sidama" subgroup comprising most of the Omotic languages and the Sidamic group of Highland East Cushitic. Mario Martino Moreno in 1940 divided Cerulli's Sidama, uniting the Sidamic proper and the Lowland Cushitic languages as East Cushitic, the remainder as West Cushitic or ta/ne Cushitic. The <a href="/wiki/Aroid_languages" title="Aroid languages">Aroid languages</a> were not considered Cushitic by either scholar (thought by Cerulli to be instead <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a>); they were added to West Cushitic by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> in 1963. Further work in the 1960s soon led to the putative West Cushitic being seen as typologically divergent and renamed as "Omotic".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Today the inclusion of Omotic as a part of Cushitic has been abandoned. Omotic is most often seen as an independent branch of Afroasiatic, primarily due to the work of <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Fleming" title="Harold C. Fleming">Harold C. Fleming</a> (1974) and <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bender_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Bender (linguist)">Lionel Bender</a> (1975); some linguists like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman_(linguist)" title="Paul Newman (linguist)">Paul Newman</a> (1980) challenge Omotic's classification within the Afroasiatic family itself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_divergent_languages">Other divergent languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other divergent languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are also a few languages of uncertain classification, including <a href="/wiki/Yaaku_language" title="Yaaku language">Yaaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asa_language" title="Asa language">Aasax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kw%27adza_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kw'adza language">Kw'adza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boon_language" title="Boon language">Boon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a> and the Cushitic component of <a href="/wiki/Mbugu_language" title="Mbugu language">Mbugu</a> (Ma'a). There is a wide range of opinions as to how the languages are interrelated.<a href="#cite_note-Hayward-44">[44]</a> The positions of the Dullay languages and of Yaaku are uncertain. They have traditionally been assigned to an East Cushitic subbranch along with Highland (Sidamic) and Lowland East Cushitic. However, Hayward thinks that East Cushitic may not be a valid node and that its constituents should be considered separately when attempting to work out the internal relationships of Cushitic.<a href="#cite_note-Hayward-44">[44]</a> Bender (2020) suggests Yaaku to be a divergent member of the Arboroid group.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Afroasiatic identity of <a href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a> has also been broadly questioned, as is its position within Afroasiatic among those who accept it, because of the "mixed" appearance of the language and a paucity of research and data. <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Fleming" title="Harold C. Fleming">Harold C. Fleming</a> (2006) proposes that Ongota is a separate branch of Afroasiatic.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Bonny Sands (2009) thinks the most convincing proposal is by Savà and Tosco (2003), namely that Ongota is an East Cushitic language with a <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> <a href="/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substratum (linguistics)">substratum</a>. In other words, it would appear that the Ongota people once spoke a Nilo-Saharan language but then shifted to speaking a Cushitic language while retaining some characteristics of their earlier Nilo-Saharan language.<a href="#cite_note-Sava2003-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sands2009-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hetzron" title="Robert Hetzron">Hetzron</a> (1980)<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Ehret</a> (1995) have suggested that the South Cushitic languages (Rift languages) are a part of Lowland East Cushitic, the only one of the six groups with much internal diversity. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Hypothesized_Cushitic_substrate_languages">Hypothesized Cushitic substrate languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hypothesized Cushitic substrate languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Some of the ancient peoples of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> are hypothesized to have spoken languages belonging to the Cushitic group, especially the people of the <a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group culture</a>. It has been speculated that these people left a substratum of Cushitic words in the modern Nubian languages. Given the scarcity of data (all omomastic or <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponymic</a>), however, it remains unclear if the C-Group culture in fact spoke a Cushitic language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERilly2019134%E2%80%93137-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a> (1998) proposed on the basis of loanwords that South Cushitic languages (called "Tale" and "Bisha" by Ehret) were spoken in an area closer to Lake Victoria than are found today.<a href="#cite_note-Mous-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Also, historically, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nilotic_languages" title="Southern Nilotic languages">Southern Nilotic languages</a> have undergone extensive contact with a "missing" branch of <a href="/wiki/East_Cushitic_languages" title="East Cushitic languages">East Cushitic</a> that Heine (1979) refers to as Baz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%BCldemann2018-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reconstruction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Cushitic_language" title="Proto-Cushitic language">Proto-Cushitic language</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a> proposed a reconstruction of Proto-Cushitic in 1987, but did not base this on individual branch reconstructions.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grover_Hudson" title="Grover Hudson">Grover Hudson</a> (1989) has done some preliminary work on Highland East Cushitic,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> David Appleyard (2006) has proposed a reconstruction of Proto-Agaw,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and Roland Kießling and Maarten Mous (2003) have jointly proposed a reconstruction of West Rift Southern Cushitic.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> No reconstruction has been published for Lowland East Cushitic, though Paul D. Black wrote his (unpublished) dissertation on the topic in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Hans-Jürgen Sasse (1979) proposed a reconstruction of the consonants of Proto-East Cushitic.<a href="#cite_note-Sasse79-60">[60]</a> No comparative work has yet brought these branch reconstructions together. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Comparative_vocabulary">Comparative vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comparative vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_vocabulary">Basic vocabulary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Basic vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sample basic vocabulary of Cushitic languages from Vossen & Dimmendaal (2020:318) (with PSC denoting Proto-Southern Cushitic):<a href="#cite_note-Vossen-61">[61]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">Branch </th> <th colspan="1">Northern </th> <th colspan="1">Southern </th> <th colspan="2">Eastern </th> <th colspan="2">Central </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iraqw_language" title="Iraqw language">Iraqw</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Awngi_language" title="Awngi language">Awŋi</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Qimant_language" title="Qimant language">Kemantney</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>'foot'</td> <td>ragad/lagad</td> <td>yaaee</td> <td>miila/luka</td> <td>lug</td> <td>lɨkw</td> <td>lɨkw </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tooth'</td> <td>kwire</td> <td>siħinoo</td> <td>ilkee</td> <td>ilig</td> <td>ɨrkwí</td> <td>ɨrkw </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hair'</td> <td>hami/d.ifi</td> <td>seʔeengw</td> <td>dabbasaa</td> <td>timo</td> <td>ʧiʧifí</td> <td>ʃibka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'heart'</td> <td>gin'a</td> <td>muuná</td> <td>onnee</td> <td>wadne</td> <td>ɨʃew</td> <td>lɨbäka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'house'</td> <td>gau/'anda</td> <td>doʔ</td> <td>mana</td> <td>guri/min</td> <td>ŋɨn</td> <td>nɨŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wood'</td> <td>hindi</td> <td>ɬupi</td> <td>mukha</td> <td>qori/alwaax</td> <td>kani</td> <td>kana </td></tr> <tr> <td>'meat'</td> <td>ʃa/dof</td> <td>fuʔnaay</td> <td>foon</td> <td>so'/hilib</td> <td>ɨʃʃi</td> <td>sɨya </td></tr> <tr> <td>'water'</td> <td>yam</td> <td>maʔay</td> <td>biʃan</td> <td>biyo/maayo</td> <td>aɣu</td> <td>axw </td></tr> <tr> <td>'door'</td> <td>ɖefa/yaf</td> <td>piindo</td> <td>balbala</td> <td>irrid/albaab</td> <td>lɨmʧi/sank</td> <td>bäla </td></tr> <tr> <td>'grass'</td> <td>siyam/ʃuʃ</td> <td>gitsoo</td> <td>ʧ'itaa</td> <td>caws</td> <td>sigwi</td> <td>ʃanka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'black'</td> <td>hadal/hadod</td> <td>boo</td> <td>gurraʧʧa</td> <td>madow</td> <td>ʧárkí</td> <td>ʃämäna </td></tr> <tr> <td>'red'</td> <td>adal/adar</td> <td>daaʕaat</td> <td>diimaa</td> <td>cas/guduud</td> <td>dɨmmí</td> <td>säraɣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'road'</td> <td>darab</td> <td>loohi</td> <td>karaa/godaana</td> <td>jid/waddo</td> <td>dad</td> <td>gorwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'mountain'</td> <td>reba</td> <td>tɬooma</td> <td>tuullu</td> <td>buur</td> <td>kán</td> <td>dɨba </td></tr> <tr> <td>'spear'</td> <td>fena/gwiʃ'a</td> <td>*laabala (PSC)</td> <td>waraana</td> <td>waran</td> <td>werém</td> <td>ʃämärgina </td></tr> <tr> <td>'stick' (n)</td> <td>'amis/'adi</td> <td>*ħada</td> <td>ulee/dullaa</td> <td>ul</td> <td>gɨmb</td> <td>kɨnbɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fire'</td> <td>n'e</td> <td>ʔaɬa</td> <td>ibidda</td> <td>dab</td> <td>leg</td> <td>wɨzɨŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'donkey'</td> <td>mek</td> <td>daqwaay</td> <td>haare</td> <td>dameer</td> <td>dɨɣwarí</td> <td>dɨɣora </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cat'</td> <td>bissa/kaffa</td> <td>maytsí</td> <td>adure</td> <td>bisad/dummad</td> <td>anguʧʧa</td> <td>damiya </td></tr> <tr> <td>'dog'</td> <td>yas/mani</td> <td>seeaay</td> <td>seere</td> <td>eey</td> <td>gɨséŋ</td> <td>gɨzɨŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cow'</td> <td>ʃ'a/yiwe</td> <td>ɬee</td> <td>sa'a</td> <td>sac</td> <td>ɨllwa</td> <td>käma </td></tr> <tr> <td>'lion'</td> <td>hada</td> <td>diraangw</td> <td>lenʧ'a</td> <td>libaax</td> <td>wuʤi</td> <td>gämäna </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hyena'</td> <td>galaba/karai</td> <td>*bahaa (PSC)</td> <td>waraabo</td> <td>waraabe</td> <td>ɨɣwí</td> <td>wäya </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sister'</td> <td>kwa</td> <td>ħoʔoo</td> <td>obboleeytii</td> <td>walaalo/abbaayo</td> <td>séná</td> <td>ʃän </td></tr> <tr> <td>'brother'</td> <td>san</td> <td>nana</td> <td>obboleessa</td> <td>walaal/abboowe</td> <td>sén</td> <td>zän </td></tr> <tr> <td>'mother'</td> <td>de</td> <td>aayi</td> <td>haaɗa</td> <td>hooyo</td> <td>ʧwá</td> <td>gäna </td></tr> <tr> <td>'father'</td> <td>baba</td> <td>taata</td> <td>aabba</td> <td>aabbe</td> <td>tablí</td> <td>aba </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sit'</td> <td>s'a/ʈaʈam</td> <td>iwiit</td> <td>taa'uu</td> <td>fadhiiso</td> <td>ɨnʤikw-</td> <td>täkosɨm- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sleep'</td> <td>diw/nari</td> <td>guuʔ</td> <td>rafuu</td> <td>hurud</td> <td>ɣur\y-</td> <td>gänʤ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'eat'</td> <td>tam/'am</td> <td>aag</td> <td>ɲaaʧʧu</td> <td>cun</td> <td>ɣw-</td> <td>xw- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'drink'</td> <td>gw'a/ʃifi</td> <td>wah</td> <td>ɗugaaiti</td> <td>cab</td> <td>zɨq-</td> <td>ʤax- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kill'</td> <td>dir</td> <td>gaas</td> <td>aʤʤeesuu</td> <td>dil</td> <td>kw-</td> <td>kw- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'speak'</td> <td>hadid/kwinh</td> <td>ʔooʔ</td> <td>dubbattu</td> <td>hadal</td> <td>dibs-</td> <td>gämär- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'thin'</td> <td>'iyai/bilil</td> <td>*ʔiiraw (PSC)</td> <td>hap'ii</td> <td>caato</td> <td>ɨnʧu</td> <td>k'ät'än- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fat'</td> <td>dah/l'a</td> <td>*du/*iya (PSC)</td> <td>furdaa</td> <td>shilis/buuran</td> <td>morí</td> <td>wäfär- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'small'</td> <td>dis/dabali</td> <td>*niinaw (PSC)</td> <td>t'innoo</td> <td>yar</td> <td>ʧɨlí</td> <td>ʃigwey </td></tr> <tr> <td>'big'</td> <td>win/ragaga</td> <td>*dir (PSC)</td> <td>guddaa/dagaaga</td> <td>weyn</td> <td>dɨngulí</td> <td>fɨraq </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Numerals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Comparison of numerals in individual Cushitic languages:<a href="#cite_note-ChanNumeralsNC-69">[69]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Classification</th> <th>Language</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr> <td>North</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bej" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bej">Beja (Bedawi)</a></td> <td>ɡaːl</td> <td>ˈmale</td> <td>mheːj</td> <td>ˈfaɖiɡ</td> <td>eːj (lit: 'hand')</td> <td>aˈsaɡwir (5 + 1)</td> <td>asaːˈrama (5 + 2)</td> <td>asiˈmheːj (5 + 3)</td> <td>aʃˈʃaɖiɡ (5 + 4)</td> <td>ˈtamin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:byn" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:byn">Bilin (Bilen)</a></td> <td>laxw / la</td> <td>ləŋa</td> <td>səxwa</td> <td>sədʒa</td> <td>ʔankwa</td> <td>wəlta</td> <td>ləŋəta</td> <td>səxwəta</td> <td>səssa</td> <td>ʃɨka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central, Eastern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:xan" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:xan">Xamtanga</a></td> <td>lə́w</td> <td>líŋa</td> <td>ʃáqwa</td> <td>síza</td> <td>ákwa</td> <td>wálta</td> <td>láŋta / lánta</td> <td>sə́wta</td> <td>sʼájtʃʼa</td> <td>sʼɨ́kʼa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central, Southern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:awn" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:awn">Awngi</a></td> <td>ɨ́mpɨ́l / láɢú</td> <td>láŋa</td> <td>ʃúɢa</td> <td>sedza</td> <td>áŋkwa</td> <td>wɨ́lta</td> <td>láŋéta</td> <td>sóɢéta</td> <td>sésta</td> <td>tsɨ́kka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central, Western</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ahg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ahg">Kimant (Qimant)</a></td> <td>laɣa / la</td> <td>liŋa</td> <td>siɣwa</td> <td>sədʒa</td> <td>ankwa</td> <td>wəlta</td> <td>ləŋəta</td> <td>səɣwəta</td> <td>səssa</td> <td>ʃɨka </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Highland</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:alw" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:alw">Alaaba</a></td> <td>matú</td> <td>lamú</td> <td>sasú</td> <td>ʃɔːlú</td> <td>ʔɔntú</td> <td>lehú</td> <td>lamalá</td> <td>hizzeːtú</td> <td>hɔnsú</td> <td>tɔnnsú </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Highland</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bji" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bji">Burji</a></td> <td>mitʃːa</td> <td>lama</td> <td>fadia</td> <td>foola</td> <td>umutta</td> <td>lia</td> <td>lamala</td> <td>hiditta</td> <td>wonfa</td> <td>tanna </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Highland</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:drs" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:drs">Gedeo</a></td> <td>mitte</td> <td>lame</td> <td>sase</td> <td>ʃoole</td> <td>onde</td> <td>dʒaane</td> <td>torbaane</td> <td>saddeeta</td> <td>sallane</td> <td>tomme </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Highland</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:hdy" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:hdy">Hadiyya</a></td> <td>mato</td> <td>lamo</td> <td>saso</td> <td>sooro</td> <td>onto</td> <td>loho</td> <td>lamara</td> <td>sadeento</td> <td>honso</td> <td>tommo </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Highland</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ktb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ktb">Kambaata</a></td> <td>máto</td> <td>lámo</td> <td>sáso</td> <td>ʃóolo</td> <td>ónto</td> <td>lého</td> <td>lamála</td> <td>hezzéeto</td> <td>hónso</td> <td>tordúma </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Highland</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:liq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:liq">Libido</a></td> <td>mato</td> <td>lamo</td> <td>saso</td> <td>sooro</td> <td>ʔonto</td> <td>leho</td> <td>lamara</td> <td>sadeento</td> <td>honso</td> <td>tommo </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Highland</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:sid" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:sid">Sidamo (Sidaama)</a></td> <td>mite</td> <td>lame</td> <td>sase</td> <td>ʃoole</td> <td>onte</td> <td>lee</td> <td>lamala</td> <td>sette</td> <td>honse</td> <td>tonne </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Dullay</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gwd" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gwd">Gawwada</a></td> <td>tóʔon</td> <td>lákke</td> <td>ízzaħ</td> <td>sálaħ</td> <td>xúpin</td> <td>tappi</td> <td>táʔan</td> <td>sétten</td> <td>kóllan</td> <td>ħúɗɗan </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Dullay</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tsb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tsb">Tsamai (Ts'amakko)</a></td> <td>doːkːo</td> <td>laːkːi</td> <td>zeːħ</td> <td>salaħ</td> <td>χobin</td> <td>tabːen</td> <td>taħːan</td> <td>sezːen</td> <td>ɡolːan</td> <td>kuŋko </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Konsoid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:dox" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:dox">Bussa (Harso-Bobase)</a></td> <td>tóʔo</td> <td>lakki, lam(m)e, lamay</td> <td>ezzaħ, siséħ</td> <td>salaħ</td> <td>xúpin</td> <td>cappi</td> <td>caħħan</td> <td>sásse /sésse</td> <td>kollan</td> <td>húddʼan </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Konsoid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gdl" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gdl">Dirasha (Gidole)</a></td> <td>ʃakka(ha) (fem.) / ʃokko(ha) (masc.)</td> <td>lakki</td> <td>halpatta</td> <td>afur</td> <td>hen</td> <td>lehi</td> <td>tappa</td> <td>lakkuʃeti</td> <td>tsinqoota</td> <td>hunda </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Konsoid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kxc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kxc">Konso</a></td> <td>takka</td> <td>lakki</td> <td>sessa</td> <td>afur</td> <td>ken</td> <td>lehi</td> <td>tappa</td> <td>sette</td> <td>saɡal</td> <td>kuɗan </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Oromo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:orc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:orc">Orma</a></td> <td>tokkō</td> <td>lamā</td> <td>sadi</td> <td>afurī</td> <td>ʃanī</td> <td>dʒa</td> <td>torbā</td> <td>saddeetī</td> <td>saɡalī</td> <td>kuɗenī </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Oromo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gaz" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gaz">West Central Oromo</a></td> <td>tokko</td> <td>lama</td> <td>sadii</td> <td>afur</td> <td>ʃani</td> <td>dʒaha</td> <td>torba</td> <td>saddet</td> <td>saɡal</td> <td>kuɗan </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Saho-Afar</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:aar" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:aar">Afar</a></td> <td>enèki / inìki</td> <td>nammàya</td> <td>sidòħu / sidòħoòyu</td> <td>ferèyi / fereèyi</td> <td>konòyu / konoòyu</td> <td>leħèyi / leħeèyi</td> <td>malħiini</td> <td>baħaàra</td> <td>saɡaàla</td> <td>tàbana </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Saho-Afar</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ssy" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ssy">Saho</a></td> <td>inik</td> <td>lam:a</td> <td>adoħ</td> <td>afar</td> <td>ko:n</td> <td>liħ</td> <td>malħin</td> <td>baħar</td> <td>saɡal</td> <td>taman </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Rendille-Boni</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bob" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bob">Boni</a></td> <td>kóów, hál-ó (masc.) / hás-só (fem)</td> <td>lába</td> <td>síddéh</td> <td>áfar</td> <td>ʃan</td> <td>líh</td> <td>toddóu</td> <td>siyyéèd</td> <td>saaɡal</td> <td>tammán </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Rendille-Boni</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:rel" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:rel">Rendille</a></td> <td>kôːw / ko:kalɖay (isolated form)</td> <td>lámːa</td> <td>sɛ́jːaħ</td> <td>áfːar</td> <td>t͡ʃán</td> <td>líħ</td> <td>tɛːbá</td> <td>sijːɛ̂ːt</td> <td>saːɡáːl</td> <td>tomón </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Somali</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gex" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gex">Garre (Karre)</a></td> <td>kow</td> <td>lamma</td> <td>siddeh</td> <td>afar</td> <td>ʃan</td> <td>liʔ</td> <td>toddobe</td> <td>siyeed</td> <td>saɡaal</td> <td>tommon </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Somali</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:som" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:som">Somali</a></td> <td>ków</td> <td>labá</td> <td>sáddeħ</td> <td>áfar</td> <td>ʃán</td> <td>liħ</td> <td>toddobá</td> <td>siddèed</td> <td>saɡaal</td> <td>toban </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Somali</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tqq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tqq">Tunni (Af-Tunni)</a></td> <td>ków</td> <td>lámma</td> <td>síddiʔ</td> <td>áfar</td> <td>ʃán</td> <td>líʔ</td> <td>toddóbo</td> <td>siyéed</td> <td>saɡáal</td> <td>tómon </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Arboroid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:arv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:arv">Arbore</a></td> <td>tokkó (masc.) / takká (fem.), ˈtaˈka</td> <td>laamá, ˈlaːma</td> <td>sezzé, ˈsɛːze</td> <td>ʔafúr, ʔaˈfur</td> <td>tʃénn, t͡ʃɛn</td> <td>dʒih, ˈd͡ʒi</td> <td>tuzba, ˈtuːzba</td> <td>suyé, suˈjɛ</td> <td>saaɡalɗ, ˈsaɡal</td> <td>tommoɲɗ, ˈtɔmːɔn </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Arboroid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bsw" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bsw">Bayso (Baiso)</a></td> <td>koo (masc.) too (fem.)</td> <td>lɑ́ɑmɑ</td> <td>sédi</td> <td>ɑ́fɑr</td> <td>ken</td> <td>le</td> <td>todobɑ́</td> <td>siddéd</td> <td>sɑ́ɑɡɑɑl</td> <td>tómon </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Arboroid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:dsh" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:dsh">Daasanach</a></td> <td>tɪ̀ɡɪ̀ɗɪ̀ (adj.) / tàqàt͡ʃ ̚ (ord.)/ ʔɛ̀ɾ (ord.)</td> <td>nàːmə̀</td> <td>sɛ̀d̪ɛ̀</td> <td>ʔàfʊ̀ɾ</td> <td>t͡ʃɛ̀n</td> <td>lɪ̀h</td> <td>t̪ɪ̀ːjə̀</td> <td>síɪ̀t̚</td> <td>sàːl</td> <td>t̪òmòn </td></tr> <tr> <td>East, Arboroid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:elo" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:elo">El Molo</a></td> <td>t'óko / t'áka</td> <td>l'ááma</td> <td>séépe</td> <td>áfur</td> <td>kên, cên</td> <td>yíi</td> <td>tíípa, s'ápa</td> <td>fúe</td> <td>s'áákal</td> <td>t'ómon </td></tr> <tr> <td>South or East</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:dal" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:dal">Dahalo</a></td> <td>vattúkwe (masc.) / vattékwe (fem.)</td> <td>líima</td> <td>kʼaba</td> <td>saʕála</td> <td>dáwàtte, possibly ← 'hand'</td> <td>sita < Swahili</td> <td>saba < Swahili</td> <td>nane</td> <td>kenda / tis(i)a</td> <td>kumi </td></tr> <tr> <td>South</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wbj" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wbj">Alagwa (Wasi)</a></td> <td>wák</td> <td>ndʒad</td> <td>tam</td> <td>tsʼiɡaħ</td> <td>kooʔan</td> <td>laħooʔ</td> <td>faanqʼw</td> <td>dakat</td> <td>ɡwelen</td> <td>mibi </td></tr> <tr> <td>South</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bds" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bds">Burunge</a></td> <td>leyiŋ / leẽ</td> <td>t͡ʃʼada</td> <td>tami</td> <td>t͡ʃʼiɡaħa</td> <td>koːʔani</td> <td>laħaʔu</td> <td>faɴqʼu</td> <td>daɡati</td> <td>ɡweleli</td> <td>mili </td></tr> <tr> <td>South</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gow" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gow">Gorowa (Gorwaa)</a></td> <td>wak</td> <td>tsʼar</td> <td>tám</td> <td>tsʼiyáħ</td> <td>kooʔán</td> <td>laħóoʔ</td> <td>fâanqʼw</td> <td>dakáat</td> <td>ɡwaléel / ɡweléel</td> <td>mibaanɡw </td></tr> <tr> <td>South</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:irk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:irk">Iraqw</a></td> <td>wák</td> <td>tsár</td> <td>tám</td> <td>tsíyáħ</td> <td>kooán</td> <td>laħoóʔ</td> <td>faaɴw</td> <td>dakaát</td> <td>ɡwaleél</td> <td>mibaaɴw </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_speaking_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic speaking peoples">Cushitic speaking peoples</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Cushitic_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions">List of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic language</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMous2012343–345-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMous2012343%E2%80%93345_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMous2012">Mous (2012)</a>, pp. 343–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2021" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. 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John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6597-5"><bdi>978-90-272-6597-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Similative+and+Equative+Constructions%3A+A+cross-linguistic+perspective&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6597-5&rft.aulast=Treis&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft.au=Vanhove%2C+Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FYnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhove2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vanhove, Martine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01485896/document">"North-Cushitic"</a>. Halshs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Halshs&rft.atitle=North-Cushitic&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Vanhove&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01485896%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGüldemann2018327–328-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEG%C3%BCldemann2018327%E2%80%93328_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFG%C3%BCldemann2018">Güldemann (2018)</a>, pp. 327–328. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanhove2016-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Vanhove2016_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhove" class="citation web cs1">Vanhove, Martine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01485896/document">"North-Cushitic"</a>. LLACAN, CNRS-INALCO, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North-Cushitic&rft.pub=LLACAN%2C+CNRS-INALCO%2C+Universit%C3%A9+Sorbonne+Paris-Cit%C3%A9&rft.aulast=Vanhove&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01485896%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERilly2019131–134-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERilly2019131%E2%80%93134_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRilly2019">Rilly 2019</a>, pp. 131–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamberti1991" class="citation journal cs1">Lamberti, Marcello (1991). "Cushitic and its Classifications". 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Berlin: Peter Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60089-4">978-3-631-60089-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072622/http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/pcgi/a.cgi?ausgabe=index&T=1235007315045%7Bhaupt_harrassowitz%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrassowitz-verlag.de%2Ftitle_3277.ahtml%3FT%3D1235007315045%7D">"Harrassowitz Verlag – The Harrassowitz Publishing House"</a>. 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Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChanNumeralsNC-69"><a href="#cite_ref-ChanNumeralsNC_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2019" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Niger-Congo+Language+Phylum&rft.btitle=Numeral+Systems+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/cushitic">Ethnologue on the Cushitic branch</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1984" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stanley H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dftPHu1o2s8C&pg=PA234">"The Introduction of Pastoral Adaptations to the Highlands of East Africa"</a>. In Clark, J. Desmond; Brandt, Steevn A. (eds.). From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. University of California Press. pp. 212–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04574-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04574-2"><bdi>0-520-04574-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Pastoral+Adaptations+to+the+Highlands+of+East+Africa&rft.btitle=From+Hunters+to+Farmers%3A+The+Causes+and+Consequences+of+Food+Production+in+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-520-04574-2&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stanley+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdftPHu1o2s8C%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleyard2012" class="citation book cs1">Appleyard, David (2012). "Cushitic". In Edzard, Lutz (ed.). Semitic and Afroasiatic: Challenges and Opportunities. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 199–295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06695-2"><bdi>978-3-447-06695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cushitic&rft.btitle=Semitic+and+Afroasiatic%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06695-2&rft.aulast=Appleyard&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bender_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Bender (linguist)">Bender, Marvin Lionel</a>. 1975. Omotic: a new Afroasiatic language family. Southern Illinois University Museum series, number 3.</li> <li>Bender, M. Lionel. 1986. A possible Cushomotic isomorph. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 6:149–155.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2019" class="citation book cs1">Bender, M. Lionel (2019). Grover Hudson (ed.). Cushitic Lexicon and Phonology. Schriften Zur Afrikanistik – Research in African Studies. Vol. 28. Berlin: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60089-4"><bdi>978-3-631-60089-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cushitic+Lexicon+and+Phonology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Schriften+Zur+Afrikanistik+%E2%80%93+Research+in+African+Studies&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-631-60089-4&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=M.+Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechhaus-Gerst2000" class="citation book cs1">Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-t5QAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA453">"Linguistic evidence for the prehistory of livestock in Sudan"</a>. In Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin (eds.). The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography. Routledge. pp. 449–461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-43416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-43416-8"><bdi>978-1-135-43416-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+evidence+for+the+prehistory+of+livestock+in+Sudan&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+African+Livestock%3A+Archaeology%2C+Genetics%2C+Linguistics+and+Ethnography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-135-43416-8&rft.aulast=Bechhaus-Gerst&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-t5QAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Julien (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=djns">"Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubia Until the Common Era"</a>. Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies. 4: 197–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FD64110028">10.5070/D64110028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dotawo%3A+A+Journal+of+Nubian+Studies&rft.atitle=Toponymic+Strata+in+Ancient+Nubia+Until+the+Common+Era&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FD64110028&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.fairfield.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1042%26context%3Ddjns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fleming, Harold C. 1974. Omotic as an Afroasiatic family. In: Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on African linguistics (ed. by William Leben), p 81-94. African Studies Center & Department of Linguistics, UCLA.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Greenberg, Joseph H.</a> (1950). "Studies in African linguistic classification: IV. Hamito-Semitic". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 6 (1): 47–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Studies+in+African+linguistic+classification%3A+IV.+Hamito-Semitic&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüldemann2018" class="citation book cs1">Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics, Volume 11. Berlin: De Mouton Gruyter. pp. 58–444.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+linguistics+and+genealogical+language+classification+in+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Africa&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics%2C+Volume+11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.pub=De+Mouton+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCldemann&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetzron1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hetzron, Robert (1980). "The limits of Cushitic". Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika. 2: 7–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprache+und+Geschichte+in+Afrika&rft.atitle=The+limits+of+Cushitic&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hetzron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kießling, Roland & Maarten Mous. 2003. The Lexical Reconstruction of West-Rift Southern Cushitic. Cushitic Language Studies Volume 21</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönig2008" class="citation book cs1">König, Christa (2008). Case in Africa. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923282-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923282-6"><bdi>978-0-19-923282-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+in+Africa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923282-6&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Christa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lamberti, Marcello. 1991. Cushitic and its classification. Anthropos 86(4/6):552-561.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMous2012" class="citation book cs1">Mous, Maarten (2012). "Cushitic". In Frayzingier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.). The Afroasiatic Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–422.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cushitic&rft.btitle=The+Afroasiatic+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mous&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman_(linguist)" title="Paul Newman (linguist)">Newman, Paul</a>. 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/21581/ClassificationChadicAfroasiatic.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic</a>. Universitaire Pers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRilly2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Rilly" title="Claude Rilly">Rilly, Claude</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36487671">"Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)"</a>. In Godlewski, Włodzimierz; Łajtar, Adam (eds.). Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Nubian Studies Warsaw University 27 August-2 September 2006. Part 1. Main Papers. Warszawa: PAM Supplement Series. pp. 211–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31338%2Fuw.9788323533269.pp.211-226">10.31338/uw.9788323533269.pp.211-226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-235-3326-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-235-3326-9"><bdi>978-83-235-3326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enemy+brothers.+Kinship+and+relationship+between+Meroites+and+Nubians+%28Noba%29&rft.btitle=Between+the+Cataracts.+Proceedings+of+the+11th+International+Conference+for+Nubian+Studies+Warsaw+University+27+August-2+September+2006.+Part+1.+Main+Papers&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.pub=PAM+Supplement+Series&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31338%2Fuw.9788323533269.pp.211-226&rft.isbn=978-83-235-3326-9&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36487671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRilly2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Rilly" title="Claude Rilly">Rilly, Claude</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf">"Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan"</a> (PDF). ITYOPIS – Northeast African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (NEAJ). 1: 10–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITYOPIS+%E2%80%93+Northeast+African+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities+%28NEAJ%29&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+on+Meroitic%2C+the+Ancient+Language+of+Sudan&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ityopis.org%2FIssues-1_files%2FITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRilly2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Rilly" title="Claude Rilly">Rilly, Claude</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19589514-047-01-900000010">"The Wadi Howar Diaspora and its role in the spread of East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millenia BCE"</a>. Faits de Langues. 47: 151–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19589514-047-01-900000010">10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faits+de+Langues&rft.atitle=The+Wadi+Howar+Diaspora+and+its+role+in+the+spread+of+East+Sudanic+languages+from+the+fourth+to+the+first+millenia+BCE&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19589514-047-01-900000010&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F19589514-047-01-900000010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRilly2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Rilly" title="Claude Rilly">Rilly, Claude</a> (2019). "Languages of Ancient Nubia". In Dietrich Raue (ed.). Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Berlin: Walter de Gryuter. pp. 129–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Ancient+Nubia&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ancient+Nubia&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gryuter&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zaborski, Andrzej. 1986. Can Omotic be reclassified as West Cushitic? In Gideon Goldenberg, ed., Ethiopian Studies: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference, pp. 525–530. Rotterdam: Balkema.</li> <li>Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (1995) <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkoglundThompsonPrendergastMittnik2017" class="citation journal cs1">Skoglund, Pontus; Thompson, Jessica C.; Prendergast, Mary E.; Mittnik, Alissa; Sirak, Kendra; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Salie, Tasneem; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan (21 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5679310">"Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure"</a>. Cell. 171 (1): 59–71.e21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.08.049">10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5679310">5679310</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28938123">28938123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+Prehistoric+African+Population+Structure&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-71.e21&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5679310%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28938123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.08.049&rft.aulast=Skoglund&rft.aufirst=Pontus&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Jessica+C.&rft.au=Prendergast%2C+Mary+E.&rft.au=Mittnik%2C+Alissa&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra&rft.au=Hajdinjak%2C+Mateja&rft.au=Salie%2C+Tasneem&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5679310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACushitic+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/147348/Cushitic-languages">Encyclopædia Britannica: Cushitic languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msu.edu/~hudson/HECrefs.htm">BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HIGHLAND EAST CUSHITIC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerschools.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/cushitic_bibliography_ss.doc">Faculty of Humanities – Leiden University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&oldid=1272037437">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&oldid=1272037437</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 January 2025, at 22:03 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koesjitiese_tale" title="Koesjitiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koesjitiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%BB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ኩሻዊ ቋንቋዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኩሻዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات كوشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات كوشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_cushites" title="Llingües cushites – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües cushites" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fit_dill%C9%99ri" title="Kuşit dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuşit dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Кушыцкія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кушыцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кушитски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кушитски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_kouchitek" title="Yezhoù kouchitek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù kouchitek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_cuix%C3%ADtiques" title="Llengües cuixítiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües cuixítiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1itsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Kušitské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kušitské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuschitische_Sprachen" title="Kuschitische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuschitische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κουσιτικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουσιτικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_cushitas" title="Lenguas cushitas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas cushitas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Dida_lingvaro" title="Kuŝida lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuŝida lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuxtar_hizkuntzak" title="Kuxtar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuxtar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های کوشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های کوشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_couchitiques" title="Langues couchitiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues couchitiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_cuxitas" title="Linguas cuxitas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas cuxitas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="쿠시어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠시어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քուշական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քուշական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1itske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Kušitske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kušitske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1itski_jezici" title="Kušitski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kušitski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushiana_lingui" title="Kushiana lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kushiana lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Kush" title="Rumpun bahasa Kush – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Kush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAs%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Kúsísk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúsísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_cuscitiche" title="Lingue cuscitiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue cuscitiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות כושיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות כושיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქუშიტური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქუშიტური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kikushi" title="Lugha za Kikushi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kikushi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кушит тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кушит тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Chusiticae" title="Linguae Chusiticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Chusiticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1%C4%ABtu_valodas" title="Kušītu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kušītu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1it%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Kušitų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kušitų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кушитски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кушитски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_kositika" title="Fiteny kositika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kositika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koesjitische_talen" title="Koesjitische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koesjitische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="クシ語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クシ語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuschiitisk_spriaken" title="Kuschiitisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kuschiitisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusjittiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kusjittiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kusjittiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusjittiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kusjittiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kusjittiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_coshiticas" title="Lengas coshiticas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas coshiticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuush" title="Kuush – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kuush" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushit_tillari" title="Kushit tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kushit tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کوشیائی زباناں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوشیائی زباناں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="کوشي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوشي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_cuss%C3%ACtiche" title="Lenghe cussìtiche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe cussìtiche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_kuszyckie" title="Języki kuszyckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki kuszyckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_cux%C3%ADticas" title="Línguas cuxíticas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas cuxíticas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кушитские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кушитские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cushitic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqadaha_Kushiitiga" title="Luqadaha Kushiitiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqadaha Kushiitiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кушитски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кушитски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1itski_jezici" title="Kušitski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kušitski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuu%C5%A1ilaiset_kielet" title="Kuušilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuušilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushitiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kushitiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kushitiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="குஷிட்டிக் மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குஷிட்டிக் மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Кушитські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кушитські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="کوشیائی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوشیائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Cushit" title="Ngữ tộc Cushit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc Cushit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="库希特语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库希特语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusitiiki" title="Kusitiiki – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kusitiiki" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%BF%AA%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="古斯迪語族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古斯迪語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="庫希特語族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庫希特語族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 January 2025, at 22:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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</div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-gf79z","wgBackendResponseTime":259,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.876","walltime":"0.995","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6212,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138049,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4385,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":192030,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 855.068 1 -total"," 30.57% 261.392 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.32% 156.650 22 Template:Cite_book"," 13.49% 115.338 14 Template:Lang"," 10.47% 89.534 26 Template:Sfnp"," 9.07% 77.585 1 Template:Afro-Asiatic_languages"," 8.66% 74.008 3 Template:Navbox"," 6.63% 56.660 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.59% 56.349 1 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[\"CITEREFMous2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRilly2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRilly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRilly2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRilly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSands2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSasse1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavàTosco2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenbrun1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaban\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkoglundThompsonPrendergastMittnik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensNixonMurrayFuller2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreisVanhove2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanhove\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanhove2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaborski1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Afro-Asiatic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Cushitic Languages\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Main articles\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-29T20:41:19Z","dateModified":"2025-01-26T22:03:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/Cushitic_languages_in_Africa.svg","headline":"branch of Afroasiatic native to East Africa"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>