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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Case law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Case law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recent changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_limits_to_patent_misuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_limits_to_patent_misuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Congressional limits to patent misuse</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congressional_limits_to_patent_misuse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Congressional limits to patent misuse subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Congressional_limits_to_patent_misuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overhaul_of_the_Patent_Act_in_1952" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overhaul_of_the_Patent_Act_in_1952"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Overhaul of the Patent Act in 1952</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhaul_of_the_Patent_Act_in_1952-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patent_Misuse_Reform_Act_of_1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent_Misuse_Reform_Act_of_1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Patent Misuse Reform Act of 1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent_Misuse_Reform_Act_of_1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>The "Nine No-No's" Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Nine_No-No's"_Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">United States patent law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Legislation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Inventors_Protection_Act" title="American Inventors Protection Act">American Inventors Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act" title="Bayh–Dole Act">Bayh–Dole Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention_Secrecy_Act" title="Invention Secrecy Act">Invention Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Price_Competition_and_Patent_Term_Restoration_Act" title="Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act">Hatch-Waxman Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leahy%E2%80%93Smith_America_Invents_Act" title="Leahy–Smith America Invents Act">Leahy–Smith America Invents Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">Title 35 of the United States Code</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types of patent claims</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_of_manufacture" title="Article of manufacture">Article of manufacture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_matter" title="Composition of matter">Composition of matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_(patent)" title="Machine (patent)">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(patent)" title="Method (patent)">Method</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Procedures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_partes_review" title="Inter partes review">Inter partes review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markman_hearing" title="Markman hearing">Markman hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reexamination" title="Reexamination">Reexamination</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board" title="Patent Trial and Appeal Board">Patent Trial and Appeal Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustion_doctrine_under_U.S._law" title="Exhaustion doctrine under U.S. law">Exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement_under_United_States_law" title="Patent infringement under United States law">Infringement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_of_patent_in_the_United_States" title="Term of patent in the United States">Term of patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_of_Patent_Examining_Procedure" title="Manual of Patent Examining Procedure">Manual of Patent Examining Procedure</a> (MPEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_patent_law" title="History of United States patent law">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patents_in_the_United_States" title="Biological patents in the United States">Biological patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_under_United_States_patent_law" title="Software patents under United States patent law">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_patent_law_cases" title="List of United States patent law cases">List of patent law cases</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_patent_law" title="Template:United States patent law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_patent_law" title="Template talk:United States patent law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_patent_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States patent law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> Basic concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_competition_law" title="History of competition law">History of competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_monopoly" title="Coercive monopoly">Coercive monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herfindahl%E2%80%93Hirschman_index" title="Herfindahl–Hirschman index">Herfindahl–Hirschman index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">Market concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">Market power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_but_significant_and_non-transitory_increase_in_price" title="Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price">SSNIP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevant_market" title="Relevant market">Relevant market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_control" title="Merger control">Merger control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">Anti-competitive practices</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monopolization" title="Monopolization">Monopolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a> <ul><li>Formation of <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">Price fixing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Price_fixing_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Price fixing cases">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_rigging" title="Bid rigging">Bid rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_collusion" title="Tacit collusion">Tacit collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_licensing" title="Occupational licensing">Occupational licensing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_deal" title="Refusal to deal">Refusal to deal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_boycott" title="Group boycott">Group boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_facilities_doctrine" title="Essential facilities doctrine">Essential facilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_dealing" title="Exclusive dealing">Exclusive dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_territories" title="Dividing territories">Dividing territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_closure" title="Occupational closure">Occupational closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_pricing" title="Predatory pricing">Predatory pricing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misuse of patents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_misuse" title="Copyright misuse">copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> Enforcement authorities and organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Competition_Network" title="International Competition Network">International Competition Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_regulator" title="Competition regulator">List of competition regulators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Competition_law" title="Template:Competition law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Competition_law" title="Template talk:Competition law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Competition_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Competition law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">United States patent law</a>, <b>patent misuse</b> is a patent holder's use of a patent to restrain trade beyond enforcing the exclusive rights that a lawfully obtained <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> provides.<sup id="cite_ref-ipw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a court finds that a patent holder committed patent misuse, the court may rule that the patent holder has lost the right to enforce the patent. Patent misuse that restrains <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">economic competition</a> substantially can also violate <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenith_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patent misuse is a patent owner's improper use of patent rights, speaking very generally, to expand the scope or term of the patent. Examples of such patent misuse include forcing customers to agree to pay <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> on unpatented products or to pay royalties on an expired patent. This particular type of patent misuse can take place without a violation of <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">antitrust laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JOM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it violates such policies of US patent law as the monopoly of a patent is confined to what its claims cover and once a patent expires the public has an unlimited right to practice the formerly claimed subject matter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patent misuse may also occur when the patentee's conduct is a violation of antitrust laws. For example, a company buying all the patents in a given field (<a href="/wiki/Relevant_market" title="Relevant market">relevant market</a>) to stall competition would be misusing patents, and (assuming other statutory requirements are met) also violating section 7 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. § 18) and section 2 of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 2). Other antitrust patent misuse includes (again assuming that other statutory requirements are met) a licensor's exercising control over the price that several licensees charge for a product or service; attempting to enforce a patent that the patentee knows to be invalid or not infringed; and selling patented goods on the condition, agreement, or understanding that the buyer will not deal in the goods of a competitor of the seller.<sup id="cite_ref-JOM_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, patent misuse was not yet a well recognized defense to patent infringement, although it had been recognized in <i><a href="/wiki/Adams_v._Burke" title="Adams v. Burke">Adams v. Burke</a></i> in 1873. Courts at that time recognized relatively few limitations to patentees' rights. In 1912, the Supreme Court did not recognize a doctrine of patent misuse in <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_v._A.B._Dick_Co." title="Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.">Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a case in which a patent license was tied to a purchase of another product.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Court, because a patent owner had the greater right to withhold its patented product from market entirely, it had the inherent lesser right to selectively withhold it from people who did not purchase other products.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This inherent-right doctrine was expressly rejected a few years later, however, in <i><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Mfg. Co.">Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Mfg. Co.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that case, Justice Holmes (who had been in the majority in the <i>A.B. Dick</i> case), now in dissent, argued that because the owner of a patented teapot "may keep his device wholly out of use . . . I cannot understand why he may not keep it out of use unless the licensee, or, for the matter of that, the buyer" will agree to buy his tea from the patent owner.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the majority rejected this doctrine of patentees' "inherent rights." It explained: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he argument [is] that, since the patentee may withhold his patent altogether from public use, he must logically and necessarily be permitted to impose any conditions which he chooses upon any use which he may allow of it. The defect in this thinking springs from the substituting of inference and argument for the language of the statute, and from failure to distinguish between the rights which are given to the inventor by the patent law and which he may assert against all the world through an infringement proceeding, and rights which he may create for himself by private contract, which, however, are subject to the rules of general, as distinguished from those of the patent, law. While it is true that, under the statutes as they were (and now are), a patentee might withhold his patented machine from public use, yet, if he consented to use it himself or through others, such use immediately fell within the terms of the statute, and, as we have seen, he is thereby restricted to the use of the invention as it is described in the claims of his patent, and not as it may be expanded by limitations as to materials and supplies necessary to the operation of it, imposed by mere notice to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A year after the <i>A.B. Dick</i> case, in <i><a href="/wiki/Bauer_%26_Cie._v._O%27Donnell" title="Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell">Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court began to shift its perspective by holding that, although patentees could control manufacturing, use, and sale of patented products with license agreements, they could not use license agreements to control the resale price of patented products the patentee sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <i>Motion Picture Patents</i> case, the tide began to run more strongly against restrictive patent practices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_law">Case law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1917, the Supreme Court reversed the four-year-old <i>Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.</i> decision and established patent misuse as an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_defense" title="Affirmative defense">affirmative defense</a> to copyright infringement. In <i><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Mfg. Co.">Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Mfg. Co.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court held that requiring a patented film projector only be used for screening films authorized by the patent holder was unenforceable and constituted patent misuse. The Court concluded that the patentee's attempt to extend its monopoly power beyond the rights that the patent statute conferred on it was inequitable, and because of the patentee's "<a href="/wiki/Unclean_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclean hands">unclean hands</a>", the court, as a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">court of equity</a>, would not grant it relief.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In explaining its ruling, the Court said: </p> <blockquote><p>[W]e are convinced that the exclusive right granted in every patent must be limited to the invention described in the claims of the patent, and that it is not competent for the owner of a patent, by notice attached to its machine, to in effect extend the scope of its patent monopoly by restricting the use of it to materials necessary in its operation, but which are no part of the patented invention, or to send its machines forth into the channels of trade of the country subject to conditions as to use or royalty to be paid, to be imposed thereafter at the discretion of such patent owner. The patent law furnishes no warrant for such a practice, and the cost, inconvenience, and annoyance to the public which the opposite conclusion would occasion forbid it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Carbice_Corp._v._American_Patents_Development_Corp." title="Carbice Corp. v. American Patents Development Corp.">Carbice Corp. v. American Patents Development Corp.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Carbice_Corp._v._Patents_Development_Corp._16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbice_Corp._v._Patents_Development_Corp.-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clarified that requiring patent licensees to buy other products as a condition of a patent license ("product tying") was misuse. American Patents Development Corp. held a patent for a dry ice transport enclosure. It required its customers only use their enclosure to transport dry ice from their exclusive distributor. The Supreme Court held that using patents to control an enclosure purchaser's other product purchases was patent misuse. (In a separate case a few months later, the Supreme Court held that Carbice's patent was invalid.)<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carbice_Corp._v._American_Patents_Dev._Co._Patent_Void_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbice_Corp._v._American_Patents_Dev._Co._Patent_Void-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court held that patent misuse made the patent unenforceable regarding monetary relief in <i><a href="/wiki/Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co." title="Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.">Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suppiger Co. owned a patent on salt-tablet dispensing machines that it manufactured. The sales agreement for the machines required customers to purchase salt tablets exclusively from Suppiger. Morton Salt Co., a competitor that also sold salt tablets, manufactured and leased dispensing machines that infringed Suppiger's patent. The Supreme Court denied Suppiger Co. compensation for Morton Salt's infringement, holding that Suppiger's patent was unenforceable because it was using it to restrain competition in unpatented salt. The Court said its ruling would not be different if Morton Salt were not Suppiger's competitor.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court added that misuse could be found in conduct falling short of an antitrust violation. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Brulotte_v_Thys_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Brulotte v Thys Co.">Brulotte v Thys Co.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brulotte_v._Thys_Co._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brulotte_v._Thys_Co.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established that attempting to collect royalties after a patent expired was misuse. Mr. Brulotte purchased a hop-harvesting machine from Thys Co. Upon purchase, Brulotte accepted a licensing agreement which required annual royalty payments beyond the duration of the Thys patent. When Brulotte realized that the terms of the contract exceeded the duration of the patent, he stopped paying the royalties. The Supreme Court held that the contract between Brulotte and Thys was not enforceable once the last licensed patent expired, because the license extended the term of patent protection beyond the duration of the patent.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2015, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the <i>Brulotte</i> case.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Radio_Corp._v._Hazeltine_Research,_Inc." title="Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.">Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Zenith_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court established that demanding a percentage of a licensees patented and non-patented product sales in exchange for a license was misuse. Hazeltine Research required Zenith pay a total percentage of all its sales to license Hazeltine's patents. The court ruled that this license requirement was patent misuse,<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it might not be an antitrust violation because the anticompetive impact may have been too slight.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This holding reaffirmed a line of Supreme Court patent misuse decisions holding that the competitive impact of a restrictive practice might fall short of an antitrust violation and nonetheless be misuse. </p><p>Other forms of patent misuse recognized by courts of appeals decisions but not addressed in detail as yet by the Supreme Court include: </p> <ul><li>Tying the purchase of unpatented materials as a condition of a patent license, where the effect is substantially anticompetitive in a relevant market over which the patent has market power.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tying one patent license to another, where the tying patent has market power.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Requiring a licensee not to make a competitive product as a condition of a patent license.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Requiring a licensee to assign back or exclusively license back subsequent related patents, where the effect is substantially anticompetitive.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Licensor's giving licensees veto power over additional licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_changes">Recent changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Windsurfing v. AMF</i><sup id="cite_ref-Windsurfing_Intern._INC._v._AMF,_INC_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windsurfing_Intern._INC._v._AMF,_INC-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held that a patent misuse defense must show that the patentee's behavior hurts competition. This case also clarified that if the Supreme Court had already held a particular licensing arrangement was misuse, the infringer did not have to establish that it was anticompetitive. However, if the Supreme Court had not spoken on the licensing agreement, the infringer has to establish the agreement hurts competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, however, the Federal Circuit retreated from <i>Windsurfing</i> in <i>Senza-Gel Corp. v. Seiffhart</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to a certified question, the court recognized that "as the Supreme Court has said, the patentee's act may constitute patent misuse without rising to the level of an antitrust violation."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing the contrary suggestion in <i>Windsurfing</i>, the court explained: </p> <blockquote><p>Commentators and courts have questioned the rationale appearing in Supreme Court opinions dealing with misuse in view of recent economic theory and Supreme Court decisions in non-misuse contexts. We are bound, however, to adhere to existing Supreme Court guidance in the area until otherwise directed by Congress or by the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Princo_Corp._v._International_Trade_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Princo Corp. v. International Trade Commission">Princo Corp. v. International Trade Commission</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Princo_Corp._v._International_Trade_Commission_and_U.S._Philips_Corp.,_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princo_Corp._v._International_Trade_Commission_and_U.S._Philips_Corp.,-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Federal Circuit held that violations of antitrust law involving patents are not always patent misuse. Philips, Sony and other manufacturers developed patented technology to create CDs that could be rewritten multiple times (<a href="/wiki/CD-RWs" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-RWs">CD-RWs</a>). Philips licensed these patents to CD player and reader manufacturers (so they could develop CD players and readers that worked with CD-RWs). Princo Corp., one of the licensees, stopped paying royalty fees to Philips, but continued to manufacture readable discs using Phillips technology. Phillips filed a complaint with the International Trade Commission and Princo responded claiming that Sony and Phillips were using their patents to suppress competition. On appeal, an <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals held that Sony and Phillips had not expanded the scope of their patent in a way prohibited by previous Supreme Court cases. Namely, the violation allegedly did not "leverage" the patent at hand. According to one commentator, patent scholars have speculated that this opinion will significantly narrow the scope of misuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel_Entertainment,_LLC" title="Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC">Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on June 22, 2015, the Supreme Court refused to overrule <i><a href="/wiki/Brulotte_v._Thys_Co." title="Brulotte v. Thys Co.">Brulotte v. Thys Co.</a></i>, because of <i><a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a></i>. The Court pointed out that "Congress has spurned multiple opportunities to reverse <i>Brulotte</i>," and "Congress has rebuffed bills that would have replaced <i>Brulotte's</i> <i>per se</i> rule with the same antitrust-style analysis Kimble now urges."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Court maintained, there was not a good reason to overrule <i>Brulotte</i>: "<i>Brulotte's</i> statutory and doctrinal underpinnings have not eroded over time."<sup id="cite_ref-Kimble10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimble10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent statute at issue in <i>Brulotte</i> is essentially unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimble10_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimble10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precedents on which the <i>Brulotte</i> Court relied, like other decisions enforcing a patent's cutoff date, remain good law.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And <i>Brulotte'</i>s "close relation to a whole web of [other] precedents means that reversing it could threaten others."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the Court rejected Kimble's arguments that the <i>Brulotte</i> doctrine should be overturned because the practice it outlaws is not anticompetive and it does not violate the antitrust laws. The Court found this argument beside the point: "But <i>Brulotte</i> is a patent rather than an antitrust case," it insisted.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Court's legal analysis, "[P]atent (not antitrust) policy gave rise to the Court's conclusion that post-patent royalty contracts are unenforceable—utterly 'regardless of a demonstrable effect on competition.'"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier in its opinion, the Court explained that it was well-settled that it was "patent law's policy [to] establish[] a 'post-expiration . . . public domain' in which every person can make free use of a formerly patented product."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority opinion is thus a strong rebuke to those analysts that seek to make the misuse doctrine a kind of petty antitrust law, in which antitrust principles of analysis dominate over policies unique to patent law; <i>Kimble</i> reaffirms many prior Supreme Court decisions that hold that misuse may be found in conduct that does not violate the antitrust laws.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressional_limits_to_patent_misuse">Congressional limits to patent misuse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Congressional limits to patent misuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress limited the patent misuse affirmative defense in both 1952 and 1998, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">35 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/271">§ 271</a>(d) of the Patent Act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overhaul_of_the_Patent_Act_in_1952">Overhaul of the Patent Act in 1952</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overhaul of the Patent Act in 1952"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, Congress added provisions to the Patent Act explicitly exempting from patent misuse merely charging royalties, licensing, and suing to enforce patents against contributory infringement. These provisions are in 35 U.S.C. § 271(d).<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patent_Misuse_Reform_Act_of_1988">Patent Misuse Reform Act of 1988</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patent Misuse Reform Act of 1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Congress enacted legislation that narrowed the scope of the patent misuse by creating safe harbors for patent holders in <a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">35 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/271">§ 271</a>(d). It clarified that patentees did not misuse their patents by suing people creating products which could be used to infringement patents (contributory infringement). Requiring people to buy another license or product to obtain a patented product is also not misuse, unless the patentee holds "market power."<sup id="cite_ref-ipw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JOM_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remedy">Remedy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Remedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most types of misuse can be erased (or "purged") so the patent is valid again by abandoning the misusing practice and causing its effects to fully dissipate.<sup id="cite_ref-JOM_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fraud or <a href="/wiki/Inequitable_conduct" title="Inequitable conduct">inequitable conduct</a> in acquiring patents, however, is not purgeable.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms_and_support">Criticisms and support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticisms and support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of the patent misuse defense argue it is anachronistic, that it should be limited by the antitrust rule of reason, and that it has been narrowed to oblivion since 1988 by court rulings like <i>Princo Corp. v. International Trade Commission.</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the patent misuse defense suggest it could be a defense against litigation brought by <a href="/wiki/Patent_trolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent trolls">patent trolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of this doctrine to contest patent infringement suits by non-practicing entities may require the courts to challenge precedent set in <i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Paper_Bag_Co._v._Eastern_Paper_Bag_Co." title="Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.">Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-The_Paper_Bag_Patent_Case_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Paper_Bag_Patent_Case-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court rejected some of this criticism in <i><a href="/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimble v. Marvel">Kimble v. Marvel</a></i>, which reaffirmed <i><a href="/wiki/Brulotte_v._Thys_Co." title="Brulotte v. Thys Co.">Brulotte v. Thys Co.</a></i> and asserted that misuse is governed by patent policy rather than antitrust policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Nine_No-No's"_Controversy"><span id="The_.22Nine_No-No.27s.22_Controversy"></span>The "Nine No-No's" Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The "Nine No-No's" Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1970. Bruce Wilson, then a Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Justice Department's Antitrust Division, gave a speech in Boston that came to be known as the "Nine No-No's."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson repeated the "No-No's" speech several more times,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an impression was created that it reflected the Antitrust Division's litigation policy. It has been debated whether the No-No's "reflected actual Department of Justice antitrust policy," despite Wilson's assertion that the so-called No-No's are restraints "which in virtually all cases are going to lead to antitrust trouble because of their adverse effect upon competition."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other former Deputy Assistant Attorneys General from the Antitrust Division commented: </p> <blockquote><p>In actuality, of the sixteen cases filed by the division's Intellectual Property Section between the late 1960s and the late 1970s, only half specifically addressed any of the nine practices. Moreover, almost all of these cases were litigated under a rule of reason rather than per se illegality.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although it therefore appears that the No-No's were never more than an informal antitrust prosecutors' check-list, and were not advanced much less pressed in litigation as a proposed rule of antitrust law, they were widely denounced. For example, during the Bush administration, government officials distanced themselves from them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in 2003 the official then heading the Antitrust Division spoke out strongly against the No-No's as valid enforcement guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then spoke of how the "No-No" practices actually often benefited competition; for example: </p> <ul><li>Tie-ins of unpatented supplies "could minimize the risks associated with the uncertainty that a patent owner may have regarding the value of his/her patented technology."</li> <li>"Compulsory payment of royalties in amounts not reasonably related to sales of the patented product . . . might be far more efficient, for example, to [use to] base royalties upon the total units produced by the licensee."</li> <li>"Licensee veto power over the licensor's grant of further licenses . . . may have a net procompetitive effect."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Another commentator during this period said with approval, "The Agencies have come a long way since the days of the Nine No-Nos."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In retrospect, the Nine No-No's controversy appears to have been overblown, and the aims of its proponents exaggerated. The Antitrust Division's retreat from it and emphasis on whether the restrictive No-No actually had any anticompetitive effects in the marketplace, may properly be considered in light of the <i>Zenith</i> and <i>Kimble</i> cases' distinctions between antitrust and patent misuse based on their different respective policies. Considered in that light, the No-No's may properly state patent misuse policy. But in large part they did not state a viable antitrust enforcement policy. That appears to be the conclusion drawn in recent papers by Professor Hovenkamp.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Nine No-No's controversy informs us more about patent misuse than it does about antitrust policy, for Wilson's assertions that the No-No's likely spell antitrust trouble have proven not supported by events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_misuse" title="Copyright misuse">Copyright misuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequitable_conduct" title="Inequitable conduct">Inequitable conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_ambush" title="Patent ambush">Patent ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_patent" title="Submarine patent">Submarine patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm#Apple" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm#Apple</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ipw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipw_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipw_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2011" class="citation web cs1">Quinn, Gene (18 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2011/11/18/patent-misuse-exploring-the-basics/">"Patent Misuse, Exploring the Basics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patent+Misuse%2C+Exploring+the+Basics&rft.date=2011-11-18&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipwatchdog.com%2F2011%2F11%2F18%2Fpatent-misuse-exploring-the-basics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent+misuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zenith-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zenith_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zenith_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_395" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 395">395</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/395/100/#140">100, 140</a> (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JOM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JOM_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JOM_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JOM_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JOM_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Silverman, Arnold (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/matters/matters-9208.html">"Patent Misuse: Limitations on a Patentee's Rights"</a>. <i>JOM</i>. <b>44</b> (8): 54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JOM....44h..54S">1992JOM....44h..54S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03222306">10.1007/bf03222306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:138138279">138138279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOM&rft.atitle=Patent+Misuse%3A+Limitations+on+a+Patentee%27s+Rights&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A138138279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf03222306&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JOM....44h..54S&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tms.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2FJOM%2Fmatters%2Fmatters-9208.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent+misuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel_Entertainment,_LLC" title="Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC">Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/576/13-720/">13-720</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_576" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 576">576</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1176897979">.mw-parser-output .bluebook-title{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-title i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernhard1957">Herbert A. Bernhard, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title="">Patents: Misuse Doctrine: Multiple Licenses with Price-Fixing Provisos as Sherman Act Violation</span>, 55 Mich. L. Rev. 726 (1957).</cite>; section 3 of the Clayton Act (<a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/14">§ 14</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_v._A.B._Dick_Co." title="Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.">Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_224" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 224">224</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/224/1/">1</a> (1912).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A mimeograph machine patent was used to tie ink and stencils used with the machine to the machine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brian_D._Hill-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_D._Hill_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian D. Hill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/jbtl/vol7/iss2/5">"Princo Corp. v. Int'l Trade Comm'n: Patent Misuse No Longer a Deterrent to Anticompetitive Behavior in the Group Venture Context"</a>, 7 J. Bus. & Tech. L. 361 (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Mfg._Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Mfg. Co.">Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Mfg. Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_243" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 243">243</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/243/502/">502</a> (1917) (holding unenforceable a restriction that a user of a patented film projector must use it to screen only such films as the patentee authorized).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">243 U.S. at 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">243 U.S. at 514-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Bauer_%26_Cie._v._O%27Donnell" title="Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell">Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_229" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 229">229</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/229/1/">1</a> (1913).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Katherine <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1221&context=iplj">"A Rule for When Patent Misuse Should be Applied"</a> 11 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Ford Intell. Prop., Media & Ent. L.J.</span> 671</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2011">Camille Barr, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/45/2/Note/45-2_Barr.pdf">License to Collude: Patent Pools, the Patent Misuse Doctrine and Princo</a></span>, 45 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 629 (2011).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">243 U.S. at 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbice_Corp._v._Patents_Development_Corp.-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carbice_Corp._v._Patents_Development_Corp._16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carbice Corp. v. Patents Development Corp.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_283" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283">283</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/283/27/">27</a> (1931).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbice_Corp._v._American_Patents_Dev._Co._Patent_Void-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carbice_Corp._v._American_Patents_Dev._Co._Patent_Void_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carbice Corp. v. American Patents Dev. Co.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_283" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283">283</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/283/420/">420</a> (1931).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co.-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co._18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co." title="Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.">Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_314" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 314">314</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/314/488/">488</a> (1942).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brulotte_v._Thys_Co.-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brulotte_v._Thys_Co._19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Brulotte_v._Thys_Co." title="Brulotte v. Thys Co.">Brulotte v. Thys Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_379" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 379">379</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/379/29/">29</a> (1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesMeier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gates, S.; Meier, J. (2009). "Brulotte's continuing shadow over patent licensing". <i>Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 181–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjiplp%2Fjpn247">10.1093/jiplp/jpn247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intellectual+Property+Law+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Brulotte%27s+continuing+shadow+over+patent+licensing&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=181-189&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjiplp%2Fjpn247&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Meier%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatent+misuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel_Entertainment,_LLC" title="Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC">Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/576/13-720/">13-720</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_576" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 576">576</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2015), emphasizing that the patent misuse doctrine is based on policies of patent law (such as the establishment of a public domain right upon patent expiry) rfather than antitrust policies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">395 U.S. at 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">35 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/271#d_5">§ 271(d)(5)</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">35 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/35/271#d_5">§ 271(d)(5)</a></span>; see <i>Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc.</i>, 504 U.S. 451, 461 (1992) ("Conditioning the ability of a licensee to license one or more items of intellectual property on the licensee's purchase of another item of intellectual property . . . has been held in some cases to constitute illegal tying.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Lockwasher_Co._v._George_K._Garrett_Co." title="National Lockwasher Co. v. George K. Garrett Co.">National Lockwasher Co. v. George K. Garrett Co.</a></i>, 137 F.2d 255 (3d Cir. 1943).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/atr/antitrust-guidelines-licensing-intellectual-property#t56"><i>Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property</i></a>, § 5.6 (1995)("Grantbacks may adversely affect competition, however, if they substantially reduce the licensee's incentives to engage in research and development and thereby limit rivalry in innovation markets.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>United States v. Krasnov</i>, 143 F. Supp. 184 (E.D. Pa. 1956), aff'd per curiam, 335 U.S. 5 (1957); <i>United States v. Besser Mfg, Co.</i>, 96 F. Supp. 304 (E.D. Mich. 1951), aff'd, 343 U.S. 444 (1952)' see <i>United States v. Union Camp Corp.</i>, Crim. Action No. 4558 (indictment E.D. Va. Nov. 30, 1967); <i>id.</i>, 1969 Trade Cas. ¶ 72,689 (E.D. Va. 1969) (consent decree).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windsurfing_Intern._INC._v._AMF,_INC-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Windsurfing_Intern._INC._v._AMF,_INC_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Windsurfing Intern. INC. v. AMF, INC</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leagle.com/decision/19861777782F2d995_11607">782 F.2d 995</a> (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/803/f2d/661/senza-gel-corporation-v-b-seiffhart">803 F.2d 661</a>, 665 (Fed. Cir. 1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">803 F.2d at 668.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">803 F.2d at 665 n.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princo_Corp._v._International_Trade_Commission_and_U.S._Philips_Corp.,-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Princo_Corp._v._International_Trade_Commission_and_U.S._Philips_Corp.,_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Princo Corp. v. International Trade Commission and U.S. Philips Corp.</i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131028132652/https://www.courtlistener.com/cafc/TPu/princo-corp-v-international-trade-commission/?q=Carbice+Corp.+v.+American+Patents+Development+Corp&stat_Precedential=on&sort=dateFiled+desc">616 F.3d 1318</a> (Fed. Cir. 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel_Entertainment,_LLC" title="Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC">Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/576/13-720/">13-720</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_576" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 576">576</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 8-9, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimble10-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kimble10_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimble10_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 3-4, 10-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 14. It also said, "The patent laws—unlike the Sherman Act—do not aim to maximize competition (to a large extent, the opposite)." <i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 5. The Court also said that legal enforcement of agreements for post-patent expiration royalties conflicts with the "free market visualized for the post-expiration period" and so "runs counter to the policy and purpose of the patent laws." <i>Kimble</i>, slip op. at 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Zenith Radio Corp.</i>, 395 U.S. at 140 (holding that conditions for patent misuse may not violate Sherman or Clayton Acts); <i><a href="/wiki/Mercoid_Corp._v._Mid-Continent_Inv._Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Mercoid Corp. v. Mid-Continent Inv. Co.">Mercoid Corp. v. Mid-Continent Inv. Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_320" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 320">320</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/320/661/#666">661, 666</a> (1944) (patent may be misused contrary to purpose of patent laws without violating antitrust laws); <i>Morton Salt Co.</i>, 314 U.S. at 491-94 (consideration of Clayton Act is unnecessary to determine whether patent misuse occurred).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The specific language of section 271(d)(5), the relevant statutory provision, is: Tying is not misuse"unless, in view of the circumstances, the patent owner has market power in the relevant market for the patent or patented product on which the license or sale is conditioned."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leaffer, M.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.suffolk.edu/jhtl/docs/pdf/Leaffer_10JHTL142.pdf">"Patent Misuse and Innovation"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> 10 J. HIGH TECH. L. 142 (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Testimony of Robert J. Hoerner <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/opp/intellect/020711hoerner.pdf">"FTC Hearings on Competition and Intellectual Property Law and Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111093423/http://www.ftc.gov/opp/intellect/020711hoerner.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankel, Kenneth M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finnegan.com/resources/articles/articlesdetail.aspx?news=92d27184-e349-490c-a4e3-62d336980109">"Patent Misuse After Federal Circuit's Princo Decision En Banc"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200425/http://www.finnegan.com/resources/articles/articlesdetail.aspx?news=92d27184-e349-490c-a4e3-62d336980109">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The AIPLA Antitrust News February 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gene Quinn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2011/08/04/indicia-of-extortion-federal-circuit-slams-patent-troll/id=18568/">"Indicia of Extortion – Federal Circuit Slams Patent Troll"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Paper_Bag_Patent_Case-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Paper_Bag_Patent_Case_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Paper_Bag_Co._v._Eastern_Paper_Bag_Co." title="Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.">Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_210" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 210">210</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/210/405/">405</a> (1908).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce B. Wilson, Deputy Ass't Atty. Gen., Antitrust Div., Dep't of Justice, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtlaw.com/licensing/pdf/13.pdf"><i>Patent and Know-How License Agreements: Field of Use, Territorial, Price and Quantity Restrictions</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124181601/http://www.rtlaw.com/licensing/pdf/13.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Remarks Before the Fourth New England Antitrust Conference 9 (Nov. 6, 1970). The <i>Nine No-Nos' 'were:</i> <dl><dd>(1) tying the purchase of unpatented materials as a condition of the license (tie-ins),</dd> <dd>(2) requiring the licensee to assign back subsequent patents ("assignment grant-backs"),</dd> <dd>(3) restricting the right of the purchaser of the product in the resale of the product (post-sale restraints),</dd> <dd>(4) restricting the licensee's ability to deal in products outside the scope of the patent ("tie-outs"),</dd> <dd>(5) a licensor's agreement not to grant further licenses without the consent of the licensee ("veto-power" clauses),</dd> <dd>(6) mandatory package licenses,</dd> <dd>(7) royalty provisions not reasonably related to the licensee's sales (coerced "total-sales royalties"),</dd> <dd>(8) restrictions on a licensee's use of a product made by a patented process, and</dd> <dd>(9) minimum resale price provisions for the licensed products (price fixing).</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Wilson, "Is The Past Prologue, or Where Do We Go From Here?" (Detroit Sept. 21, 1972), reprinted in 5 Trade Reg. Rep. 50, 146; Wilson, :"Law on Licensing Practices: Myth or Reality? or Straight Talk from 'Alice in Wonderland,' " (Washington DC Jan. 21, 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, <i>Straight Talk from 'Alice in Wonderland,' </i> (Jan. 21, 1975) at 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gilbert and Carl Shapiro, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/ninenono.pdf"><i>Antitrust Issues in the Licensing of Intellectual Property: The Nine No-No's Meet the Nineties</i></a>, 13 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Microeconomics)</span> 283, 286 (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It has been asserted that as early as 1981 the "Department of Justice repudiated the 'Nine No-No's.' " Am. Bar Ass'n, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oT07hNxzMwQC&dq=nine+no-nos+antitrust&pg=PA1082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Antitrust Law Developments</span></a> 1082 (6th ed. 2007) (citing a speech by a Reagan Administration official).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See R. Hewitt Pate, Acting Assistant Attorney General/ Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/atr/speech/antitrust-and-intellectual-property"><i>Antitrust and Intellectual Property</i></a>, Address Before American Intellectual Property Law Association (Jan. 24, 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George G. Gordon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dechert.com/files/Publication/e80c9457-6a80-4838-a3cc-f316d873f197/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/41de8186-c3e6-4ece-bf2d-f4a760f20569/Analyzing%20IP%20License%20-%20GGordon%205-02.PDF"><i>Analyzing IP License Restrictions Under The Antitrust Laws: A General Outline Of Issues</i>(June 6, 2002).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135837/https://www.dechert.com/files/Publication/e80c9457-6a80-4838-a3cc-f316d873f197/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/41de8186-c3e6-4ece-bf2d-f4a760f20569/Analyzing%20IP%20License%20-%20GGordon%205-02.PDF">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Herbert Hovenkamp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2015/07/7-Hovenkamp.pdf"><i>Antitrust and the Patent System: A Reexamination</i></a>, 76 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Ohio St.</span> L.J. 467, 468 (2015) (asserting that patent misuse doctrine "migrated into antitrust law"); see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Herbert Hovenkamp, The Opening of American Law: Neoclassical Legal Thought, 1870‒1970</span>, at 200–03 (2015).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfiel1991">Kenneth J. Burchfiel, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v04/04HarvJLTech001.pdf">Four Questionable Rationales for the Patent Misuse Doctrine</a></span>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Law_%26_Technology" title="Harvard Journal of Law & Technology">Harv. J. L. & Tech.</a> 1 (1991).</cite>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2011">Thomas Cotter, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst/vol12/iss2/4/">Four Questionable Rationales for the Patent Misuse Doctrine</a></span>, 12 Minn. J.L. Sci. & Tech. 457 (2011).</cite>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFLeaffer2010">Marshall Leaffer, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/831">Patent Misuse and Innovation</a></span>, 10 J. High Tech. L. 142 (2010).</cite>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFLemley1990">Mark A. Lemley, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol78/iss6/5/">The Economic Irrationality of the Patent Misuse Doctrine</a></span>, 78 Cal. L. Rev. 1599 (1990).</cite>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFMaffei1969">Thomas Maffei, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol11/iss1/4">The Patent Misuse Doctrine: A Balance of Patent Rights and the Public Interest</a></span>, 11 B.C.L. Rev. 46 (1969).</cite>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFMillemann2011">Audrey Millemann, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theiplawblog.com/2011/01/articles/patent-law/patent-misuse-becomes-narrower/">Patent Misuse Becomes Narrower</a></span>, The IP Law Blog (January 20, 2011).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFPinkus2012">Craig Pinkus, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826003723/https://medialawblog.boselaw.com/2012/02/03/patent-misuse-defense-and-the-future-of-traditional-publishing/">Patent Misuse Defense and the Future of Traditional Publishing</a></span>, Bose Media Law Blog (February 3, 2012).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2011">Gene Quinn, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2011/11/18/patent-misuse-exploring-the-basics/id=20460/">Patent Misuse, Exploring the Basics</a></span>, IPWatchdog (November 18, 2011).</cite></li> <li>Bruce B. Wilson, Deputy Ass't Atty. Gen., Antitrust Div., Dep't of Justice, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124181601/http://www.rtlaw.com/licensing/pdf/13.pdf"><i>Patent and Know-How License Agreements: Field of Use, Territorial, Price and Quantity Restrictions</i></a>, Remarks Before the Fourth New England Antitrust Conference 9 (Nov. 6, 1970) (the so-called Nine No-Nos speech).</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&oldid=1239964751">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patent_misuse&oldid=1239964751</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-competitive_practices" title="Category:Anti-competitive practices">Anti-competitive practices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Equitable_defenses" title="Category:Equitable defenses">Equitable defenses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_antitrust_law" title="Category:United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_patent_law" title="Category:United States patent law">United States patent law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_misuse_law" title="Category:United States misuse law">United States misuse law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2022">Articles with dead external links from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2021">Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States-centric" title="Category:United States-centric">United States-centric</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 August 2024, at 18:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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