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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Old Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Classical Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulgar_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgar_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vulgar Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgar_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Romance languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Medieval Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_Neo-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_Neo-Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Renaissance and Neo-Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_Neo-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Contemporary Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>Religious use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Latin_for_mottos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Latin_for_mottos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>Use of Latin for mottos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Latin_for_mottos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_modern_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_modern_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.3</span> <span>Other modern uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_modern_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_present-day_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_present-day_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Influence on present-day languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_present-day_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Simple vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Syllables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alternative scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Participles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Participles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Prepositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deponent_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deponent_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Deponent verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deponent_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Language tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Courses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_and_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_and_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Grammar and study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_and_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Phonetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_language_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_language_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Latin language media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_language_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 242 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-242" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">242 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Латиныбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Латиныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Latyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinische_Sprache" title="Lateinische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lateinische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A5" title="ሮማይስጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮማይስጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लैटिन भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लैटिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6den" title="Læden – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Læden" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%AD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Алаҭын бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Алаҭын бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة اللاتينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة اللاتينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn" title="Latín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Latín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Լատիներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լատիներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinica" title="Latinica – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Latinica" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="লেটিন ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লেটিন ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_llat%C3%ADn" title="Idioma llatín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma llatín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasio%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Lasioñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Lasioñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Латин мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Латин мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%B1n_dili" title="Latın dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Latın dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="لاتین دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لاتین دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Latin" title="Basa Latin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Latin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="লাতিন ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাতিন ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lating-g%C3%AD" title="Lating-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lating-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латин теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Латин теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лацінская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лацінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лацінская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лацінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="लैटिन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लैटिन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Latin" title="Tataramon na Latin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Latin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латински език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латински език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latein" title="Latein – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Latein" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ལ་ཏིན་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལ་ཏིན་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Latinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Лата хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Лата хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llat%C3%AD" title="Llatí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llatí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Латин чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Латин чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linatin" title="Linatin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linatin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina" title="Latina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Latina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_Latin" title="Lengua Latin – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Lengua Latin" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilatini" title="Chilatini – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Chilatini" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiratini" title="Chiratini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiratini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua latina" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lladin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لاتينية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لاتينية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1htengiella" title="Láhtengiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Láhtengiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latein" title="Latein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Latein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81aty%C5%84%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Łatyńšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Łatyńšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladina_keel" title="Ladina keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ladina keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λατινική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατινική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8in" title="Latèin – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Latèin" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Латинэнь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Латинэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn" title="Latín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Latín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_lingvo" title="Latina lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latina lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_latina" title="Lengua latina – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua latina" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لاتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADnskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Latínskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Latínskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Latyn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_latine" title="Lenghe latine – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe latine" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Laidin" title="An Laidin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Laidin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladjyn" title="Ladjyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ladjyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_dili" title="Latin dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Latin dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laideann" title="Laideann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Laideann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua latina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Латиний мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Латиний мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="拉丁語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="拉丁語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2-t%C3%AAn-ng%C3%AE" title="Lâ-tên-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lâ-tên-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Латин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Латин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4%EC%96%B4" title="라틴어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라틴어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Latin" title="Harshen Latin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Latin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լատիներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լատիներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लातिन भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लातिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C4%87on%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Łaćonšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Łaćonšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Latinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_linguo" title="Latina linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latina linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Latin" title="Pagsasao a Latin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Latin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_latin" title="Lingua latin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua latin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Латинаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Латинаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwimi_lwesiLatini" title="Ulwimi lwesiLatini – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwimi lwesiLatini" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILatin" title="ILatin – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ILatin" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADna" title="Latína – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Latína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua latina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לטינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לטינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Latin" title="Basa Latin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Latin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C9%9B%C5%8B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiinerisut" title="Latiinerisut – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Latiinerisut" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Латин тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Латин тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლათინური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლათინური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%B2%D8%B7%D9%90%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لٲطِن زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لٲطِن زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81acy%C5%84sczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Łacyńsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Łacyńsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Латын тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Латын тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikilatini" title="Ikilatini – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikilatini" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilatini" title="Kilatini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilatini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Латин кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Латин кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilatini" title="Kilatini – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kilatini" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laten" title="Laten – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Laten" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laten" title="Laten – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laten" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_lat%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê latînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê latînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Латин йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Латин йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_latin" title="Lingaz latin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz latin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn" title="Latín – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Latín" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%8F%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Латӏин маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Латӏин маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%87" title="ພາສາລາແຕງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາລາແຕງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Latina" title="Lingua Latina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Latina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86u_valoda" title="Latīņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Latīņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A4in" title="Latäin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Latäin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Латин чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Латин чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_kalba" title="Lotynų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lotynų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngoa_lat%C3%ACnn-a" title="Léngoa latìnn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Léngoa latìnn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latien" title="Latien – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Latien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina" title="Latina – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Latina" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_(lingua)" title="Latina (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Latina (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinan_kieli" title="Latinan kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Latinan kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_nyelv" title="Latin nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Latin nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латински јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Латински јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_latina" title="Fiteny latina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny latina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ലാറ്റിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാറ്റിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Latina" title="Lingwa Latina – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Latina" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_R%C4%81tini" title="Reo Rātini – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Rātini" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लॅटिन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लॅटिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლათინური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლათინური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="لاتينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاتينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لاتین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لاتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1-d%C4%ADng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Lá-dĭng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lá-dĭng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_lhatina" title="Lhéngua lhatina – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua lhatina" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Латинонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Латинонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Латин хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Латин хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လက်တင်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်တင်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latijn" title="Latijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latien" title="Latien – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Latien" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमन भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोमन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ल्याटिन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्याटिन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ラテン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_latina" title="Lengua latina – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua latina" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Латинан мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Латинан мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiinsk_spriak" title="Latiinsk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Latiinsk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leten" title="Leten – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Leten" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%AEn" title="Latîn – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Latîn" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinum" title="Latinum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Latinum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Латин йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Латин йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଲାଟିନ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲାଟିନ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotin_tili" title="Lotin tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lotin tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latein" title="Latein – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Latein" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Latino" title="Salitan Latino – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Latino" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لاطینی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاطینی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="لاتيني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاتيني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latn" title="Latn – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Latn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="ភាសាឡាតាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាឡាតាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_latin-a" title="Lenga latin-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga latin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Latin" title="Tok Latin – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Latin" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiensche_Spraak" title="Latiensche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Latiensche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81acina" title="Łacina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łacina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latim" title="Latim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Latim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%B1n_tili" title="Latın tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Latın tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_tili" title="Latin tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Latin tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latting" title="Latting – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Latting" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba latină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_simi" title="Latin simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Latin simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Латиньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Латиньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Латинский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латинский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Латыын тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Латыын тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लातिनीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लातिनीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لاطینی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لاطینی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_latina" title="Limba latina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba latina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laitin" title="Laitin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laitin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiensk" title="Latiensk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Latiensk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_latine" title="Gjuha latine – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha latine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua latina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ලතින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලතින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="لاطيني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لاطيني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin%C4%8Dina" title="Latinčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Latinčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Latinščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Latinščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Латиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Латиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C4%87ina" title="Łaćina – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Łaćina" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Laatiin" title="Af-Laatiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Laatiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی لاتینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی لاتینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латински језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Латински језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Latinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Lat%C3%A9n" title="Basa Latén – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Latén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina" title="Latina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Latin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இலத்தீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலத்தீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talatint" title="Tutlayt Talatint – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Talatint" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talatint" title="Talatint – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Talatint" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латин теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Латин теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="లాటిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లాటిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาละติน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาละติน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони лотинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони лотинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%BB_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᎶᎻ ᎤᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎶᎻ ᎤᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latince" title="Latince – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Latince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyn_dili" title="Latyn dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Latyn dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lati%CC%B1n_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Lati̱n (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lati̱n (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Латин дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Латин дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Латин кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Латин кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Латинська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латинська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لاطینی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاطینی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="لاتىن تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لاتىن تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_%C5%82atina" title="Łéngua łatina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua łatina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinan_kel%27" title="Latinan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Latinan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Latinh" title="Tiếng Latinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Latinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladina_kiil" title="Ladina kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ladina kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9n" title="Latén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Latén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="拉丁語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="拉丁語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Latyn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linatin" title="Linatin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linatin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉丁文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לאטיין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאטיין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_L%C3%A1t%C3%ACn%C3%AC" title="Èdè Látìnì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Látìnì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉丁文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinki" title="Latinki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Latinki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latijn" title="Latijn – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Latijn" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luot%C4%ABnu_kalba" title="Luotīnu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Luotīnu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉丁语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Latin" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Latin" title="Saro Latin – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Latin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Latin" title="Boros Latin – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Latin" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Latin" title="Jaku Latin – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Latin" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Latin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyni_zyvon" title="Latyni zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Latyni zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q397#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-European language of the Italic branch</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Latin (disambiguation)">Latin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ladin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ladin (disambiguation)">Ladin</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Latin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Colosseum_inscription_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rome_Colosseum_inscription_2.jpg/200px-Rome_Colosseum_inscription_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rome_Colosseum_inscription_2.jpg/300px-Rome_Colosseum_inscription_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rome_Colosseum_inscription_2.jpg/400px-Rome_Colosseum_inscription_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Latin inscription on a stone inside the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">As a native language, from the 7th century BC to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 700</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino-Faliscan">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Latin</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_for_Latin" title="Pontifical Academy for Latin">Pontifical Academy for Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=la">la</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=257">lat</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lat">lat</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/impe1234">impe1234</a></code><br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lati1261">lati1261</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAB-aa,">-ab, -ac 51-AAB-aa, -ab, -ac</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/220px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/330px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/440px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Greatest extent of the Roman Empire under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 117 AD</span>) and the area governed by Latin speakers. Many languages other than Latin were spoken within the empire.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Latin</b> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lingua Latina</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈlɪŋɡʷa<span class="wrap"> </span>ɫaˈtiːna]</a></span>, or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Latinum</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical language</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Latin was originally spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>), the lower <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> area around <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> it became the dominant language in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> and subsequently throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>By the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> had evolved into standardized <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> refers to the less prestigious <a href="/wiki/Colloquial_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial register">colloquial registers</a>, attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the author <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a>. </p><p>While often called a "dead language"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Latin did not undergo <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">language death</a>. By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a> eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> in the large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of Western Rome</a>, Latin remained the <a href="/wiki/Common_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Common language">common language</a> of <a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">international communication</a>, science, scholarship and <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as a native language, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> was used across Western and Catholic Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, which then developed a classicizing form, called <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a>. This was the basis for <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> which evolved during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until the late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a> is highly <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a>, with classes of inflections for <a href="/wiki/Noun_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun case">case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_tenses" title="Latin tenses">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> is directly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabets</a>. </p><p>Latin remains the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> of the Latin language. <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a> is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. </p><p>Latin has <a href="/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English" title="Latin influence in English">greatly influenced</a> the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, along with a large number of others, and historically contributed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_words_with_English_derivatives" title="List of Latin words with English derivatives">many words</a> to the English <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England">Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>. Latin and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> are heavily used in English vocabulary in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names" title="List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names">the sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes" title="List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes">medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_legal_terms" title="List of Latin legal terms">law</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History of Latin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png/330px-Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png/495px-Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png/660px-Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>The linguistic landscape of central Italy at the beginning of Roman expansion</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As a result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. </p><p>In addition to the historical phases, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> refers to the styles used by the writers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">late antiquity</a> onward, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> scholars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Latin">Old Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapis-niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lapis-niger.jpg/220px-Lapis-niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Lapis-niger.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lapis_Niger" title="Lapis Niger">Lapis Niger</a>, probably the oldest extant Latin inscription, from Rome, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> during the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>, traditionally founded in 753 BC, through the later part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> was devised from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>. The writing later changed from what was initially either a <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">right-to-left</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> script to what ultimately became a strictly left-to-right script.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Latin">Classical Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a></div> <p>During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200, a new <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other <a href="/wiki/Literate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literate">literate</a> men, who wrote the great works of <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, which were taught in <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such <a href="/wiki/Roman_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman school">schools</a>, which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulgar_Latin">Vulgar Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vulgar Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></div> <p>Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>, which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of the language, Vulgar Latin (termed <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sermo vulgi</i></span>, "the speech of the masses", by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be a separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within the history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. </p><p>During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as <a href="/wiki/Curse_tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Curse tablets">Curse tablets</a> and those found as <a href="/wiki/Roman_graffiti" title="Roman graffiti">graffiti</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Latin">Late Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a></div> <p>Late Latin is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at a faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. </p><p>Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> fell in 476 and <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Germanic kingdoms</a> took its place, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic people</a> adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romance languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lexical_changes_from_Classical_Latin_to_Proto-Romance" title="Lexical changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance">Lexical changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance</a></div> <p>While the written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>. Despite dialectal variation, which is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> (Roman Catholic) culture. </p><p>It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest of Spain</a> in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from the other varieties, as it was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. </p><p>Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many Italians using Latin, though, there was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Latin">Medieval Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medieval Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/250px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/375px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/500px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>The Latin Malmesbury Bible from 1407</figcaption></figure> <p>Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in the educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as the Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and its allies. </p><p>Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sum</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">eram</i></span> are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fui</i></span> and <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fueram</i></span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-thorley13-15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorley13-15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-thorley13-15_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorley13-15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_Neo-Latin">Renaissance and Neo-Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renaissance and Neo-Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png/220px-Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png/330px-Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png/440px-Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Most 15th-century printed books (<a href="/wiki/Incunabula" class="mw-redirect" title="Incunabula">incunabula</a>) were in Latin, with the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular languages</a> playing only a secondary role.<sup id="cite_ref-ISTC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISTC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and the classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as <i>Neo-Latin</i>, or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin_studies" title="Neo-Latin studies">renewed study</a>, given their importance for the development of European culture, religion and science.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken and written language by the scholarship by the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Humanism">Renaissance humanists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Scaliger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Scaliger">Joseph Scaliger</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, despite the careful work of Petrarch, <a href="/wiki/Politian" class="mw-redirect" title="Politian">Politian</a> and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neo-Latin literature was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name a few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, <a href="/wiki/Salutati" class="mw-redirect" title="Salutati">Salutati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Celtes" title="Conrad Celtes">Celtis</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i>. Latin was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in a vernacular, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>. </p><p>Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>) and later native or other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than the decline in written Latin output. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Latin">Contemporary Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></div> <p>Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_use">Religious use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallsend_platfom_2_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wallsend_platfom_2_02.jpg/220px-Wallsend_platfom_2_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wallsend_platfom_2_02.jpg/330px-Wallsend_platfom_2_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wallsend_platfom_2_02.jpg/440px-Wallsend_platfom_2_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The signs at <a href="/wiki/Wallsend_Metro_station" title="Wallsend Metro station">Wallsend Metro station</a> are in English and Latin, as a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a>'s role as one of the outposts of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, as the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> (hence the name) at <a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965</a>, which permitted the use of the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular</a>. Latin remains the language of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, the primary language of its <a href="/wiki/Public_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Public journal">public journal</a>, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></span>, and the working language of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> is also home to the world's only <a href="/wiki/Automatic_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic teller machine">automatic teller machine</a> that gives instructions in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">pontifical universities</a> postgraduate courses of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. </p><p>There are a small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_logo_of_the_European_Council_and_Council_of_the_European_Union_(2009).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Former_logo_of_the_European_Council_and_Council_of_the_European_Union_%282009%29.svg/220px-Former_logo_of_the_European_Council_and_Council_of_the_European_Union_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Former_logo_of_the_European_Council_and_Council_of_the_European_Union_%282009%29.svg/330px-Former_logo_of_the_European_Council_and_Council_of_the_European_Union_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Former_logo_of_the_European_Council_and_Council_of_the_European_Union_%282009%29.svg/440px-Former_logo_of_the_European_Council_and_Council_of_the_European_Union_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>The polyglot <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has adopted Latin names in the logos of some of its institutions for the sake of linguistic compromise, an "ecumenical nationalism" common to most of the continent and as a sign of the continent's heritage (such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">EU Council</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Consilium</i></span>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_Latin_for_mottos">Use of Latin for mottos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use of Latin for mottos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's motto <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/A_mari_usque_ad_mare" title="A mari usque ad mare">A mari usque ad mare</a></i></span> ("from sea to sea") and most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">provincial mottos</a> are also in Latin. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross_(Canada)" title="Victoria Cross (Canada)">Canadian Victoria Cross</a> is modelled after the British <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pro Valore</i></span>. </p><p>Spain's motto <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Plus_ultra" title="Plus ultra">Plus ultra</a></i></span>, meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is taken from the personal motto of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and is a reversal of the original phrase <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Non terrae plus ultra</i></span> ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a>, the rocks on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. </p><p>In the United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was <i><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></i> meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a>. It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from the British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. </p><p>Several states of the United States <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">have Latin mottos</a>, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ditat deus</i></span> ("God enriches");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Qui transtulit sustinet</i></span> ("He who transplanted sustains");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Per_aspera_ad_astra" class="mw-redirect" title="Per aspera ad astra">Ad astra per aspera</a></i></span> ("Through hardships, to the stars");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nil sine numine</i></span> ("Nothing without providence");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice</i></span> ("If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you"), is based on that of Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Salus_populi_suprema_lex_esto" title="Salus populi suprema lex esto">Salus populi suprema lex esto</a></i></span> ("The health of the people should be the highest law");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_York" title="Coat of arms of New York">Excelsior</a></i></span> ("Ever upward");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Esse_Quam_Videri" class="mw-redirect" title="Esse Quam Videri">Esse Quam Videri</a></i></span> ("To be rather than to seem");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dum_spiro_spero" title="Dum spiro spero">Dum spiro spero</a></i></span> ("While I breathe, I hope");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic semper tyrannis</a></i></span> ("Thus always to <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrants</a>"); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Montani_Semper_Liberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Montani Semper Liberi">Montani Semper Liberi</a></i></span> ("Mountaineers [are] always free").</li></ul> <p>Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: </p> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Semper_Paratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Semper Paratus">Semper Paratus</a></i></span> ("always ready"), the motto of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>;</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semper Fidelis">Semper Fidelis</a></i></span> ("always faithful"), the motto of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semper_supra" class="mw-redirect" title="Semper supra"><i>Semper Supra</i></a> ("always above"), the motto of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>;</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Per_ardua_ad_astra" title="Per ardua ad astra">Per ardua ad astra</a></i></span> ("Through adversity/struggle to the stars"), the motto of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF); and</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Vigilamus pro te</i></span> ("We stand on guard for thee"), the motto of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: </p> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Justitiae Pax Opus</i></span> ("Justice, peace, work"), the motto of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Philippines)" title="Department of Justice (Philippines)">Department of Justice (Philippines)</a>;</li></ul> <p>Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s motto is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></i></span> ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_modern_uses">Other modern uses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></i></span> on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">four official languages</a>. For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code <i>CH</i>, which stands for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Confoederatio Helvetica</i></span>, the country's full Latin name. </p><p>Some film and television in ancient settings, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastiane" title="Sebastiane">Sebastiane</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Barbarians_(2020_TV_series)" title="Barbarians (2020 TV series)">Barbarians (2020 TV series)</a></i>, have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Exorcist (film)">The Exorcist</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost (2004 TV series)">Lost</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Jughead_(Lost)" title="Jughead (Lost)">Jughead</a>"). Subtitles are usually shown for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_with_Latin_lyrics" title="List of songs with Latin lyrics">songs written with Latin lyrics</a>. The libretto for the opera-oratorio <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_rex_(opera)" title="Oedipus rex (opera)">Oedipus rex</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> is in Latin. </p><p>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)" title="Carmina Burana (Orff)">Carmina Burana</a> are written in Latin. <a href="/wiki/Enya" title="Enya">Enya</a> has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. </p><p>The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> and grammar schools, the Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Liceo_classico" title="Liceo classico">liceo classico</a></i></span> and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Liceo_scientifico" title="Liceo scientifico">liceo scientifico</a></i></span>, the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Humanistisches <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a></i></span> and the Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a></i></span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm/220px--QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1896" data-mwtitle="QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_"Mysterium".webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm/QDP_Ep_84_-_De_Ludo_%22Mysterium%22.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>QDP Ep 84 – De Ludo "Mysterium": A Latin-language podcast from the US</figcaption></figure><p> Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">Radio Bremen</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/YLE" class="mw-redirect" title="YLE">YLE</a> radio in Finland (the <a href="/wiki/Nuntii_Latini" title="Nuntii Latini">Nuntii Latini</a> broadcast from 1989 until it was shut down in June 2019),<sup id="cite_ref-RTE2019-06-24a_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTE2019-06-24a-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include the University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Wikipedia" title="Latin Wikipedia">Latin Wikipedia</a> has more than 130,000 articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowings</a> in English and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sawicka_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawicka-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a few in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg/300px-Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg/450px-Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg/600px-Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i></span> is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the <a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">floruit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>. They are in part the subject matter of the field of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>. Their works were published in manuscript form before the invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Texts" title="Oxford Classical Texts">Oxford Classical Texts</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_modern_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin translations of modern literature">Latin translations of modern literature</a> such as: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paddington_Bear" title="Paddington Bear">Paddington Bear</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnie the Pooh">Winnie the Pooh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">Le Petit Prince</a></i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Max_and_Moritz" title="Max and Moritz">Max and Moritz</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!" title="How the Grinch Stole Christmas!">How the Grinch Stole Christmas!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat" title="The Cat in the Hat">The Cat in the Hat</a></i>, and a book of fairy tales, "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fabulae mirabiles</i></span>", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as <a href="/wiki/Meissner%27s_Latin_Phrasebook" title="Meissner's Latin Phrasebook">Meissner's Latin Phrasebook</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</a></i></span> (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>. About 270,000 inscriptions are known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_present-day_languages">Influence on present-day languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence on present-day languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English" title="Latin influence in English">Latin influence in English</a> has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a> in the 6th century or indirectly after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman language</a>. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Inkhorn_term" title="Inkhorn term">inkhorn terms</a>", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, but some useful ones survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common <a href="/wiki/Polysyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysyllabic">polysyllabic</a> English words are of Latin origin through the medium of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walter_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_20c_en_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Romance_20c_en_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Romance_20c_en_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Romance_20c_en_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Romance_20c_en_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Romance_20c_en_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Romance_20c_en_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="2237" /></a><figcaption>Range of the Romance languages, the modern descendants of Latin, in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>The influence of Roman governance and <a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman technology</a> on the less-developed nations under Roman dominion led to the adoption of Latin phraseology in some specialized areas, such as science, technology, medicine, and law. For example, <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">the Linnaean system</a> of plant and animal classification was heavily influenced by <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Historia Naturalis</a></i>, an encyclopedia of people, places, plants, animals, and things published by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. Roman medicine, recorded in the works of such physicians as <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, established that today's <a href="/wiki/Medical_terminology" title="Medical terminology">medical terminology</a> would be primarily derived from Latin and Greek words, the Greek being filtered through the Latin. Roman engineering had the same effect on <a href="/wiki/Scientific_terminology" title="Scientific terminology">scientific terminology</a> as a whole. Latin law principles have survived partly in a long <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_legal_terms" title="List of Latin legal terms">list of Latin legal terms</a>. </p><p>A few <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary languages</a> have been heavily influenced by Latin. <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> is sometimes considered a simplified, modern version of the language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Latin#Dubious" title="Talk:Latin">discuss</a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_Flexione" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino sine Flexione">Latino sine Flexione</a>, popular in the early 20th century, is Latin with its inflections stripped away, among other grammatical changes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Logudorese" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese">Logudorese</a> dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Standard Italian</a> are the two closest contemporary languages to Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_dictionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/220px-Latin_dictionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/330px-Latin_dictionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/440px-Latin_dictionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>A multivolume Latin dictionary in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Graz_Library" title="University of Graz Library">University of Graz Library</a> in Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout European history, an education in the classics was considered crucial for those who wished to join literate circles. This also was true in the United States where many of the nation's founders obtained a classically based education in grammar schools or from tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admission to Harvard in the Colonial era required that the applicant "Can readily make and speak or write true Latin prose and has skill in making verse . . ."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin Study and the classics were emphasized in American secondary schools and colleges well into the Antebellum era.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Instruction_in_Latin" title="Instruction in Latin">Instruction in Latin</a> is an essential aspect. In today's world, a large number of Latin students in the US learn from <i>Wheelock's Latin: The Classic Introductory Latin Course, Based on Ancient Authors</i>. This book, first published in 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was written by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_M._Wheelock" title="Frederic M. Wheelock">Frederic M. Wheelock</a>, who received a PhD from Harvard University. <i>Wheelock's Latin</i> has become the standard text for many American introductory Latin courses. </p><p>The numbers of people studying Latin varies significantly by country. In the United Kingdom, Latin is available in around 2.3% of state primary schools, representing a significant increase in availability.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, over 500,000 students study Latin each year, representing a decrease from over 800,000 in 2008. Latin is still required for some University courses, but this has become less frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Living_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Latin">Living Latin</a> movement attempts to teach Latin in the same way that living languages are taught, as a means of both spoken and written communication. It is available in Vatican City and at some institutions in the US, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> is a major supplier of Latin textbooks for all levels, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Latin_Course" title="Cambridge Latin Course">Cambridge Latin Course</a> series. It has also published a subseries of children's texts in Latin by Bell & Forte, which recounts the adventures of a mouse called <a href="/wiki/Minimus" title="Minimus">Minimus</a>. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Association" title="Classical Association">Classical Association</a> encourages the study of antiquity through various means, such as publications and grants. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of independent schools, for example <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haberdashers%27_Aske%27s_Boys%27_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School">Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood" title="Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood">Merchant Taylors' School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby</a>, and The Latin Programme/Via Facilis,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a London-based charity, run Latin courses. In the United States and in Canada, the <a href="/wiki/American_Classical_League" title="American Classical League">American Classical League</a> supports every effort to further the study of classics. Its subsidiaries include the <a href="/wiki/National_Junior_Classical_League" title="National Junior Classical League">National Junior Classical League</a> (with more than 50,000 members), which encourages high school students to pursue the study of Latin, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Senior_Classical_League" title="National Senior Classical League">National Senior Classical League</a>, which encourages students to continue their study of the classics into college. The league also sponsors the <a href="/wiki/National_Latin_Exam" title="National Latin Exam">National Latin Exam</a>. Classicist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i> in 2006 that the reason for learning Latin is because of what was written in it.<sup id="cite_ref-timesonline_train_the_brain_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesonline_train_the_brain-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latin was or is the official language of European states: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> – Latin was an official language in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> from the 11th century to the mid 19th century, when <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> became the exclusive official language in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known Latin language poet of Hungarian origin was <a href="/wiki/Janus_Pannonius" title="Janus Pannonius">Janus Pannonius</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> – Latin was the official language of <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> (Sabor) from the 13th to the 19th century (1847).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest preserved records of the parliamentary sessions (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Congregatio Regni totius Sclavonie generalis</i></span>) – held in Zagreb (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Zagabria</i></span>), Croatia – date from 19 April 1273. An extensive <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Latin_literature" title="Croatian Latin literature">Croatian Latin literature</a> exists. Latin was used on Croatian coins on even years until 1 January 2023, when Croatia adopted the Euro as its official currency.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> – officially recognised and widely used<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the 10th and 18th centuries, commonly used in foreign relations and popular as a second language among some of the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">nobility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin phonology and orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="154" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Titus_speaking_Latin.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A person with an American accent speaking in Latin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="Pronunciation_of_Latin_(Text).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_Latin_(Text).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Pronunciation_of_Latin_%28Text%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Pronunciation_of_Latin_%28Text%29.ogg/Pronunciation_of_Latin_%28Text%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Audio of a person with a German accent reading in Latin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Ave_Maria_in_Latin_language.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ave_Maria_in_Latin_language.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Ave_Maria_in_Latin_language.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Ave_Maria_in_Latin_language.ogg/Ave_Maria_in_Latin_language.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maria">Ave Maria</a> read in Ecclesiastical Latin</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient pronunciation of Latin has been reconstructed; among the data used for reconstruction are explicit statements about pronunciation by ancient authors, misspellings, puns, ancient etymologies, the spelling of Latin loanwords in other languages, and the historical development of Romance languages.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Classical Latin are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation">labial</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> was not native to Classical Latin. It appeared in Greek loanwords starting around the first century BC, when it was probably pronounced (at least by educated speakers) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> initially and <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">doubled</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zz]</span> between vowels, in accordance with its pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>. In Classical Latin poetry, the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="la" style="font-family: Cardo, 'Everson Mono', 'GNU Unifont', Junicode; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 73%;" class="square-capitals">z</span>⟩</span> between vowels always counts as two consonants for metrical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen_Z_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_Z-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consonant ⟨b⟩ usually sounds as [b]; however, when ⟨t⟩ or ⟨s⟩ follows ⟨b⟩ then it is pronounced as in [pt] or [ps]. In Latin, ⟨q⟩ is always followed by the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> ⟨u⟩. Together they make a [kʷ] sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Old and Classical Latin, the Latin alphabet had no distinction between <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">uppercase and lowercase</a>, and the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨J U W⟩</span> did not exist. In place of <span class="nowrap">⟨J U⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨I V⟩</span> were used, respectively; <span class="nowrap">⟨I V⟩</span> represented both vowels and consonants. Most of the letter forms were similar to modern uppercase, as can be seen in the inscription from the Colosseum shown at the top of the article. </p><p>The spelling systems used in Latin dictionaries and modern editions of Latin texts, however, normally use <span class="nowrap">⟨j u⟩</span> in place of Classical-era <span class="nowrap">⟨i v⟩</span>. Some systems use <span class="nowrap">⟨j v⟩</span> for the consonant sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j<span class="wrap"> </span>w/</span> except in the combinations <span class="nowrap">⟨gu su qu⟩</span> for which <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> is never used. </p><p>Some notes concerning the mapping of Latin phonemes to English graphemes are given below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Notes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin<br />grapheme</th> <th>Latin<br />phoneme</th> <th>English examples </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </th> <td>Always as <i>k</i> in <i>sky</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/skaɪ/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </th> <td>As <i>t</i> in <i>stay</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/steɪ/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </th> <td>As <i>s</i> in <i>say</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/seɪ/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> </th> <td>Always as <i>g</i> in <i>good</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʊd/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> </th> <td>Before <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, as <i>ng</i> in <i>sing</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɪŋ/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </th> <td>As <i>n</i> in <i>man</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mæn/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> </th> <td>Before <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span>, as <i>ng</i> in <i>sing</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɪŋ/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </th> <td>When doubled <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span> and before <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, as <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">"light L"</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̥]</span> in <i>link</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̥ɪnk]</span>) (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">l exilis</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span> </th> <td>In all other positions, as <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">"dark L"</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span> in <i>bowl</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[boʊɫ]</span>) (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">l pinguis</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">⟨qu⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʷ]</span> </th> <td>Similar to <i>qu</i> in <i>squint</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/skwɪnt/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> </th> <td>Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, or after <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> in <i>wine</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/waɪn/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </th> <td>Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, as <i>y</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>) in <i>yard</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑɹd/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ij]</span> </th> <td>"y" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>), in between vowels, becomes "i-y", being pronounced as parts of two separate syllables, as in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">capiō</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kapiˈjo:/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ks]</span> </th> <td>A letter representing <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> + <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>: as <i>x</i> in English <i>axe</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æks/</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Classical Latin, as in modern Italian, double consonant letters were pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">long</a> consonant sounds distinct from short versions of the same consonants. Thus the <i>nn</i> in Classical Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus</i></span> "year" (and in Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">anno</i></span>) is pronounced as a doubled <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nn/</span> as in English <i>unnamed</i>. (In English, distinctive consonant length or doubling occurs only at the boundary between two words or <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>, as in that example.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simple_vowels">Simple vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Simple vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Front</th> <th>Central</th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Classical Latin, <span class="nowrap">⟨U⟩</span> did not exist as a letter distinct from V; the written form <span class="nowrap">⟨V⟩</span> was used to represent both a vowel and a consonant. <span class="nowrap">⟨Y⟩</span> was adopted to represent <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a> in loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, but it was pronounced like <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> by some speakers. It was also used in native Latin words by confusion with Greek words of similar meaning, such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sylva</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕλη</span></span>. </p><p>Classical Latin distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long and short vowels</a>. Then, long vowels, except for <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, were frequently marked using the <a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apex</a>, which was sometimes similar to an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Á É Ó V́ Ý⟩</span>. Long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> was written using a taller version of <span class="nowrap">⟨I⟩</span>, called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">i longa</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Long_I" title="Long I">long I</a>": <span class="nowrap">⟨ꟾ⟩</span>. In modern texts, long vowels are often indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ā ē ī ō ū⟩</span>, and short vowels are usually unmarked except when it is necessary to distinguish between words, when they are marked with a <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ⟩</span>. However, they would also signify a long vowel by writing the vowel larger than other letters in a word or by repeating the vowel twice in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acute accent, when it is used in modern Latin texts, indicates stress, as in Spanish, rather than length. </p><p>Although called long vowels, their exact quality in Classical Latin is different from short vowels. The difference is described in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronunciation of Latin vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin<br />grapheme </th> <th>Latin<br />phone </th> <th>modern examples </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </th> <td>similar to the <i>a</i> in <i>part</i> (/paɹt/) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> </th> <td>similar to the <i>a</i> in <i>father</i> (/fɑːðəɹ/) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </th> <td>as <i>e</i> in <i>pet</i> (/pɛt/) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> </th> <td>similar to <i>e</i> in <i>hey</i> (/heɪ/) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> </th> <td>as <i>i</i> in <i>pit</i> (/pɪt/) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span> </th> <td>similar to <i>i</i> in <i>machine</i> (/məʃiːn/) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> </th> <td>as <i>o</i> in <i>port</i> (/pɔɹt/) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> </th> <td>similar to <i>o</i> in <i>post</i> (/poʊst/) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> </th> <td>as <i>u</i> in put (/pʊt/) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> </th> <td>similar to <i>ue</i> in <i>true</i> (/tɹuː/) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʏ]</span> </th> <td>does not exist in English, closest approximation is the <i>u</i> in <i>mule</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yː]</span> </th> <td>does not exist in English, closest approximation is the <i>u</i> in <i>cute</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This difference in quality is posited by <a href="/wiki/W._Sidney_Allen" title="W. Sidney Allen">W. Sidney Allen</a> in his book <i>Vox Latina</i>. However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Calabrese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Calabrese (page does not exist)">Andrea Calabrese</a> has disputed this assertion, based in part upon the observation that in Sardinian and some Lucanian dialects, each long and short vowel pair merged, as opposed to in Italo-Western languages in which short /i/ and /u/ merged with long /eː/ and /o:/ (c.f. Latin 'siccus', Italian 'secco', and Sardinian 'siccu').<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A vowel letter followed by <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> at the end of a word, or a vowel letter followed by <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> before <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span>, represented a short <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>, as in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">monstrum</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mõːstrũ]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical Latin had several <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. The two most common were <span class="nowrap">⟨ae au⟩</span>. The former pronounced like the 'i' in mine, and the latter like the 'ow' in power. <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span> was fairly rare, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ui eu ei⟩</span> were very rare, at least in native Latin words.<sup id="cite_ref-classical_diphthongs_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classical_diphthongs-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has also been debate over whether <span class="nowrap">⟨ui⟩</span> is truly a diphthong in Classical Latin, due to its rarity, absence in works of Roman grammarians, and the roots of Classical Latin words (i.e. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hui ce</i></span> to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">huic</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quoi</i></span> to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cui</i></span>, etc.) not matching or being similar to the pronunciation of classical words if <span class="nowrap">⟨ui⟩</span> were to be considered a diphthong.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sequences sometimes did not represent diphthongs. <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span> also represented a sequence of two vowels in different syllables in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aēnus</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˈeː.nʊs]</span> "bronze" and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">coēpit</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɔˈeː.pɪt]</span> "began", and <span class="nowrap">⟨au ui eu ei ou⟩</span> represented sequences of two vowels or of a vowel and one of the semivowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j<span class="wrap"> </span>w/</span>, in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cavē</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈka.weː]</span> "beware!", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cuius</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkʊj.jʊs]</span> "whose", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">monuī</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɔn.ʊ.iː]</span> "I warned", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">solvī</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsɔɫ.wiː]</span> "I released", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dēlēvī</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[deːˈleː.wiː]</span> "I destroyed", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">eius</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɛj.jʊs]</span> "his", and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">novus</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈnɔ.wʊs]</span> "new". </p><p>Old Latin had more diphthongs, but most of them changed into long vowels in Classical Latin. The Old Latin diphthong <span class="nowrap">⟨ai⟩</span> and the sequence <span class="nowrap">⟨āī⟩</span> became Classical <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span>. Old Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨oi⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ou⟩</span> changed to Classical <span class="nowrap">⟨ū⟩</span>, except in a few words whose <span class="nowrap">⟨oi⟩</span> became Classical <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span>. These two developments sometimes occurred in different words from the same root: for instance, Classical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">poena</i></span> "punishment" and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pūnīre</i></span> "to punish".<sup id="cite_ref-classical_diphthongs_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classical_diphthongs-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Old Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨ei⟩</span> usually monophthongized to a later Old Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨ē⟩</span>, to Classical <span class="nowrap">⟨ī⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late Roman Empire, <span class="nowrap">⟨ae oe⟩</span> had merged with <span class="nowrap">⟨e ē⟩</span>. During the Classical period this sound change was present in some rural dialects, but deliberately avoided by well-educated speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-classical_diphthongs_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classical_diphthongs-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Diphthongs classified by beginning sound </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Front</th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td></td> <td>ui <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui̯/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td>ei <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei̯/</span><br />eu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eu̯/</span></td> <td>oe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oe̯/</span><br />ou <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou̯/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td colspan="2">ae <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ae̯/</span><br />au <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au̯/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllables">Syllables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">Syllables</a> in Latin are signified by the presence of diphthongs and <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. The number of syllables is the same as the number of vowel sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, if a consonant separates two vowels, it will go into the syllable of the second vowel. When there are two consonants between vowels, the last consonant will go with the second vowel. An exception occurs when a <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic</a> stop and liquid come together. In this situation, they are thought to be a single consonant, and as such, they will go into the syllable of the second vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Length">Length</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syllables in Latin are considered either <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight#Basic_definitions" title="Syllable weight">long or short</a> (less often called "heavy" and "light" respectively). Within a word, a syllable may either be long by nature or long by position.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A syllable is long by nature if it has a diphthong or a long vowel. On the other hand, a syllable is long by position if the vowel is followed by more than one consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress">Stress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two rules that define which syllable is <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> in Classical Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>In a word with only two syllables, the emphasis will be on the first syllable.</li> <li>In a word with more than two syllables, there are two cases. <ul><li>If the second-to-last syllable is long, that syllable will have stress.</li> <li>If the second-to-last syllable is not long, the syllable before that one will be stressed instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duenos_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/220px-Duenos_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/330px-Duenos_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/440px-Duenos_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Duenos_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Duenos Inscription">Duenos Inscription</a>, from the 6th century BC, is one of the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> texts. It was found on the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal Hill</a> in Rome.</figcaption></figure> <p>Latin was written in the Latin alphabet (<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a>, <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>, <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>), derived from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>, which was in turn drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This alphabet has continued to be used over the centuries as the script for the Romance, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, Finnic and many Slavic languages (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>); and it has been adopted by many languages around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, and most languages in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, the Americas and Oceania, making it by far the world's single most widely used writing system. </p><p>The number of letters in the Latin alphabet has varied. When it was first derived from the Etruscan alphabet, it contained only 21 letters.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <i>G</i> was added to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, which had previously been spelled <i>C</i>, and <i>Z</i> ceased to be included in the alphabet, as the language then had no <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">voiced alveolar fricative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D538_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D538-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters K, <i>Y,</i> and <i>Z</i> were later added to represent Greek letters <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">zeta</a> respectively, in Greek loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-D538_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D538-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>W</i> was created in the 11th century from <i>VV</i> in some areas and uu in others. It represented <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> in Germanic languages, not Latin, which still uses <i>V</i> for the purpose. <i>J</i> was distinguished from the original <i>I</i> only during the late Middle Ages, as was the letter <i>U</i> from <i>V</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-D538_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D538-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some Latin dictionaries use <i>J</i>, it is rarely used for Latin text, as it was not used in classical times, but many other languages use it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical Latin did not contain sentence <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, letter case,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Interword_spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Interword spacing">interword spacing</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apices</a> were sometimes used to distinguish length in vowels and the <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> was used at times to separate words. </p><p>The first line of <a href="/wiki/Catullus_3" title="Catullus 3">Catullus 3</a> ("Mourn, O <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupids</a>") was originally written as: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>simply </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">lv́géteóveneréscupidinésqve</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>with <a href="/wiki/Long_I" title="Long I">long I</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">lv́géteóveneréscupIdinésqve</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>with interpunct </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">lv́géte·ó·venerés·cupidinésqve</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It would be rendered in a modern edition as: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>simply </th> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>with macrons </th> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lūgēte, ō Venerēs Cupīdinēsque</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>with apices </th> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lúgéte, ó Venerés Cupídinésque</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hocgracili.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/290px-Hocgracili.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/435px-Hocgracili.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/580px-Hocgracili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>A modern Latin text written in the Old Roman Cursive inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda tablets</a>, the oldest surviving handwritten documents in Britain. The word <i>Romani</i> ('Romans') is at bottom left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a> script is commonly found on the many <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">wax tablets</a> excavated at sites such as forts, an especially extensive set having been discovered at Vindolanda on <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>. Most notable is the fact that while most of the <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda tablets</a> show spaces between words, spaces were avoided in monumental inscriptions from that era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_scripts">Alternative scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Alternative scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally, Latin has been written in other scripts: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Praeneste_fibula" title="Praeneste fibula">Praeneste fibula</a> is a 7th-century BC pin with an Old Latin inscription written using the Etruscan script.</li> <li>The rear panel of the early 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a> has an inscription that switches from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon runes</a> to Latin in Latin script and to Latin in runes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_syntax" title="Latin syntax">Latin syntax</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iohannesviditpuellam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An educational diagram displaying the syntax of the Latin sentence 'Iohannes vidit illam puellam' with nodes representing John, sees, and girl, aiding in understanding language structure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iohannesviditpuellam.jpg/220px-Iohannesviditpuellam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iohannesviditpuellam.jpg/330px-Iohannesviditpuellam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iohannesviditpuellam.jpg/440px-Iohannesviditpuellam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Syntactical structure of the Latin sentence 'Iohannes vidit illam puellam' meaning 'John sees the girl'</figcaption></figure> <p>Latin is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> in the terminology of linguistic typology. Words involve an objective semantic element and markers (usually suffixes) specifying the grammatical use of the word, expressing <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a></i>) and verbs to denote <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a></i>). Some words are uninflected and undergo neither process, such as adverbs, prepositions, and interjections. </p><p>Latin inflection can result in words with much ambiguity: For example, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amābit</i></span>, "he/she/it will love", is formed from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amā-</i></span>, a future tense morpheme <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-bi-</i></span> and a third person singular morpheme, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-t</i></span>, the last of which <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-t</i></span> does not express masculine, feminine, or neuter gender. A major task in understanding Latin phrases and clauses is to clarify such ambiguities by an analysis of context. <a href="/wiki/Latin_word_order" title="Latin word order">Latin word order</a> is relatively free because inflections disambiguate semantic connections, but different word orders can indicate different nuances of meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin declension</a></div> <p>A regular Latin noun belongs to one of five main declensions, a group of nouns with similar inflected forms. The declensions are identified by the genitive singular form of the noun. </p> <ul><li>The first declension, with a predominant ending letter of <i>a</i>, is signified by the genitive singular ending of <i>-ae</i>.</li> <li>The second declension, with a predominant ending letter of <i>us</i>, is signified by the genitive singular ending of <i>-i</i>.</li> <li>The third declension, with a predominant ending letter of <i>i</i>, is signified by the genitive singular ending of <i>-is</i>.</li> <li>The fourth declension, with a predominant ending letter of <i>u</i>, is signified by the genitive singular ending of <i>-ūs</i>.</li> <li>The fifth declension, with a predominant ending letter of <i>e</i>, is signified by the genitive singular ending of <i>-ei</i>.</li></ul> <p>There are seven Latin noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Latin_word_order" title="Latin word order">word order in Latin</a> is not as important as it is in English, which is less inflected. The general structure and word order of a Latin sentence can therefore vary. The cases are as follows: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> – used when the noun is the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate nominative">predicate nominative</a>. The thing or person acting: the girl ran: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">puella cucurrit,</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cucurrit puella</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object: "the horse of the man", or "the man's horse"; in both instances, the word <i>man</i> would be in the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> when it is translated into Latin. It also indicates the <a href="/wiki/Partitive" title="Partitive">partitive</a>, in which the material is quantified: "a group of people"; "a number of gifts": <i>people</i> and <i>gifts</i> would be in the genitive case. Some nouns are genitive with special verbs and adjectives: The cup is full of wine. (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Poculum plēnum vīnī est.</i></span>) The master of the slave had beaten him. (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dominus servī eum verberāverat.</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, with special verbs, with certain prepositions, and if it is used as agent, reference, or even possessor: The merchant hands the <a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">stola</a> to the woman. (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mercātor fēminae stolam trādit.</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> – used when the noun is the direct object of the subject, as the object of a preposition demonstrating place to which, and sometimes to indicate a duration of time: The man killed the boy. (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Vir puerum necāvit.</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrument</a> or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions, and to indicate a specific place in time.; adverbial: You walked with the boy. (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cum puerō ambulāvistī.</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a> – used when the noun is used in a direct address. The vocative form of a noun is often the same as the nominative, with the exception of second-declension nouns ending in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-us</i></span>. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-us</i></span> becomes an <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-e</i></span> in the vocative singular. If it ends in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ius</i></span> (such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fīlius</i></span>), the ending is just <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ī</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">filī</i></span>), as distinct from the nominative plural (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">filiī</i></span>) in the vocative singular: "Master!" shouted the slave. (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"Domine!" clāmāvit servus.</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> – used to indicate a location (corresponding to the English "in" or "at"). It is far less common than the other six cases of Latin nouns and usually applies to cities and small towns and islands along with a few common nouns, such as the words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">domus</i></span> (house), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humus</i></span> (ground), and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rus</i></span> (country). In the singular of the first and second declensions, its form coincides with the genitive (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Roma</i></span> becomes <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Romae</i></span>, "in Rome"). In the plural of all declensions and the singular of the other declensions, it coincides with the ablative (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Athēnae</i></span> becomes <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Athēnīs</i></span>, "at Athens"). In the fourth-declension word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">domus</i></span>, the locative form, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">domī</i></span> ("at home") differs from the standard form of all other cases.</li></ol> <p>Latin lacks both definite and indefinite <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> so <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">puer currit</i></span> can mean either "the boy is running" or "a boy is running". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension#Adjectives" title="Latin declension">Latin declension § Adjectives</a></div> <p>There are two types of regular Latin adjectives: first- and second-declension and third-declension. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first- and second-declension and third-declension nouns, respectively. Latin adjectives also have <a href="/wiki/Comparative_and_superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative and superlative">comparative and superlative</a> forms. There are also a number of Latin <a href="/wiki/Participles" class="mw-redirect" title="Participles">participles</a>. </p><p>Latin numbers are sometimes declined as adjectives. See <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Numbers">Numbers</a></i> below. </p><p><em>First- and second-declension adjectives</em> are declined like first-declension nouns for the feminine forms and like second-declension nouns for the masculine and neuter forms. For example, for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mortuus, mortua, mortuum</i></span> (dead), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mortua</i></span> is declined like a regular first-declension noun (such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">puella</i></span> (girl)), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mortuus</i></span> is declined like a regular second-declension masculine noun (such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dominus</i></span> (lord, master)), and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mortuum</i></span> is declined like a regular second-declension neuter noun (such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">auxilium</i></span> (help)). </p><p><em>Third-declension adjectives</em> are mostly declined like normal third-declension nouns, with a few exceptions. In the plural nominative neuter, for example, the ending is <i>-ia</i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">omnia</i></span> (all, everything)), and for third-declension nouns, the plural nominative neuter ending is <i>-a</i> or <i>-ia</i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">capita</i></span> (heads), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">animalia</i></span> (animals)) They can have one, two or three forms for the masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participles">Participles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Participles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latin participles, like English participles, are formed from a verb. There are a few main types of participles: Present Active Participles, Perfect Passive Participles, Future Active Participles, and Future Passive Participles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Prepositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latin sometimes uses prepositions, depending on the type of prepositional phrase being used. Most prepositions are followed by a noun in either the accusative or ablative case: "apud puerum" (with the boy), with "puerum" being the accusative form of "puer", boy, and "sine puero" (without the boy), "puero" being the ablative form of "puer". A few <a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">adpositions</a>, however, govern a noun in the genitive (such as "gratia" and "tenus"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_conjugation" title="Latin conjugation">Latin conjugation</a></div> <p>A regular verb in Latin belongs to one of four main <a href="/wiki/Latin_conjugation" title="Latin conjugation">conjugations</a>. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem. The present stem can be found by omitting the -<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">re</i></span> (-<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rī</i></span> in deponent verbs) ending from the present infinitive form. The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ā-re</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ā-ri</i></span> (active and passive respectively): <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amāre</i></span>, "to love", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hortārī</i></span>, "to exhort"; of the second conjugation by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ē-re</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ē-rī</i></span>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">monēre</i></span>, "to warn", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">verērī</i></span>, "to fear;" of the third conjugation by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ere</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ī</i></span>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dūcere</i></span>, "to lead", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ūtī</i></span>, "to use"; of the fourth by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ī-re</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ī-rī</i></span>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">audīre</i></span>, "to hear", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">experīrī</i></span>, "to attempt".<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_2011_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stem categories descend from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> and can therefore be compared to similar conjugations in other Indo-European languages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a> are verbs that do not follow the regular conjugations in the formation of the inflected form. Irregular verbs in Latin are <i>esse</i>, "to be"; <i>velle</i>, "to want"; <i>ferre</i>, "to carry"; <i>edere</i>, "to eat"; <i>dare</i>, "to give"; <i>ire</i>, "to go"; <i>posse</i>, "to be able"; <i>fieri</i>, "to happen"; and their compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelock_2011_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelock_2011-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are six simple <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> in Latin (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect), three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a> (indicative, imperative and subjunctive, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">gerundive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">supine</a>), three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a> (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and plural), two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voices</a> (active and passive) and two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perfective_and_imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective and imperfective">perfective and imperfective</a>). Verbs are described by four principal parts: </p> <ol><li>The first principal part is the first-person singular, present tense, active voice, indicative mood form of the verb. If the verb is impersonal, the first principal part will be in the third-person singular.</li> <li>The second principal part is the present active infinitive.</li> <li>The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative form. Like the first principal part, if the verb is impersonal, the third principal part will be in the third-person singular.</li> <li>The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the nominative singular of the perfect passive participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all three genders (-<i>us </i>for masculine, -<i>a</i> for feminine and -<i>um</i> for neuter) in the nominative singular. The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb cannot be made passive. Most modern Latin dictionaries, if they show only one gender, tend to show the masculine; but many older dictionaries instead show the neuter, as it coincides with the supine. The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs, but strictly in Latin, they can be made passive if they are used impersonally, and the supine exists for such verbs.</li></ol> <p>The six simple <a href="/wiki/Latin_tenses_(semantics)" title="Latin tenses (semantics)">tenses of Latin</a> are divided into two systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future forms, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect forms. Each simple tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (<i>I, we</i>) and second (<i>you</i>) persons except for emphasis. </p><p>The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Tense</th> <th colspan="3">Singular</th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st Person</th> <th>2nd Person</th> <th>3rd Person</th> <th>1st Person</th> <th>2nd Person</th> <th>3rd Person </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td>-ō/m</td> <td>-s</td> <td>-t</td> <td>-mus</td> <td>-tis</td> <td>-nt </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td>-bō, -am</td> <td>-bis, -ēs</td> <td>-bit, -et</td> <td>-bimus, -ēmus</td> <td>-bitis, -ētis </td> <td>-bunt, -ent </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperfect </th> <td>-bam</td> <td>-bās</td> <td>-bat</td> <td>-bāmus</td> <td>-bātis</td> <td>-bant </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perfect </th> <td>-ī</td> <td>-istī</td> <td>-it</td> <td>-imus</td> <td>-istis</td> <td>-ērunt </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future Perfect </th> <td>-erō</td> <td>-eris/erīs</td> <td>-erit</td> <td>-erimus/-erīmus</td> <td>-eritis/-erītis</td> <td>-erint </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pluperfect </th> <td>-eram</td> <td>-erās</td> <td>-erat</td> <td>-erāmus</td> <td>-erātis</td> <td>-erant </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deponent_verbs">Deponent verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Deponent verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Latin verbs are <a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">deponent</a>, causing their forms to be in the passive voice but retain an active meaning: <i>hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum</i> (to urge). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is likewise Italic, ultimately from the ancestral <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>. However, because of close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet to form the Latin alphabet but also borrowed some <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> words into their language, including <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">persona</i></span> "mask" and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">histrio</i></span> "actor".<sup id="cite_ref-H&S13_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&S13-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin also included vocabulary borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a>, another Italic language. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taranto" title="History of Taranto">Fall of Tarentum</a> (272 BC), the Romans began Hellenising, or adopting features of Greek culture, including the borrowing of Greek words, such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">camera</i></span> (vaulted roof), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sumbolum</i></span> (symbol), and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">balineum</i></span> (bath).<sup id="cite_ref-H&S13_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&S13-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Hellenisation led to the addition of "Y" and "Z" to the alphabet to represent Greek sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Romans transplanted <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a>, medicine, science and philosophy to Italy, paying almost any price to entice Greek skilled and educated persons to Rome and sending their youth to be educated in Greece. Thus, many Latin scientific and philosophical words were Greek loanwords or had their meanings expanded by association with Greek words, as <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">ars</i></span> (craft) and τέχνη (art).<sup id="cite_ref-H&S14_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&S14-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the Roman Empire's expansion and subsequent trade with outlying European tribes, the Romans borrowed some northern and central European words, such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">beber</i></span> (beaver), of Germanic origin, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bracae</i></span> (breeches), of Celtic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-H&S14_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&S14-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific dialects of Latin across Latin-speaking regions of the former Roman Empire after its fall were influenced by languages specific to the regions. The dialects of Latin evolved into different Romance languages. </p><p>During and after the adoption of Christianity into Roman society, Christian vocabulary became a part of the language, either from Greek or Hebrew borrowings or as Latin neologisms.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing into the Middle Ages, Latin incorporated many more words from surrounding languages, including <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. </p><p>Over the ages, Latin-speaking populations produced new adjectives, nouns, and verbs by <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a> meaningful <a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" title="Segment (linguistics)">segments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the compound adjective, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">omnipotens</i></span>, "all-powerful", was produced from the adjectives <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">omnis</i></span>, "all", and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">potens</i></span>, "powerful", by dropping the final <i>s</i> of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">omnis</i></span> and concatenating. Often, the concatenation changed the part of speech, and nouns were produced from verb segments or verbs from nouns and adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers">Numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Latin" title="Special:EditPage/Latin">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Latin_numerals_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin numerals (linguistics)">Latin numerals (linguistics)</a></div> <p>In ancient times, numbers in Latin were written only with letters. Today, the numbers can be written with the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numbers</a> as well as with <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>. The numbers 1, 2 and 3 and every whole hundred from 200 to 900 are declined as nouns and adjectives, with some differences. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ūnus, ūna, ūnum</i></span> (masculine, feminine, neuter) </td> <td>I </td> <td>one </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">duo, duae, duo</i></span> (m., f., n.) </td> <td>II </td> <td>two </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">trēs, tria</i></span> (m./f., n.) </td> <td>III </td> <td>three </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quattuor</i></span> </td> <td>IIII <small>or</small> IV </td> <td>four </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quīnque</i></span> </td> <td>V </td> <td>five </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sex</i></span> </td> <td>VI </td> <td>six </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">septem</i></span> </td> <td>VII </td> <td>seven </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">octō</i></span> </td> <td>IIX <small>or</small> VIII </td> <td>eight </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">novem</i></span> </td> <td>VIIII <small>or</small> IX </td> <td>nine </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">decem</i></span> </td> <td>X </td> <td>ten </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quīnquāgintā</i></span> </td> <td>L </td> <td>fifty </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">centum</i></span> </td> <td>C </td> <td>one hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quīngentī, quīngentae, quīngenta</i></span> (m., f., n.) </td> <td>D </td> <td>five hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mīlle</i></span> </td> <td>M </td> <td>one thousand </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The numbers from 4 to 100 do not change their endings. As in modern descendants such as Spanish, the gender for naming a number in isolation is masculine, so that "1, 2, 3" is counted as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ūnus, duo, trēs</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i></span>, also called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Bello Gallico</i></span> (<i>The Gallic War</i>), written by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>, begins with the following passage: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum; vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.</p></blockquote> <p>The same text may be marked for all long vowels (before any possible elisions at word boundary) with <a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apices</a> over vowel letters, including customarily before "nf" and "ns" where a long vowel is automatically produced: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gallia est omnis dívísa in partés trés, quárum únam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquítání, tertiam quí ipsórum linguá Celtae, nostrá Gallí appellantur. Hí omnés linguá, ínstitútís, légibus inter sé differunt. Gallós ab Aquítánís Garumna flúmen, á Belgís Mátrona et Séquana dívidit. Hórum omnium fortissimí sunt Belgae, proptereá quod á cultú atque húmánitáte próvinciae longissimé absunt, miniméque ad eós mercátórés saepe commeant atque ea quae ad efféminandós animós pertinent important, proximíque sunt Germánís, quí tráns Rhénum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Quá dé causá Helvétií quoque reliquós Gallós virtúte praecédunt, quod feré cotídiánís proeliís cum Germánís contendunt, cum aut suís fínibus eós prohibent aut ipsí in eórum fínibus bellum gerunt. Eórum úna pars, quam Gallós obtinére dictum est, initium capit á flúmine Rhodanó, continétur Garumná flúmine, Óceanó, fínibus Belgárum; attingit etiam ab Séquanís et Helvétiís flúmen Rhénum; vergit ad septentriónés. Belgae ab extrémís Galliae fínibus oriuntur; pertinent ad ínferiórem partem flúminis Rhéní; spectant in septentriónem et orientem sólem. Aquítánia á Garumná flúmine ad Pýrénaeós montés et eam partem Óceaní quae est ad Hispániam pertinet; spectat inter occásum sólis et septentriónés.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Vivarium_Novum" title="Accademia Vivarium Novum">Accademia Vivarium Novum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Latin" title="Botanical Latin">Botanical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">Classical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek and Latin roots in English">Greek and Latin roots in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">Hybrid word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Roman_Law_Moot_Court" title="International Roman Law Moot Court">International Roman Law Moot Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_mnemonics" title="Latin mnemonics">Latin mnemonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_obscenity" title="Latin obscenity">Latin obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_school" title="Latin school">Latin school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a> (Latin without Inflections)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">List of Greek and Latin roots in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_abbreviations" title="List of Latin abbreviations">List of Latin abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names" title="List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names">List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases" title="List of Latin phrases">List of Latin phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_translations_of_modern_literature" title="List of Latin translations of modern literature">List of Latin translations of modern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_words_with_English_derivatives" title="List of Latin words with English derivatives">List of Latin words with English derivatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latinised_names" title="List of Latinised names">List of Latinised names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization (cultural)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSandys1910" class="citation book cs1">Sandys, John Edwin (1910). <i>A companion to Latin studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 811–812.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Latin+studies&rft.pages=811-812&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Sandys&rft.aufirst=John+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1900">Clark 1900</a>, pp. 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/question/Why-is-Latin-a-dead-language">"Why is Latin a dead language? | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Why+is+Latin+a+dead+language%3F+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fquestion%2FWhy-is-Latin-a-dead-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Archaic Latin". <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaic+Latin&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%3A+Fourth+Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiringer1996">Diringer 1996</a>, pp. 533–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9xLAQAAMAAJ"><i>Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index</i></a>. Collier. 1 January 1958. p. 412. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421225204/https://books.google.com/books?id=H9xLAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>In Italy, all alphabets were originally written from right to left; the oldest Latin inscription, which appears on the lapis niger of the seventh century BC, is in boustrophedon, but all other early Latin inscriptions run from right to left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia%3A+With+Bibliography+and+Index&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Collier&rft.date=1958-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9xLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2003" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagevisibleu00sack/page/80"><i>Language Visible: Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z</i></a>. London: Broadway Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagevisibleu00sack/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1172-6"><bdi>978-0-7679-1172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Visible%3A+Unraveling+the+Mystery+of+the+Alphabet+from+A+to+Z&rft.place=London&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1172-6&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagevisibleu00sack%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Mildred Pope">Pope, Mildred K</a> (1966). <i>From Latin to modern French with especial consideration of Anglo-Norman; phonology and morphology</i>. Publications of the University of Manchester, no. 229. French series, no. 6. Manchester: Manchester university press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Latin+to+modern+French+with+especial+consideration+of+Anglo-Norman%3B+phonology+and+morphology&rft.place=Manchester&rft.series=Publications+of+the+University+of+Manchester%2C+no.+229.+French+series%2C+no.+6&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Manchester+university+press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Mildred+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe1902" class="citation book cs1">Monroe, Paul (1902). <i>Source book of the history of education for the Greek and Roman period</i>. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan & Co.">Macmillan & Co.</a> pp. 346–352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Source+book+of+the+history+of+education+for+the+Greek+and+Roman+period&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=346-352&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2000">Herman 2000</a>, p. 5 "Comparative scholars, especially in the nineteenth century ... tended to see Vulgar Latin and literary Latin as two very different kinds of language, or even two different languages altogether ... but [this] is now out of date"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2000">Herman 2000</a>, pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2000">Herman 2000</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe">"History of Europe – Barbarian migrations and invasions"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=History+of+Europe+%E2%80%93+Barbarian+migrations+and+invasions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiGaeng1976" class="citation book cs1">Pei, Mario; Gaeng, Paul A. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyoflatinroma0000peim/page/76"><i>The story of Latin and the Romance languages</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyoflatinroma0000peim/page/76">76–81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-013312-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-013312-2"><bdi>978-0-06-013312-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+Latin+and+the+Romance+languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76-81&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-06-013312-2&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Gaeng%2C+Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryoflatinroma0000peim%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulju" class="citation web cs1">Pulju, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/structure/latin.html">"History of Latin"</a>. <i>Rice University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rice+University&rft.atitle=History+of+Latin&rft.aulast=Pulju&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~kemmer%2FWords04%2Fstructure%2Flatin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosnerSala2019" class="citation web cs1">Posner, Rebecca; Sala, Marius (1 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages/Latin-and-the-development-of-the-Romance-languages#ref74713">"Romance Languages"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Romance+Languages&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Sala%2C+Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRomance-languages%2FLatin-and-the-development-of-the-Romance-languages%23ref74713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Introduction, <a href="#CITEREFDeneire2014">Deneire 2014</a>, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thorley13-15-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorley13-15_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorley13-15_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElabani1998" class="citation book cs1">Elabani, Moe (1998). <i>Documents in medieval Latin</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08567-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08567-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08567-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+in+medieval+Latin&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08567-5&rft.aulast=Elabani&rft.aufirst=Moe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISTC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISTC_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html">"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312185857/https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incunabula+Short+Title+Catalogue&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcatalogues%2Fistc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When we talk about "Neo-Latin", we refer to the Latin ... from the time of the early Italian humanist Petrarch (1304–1374) up to the present day" <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Neo-Latin is the term used for the Latin which developed in Renaissance Italy ... Its origins are normally associated with Petrarch" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009191707/http://www.mml.cam.ac.uk/neo-latin">"What is Neo-Latin?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mml.cam.ac.uk/neo-latin">the original</a> on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Neo-Latin%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mml.cam.ac.uk%2Fneo-latin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemo2022">Demo 2022</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Latin Studies</i> in <a href="#CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004">Bergin, Law & Speake 2004</a>, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Criticism, textual</i> in <a href="#CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004">Bergin, Law & Speake 2004</a>, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Neo-Latin literature</i> in <a href="#CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004">Bergin, Law & Speake 2004</a>, pp. 338–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelander2012" class="citation journal cs1">Helander, Hans (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/annuaire-cdf/1783">"The Roles of Latin in Early Modern Europe"</a>. <i>L'Annuaire du Collège de France. Cours et travaux</i>. <b>111</b> (111): 885–887. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fannuaire-cdf.1783">10.4000/annuaire-cdf.1783</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0069-5580">0069-5580</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160298764">160298764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Annuaire+du+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France.+Cours+et+travaux&rft.atitle=The+Roles+of+Latin+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=111&rft.pages=885-887&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160298764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0069-5580&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fannuaire-cdf.1783&rft.aulast=Helander&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fannuaire-cdf%2F1783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laureys, Marc, <i>Political Action</i> in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2007" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Malcolm (28 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1540843/Popes-Latinist-pronounces-death-of-a-language.html">"Pope's Latinist pronounces death of a language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826081734/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1540843/Popes-Latinist-pronounces-death-of-a-language.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pope%27s+Latinist+pronounces+death+of+a+language&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1540843%2FPopes-Latinist-pronounces-death-of-a-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universitychurch.ox.ac.uk/content/university-sermons">"University Sermons"</a>. <i>University Church Oxford</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Church+Oxford&rft.atitle=University+Sermons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitychurch.ox.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Funiversity-sermons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2011/08/e2809cdoes-anybody-know-what-veritas-ise2809d">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Does Anybody Know What 'Veritas' Is?" | Gene Fant"</a>. <i>First Things</i>. August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=%22Does+Anybody+Know+What+%27Veritas%27+Is%3F%22+%7C+Gene+Fant&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fblogs%2Ffirstthoughts%2F2011%2F08%2Fe2809cdoes-anybody-know-what-veritas-ise2809d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/espana/simbolosdelestado/Paginas/index.aspx">"La Moncloa. Símbolos del Estado"</a>. <i>www.lamoncloa.gob.es</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Radio Bremen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/">the original</a> on 18 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latein%3A+Nuntii+Latini+mensis+lunii+2010%3A+Lateinischer+Monats+r%C3%BCckblick&rft.pub=Radio+Bremen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiobremen.de%2Fnachrichten%2Flatein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDymond2006" class="citation news cs1">Dymond, Jonny (24 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6079852.stm">"Finland makes Latin the King"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103171037/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6079852.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=Finland+makes+Latin+the+King&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.aulast=Dymond&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F6079852.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/">"Nuntii Latini"</a> (in Latin). YLE Radio 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718065851/https://www.yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuntii+Latini&rft.pub=YLE+Radio+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yle.fi%2Fradio1%2Ftiede%2Fnuntii_latini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114430/https://www.circuluslatinuslondiniensis.co.uk/in-english/">"About us (English)"</a>. <i>Circulus Latínus Londiniénsis</i> (in Latin). 13 September 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Circulus+Lat%C3%ADnus+Londini%C3%A9nsis&rft.atitle=About+us+%28English%29&rft.date=2015-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.circuluslatinuslondiniensis.co.uk%2Fin-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordlatinitas.org/2020/12/01/active-latin-at-jesus-college/">"Active Latin at Jesus College – Oxford Latinitas Project"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Active+Latin+at+Jesus+College+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Latinitas+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordlatinitas.org%2F2020%2F12%2F01%2Factive-latin-at-jesus-college%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcl.as.uky.edu/latin-institute">"Graduate Certificate in Latin Studies – Institute for Latin Studies | Modern & Classical Languages, Literatures & Cultures"</a>. <i>mcl.as.uky.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mcl.as.uky.edu&rft.atitle=Graduate+Certificate+in+Latin+Studies+%E2%80%93+Institute+for+Latin+Studies+%7C+Modern+%26+Classical+Languages%2C+Literatures+%26+Cultures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcl.as.uky.edu%2Flatin-institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawicka-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawicka_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irena_Natalia_Sawicka" title="Irena Natalia Sawicka">Sawicka, Irena</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2013.006/117">"A Crossroad Between West, East and Orient–The Case of Albanian Culture."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927124146/https://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2013.006/117">Archived</a> 27 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Colloquia Humanistica. No. 2. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2013. Page 97: "Even according to Albanian linguists, Albanian vocabulary is composed in 60 percent of Latin words from different periods... When albanological studies were just emerging, it happened that Albanian was classified as a Romance language. Already there exists the idea of a common origin of both Albanian and Rumanian languages. The Rumanian grammar is almost identical to that of Albanian, but it may be as well the effect of later convergence within the Balkan Sprachbund.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ezglot.com/etymologies.php?l2=lat">"List of words of Latin origin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+words+of+Latin+origin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezglot.com%2Fetymologies.php%3Fl2%3Dlat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkenstaedtDieter_Wolff1973" class="citation book cs1">Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). <i>Ordered Profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon</i>. C. Winter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-533-02253-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-533-02253-4"><bdi>978-3-533-02253-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordered+Profusion%3B+studies+in+dictionaries+and+the+English+lexicon&rft.pub=C.+Winter&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-3-533-02253-4&rft.aulast=Finkenstaedt&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Dieter+Wolff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uwe Pörksen, German Academy for Language and Literature's Jahrbuch [Yearbook] 2007 (Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 121–130)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walter-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walter_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/475024/Van_der_Sijs_Loanwords_in_the_World's_Languages.pdf"><i>Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Walter de Gruyter. 2009. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HnKeVbwTwyYC&pg=PA370">370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326062334/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/475024/Van_der_Sijs_Loanwords_in_the_World%27s_Languages.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.knaw.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F475024%2FVan_der_Sijs_Loanwords_in_the_World%27s_Languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Pei, Mario</a> (1949). <i>Story of Language</i>. Lippincott. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00400-3"><bdi>978-0-397-00400-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Language&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-0-397-00400-3&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of the eighty-nine men who signed the Declaration of Independence and attended the Constitutional Convention, thirty-six went to a Colonial college, all of which offered only the classical curriculum. Richard M. Gummere, The American Colonial Mind and the Classical Tradition, p.66 (1963).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer Reinhold, Classica Americana: The Greek and Roman Heritage in the United States, p.27 (1984). Harvard's curriculum was patterned after those of Oxford and Cambridge, and the curricula of other Colonial colleges followed Harvard's. Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783, pp. 128–129 (1970), and Frederick Rudolph, Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636, pp.31–32 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id. at 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFleur2011" class="citation web cs1">LaFleur, Richard A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wheelockslatin.com/">"The Official Wheelock's Latin Series Website"</a>. The Official Wheelock's Latin Series Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208122304/https://www.wheelockslatin.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Wheelock%27s+Latin+Series+Website&rft.pub=The+Official+Wheelock%27s+Latin+Series+Website&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=LaFleur&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheelockslatin.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolcock2023" class="citation news cs1">Woolcock, Nicola (29 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/latin-language-lessons-uk-primary-schools-2023-wrqrtfj0s">"Latin is now fourth most-taught language in primary schools"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Latin+is+now+fourth+most-taught+language+in+primary+schools&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft.aulast=Woolcock&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flatin-language-lessons-uk-primary-schools-2023-wrqrtfj0s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitenbach2023" class="citation news cs1">Breitenbach, Dagmar (27 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/why-latin-should-not-become-extinct-in-school/a-66373904">"Why Latin should not become extinct in school"</a>. Deutsche Welle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Latin+should+not+become+extinct+in+school&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft.aulast=Breitenbach&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwhy-latin-should-not-become-extinct-in-school%2Fa-66373904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgescp.com/">"University of Cambridge School Classics Project – Latin Course"</a>. Cambridgescp.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Cambridge+School+Classics+Project+%E2%80%93+Latin+Course&rft.pub=Cambridgescp.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgescp.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.open.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/course/a297.htm">"Open University Undergraduate Course – Reading classical Latin"</a>. .open.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427094907/https://www3.open.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/course/A297.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+University+Undergraduate+Course+%E2%80%93+Reading+classical+Latin&rft.pub=.open.ac.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.open.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Fundergraduate%2Fcourse%2Fa297.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelatinprogramme.co.uk/">"The Latin Programme – Via Facilis"</a>. Thelatinprogramme.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429163517/https://www.thelatinprogramme.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Programme+%E2%80%93+Via+Facilis&rft.pub=Thelatinprogramme.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinprogramme.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesonline_train_the_brain-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timesonline_train_the_brain_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard,_Mary2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, Mary</a> (10 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114185439/https://timesonline.typepad.com/dons_life/2006/07/does_latin_trai.html">"Does Latin "train the brain"?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesonline.typepad.com/dons_life/2006/07/does_latin_trai.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2012. <q>No, you learn Latin because of what was written in it – and because of the sexual side of life direct access that Latin gives you to a literary tradition that lies at the very heart (not just at the root) of Western culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+Literary+Supplement&rft.atitle=Does+Latin+%22train+the+brain%22%3F&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft.au=Beard%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesonline.typepad.com%2Fdons_life%2F2006%2F07%2Fdoes_latin_trai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZemplényi2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Zemplényi, Lili (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/the-day-of-the-hungarian-language/">"The Day of the Hungarian Language"</a>. <i>Hungarian Conservative</i>. Budapest: BL Nonprofit Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Conservative&rft.atitle=The+Day+of+the+Hungarian+Language&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.aulast=Zempl%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Lili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fculture_society%2Fthe-day-of-the-hungarian-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatian-declared-official-language-174-years-ago/">"Croatian declared official language 174 years ago"</a>. <i>Croatia Week</i>. 23 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Croatia+Week&rft.atitle=Croatian+declared+official+language+174+years+ago&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.croatiaweek.com%2Fcroatian-declared-official-language-174-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116041640/https://www.hnb.hr/en/currency/coins">"Coins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a></i>. 30 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hnb.hr/en/currency/coins">the original</a> on 16 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Croatian+National+Bank&rft.atitle=Coins&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnb.hr%2Fen%2Fcurrency%2Fcoins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Who only knows Latin can go across the whole Poland from one side to the other one just like he was at his own home, just like he was born there. So great happiness! I wish a traveler in England could travel without knowing any other language than Latin!, Daniel Defoe, 1728</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence, Yale University Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06078-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06078-5">0-300-06078-5</a>, Google Print, p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin O'Connor, Culture And Customs of the Baltic States, Greenwood Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33125-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33125-1">0-313-33125-1</a>, Google Print, p.115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedrich-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Friedrich et al., <i>The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58335-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58335-7">0-521-58335-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsBco40rMPcC&dq=Latin+language+szlachta&pg=PA88">Google Print, p.88</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915150106/https://books.google.com/books?id=qsBco40rMPcC&pg=PA88&dq=Latin+language+szlachta&as_brr=3&ei=J44rR5_XFZXC7AK4xeGVBQ&sig=3ecP0DjPuCLnTaEdVI76Ck8xSE8">Archived</a> 15 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1978">Allen 1978</a>, pp. viii–ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSihler1995" class="citation book cs1">Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeHmqKY2BqoC"><i>New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508345-3"><bdi>978-0-19-508345-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109231225/https://books.google.com/books?id=IeHmqKY2BqoC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Comparative+Grammar+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508345-3&rft.aulast=Sihler&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIeHmqKY2BqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy1973">Levy 1973</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_Z-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_Z_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1978">Allen 1978</a>, pp. 45, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheelock_7th_ed.-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_7th_ed._66-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelock,_Frederic_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Wheelock, Frederic M. (7 June 2011). <i>Wheelock's Latin</i>. LaFleur, Richard A. (7th ed.). New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199721-1"><bdi>978-0-06-199721-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670475844">670475844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheelock%27s+Latin&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F670475844&rft.isbn=978-0-06-199721-1&rft.au=Wheelock%2C+Frederic+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSihler2008">Sihler 2008</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1978">Allen 1978</a>, pp. 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalabrese2003" class="citation web cs1">Calabrese, Andrea (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113002933/http://homepages.uconn.edu/~anc02008/Papers/On%20the%20evolution%20of%20short%20high%20vowels%20of%20Latin%20into%20Romance.pdf">"On the Evolution of Short High Vowels of Latin into Romance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Connecticut</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.uconn.edu/~anc02008/Papers/On%20the%20evolution%20of%20short%20high%20vowels%20of%20Latin%20into%20Romance.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Connecticut&rft.atitle=On+the+Evolution+of+Short+High+Vowels+of+Latin+into+Romance&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Calabrese&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.uconn.edu%2F~anc02008%2FPapers%2FOn%2520the%2520evolution%2520of%2520short%2520high%2520vowels%2520of%2520Latin%2520into%2520Romance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classical_diphthongs-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-classical_diphthongs_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classical_diphthongs_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classical_diphthongs_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1978">Allen 1978</a>, pp. 60–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusband1910" class="citation journal cs1">Husband, Richard (1910). "The Diphthong -ui in Latin". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>41</b>: 19–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282713">10.2307/282713</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9711">0065-9711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/282713">282713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Diphthong+-ui+in+Latin&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=19-23&rft.date=1910&rft.issn=0065-9711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F282713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F282713&rft.aulast=Husband&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1978">Allen 1978</a>, pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiringer1996">Diringer 1996</a>, pp. 451, 493, 530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiringer1996">Diringer 1996</a>, p. 536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D538-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D538_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D538_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D538_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiringer1996">Diringer 1996</a>, p. 538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiringer1996">Diringer 1996</a>, p. 540</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Conjugation". <i>Webster's II new college dictionary</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conjugation&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+II+new+college+dictionary&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheelock_2011-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_2011_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelock_2011_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelock2011" class="citation book cs1">Wheelock, Frederic M. (2011). <i>Wheelock's Latin</i> (7th ed.). New York: CollinsReference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheelock%27s+Latin&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=CollinsReference&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wheelock&rft.aufirst=Frederic+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H&S13-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H&S13_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&S13_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmesSchultz1938">Holmes & Schultz 1938</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2003" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagevisibleu00sack/page/351"><i>Language Visible: Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z</i></a>. London: Broadway Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagevisibleu00sack/page/351">351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1172-6"><bdi>978-0-7679-1172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Visible%3A+Unraveling+the+Mystery+of+the+Alphabet+from+A+to+Z&rft.place=London&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1172-6&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagevisibleu00sack%2Fpage%2F351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H&S14-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H&S14_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&S14_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmesSchultz1938">Holmes & Schultz 1938</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Norberg, Dag (2004) [1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084225/http://homepages.wmich.edu/~johnsorh/MedievalLatin/Norberg/NORBINTR.html">"Latin at the End of the Imperial Age"</a>. <i>Manuel pratique de latin médiéval</i>. Translated by Johnson, Rand H. University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.wmich.edu/~johnsorh/MedievalLatin/Norberg/NORBINTR.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latin+at+the+End+of+the+Imperial+Age&rft.btitle=Manuel+pratique+de+latin+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Norberg&rft.aufirst=Dag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.wmich.edu%2F~johnsorh%2FMedievalLatin%2FNorberg%2FNORBINTR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenks1911">Jenks 1911</a>, pp. 3, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenks1911">Jenks 1911</a>, pp. 35, 40</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1978" class="citation book cs1">Allen, William Sidney (1978) [1965]. <i>Vox Latina – a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22049-1"><bdi>978-0-521-22049-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4483781M">4483781M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vox+Latina+%E2%80%93+a+Guide+to+the+Pronunciation+of+Classical+Latin&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4483781M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22049-1&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004" class="citation book cs1">Bergin, Thomas G; Law, Jonathan; Speake, Jennifer, eds. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and Reformation</i>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816054517" title="Special:BookSources/0816054517"><bdi>0816054517</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3681138M">3681138M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Renaissance+and+Reformation&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3681138M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0816054517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1900" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Victor Selden (1900). <i>Studies in the Latin of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</i>. Lancaster: The New Era Printing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Latin+of+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pub=The+New+Era+Printing+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Victor+Selden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Demo, Šime (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22210%2Fsuvlin.2022.093.01">"A paradox of the linguistic research of Neo–Latin. Symptoms and causes"</a>. <i>Suvremena Lingvistika</i>. <b>48</b> (93). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22210%2Fsuvlin.2022.093.01">10.22210/suvlin.2022.093.01</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251119298">251119298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Suvremena+Lingvistika&rft.atitle=A+paradox+of+the+linguistic+research+of+Neo%E2%80%93Latin.+Symptoms+and+causes&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=93&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22210%2Fsuvlin.2022.093.01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251119298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Demo&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0ime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22210%252Fsuvlin.2022.093.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeneire2014" class="citation book cs1">Deneire, Thomas, ed. (2014). <i>Dynamics of Neo-Latin and the Vernacular: Language and Poetics, Translation and Transfer</i>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004269071" title="Special:BookSources/9789004269071"><bdi>9789004269071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Neo-Latin+and+the+Vernacular%3A+Language+and+Poetics%2C+Translation+and+Transfer&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004269071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiringer1996" class="citation book cs1">Diringer, David (1996) [1947]. <i>The Alphabet – A Key to the History of Mankind</i>. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0748-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0748-6"><bdi>978-81-215-0748-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alphabet+%E2%80%93+A+Key+to+the+History+of+Mankind&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Private+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0748-6&rft.aulast=Diringer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2000" class="citation book cs1">Herman, József (2000). <i>Vulgar Latin</i>. Translated by Wright, Roger. University Park, PA: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02000-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02000-6"><bdi>978-0-271-02000-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vulgar+Latin&rft.place=University+Park%2C+PA&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02000-6&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesSchultz1938" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Urban Tigner; Schultz, Alexander Herman (1938). <i>A History of the French Language</i>. New York: Biblo-Moser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0191-9"><bdi>978-0-8196-0191-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+French+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Biblo-Moser&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-0191-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Urban+Tigner&rft.au=Schultz%2C+Alexander+Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightTilg2015" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Sarah; Tilg, Stefan, eds. (2015). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190886998" title="Special:BookSources/9780190886998"><bdi>9780190886998</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28648475M">28648475M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Neo-Latin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28648475M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780190886998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1973" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Harry Louis (1973). <i>A Latin reader for colleges</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-47602-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-47602-2"><bdi>0-226-47602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Latin+reader+for+colleges&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-226-47602-2&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Harry+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenks1911" class="citation book cs1">Jenks, Paul Rockwell (1911). <i>A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools</i>. New York: D.C. Heath & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Latin+Word+Formation+for+Secondary+Schools&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+%26+Co&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Paul+Rockwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSihler2008" class="citation book cs1">Sihler, Andrew L (2008). <i>New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+comparative+grammar+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sihler&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:la:Main Page">Latin edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, the free library</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="la:"> Latin edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Latin_proverbs" class="extiw" title="q:Latin proverbs">Latin proverbs</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Latin">Latin</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Latin" class="extiw" title="v:Latin">Latin</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Latin, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Latin_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Latin language"><i><b>Latin language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Latin language"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Latin language</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_tools">Language tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Language tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?lang=la">"Latin Dictionary Headword Search"</a>. <i>Perseus Hopper</i>. Tufts University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Hopper&rft.atitle=Latin+Dictionary+Headword+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fresolveform%3Flang%3Dla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> Searches Lewis & Short's <i>A Latin Dictionary</i> and Lewis's <i>An Elementary Latin Dictionary</i>. Online results.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.online-latin-dictionary.com">"Online Latin Dictionary with conjugator and declension tool"</a>. Olivetti Media Communication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Latin+Dictionary+with+conjugator+and+declension+tool&rft.pub=Olivetti+Media+Communication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-latin-dictionary.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> Search on line Latin-English and English-Latin dictionary with complete declension or conjugation. Online results.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?lang=la">"Latin Word Study Tool"</a>. <i>Perseus Hopper</i>. Tufts University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Hopper&rft.atitle=Latin+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Flang%3Dla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> Identifies the grammatical functions of words entered. Online results.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAversa" class="citation web cs1">Aversa, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isidore.co/LatinInflector/latin/">"Latin Inflector"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+Inflector&rft.aulast=Aversa&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisidore.co%2FLatinInflector%2Flatin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> Identifies the grammatical functions of all the words in sentences entered, using Perseus.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verbix.com/languages/latin.shtml">"Latin Verb Conjugator"</a>. Verbix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+Verb+Conjugator&rft.pub=Verbix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verbix.com%2Flanguages%2Flatin.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> Displays complete conjugations of verbs entered in first-person present singular form.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518085747/https://stranica.net63.net/verba_latina">"Online Latin Verb Conjugator"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stranica.net63.net/verba_latina">the original</a> on 18 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Latin+Verb+Conjugator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstranica.net63.net%2Fverba_latina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> Displays conjugation of verbs entered in their infinitive form.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker" class="citation web cs1">Whittaker, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618211448/https://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe">"Words"</a>. Notre Dame Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe">the original</a> on 18 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Words&rft.pub=Notre+Dame+Archives&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flysy2.archives.nd.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwords.exe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> Identifies Latin words entered. Translates English words entered.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alpheios.net">"Alpheios"</a>. Alpheios Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alpheios&rft.pub=Alpheios+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falpheios.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> Combines Whittakers Words, Lewis and Short, Bennett's grammar and inflection tables in a browser addon.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDymock1830" class="citation book cs1">Dymock, John (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2sIDAAAAQAAJ"><i>A new abridgment of Ainsworth's Dictionary, English and Latin, for the use of Grammar Schools</i></a> (4th ed.). Glasgow: Hutchison & Brookman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+abridgment+of+Ainsworth%27s+Dictionary%2C+English+and+Latin%2C+for+the+use+of+Grammar+Schools&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hutchison+%26+Brookman&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Dymock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2sIDAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outils.biblissima.fr/en/collatinus-web/index.php">Collatinus web</a>". Online lemmatizer and morphological analysis for Latin texts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courses">Courses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Courses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/courses/english/latin/">Community courses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Memrise" title="Memrise">Memrise</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/latol">Latin Lessons</a> (free online through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523020601/https://www.utexas.edu/cola/lrctr/">Linguistics Research Center</a> at UT Austin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503145706/https://www.learnlangs.com/latin/#Lessons">Free 47-Lesson Online Latin Course</a>, Learnlangs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn101.org/latin.php">Learn Latin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308081320/http://learn101.org/latin.php">Archived</a> 8 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Grammar, vocabulary and audio</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frcoulter.com/latin/links.html">Latin Links and Resources</a>, Compiled by Fr. Gary Coulter</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFder_Millner2007" class="citation web cs1">der Millner, Evan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latinum.org.uk">"Latinum"</a>. <i>Latin Latin Course on YouTube and audiobooks</i>. Molendinarius<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+Latin+Course+on+YouTube+and+audiobooks&rft.atitle=Latinum&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=der+Millner&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatinum.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne1999" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, Carol (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044833/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/simplicissimus.pdf">"Simplicissimus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Latin Mass Society of England and Wales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/simplicissimus.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simplicissimus&rft.pub=The+Latin+Mass+Society+of+England+and+Wales&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.u.arizona.edu%2F~aversa%2Flatin%2Fsimplicissimus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span> (a course in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">ecclesiastical Latin</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Ludus/lud_port.html">Latin course: Ludus Latinus</a> (Bibliotheca Augustana)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/default.htm">Beginners' Latin</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives (United Kingdom)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_and_study">Grammar and study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Grammar and study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2005" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Charles E. (2005) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15665"><i>New Latin Grammar</i></a> (2nd ed.). Project Gutenberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-176-19706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-176-19706-0"><bdi>978-1-176-19706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Latin+Grammar&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-176-19706-0&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F15665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1992" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Robin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studentslatingra00grif"><i>A student's Latin Grammar</i></a> (3rd ed.). University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38587-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38587-9"><bdi>978-0-521-38587-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+student%27s+Latin+Grammar&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38587-9&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudentslatingra00grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannSlocum2008" class="citation web cs1">Lehmann, Winifred P.; Slocum, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/latol">"Latin Online"</a>. The University of Texas at Austin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+Online&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Winifred+P.&rft.au=Slocum%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrc.la.utexas.edu%2Feieol%2Flatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØrberg1991" class="citation book cs1">Ørberg, Hans (1991). <i>LINGVA LATINA PER SE ILLVSTRATA – Pars I FAMILIA ROMANA</i>. Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-997016-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/87-997016-5-0"><bdi>87-997016-5-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LINGVA+LATINA+PER+SE+ILLVSTRATA+%E2%80%93+Pars+I+FAMILIA+ROMANA&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=87-997016-5-0&rft.aulast=%C3%98rberg&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØrberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Ørberg, Hans (2007). <i>LINGVA LATINA PER SE ILLVSTRATA - Pars II ROMA AETERNA</i>. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58510-067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58510-067-5"><bdi>978-1-58510-067-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LINGVA+LATINA+PER+SE+ILLVSTRATA+-+Pars+II+ROMA+AETERNA&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58510-067-5&rft.aulast=%C3%98rberg&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_and_Greenough1903" class="citation book cs1">Allen and Greenough (1903). <i>New Latin Grammar</i>. Athanæum Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Latin+Grammar&rft.pub=Athan%C3%A6um+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Allen+and+Greenough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCui2005" class="citation web cs1">Cui, Ray (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la.raycui.com/">"Phonetica Latinae-How to pronounce Latin"</a>. Ray Cui<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phonetica+Latinae-How+to+pronounce+Latin&rft.pub=Ray+Cui&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cui&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla.raycui.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsConway1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Samuel_Wilkins" title="Augustus Samuel Wilkins">Wilkins, Augustus Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_Conway" title="Robert Seymour Conway">Conway, Robert Seymour</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Latin Language"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Latin_Language">"Latin Language" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 244–257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latin+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=244-257&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Samuel&rft.au=Conway%2C+Robert+Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanieri2018" class="citation web cs1">Ranieri, Luke (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/eH8E5RKq31I">"Latin Pronunciation (for Classical Latin)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eH8E5RKq31I">the original</a> on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Latin+Pronunciation+%28for+Classical+Latin%29&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft.aulast=Ranieri&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeH8E5RKq31I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/">The latin library</a>, ancient Latin books and writings (without translations) ordered by author</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/">LacusCurtius</a>, a small collection of Greek and Roman authors along with their books and writings (original texts are in Latin and Greek, translations in English and occasionally in a few other languages are available)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_language_media">Latin language media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Latin language media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/">Ephemeris</a>, online Latin newspaper: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nuntii latini universi</i></span> = news in Latin of the universe (whole world)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830212232/https://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/">Ephemeris archive</a>, archived copy of online Latin newspaper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/">Nuntii Latini</a>, from Finnish YLE Radio 1</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bremenzwei.de/themen/nuntii-latini-100.html">Nuntii Latini</a>, monthly review from German <a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">Radio Bremen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bremen_Zwei" title="Bremen Zwei">Bremen Zwei</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129091342/https://www.haverford.edu/classics/audio/">Classics Podcasts in Latin and Ancient Greek</a>, Haverford College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcuinus.net/GLL/">Grex Latine Loquentium</a> (Flock of those Speaking Latin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520083843/https://circuluslatinusinterretialis.co.uk/">Circulus Latinus Interretialis</a> (Internet Latin Circle)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/index_en.htm">Latinitas Foundation, at the Vatican</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Italic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faliscan_language" title="Faliscan language">Faliscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanuvian_language" title="Lanuvian language">Lanuvian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praenestinian_language" title="Praenestinian language">Praenestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculian" title="Siculian">Siculian</a>? (possibly not Italic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oscan group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hernici#Language" title="Hernici">Hernican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucanians#Language_and_writing" title="Lucanians">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrucini#Language" title="Marrucini">Marrucinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeligni#Language" title="Paeligni">Paelignian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites#Etymology" title="Samnites">Samnite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidicini" title="Sidicini">Sidicini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestinian_language" title="Vestinian language">Vestinian</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Samnite_language" title="Pre-Samnite language">Pre-Samnite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabines#Language" title="Sabines">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Picene_language" title="South Picene language">South Picene</a></li> <li>Umbrian group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aequian_language" title="Aequian language">Aequian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsian_language" title="Marsian language">Marsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volscian_language" title="Volscian language">Volscian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a>? (possibly Celtic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenotrians#Language" title="Oenotrians">Oenotrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, transitional or independent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>All <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a> except <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latin</a> (and its descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>) are now <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a>; Latin is still used as a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ages_of_Latin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_periods" title="Template:Latin periods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_periods" title="Template talk:Latin periods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_periods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin periods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ages_of_Latin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ages of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>until 75 BC</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><i>75 BC – 200 AD</i></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>200–700</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>700–1500</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>1300–1500</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>1300–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>1900–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History of Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin_studies" title="Neo-Latin studies">Neo-Latin studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Latin" title="Hiberno-Latin">Hiberno-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114364-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85074944">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Latin (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935508t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Latin (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935508t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569314">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="latina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122187&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lengua latina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526920">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555777505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011197">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=53405">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin&oldid=1259181551">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin&oldid=1259181551</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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6.87% 122.413 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.11% 91.108 5 Template:Navbox"," 4.75% 84.614 73 Template:IPA"," 4.32% 76.994 1 Template:Italic_languages"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.002","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21169453,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllen1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen_and_Greenough1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAversa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeard,_Mary2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreitenbach2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalabrese2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCui2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeneire2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiringer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDymock1830\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDymond2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElabani1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkenstaedtDieter_Wolff1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelander2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmesSchultz1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusband1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenks1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnightTilg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFleur2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmannSlocum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonroe1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPei1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeiGaeng1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosnerSala2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulju\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanieri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSandys1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSihler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSihler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelock,_Frederic_M.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelock2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittaker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsConway1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolcock2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZemplényi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFder_Millner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFØrberg1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFØrberg2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Ancient Rome topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 73,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 27,\n [\"IPA\"] = 73,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 19,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 10,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 159,\n [\"Latin periods\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sm\"] = 2,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 1,\n [\"Sqc\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"WikisourceWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiversity\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary category\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","25.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","18.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","14.6"],["insert","60","6.2"],["setmetatable","40","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","4.2"],["extract_names \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1605\u003E","40","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getDescription","40","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","20","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","20","2.1"],["[others]","140","14.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-2cpnk","timestamp":"20241123204132","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Latin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q397","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q397","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-18T14:14:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T20:41:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/Rome_Colosseum_inscription_2.jpg","headline":"Indo-European language of the Italic branch"}</script> </body> </html>