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{"work":{"id":11575282,"created_at":"2015-03-21T16:01:26.713-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T12:18:10.340-08:00","_data":{"more_info":"Elizabeth A. Simpson, Annika Paukner, Stephen J. Suomi, \u0026 Pier F. Ferrari","ai_title_tag":"Neonatal Imitation: Mechanisms and Influences","grobid_abstract":"A developmental approach is critical to understanding mirror neurons and debates surrounding their properties, plasticity, function, and evolution. The presence of inter--individual differences in early social competencies, such as neonatal imitation, are indicative of the complex nature of interactions among genetic, epigenetic, and non--genetic (environmental) factors in shaping action--perception brain networks. In the present review, we propose that three aspects of early social development may explain variability in neonatal imitation, specifically (1) individual differences in sensory--motor matching skills, underpinned by mirror neurons, functioning from birth and refined through postnatal experiences, (2) individual differences in social engagements, with some infants demonstrating stronger preferences for social interactions than others, and (3) more general temperamental differences, such as differences in extroversion or reactivity. We present findings and propose future directions aimed at testing these possibilities by examining individual differences related to imitative skill. Neonatal imitation is a useful tool for assessing infants' sensory--motor matching maturity, social motivation, and temperament, particularly when used with a mindfulness of infants' changing social motivations and expectations. The presence of an action--perception mechanism at birth can be better understood by considering the complex interactions among infants' social competences, sensory--motor skills, environmental influences, and individual differences in social interest and temperament.","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"New Frontiers in Mirror Neuron Research (Book)","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"37063764"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Neonatal imitation and its sensory-motor mechanism","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [40283]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":37063764,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Neonatal imitation and its sensory-motor mechanism”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37063764/mini_magick20190305-11539-1t96omv.png?1551783640" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Neonatal imitation and its sensory-motor mechanism</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson"><img alt="Profile image of Elizabeth Simpson" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/40283/13292/52741517/s65_elizabeth.simpson.png" />Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, New Frontiers in Mirror Neuron Research (Book)</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">21 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 11575282; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=11575282"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">A developmental approach is critical to understanding mirror neurons and debates surrounding their properties, plasticity, function, and evolution. The presence of inter--individual differences in early social competencies, such as neonatal imitation, are indicative of the complex nature of interactions among genetic, epigenetic, and non--genetic (environmental) factors in shaping action--perception brain networks. In the present review, we propose that three aspects of early social development may explain variability in neonatal imitation, specifically (1) individual differences in sensory--motor matching skills, underpinned by mirror neurons, functioning from birth and refined through postnatal experiences, (2) individual differences in social engagements, with some infants demonstrating stronger preferences for social interactions than others, and (3) more general temperamental differences, such as differences in extroversion or reactivity. We present findings and propose future directions aimed at testing these possibilities by examining individual differences related to imitative skill. Neonatal imitation is a useful tool for assessing infants' sensory--motor matching maturity, social motivation, and temperament, particularly when used with a mindfulness of infants' changing social motivations and expectations. The presence of an action--perception mechanism at birth can be better understood by considering the complex interactions among infants' social competences, sensory--motor skills, environmental influences, and individual differences in social interest and temperament.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":37063764,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11575282/Neonatal_imitation_and_its_sensory_motor_mechanism"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":37063764,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11575282/Neonatal_imitation_and_its_sensory_motor_mechanism"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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These behaviors are predominantly used in social interactions, demonstrating neonates’ ability and motivation to engage with others. Research on neonatal imitation can provide a wealth of information about the early mirror neuron system (MNS): namely, its functional characteristics, its plasticity from birth, and its relation to skills later in development. Though numerous studies document the existence of neonatal imitation in the laboratory, little is known about its natural occurrence during parent-infant interactions and its plasticity as a consequence of experience. We review these critical aspects of imitation, which we argue are necessary for understanding the early action-perception system. We address common criticisms and misunderstandings about neonatal imitation and discuss methodological differences among studies. Recent work reveals that individual differences in neonatal imitation positively correlate with later social, cognitive, and motor development. We propose that such variation in neonatal imitation could reflect important individual differences of the MNS. Although postnatal experience is not necessary for imitation, we present evidence that neonatal imitation is influenced by experience in the first week of life.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The mirror neuron system as revealed through neonatal imitation: Presence from birth, predictive power, and evidence of plasticity","attachmentId":33577659,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6634501/The_mirror_neuron_system_as_revealed_through_neonatal_imitation_Presence_from_birth_predictive_power_and_evidence_of_plasticity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6634501/The_mirror_neuron_system_as_revealed_through_neonatal_imitation_Presence_from_birth_predictive_power_and_evidence_of_plasticity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="4270843" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4270843/Neonatal_imitation_and_an_epigenetic_account_of_mirror_neurons_development_Commentary_Behavioral_and_Brain_Science">Neonatal imitation and an epigenetic account of mirror neurons development - Commentary Behavioral and Brain Science </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3813868" href="https://giovannimoro.academia.edu/AntonellaTramacere">Antonella Tramacere</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Neonatal imitation should not exclusively be considered at the population-level;instead, we propose that inconsistent findings regarding its occurrence result fromimportant individual differences in imitative responses. We also highlight what weconsider to be a false dichotomy of genetic vs. learning accounts of the development of mirror neurons, and instead suggest a more parsimonious epigenetic perspective.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal imitation and an epigenetic account of mirror neurons development - Commentary Behavioral and Brain Science ","attachmentId":31749281,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4270843/Neonatal_imitation_and_an_epigenetic_account_of_mirror_neurons_development_Commentary_Behavioral_and_Brain_Science","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4270843/Neonatal_imitation_and_an_epigenetic_account_of_mirror_neurons_development_Commentary_Behavioral_and_Brain_Science"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="122639272" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122639272/Comprehensive_Longitudinal_Study_Challenges_the_Existence_of_Neonatal_Imitation_in_Humans">Comprehensive Longitudinal Study Challenges the Existence of Neonatal Imitation in Humans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50892891" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SallyClark3">Sally Clark</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current biology : CB, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human children copy others&#39; actions with high fidelity, supporting early cultural learning and assisting in the development and maintenance of behavioral traditions [1]. Imitation has long been assumed to occur from birth [2-4], with influential theories (e.g., [5-7]) placing an innate imitation module at the foundation of social cognition (potentially underpinned by a mirror neuron system [8, 9]). Yet, the very phenomenon of neonatal imitation has remained controversial. Empirical support is mixed and interpretations are varied [10-16], potentially because previous investigations have relied heavily on cross-sectional designs with relatively small samples and with limited controls [17, 18]. Here, we report surprising results from the most comprehensive longitudinal study of neonatal imitation to date. We presented infants (n = 106) with nine social and two non-social models and scored their responses at 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks of age. Longitudinal analyses indicated that the infan...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comprehensive Longitudinal Study Challenges the Existence of Neonatal Imitation in Humans","attachmentId":117266016,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122639272/Comprehensive_Longitudinal_Study_Challenges_the_Existence_of_Neonatal_Imitation_in_Humans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122639272/Comprehensive_Longitudinal_Study_Challenges_the_Existence_of_Neonatal_Imitation_in_Humans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="22147745" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22147745/Neural_mirroring_mechanisms_and_imitation_in_humans_infants">Neural mirroring mechanisms and imitation in humans infants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138938" href="https://washington.academia.edu/AndrewMeltzoff">Andrew Meltzoff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Studying human infants will increase our understanding of the nature, origins and function of neural mirroring mechanisms. Human infants are prolific imitators. Infant imitation indicates observation-execution linkages in the brain prior to language and protracted learning. Investigations of neural aspects of these linkages in human infants have focused on the sensorimotor mu rhythm in the electroencephalogram, which occurs in the alpha frequency range over central electrode sites. Recent results show that the infant mu rhythm is desynchronized during action execution as well as action observation. Current work is elucidating properties of the infant mu rhythm and how it may relate to prelinguistic action processing and social understanding. Here, we consider this neuroscience research in relation to developmental psychological theory, particularly the 'Like-Me' framework, which holds that one of the chief cognitive tasks of the human infant is to map the similarity between self and other. We elucidate the value of integrating neuroscience findings with behavioural studies of infant imitation, and the reciprocal benefit of examining mirroring mechanisms from an ontogenetic perspective.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neural mirroring mechanisms and imitation in humans infants","attachmentId":42810779,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22147745/Neural_mirroring_mechanisms_and_imitation_in_humans_infants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22147745/Neural_mirroring_mechanisms_and_imitation_in_humans_infants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="16792865" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16792865/Is_newborn_imitation_developmentally_homologous_to_later_social_cognitive_skills">Is newborn imitation developmentally homologous to later social-cognitive skills?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50992949" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ThomasSuddendorf">Thomas Suddendorf</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34797690" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkNielsen3">Mark Nielsen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Psychobiology, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To assess claims about developmental homologies, or devologies, longitudinal data are needed. Here, we illustrate this with the debate about the purported foundational role of neonatal imitation in children's social and cognitive development. Cross-sectional studies over the past 35 years have clarified neither the prevalence of imitation in newborns nor its relationships to later developing skills. Thus, scholars have been able to maintain diametrically opposing explanations of neonatal imitation in the literature. Here, we discuss this issue and outline how large-scale longitudinal approaches promise to resolve such debates and have the potential to use individual difference measures to uncover links to later development. ß 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 52-58, 2013.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is newborn imitation developmentally homologous to later social-cognitive skills?","attachmentId":39185945,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16792865/Is_newborn_imitation_developmentally_homologous_to_later_social_cognitive_skills","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16792865/Is_newborn_imitation_developmentally_homologous_to_later_social_cognitive_skills"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="1057135" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1057135/What_imitation_tells_us_about_social_cognition_a_rapprochement_between_developmental_psychology_and_cognitive_neuroscience">What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138938" href="https://washington.academia.edu/AndrewMeltzoff">Andrew Meltzoff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Both developmental and neurophysiological research suggest a common coding between perceived and generated actions. This shared representational network is innately wired in humans. We review psychological evidence concerning the imitative behaviour of newborn human infants. We suggest that the mechanisms involved in infant imitation provide the foundation for understanding that others are 'like me' and underlie the development of theory of mind and empathy for others. We also analyse functional neuroimaging studies that explore the neurophysiological substrate of imitation in adults. We marshal evidence that imitation recruits not only shared neural representations between the self and the other but also cortical regions in the parietal cortex that are crucial for distinguishing between the perspective of self and other. Imitation is doubly revealing: it is used by infants to learn about adults, and by scientists to understand the organization and functioning of the brain.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience","attachmentId":37201817,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1057135/What_imitation_tells_us_about_social_cognition_a_rapprochement_between_developmental_psychology_and_cognitive_neuroscience","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1057135/What_imitation_tells_us_about_social_cognition_a_rapprochement_between_developmental_psychology_and_cognitive_neuroscience"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="77287456" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77287456/Neonatal_Imitation_Theory_Experimental_Design_and_Significance_for_the_Field_of_Social_Cognition">Neonatal Imitation: Theory, Experimental Design, and Significance for the Field of Social Cognition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="836362" href="https://csmu.academia.edu/YunaJhang">Yuna Jhang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in psychology, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Neonatal imitation has rich implications for neuroscience, developmental psychology, and social cognition, but there is little consensus about this phenomenon. The primary empirical question, whether or not neonatal imitation exists, is not settled. Is it possible to give a balanced evaluation of the theories and methodologies at stake so as to facilitate real progress with respect to the primary empirical question? In this paper, we address this question. We present the operational definition of differential imitation and discuss why it is important to keep it in mind. The operational definition indicates that neonatal imitation may not look like prototypical imitation and sets non-obvious requirements on what can count as evidence for imitation. We also examine the principal explanations for the extant findings and argue that two theories, the arousal hypothesis and the Association by Similarity Theory, which interprets neonatal imitation as differential induction of spontaneous b...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal Imitation: Theory, Experimental Design, and Significance for the Field of Social Cognition","attachmentId":84705631,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77287456/Neonatal_Imitation_Theory_Experimental_Design_and_Significance_for_the_Field_of_Social_Cognition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77287456/Neonatal_Imitation_Theory_Experimental_Design_and_Significance_for_the_Field_of_Social_Cognition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="28803647" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28803647/Animal_studies_help_clarify_misunderstandings_about_neonatal_imitation">Animal studies help clarify misunderstandings about neonatal imitation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Empirical studies are incompatible with the proposal that neonatal imitation is arousal-driven or declining with age. Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies reveal a functioning brain mirror system from birth, developmental continuity in imitation and later sociability, and the malleability of neonatal imitation, shaped by the early environment. A narrow focus on arousal effects and reflexes may grossly underestimate neonatal capacities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Animal studies help clarify misunderstandings about neonatal imitation","attachmentId":49221004,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28803647/Animal_studies_help_clarify_misunderstandings_about_neonatal_imitation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28803647/Animal_studies_help_clarify_misunderstandings_about_neonatal_imitation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="2411340" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2411340/Imitation_in_infancy_The_wealth_of_the_stimulus">Imitation in infancy: The wealth of the stimulus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="109036" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/CeciliaHeyes">Cecilia Heyes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Imitation requires the imitator to solve the correspondence problem -to translate visual information from modelled action into matching motor output. It has been widely accepted for some 30 years that the correspondence problem is solved by a specialised, innate cognitive mechanism. This is the conclusion of a poverty of the stimulus argument, realised in the active intermodal matching model of imitation, which assumes that human neonates can imitate a range of body movements. An alternative, wealth of the stimulus argument, embodied in the associative sequence learning model of imitation, proposes that the correspondence problem is solved by sensorimotor learning, and that the experience necessary for this kind of learning is provided by the sociocultural environment during human development. In a detailed and wide-ranging review of research on imitation and imitation-relevant behavior in infancy and beyond, we find substantially more evidence in favour of the wealth argument than of the poverty argument.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Imitation in infancy: The wealth of the stimulus","attachmentId":30440958,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2411340/Imitation_in_infancy_The_wealth_of_the_stimulus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2411340/Imitation_in_infancy_The_wealth_of_the_stimulus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="29885149" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29885149/The_social_context_of_imitation_in_infancy">The social context of imitation in infancy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56950021" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RebeccaLamberth">Rebecca Lamberth</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56744689" href="https://wpunj.academia.edu/AmyLearmonth">Amy Learmonth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Infants increasingly generalize deferred imitation across environmental contexts between 6 and 18 months of age. In three experiments with 126 6-, 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-month-olds, we examined the role of the social context in deferred imitation. One experimenter demonstrated target actions on a hand puppet, and a second experimenter tested imitation 24 h later. When the second experimenter was novel, infants did not exhibit deferred imitation at any age; when infants were preexposed to the second experimenter, all of them did. Imitating immediately after the demonstration also facilitated deferred imitation in a novel social context at all ages but 6 months. InfantsÕ pervasive failure to exhibit deferred imitation in a novel social context may reflect evolutionary selection pressures that favored conservative behavior in social animals.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The social context of imitation in infancy","attachmentId":50351168,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29885149/The_social_context_of_imitation_in_infancy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29885149/The_social_context_of_imitation_in_infancy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37063764,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37063764,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_37063764" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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Imitation recognition 6-month old infants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16366455" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SaraLenninger">Sara Lenninger</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sauciuc et al. Imitation recognition 6-month old infants","attachmentId":99046385,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97418953/Sauciuc_et_al_Imitation_recognition_6_month_old_infants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97418953/Sauciuc_et_al_Imitation_recognition_6_month_old_infants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="54917646" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54917646/The_Origin_and_Development_of_Imitation_in_the_First_Six_Months_of_Life">The Origin and Development of Imitation in the First Six Months of Life</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24323950" href="https://uoa.academia.edu/%CE%8C%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85">Όλγα Πανοπούλου-Μαράτου</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1973</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Origin and Development of Imitation in the First Six Months of 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