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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Passes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest_mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Highest mountains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology_and_orogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_orogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geology and orogeny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_orogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Minerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Glaciers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers_and_lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers_and_lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Rivers and lakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers_and_lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity,_feudalism,_and_Napoleonic_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity,_feudalism,_and_Napoleonic_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Christianity, feudalism, and Napoleonic wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity,_feudalism,_and_Napoleonic_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Romantics_and_Alpinists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Romantics_and_Alpinists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 The Romantics and Alpinists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Romantics_and_Alpinists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nazis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nazis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 The Nazis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nazis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undocumented_migrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undocumented_migrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Undocumented migrants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undocumented_migrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_Alpine_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_Alpine_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Largest Alpine cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_Alpine_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alpine_people_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpine_people_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Alpine people and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpine_people_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avalanche/snow-slide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avalanche/snow-slide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Avalanche/snow-slide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avalanche/snow-slide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alps</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 176 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" > 176 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD" title="አልፕስ ተራሮች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልፕስ ተራሮች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ऐल्प्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऐल्प्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpis" title="Alpis – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alpis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8" title="الألب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալպեան լեռներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալպեան լեռներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82rpes" title="Ârpes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ârpes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9B" title="এল্পছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এল্পছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ype" title="Áype – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Áype" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алпал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Алпал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Alp dağları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alp dağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آلپ داغلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلپ داغلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আল্পস পর্বতমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল্পস পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Альп тауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Альп тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oipn" title="Oipn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oipn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpo%C3%B9" title="Alpoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alpoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Альпа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Альпа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpau" title="Alpau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alpau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperne" title="Alperne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alperne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lppat" title="Álppat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Álppat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpid" title="Alpid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alpid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Άλπεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλπεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lp" title="Èlp – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Èlp" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpoj" title="Alpoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alpoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpeak" title="Alpeak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alpeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE" title="آلپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpurnar" title="Alpurnar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alpurnar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_hAlpa" title="Na hAlpa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na hAlpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Ailpeannan" title="Na h-Ailpeannan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na h-Ailpeannan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿爾卑斯山 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿爾卑斯山" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE" title="આલ્પ્સ પર્વતમાળા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આલ્પ્સ પર્વતમાળા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes_s%C3%A2n" title="Alpes sân – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alpes sân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="알프스산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프스산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlepa" title="ʻAlepa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAlepa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալպեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ऐल्प्स पर्वतमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐल्प्स पर्वतमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Альпæтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Альпæтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IiAlps" title="IiAlps – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IiAlps" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpafj%C3%B6ll" title="Alpafjöll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alpafjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הרי האלפים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי האלפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%A9p%CA%8Awaa" title="Alɩpʊwaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alɩpʊwaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಪ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಪ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Альпла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Альпла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ალპები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალპები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96" title="Альпі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альпі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpow" title="Alpow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alpow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp%C4%97s" title="Alpės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alpės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpi" title="Arpi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arpi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_(mont)" title="Alp (mont) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alp (mont)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpok" title="Alpok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alpok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandavan-tendrombohitra_Alpa" title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആൽപ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽപ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ალპეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალპეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="الب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjaran_Alp" title="Banjaran Alp – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banjaran Alp" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Альпийн нуруу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альпийн нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အယ်လ်ပ်တောင်တန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လ်ပ်တောင်တန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="एल्पस् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एल्पस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="アルプス山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルプス山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpe" title="Arpe – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Arpe" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Альпаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Альпаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpene" title="Alpene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alpene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpane" title="Alpane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alpane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF" title="Альп – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Альп" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA" title="ਐਲਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="آلپ غرونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آلپ غرونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_tawlar%C4%B1" title="Alp tawları – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alp tawları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpikuna" title="Alpikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alpikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Алпы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алпы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Альпа хайалара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Альпа хайалара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-payse_a_buyu%E2%80%99" title="Al-payse a buyu’ – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Al-payse a buyu’" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpet" title="Alpet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alpet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇල්ප්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්ප්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%BE" title="ئەڵپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpit" title="Alpit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alpit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperna" title="Alperna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alperna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்ப்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்ப்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idurar_n_Alp" title="Idurar n Alp – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idurar n Alp" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Альп таулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Альп таулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆల్ప్స్ పర్వతాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆల్ప్స్ పర్వతాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="เทือกเขาแอลป์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาแอลป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF" title="Алп – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpler" title="Alpler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alpler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Альпи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альпи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ئالپ تاغلىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالپ تاغلىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27pad" title="Al'pad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Al'pad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anp%C6%A1" title="Anpơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anpơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpiq" title="Alpiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alpiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpn" title="Alpn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Alpn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔卑斯山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="אלפן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלפן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿爾卑斯山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾卑斯山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp%C4%97s" title="Alpės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alpės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔卑斯山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi_bandon" title="Alpi bandon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Alpi bandon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alps&params=46.58_N_8.62_E_type:mountain_scale:6000000">46°35′N 8°37′E / 46.58°N 8.62°E / 46.58; 8.62</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major mountain range in central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alpe" redirects here. For the German river, see <a href="/wiki/Alpe_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpe (river)">Alpe (river)</a>. For ‌other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alps_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alps (disambiguation)">Alps (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Alps</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alps_2007-03-13_10.10UTC_1px-250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alps_2007-03-13_10.10UTC_1px-250m.jpg/272px-Alps_2007-03-13_10.10UTC_1px-250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alps_2007-03-13_10.10UTC_1px-250m.jpg/408px-Alps_2007-03-13_10.10UTC_1px-250m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alps_2007-03-13_10.10UTC_1px-250m.jpg/544px-Alps_2007-03-13_10.10UTC_1px-250m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2800" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Satellite view of the Alps</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,808.73 m (15,776.7 ft)<a href="#cite_note-BFM4809-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" title="List of mountain ranges">List of mountain ranges</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alps&params=45_49_58_N_06_51_54_E_type:mountain">45°49′58″N 06°51′54″E / 45.83278°N 6.86500°E / 45.83278; 6.86500</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,200 km (750 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">250 km (160 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Alpes (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li> <li>Alpen (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</li> <li>Alpi (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</li> <li>Alps (<a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>)</li> <li>Alpe (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>)</li> <li>(not including numerous dialects)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpenrelief_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alpenrelief_01.jpg/272px-Alpenrelief_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alpenrelief_01.jpg/408px-Alpenrelief_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alpenrelief_01.jpg/544px-Alpenrelief_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="937" /></a><div>Relief of the Alps. See also <a href="/wiki/File:Alpenrelief_02.jpg" title="File:Alpenrelief 02.jpg">map with international borders marked</a>.</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="4" data-lat="46.58" data-lon="8.62" data-overlays="["_37e24203639b4b1386cb489537c96b497950fcd0"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/46.58/8.62/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,46.58,8.62,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Alps&revid=1275173136&groups=_37e24203639b4b1386cb489537c96b497950fcd0" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,46.58,8.62,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Alps&revid=1275173136&groups=_37e24203639b4b1386cb489537c96b497950fcd0 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alps&params=46.58_N_8.62_E_type:mountain_scale:6000000">46°35′N 8°37′E / 46.58°N 8.62°E / 46.58; 8.62</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock types</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_schist" title="Bündner schist">Bündner schist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">flysch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Molasse" title="Molasse">molasse</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG/250px-Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG/375px-Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG/500px-Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a> (Italy) are a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Alps (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælps/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> are one of the highest and most extensive <a href="/wiki/Mountain_ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain ranges">mountain ranges</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> stretching approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) across eight <a href="/wiki/Alpine_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine countries">Alpine countries</a> (from west to east): <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> The Alpine arch extends from <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> on the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a>. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a> collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> rising by <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrusting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a> into high mountain peaks such as <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a>. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,809 m (15,778 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains 82 peaks higher than <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_four-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alpine four-thousanders">4,000 m (13,000 ft)</a>. The altitude and size of the range affect the climate in Europe; in the mountains, precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as <a href="/wiki/Edelweiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelweiss">edelweiss</a> grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> era. A <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">mummified man ("Ötzi")</a>, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-otzi-8">[5]</a> By the 6th century BC, the Celtic <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> was well established. <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> notably crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> had settlements in the region. In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticists</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_alpinism" title="Golden age of alpinism">golden age of alpinism</a> as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks of the Alps. The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. Traditional practices such as farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still thrive in Alpine villages. However, the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded significantly after World War II, eventually becoming the dominant industry by the end of the century. The <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. As of 2010,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit">[update]</a> the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré8-9">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_toponymy">Etymology and toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and toponymy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albion#Etymology" title="Albion">Albion § Etymology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg/250px-Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg/375px-Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg/500px-Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An "Alp" refers to a high elevation pasture frequented only in summer. It often includes several huts and small places of worship (here the Alpe Bardughè in <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>).</figcaption></figure> The English word Alps comes from the Latin Alpes. The Latin word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:Alpes" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:Alpes">Alpes</a> could possibly come from the adjective <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:albus" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:albus">albus</a><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-10">[7]</a> ("white"), or could possibly come from the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Alphito" title="Alphito">Alphito</a>, whose name is related to alphita, the "white flour"; <a href="/wiki/Alphos" title="Alphos">alphos</a>, a dull white leprosy; and finally the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%80%A0%F0%92%89%BA%F0%92%80%B8#Hittite" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒀠𒉺𒀸">*albʰós</a>. Similarly, the river god <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a> is also supposed to derive from the Greek alphos and means whitish.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> In his commentary on the Aeneid of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, the late fourth-century grammarian <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a> says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might derive from a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European</a> word *alb "hill"; "Albania" is a related derivation. Albania, the name of the region known as the country of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, has been used as a name for several mountainous areas across Europe. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman times</a>, "Albania" was a name for the eastern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, while in the English languages "Albania" (or "Albany") was occasionally used as a name for <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> although it is more likely derived from the Latin word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:albus" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:albus">albus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-10">[7]</a> the colour white. In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a <a href="/wiki/Transhumance_in_the_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhumance in the Alps">grazing pastures</a> in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid93-14">[11]</a> An alp refers to a high mountain pasture, typically near or above the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a>, where cows and other livestock are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where huts and hay barns can be found, sometimes constituting tiny hamlets. Therefore, the term "the Alps", as a reference to the mountains, is a misnomer.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_4-16">[13]</a> The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as Horn, Kogel, Kopf, Gipfel, Spitze, Stock, and Berg are used in German-speaking regions; Mont, Pic, Tête, Pointe, Dent, Roche, and Aiguille in French-speaking regions; and Monte, Picco, Corno, Punta, Pizzo, or Cima in Italian-speaking regions.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Alps" title="Geography of the Alps">Geography of the Alps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alps_with_borders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alps_with_borders.jpg/260px-Alps_with_borders.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alps_with_borders.jpg/390px-Alps_with_borders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alps_with_borders.jpg/520px-Alps_with_borders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Alps extend in an arc from France in the south and west to Slovenia in the east, and from Monaco in the south to Germany in the north.</figcaption></figure> The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in an 800 km (500 mi) arc (curved line) from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Ceben_22–24-18">[15]</a> The range stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> north above the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> basin, extending through France from <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, and stretching eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues onward toward <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria, and southeast to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré9-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii-21">[18]</a> To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii-21">[18]</a> In areas like <a href="/wiki/Chiasso" title="Chiasso">Chiasso</a>, Switzerland, and <a href="/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u" title="Allgäu">Allgäu</a>, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, the demarcation is less clear. The Alps are found in the following countries: Austria (28.7% of the range's area), Italy (27.2%), France (21.4%), Switzerland (13.2%), Germany (5.8%), Slovenia (3.6%), Liechtenstein (0.08%) and Monaco (0.001%).<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg/220px-2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg/330px-2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg/440px-2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Pennine_Alps" title="Pennine Alps">Pennine Alps</a>, the second-highest range of the Alps</figcaption></figure> The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> valley, from <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a> on the southern side, and the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Alps" title="Bernese Alps">Bernese Alps</a> on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.<a href="#cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii-21">[18]</a> The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps make classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western Alps</a> with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid,<a href="#cite_note-Schmid93-14">[11]</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Spl%C3%BCgen_Pass" title="Splügen Pass">Splügen Pass</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanersbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanersbach.jpg/220px-Lanersbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanersbach.jpg/330px-Lanersbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanersbach.jpg/440px-Lanersbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A typical alpine village in the <a href="/wiki/Tuxertal" title="Tuxertal">Tuxertal</a> valley of <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrol (federal state)">Tyrol</a>, Austria</figcaption></figure> The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft),<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Piz Bernina</a>, at 4,049 m (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a>, at 4,634 m (15,203 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively. A series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the <a href="/wiki/French_Prealps" title="French Prealps">French Prealps</a> in France and the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a> in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> from the Mediterranean Sea to the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Woods" title="Vienna Woods">Wienerwald</a>, passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Tende" title="Col de Tende">Col de Tende</a> it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_Pass" title="Maddalena Pass">Colle della Maddalena</a>, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> The northeast end of the Alpine arc, directly on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, which flows into the Black Sea, is the <a href="/wiki/Leopoldsberg" title="Leopoldsberg">Leopoldsberg</a> near Vienna. In contrast, the southeastern part of the Alps ends on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> in the area around Trieste towards <a href="/wiki/Duino" title="Duino">Duino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcola" title="Barcola">Barcola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passes">Passes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Passes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principal_passes_of_the_Alps" title="Principal passes of the Alps">Principal passes of the Alps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg/220px-Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg/330px-Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg/440px-Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teufelsbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Teufelsbrücke">Teufelsbrücke</a> (Devil's Bridge) on the route to the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Pass" title="Gotthard Pass">Gotthard Pass</a>; the currently used bridge from 1958 over the first drivable bridge from 1830</figcaption></figure> The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students, and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train, or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911740-27">[24]</a> Merchant traffic was supported by <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a> such as mules. In the late Middle Ages heavy carts and <a href="/wiki/Sleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh">sleighs</a> were in use on the alpine passes.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> In the medieval period <a href="/wiki/Hospices" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospices">hospices</a> were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming_4-16">[13]</a> The most important passes are the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_l%27Iseran" title="Col de l'Iseran">Col de l'Iseran</a> (the highest), the <a href="/wiki/Col_Agnel" title="Col Agnel">Col Agnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Pass" title="Brenner Pass">Brenner Pass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mont-Cenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont-Cenis">Mont-Cenis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_St._Bernard_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Great St. Bernard Pass">Great St. Bernard Pass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Tende" title="Col de Tende">Col de Tende</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Pass" title="Gotthard Pass">Gotthard Pass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Semmering_Pass" title="Semmering Pass">Semmering Pass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Simplon_Pass" title="Simplon Pass">Simplon Pass</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Stelvio_Pass" title="Stelvio Pass">Stelvio Pass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-29">[26]</a> Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zillertal_Alps" title="Zillertal Alps">Zillertal Alps</a> and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft) is the Semmering crossing from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>. It has been in continuous use since the 12th century when a hospice was built there. A railroad with a tunnel 1.6 km (1 mi) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. With a summit of 2,469 m (8,100 ft), the Great St Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. The pass was used by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> to cross 40,000 troops in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-switz-30">[27]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The col du Mont-Cenis (2,081 m (6,827 ft)) at the centre left of the picture gives access to a large alpine lake, and further away to the Italian peninsula 12 km (7.5 mi) beyond the pass"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg/750px-Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg/1125px-Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg/1500px-Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11856" data-file-height="2936" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg" title="File:Versant sud val cenis.jpg"> </a></div>The col du Mont-Cenis (2,081 m (6,827 ft)) at the centre left of the picture gives access to a large alpine lake, and further away to the Italian peninsula 12 km (7.5 mi) beyond the pass</div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mont_Cenis" title="Mont Cenis">Mont Cenis</a> pass has been a major commercial and military road between Western Europe and Italy. The pass was crossed by many troops on their way to the Italian peninsula. From <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>, Napoléon and more recently the German <a href="/wiki/Gebirgsj%C3%A4ger" title="Gebirgsjäger">Gebirgsjägers</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> In the 18th century the principal passes of the Alps were modernized by engineers to speed up passenger and freight transport.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The Mont Cenis pass has been supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus_Rail_Tunnel" title="Fréjus Rail Tunnel">Fréjus Rail Tunnel</a> opening in 1871, while the <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus_Road_Tunnel" title="Fréjus Road Tunnel">Fréjus Road Tunnel</a> opened 1980.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Railway lines could not be built in the Alps without tunnels and bridges. Apart from the Mont Cenis railway tunnel the <a href="/wiki/Semmering_railway" title="Semmering railway">Semmering railway tunnel</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gotthard_railway_tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotthard railway tunnel (page does not exist)">Gotthard railway tunnel</a> were built between 1854 and 1882. By the early 19th century eight trans-alpine railway lines had been put into operation.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from <a href="/wiki/Central_Switzerland" title="Central Switzerland">Central Switzerland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>. In 1882 the 15 km-long (9.3 mi) <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Tunnel">Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel</a> was opened connecting <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> in Switzerland, with <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in Italy. 98 years later followed <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Road_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Road Tunnel">Gotthard Road Tunnel</a> (16.9 km (10.5 mi) long) connecting the <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Switzerland)" title="A2 motorway (Switzerland)">A2 motorway</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6schenen" title="Göschenen">Göschenen</a> on the north side with <a href="/wiki/Airolo" title="Airolo">Airolo</a> on the south side, exactly like the railway tunnel. On 1 June 2016 the world's longest railway tunnel, the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a>, was opened, which connects <a href="/wiki/Erstfeld" title="Erstfeld">Erstfeld</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">canton of Uri</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bodio" title="Bodio">Bodio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">canton of Ticino</a> by two single tubes of 57.1 km (35.5 mi).<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> It is the first tunnel that traverses the Alps on a flat route.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> From 11 December 2016, it has been part of the regular railway timetable and used hourly as standard ride between <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>/<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> The highest pass in the alps is the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_l%27Iseran" title="Col de l'Iseran">Col de l'Iseran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> (France) at 2,770 m (9,088 ft), followed by the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy at 2,756 m (9,042 ft); the road was built in the 1820s.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-29">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highest_mountains">Highest mountains</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Highest mountains">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_four-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alpine four-thousanders">List of Alpine four-thousanders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg/330px-M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg/495px-M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg/660px-M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eiger" title="Eiger">Eiger</a> (shown along with the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch">Mönch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a>) has the tallest north face in the Alps.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Union_Internationale_des_Associations_d%27Alpinisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme">Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme</a> (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft).<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">prominence</a> that are considered important <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> objectives. Below are listed the 29 "four-thousanders" with at least 300 m (984 ft) of prominence. While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 and the Jungfrau in 1811, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the second half of the 19th century, notably <a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Piz Bernina</a> (1850), the <a href="/wiki/Dom_(mountain)" title="Dom (mountain)">Dom</a> (1858), the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Combin" title="Grand Combin">Grand Combin</a> (1859), the <a href="/wiki/Weisshorn" title="Weisshorn">Weisshorn</a> (1861) and the <a href="/wiki/Barre_des_%C3%89crins" title="Barre des Écrins">Barre des Écrins</a> (1864); the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_alpinism" title="Golden age of alpinism">golden age of alpinism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Blodig" title="Karl Blodig">Karl Blodig</a> (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He completed his series of ascents in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Many of the big Alpine three-thousanders were climbed in the early 19th century, notably the <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglockner</a> (1800) and the <a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a> (1804), although some of them were climbed only much later, such at <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelvoux" title="Mont Pelvoux">Mont Pelvoux</a> (1848), <a href="/wiki/Monte_Viso" title="Monte Viso">Monte Viso</a> (1861) and <a href="/wiki/La_Meije" class="mw-redirect" title="La Meije">La Meije</a> (1877). The first British Mont Blanc ascent by a man was in 1788; the first ascent by a woman was in 1808. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whymper" title="Edward Whymper">Edward Whymper</a> reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six <a href="/wiki/Great_north_faces_of_the_Alps" title="Great north faces of the Alps">great north faces of the Alps</a> was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand (north face of the Eiger).<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff197ff-40">[37]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>The 29 Alpine four-thousanders with at least 300 metres of <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographic prominence</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Name </th> <th align="left">Height </th> <th align="left">Name </th> <th align="left">Height </th> <th align="left">Name </th> <th align="left">Height </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> </td> <td>4,810 m (15,781 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Jorasses" title="Grandes Jorasses">Grandes Jorasses</a> </td> <td>4,208 m (13,806 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barre_des_%C3%89crins" title="Barre des Écrins">Barre des Écrins</a> </td> <td>4,102 m (13,458 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a> </td> <td>4,634 m (15,203 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphubel" title="Alphubel">Alphubel</a> </td> <td>4,206 m (13,799 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schreckhorn" title="Schreckhorn">Schreckhorn</a> </td> <td>4,078 m (13,379 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dom_(Mischabel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (Mischabel)">Dom</a> </td> <td>4,546 m (14,915 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rimpfischhorn" title="Rimpfischhorn">Rimpfischhorn</a> </td> <td>4,199 m (13,776 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ober_Gabelhorn" title="Ober Gabelhorn">Ober Gabelhorn</a> </td> <td>4,063 m (13,330 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyskamm" title="Lyskamm">Lyskamm</a> </td> <td>4,532 m (14,869 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aletschhorn" title="Aletschhorn">Aletschhorn</a> </td> <td>4,194 m (13,760 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso" title="Gran Paradiso">Gran Paradiso</a> </td> <td>4,061 m (13,323 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weisshorn" title="Weisshorn">Weisshorn</a> </td> <td>4,505 m (14,780 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strahlhorn" title="Strahlhorn">Strahlhorn</a> </td> <td>4,190 m (13,747 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Piz Bernina</a> </td> <td>4,048 m (13,281 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> </td> <td>4,478 m (14,692 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens" title="Dent d'Hérens">Dent d'Hérens</a> </td> <td>4,173 m (13,691 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gross_Fiescherhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Fiescherhorn">Gross Fiescherhorn</a> </td> <td>4,049 m (13,284 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dent_Blanche" title="Dent Blanche">Dent Blanche</a> </td> <td>4,357 m (14,295 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breithorn" title="Breithorn">Breithorn</a> </td> <td>4,160 m (13,648 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gross_Gr%C3%BCnhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Grünhorn">Gross Grünhorn</a> </td> <td>4,043 m (13,264 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Combin" title="Grand Combin">Grand Combin</a> </td> <td>4,309 m (14,137 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a> </td> <td>4,158 m (13,642 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weissmies" title="Weissmies">Weissmies</a> </td> <td>4,013 m (13,166 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a> </td> <td>4,274 m (14,022 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_Verte" title="Aiguille Verte">Aiguille Verte</a> </td> <td>4,122 m (13,524 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lagginhorn" title="Lagginhorn">Lagginhorn</a> </td> <td>4,010 m (13,156 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinalrothorn" title="Zinalrothorn">Zinalrothorn</a> </td> <td>4,221 m (13,848 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch">Mönch</a> </td> <td>4,110 m (13,484 ft) </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_the_Alps_above_3000_m#Alpine_mountains_over_3000_m_high_with_300_m_prominence" title="List of prominent mountains of the Alps above 3000 m">list continued here</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_orogeny">Geology and orogeny</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology and orogeny">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Alps" title="Geology of the Alps">Geology of the Alps</a></div> Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century, the now-defunct idea of <a href="/wiki/Geosyncline" title="Geosyncline">geosynclines</a> was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains. This theory was replaced in the mid-20th century by the theory of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graciansky1ff-42">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg/250px-Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg/375px-Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg/500px-Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>The geologic <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a> seen at the Arpenaz waterfall, shown here in a mid-18th-century drawing, was noted by 18th-century geologists.<a href="#cite_note-Graciansky5-43">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> The formation of the Alps (the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> Era the <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> consisted of a single <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a>; it broke into separate plates during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> Era and the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys</a> sea developed between <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Period.<a href="#cite_note-Graciansky1ff-42">[39]</a> The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the <a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>—a process that began at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process,<a href="#cite_note-Graciansky1ff-42">[39]</a> caused by the collision between the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a> plates<a href="#cite_note-Gerrard9-45">[42]</a> that began in the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> Period.<a href="#cite_note-Gerrard16-46">[43]</a> Under extreme <a href="/wiki/Compressive_stress" title="Compressive stress">compressive stresses</a> and pressure, marine <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> were uplifted, forming characteristic recumbent <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine <a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">flysch</a> sediments was deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">foreland basin</a>, and the sediments became involved in younger folds as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in <a href="/wiki/Molasse_basin" title="Molasse basin">foreland areas</a> north of the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-Gerrard9-45">[42]</a> These regions in Switzerland and Bavaria are well-developed, containing classic examples of <a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">flysch</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> formed during mountain building.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid102-48">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg/330px-View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg/495px-View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg/660px-View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6042" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>The dolomitic peaks of <a href="/wiki/Triglav_National_Park" title="Triglav National Park">Triglav National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a></figcaption></figure> The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in folded structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid97-49">[46]</a> A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">paleogeographic</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid97-49">[46]</a> The Alps are subdivided by different <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> (rock composition) and nappe structures according to the orogenic events that affected them.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid93-14">[11]</a> The geological subdivision differentiates the Western, Eastern Alps, and Southern Alps: the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_nappes" title="Helvetic nappes">Helveticum</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Penninic_nappes" class="mw-redirect" title="Penninic nappes">Penninicum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austroalpine_nappes" title="Austroalpine nappes">Austroalpine system</a> in the centre and, south of the Periadriatic Seam, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Alps (geology)">Southern Alpine system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid99-50">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg/250px-Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg/375px-Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg/500px-Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Compressed metamorphosed Tethyan sediments and their oceanic basement are sandwiched between the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> (Italian-Swiss border), which consists of gneisses originally part of the African plate, and the base of the peak, which is part of the Eurasian plate.<a href="#cite_note-Graciansky5-43">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid97-49">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">Flysch</a> deposits in the Southern Alps of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid97-49">[46]</a> Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a> with sediments from the Mesozoic Era.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid99-50">[47]</a> High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> Period <a href="/wiki/Thin-skinned_deformation" title="Thin-skinned deformation">thin-skinned</a> thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid102-48">[45]</a> Similarly the peaks in eastern Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that <a href="/wiki/Decollement" class="mw-redirect" title="Decollement">detached</a> from former <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a> rock.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid103-51">[48]</a> In simple terms, the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African, and oceanic (Tethyan) origin.<a href="#cite_note-Graciansky29ff-52">[49]</a> The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate.<a href="#cite_note-Graciansky31-53">[50]</a> The Matterhorn is an example of the ongoing orogeny and shows evidence of great folding. The tip of the mountain consists of <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneisses</a> from the African plate; the base of the peak, below the glaciated area, consists of European basement rock. The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates.<a href="#cite_note-Graciansky5-43">[40]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Savine.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Haute Maurienne (Ambin and Vanoise massifs) and its exposed crystalline basement made of high-pressure subduction rocks such as blueschist and metaquartzite (picture taken at 2,400 metres or 7,900 feet)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Savine.JPG/750px-Savine.JPG" decoding="async" width="750" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Savine.JPG/1125px-Savine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Savine.JPG/1500px-Savine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="10800" data-file-height="2352" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Savine.JPG" title="File:Savine.JPG"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Maurienne" title="Maurienne">Haute Maurienne</a> (Ambin and Vanoise massifs) and its exposed crystalline basement made of high-pressure subduction rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">blueschist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">metaquartzite</a> (picture taken at 2,400 metres or 7,900 feet)</div></div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion produced the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a> that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas.<a href="#cite_note-Gerrard16-46">[43]</a> Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonnais, and <a href="/wiki/Hohe_Tauern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohe Tauern">Hohe Tauern</a> consist of layers of rock from the various orogenies including exposures of basement rock.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Due to the ever-present geologic instability, earthquakes continue in the Alps to this day.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Typically, the largest earthquakes in the alps have been between magnitude 6 and 7 on the Richter scale.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodetic</a> measurements show ongoing topographic uplift at rates of up to about 2.5 mm per year in the North, Western and Central Alps, and at ~1 mm per year in the Eastern and South-Western Alps.<a href="#cite_note-Sternai-2019-57">[54]</a> The underlying mechanisms that jointly drive the present-day uplift pattern are the isostatic rebound due to the melting of the last glacial maximum ice-cap or long-term erosion, detachment of the Western Alpine subducting slab, mantle convection as well as ongoing horizontal convergence between Africa and Europe, but their relative contributions to the uplift of the Alps are difficult to quantify and likely to vary significantly in space and time.<a href="#cite_note-Sternai-2019-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minerals">Minerals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minerals">edit</a>]</div> The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries, BC during the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the <a href="/wiki/Bad_Gastein" title="Bad Gastein">Bad Gastein</a> area. <a href="/wiki/Erzberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzberg">Erzberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals, such as <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, are found throughout much of the Alpine region. The cinnabar deposits in Slovenia are a notable source of cinnabar pigments.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years and began to be classified in the 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th-century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and documented. In the 20th century Robert Parker wrote a well-known work about the rock crystals of the Swiss Alps; at the same period a commission was established to control and standardize the naming of Alpine minerals.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Glaciers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">List of glaciers in Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_the_Glacier_System_of_the_Alps_by_Alexander_Keith_Johnston_1848.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Illustration_of_the_Glacier_System_of_the_Alps_by_Alexander_Keith_Johnston_1848.png/350px-Illustration_of_the_Glacier_System_of_the_Alps_by_Alexander_Keith_Johnston_1848.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Illustration_of_the_Glacier_System_of_the_Alps_by_Alexander_Keith_Johnston_1848.png/525px-Illustration_of_the_Glacier_System_of_the_Alps_by_Alexander_Keith_Johnston_1848.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Illustration_of_the_Glacier_System_of_the_Alps_by_Alexander_Keith_Johnston_1848.png/700px-Illustration_of_the_Glacier_System_of_the_Alps_by_Alexander_Keith_Johnston_1848.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>This illustration of the glacier systems of the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif" title="Mont Blanc massif">Mont Blanc massif</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_Johnston_(1804%E2%80%931871)" title="Alexander Keith Johnston (1804–1871)">Alexander Keith Johnston</a> was first published 1848 in The Physical Atlas.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation,<a href="#cite_note-Gerrard16-46">[43]</a> which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland. Because of his work he came to be known as the "father of the ice-age concept" although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff-60">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg/220px-Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg/330px-Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg/440px-Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a>'s studies of the <a href="/wiki/Unteraar_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Unteraar Glacier">Unteraar Glacier</a> in the 1840s showed that it moved at 100 m (328 ft) per year.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff-60">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the <a href="/wiki/Unteraar_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Unteraar Glacier">Unteraar Glacier</a> where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the <a href="/wiki/Jungfraujoch" title="Jungfraujoch">Jungfraujoch</a>, devoted exclusively to the study of Alpine glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff-60">[57]</a> Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a> valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">ice ages</a> with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff-60">[57]</a> Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls (reliefs); valleys with lower reliefs and <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">talus slopes</a> are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys.<a href="#cite_note-Gerrard132-61">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraines</a>, piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier, accumulate at edges, centre, and the terminus of glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff-60">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg/220px-Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg/330px-Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg/440px-Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Sphinx Tunnel connecting <a href="/wiki/Jungfraujoch_railway_station" title="Jungfraujoch railway station">Jungfraujoch railway station</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sphinx_Observatory" title="Sphinx Observatory">Sphinx Observatory</a>, through a glacier at the <a href="/wiki/Jungfraujoch" title="Jungfraujoch">Jungfraujoch</a>.</figcaption></figure> Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be home to dragons in the medieval period. The cracking creates unpredictable and dangerous <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasses</a>, often invisible under new snowfall, which causes the greatest danger to mountaineers.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff71ff-62">[59]</a> Glaciers end in ice caves (the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_Glacier" title="Rhône Glacier">Rhône Glacier</a>), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage, and loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff71ff-62">[59]</a> High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level.<a href="#cite_note-Gerrard78-63">[60]</a> The 1,817 km2 (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels.<a href="#cite_note-Gerrard108-64">[61]</a> Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Although the Alpine topography shows marked glacial morphologies,<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> the mechanisms by which glacial reshaping occurs are unclear. <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">Numerical modeling</a> suggests that glacial erosion propagates from low elevations to high elevations leading to an early increase of local relief followed by lowering of the mean orogen elevation.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rivers_and_lakes">Rivers and lakes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rivers and lakes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_the_Alps" title="List of valleys of the Alps">List of valleys of the Alps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg/220px-St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg/330px-St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg/440px-St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Berchtesgaden" title="St. Bartholomew's Church, Berchtesgaden">St. Bartholomew's chapel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigssee" title="Königssee">Königssee</a> in Bavaria is a popular tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a></figcaption></figure> The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Although the area is only about 11% of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90% of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80% of water from Alpine runoff.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré9-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_1-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Water from the rivers is used in at least 550 <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> power plants, considering only those producing at least 10MW of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Major European rivers flow from the Alps, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Other rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> have major tributaries flowing into them that originate in the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré9-19">[16]</a> The Rhône is second to the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean Sea; the river begins as glacial meltwater, flows into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a>, and from there to France where one of its uses is to cool nuclear power plants.<a href="#cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3-73">[70]</a> The Rhine originates in a 30 km2 (12 sq mi) area in Switzerland and represents almost 60% of water exported from the country.<a href="#cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3-73">[70]</a> Tributary valleys, some of which are complicated, channel water to the main valleys which can experience flooding during the snowmelt season when rapid runoff causes debris torrents and swollen rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Ceben_1998,_31-74">[71]</a> The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent-shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of <a href="/wiki/Evian-les-Bains" class="mw-redirect" title="Evian-les-Bains">Evian-les-Bains</a> on the French side. In Germany, the medieval <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Berchtesgaden" title="St. Bartholomew's Church, Berchtesgaden">St. Bartholomew's chapel</a> was built on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigssee" title="Königssee">Königssee</a>, accessible only by boat or by climbing over the abutting peaks.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/220px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/330px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/440px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Lakes" title="Italian Lakes">Southern pre-alpine lakes</a> like <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a> are characterised by warmer <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a> than the surrounding areas</figcaption></figure> Additionally, the Alps have led to the creation of large lakes in Italy. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Sarca" title="Sarca">Sarca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)">primary inflow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a>, originates in the Italian Alps.<a href="#cite_note-EnBrit-76">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Lakes" title="Italian Lakes">Italian Lakes</a> are a popular tourist destination since the Roman Era for their mild climate. Scientists have been studying the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impact of climate change</a> and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for <a href="/wiki/Snowmaking" title="Snowmaking">snowmaking</a> in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_1-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Alps" title="Climate of the Alps">Climate of the Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Alps" title="High Alps">High Alps</a></div> The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a> have been called <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine</a>. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the temperature to decrease (see <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">adiabatic lapse rate</a>). The effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of temperature, often accompanied by precipitation in the form of snow or rain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911737-78">[75]</a> The height of the Alps is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south because moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg/220px-Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg/330px-Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg/440px-Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aletsch_Glacier" title="Aletsch Glacier">Aletsch Glacier</a> with pine trees growing on the hillside (2007; the surface is 180 m (590 ft) lower than 150 years ago)</figcaption></figure> The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">foehn wind</a>. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists.<a href="#cite_note-Ceben_22–24-18">[15]</a> Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Maurienne" title="Maurienne">Maurienne</a> in France, the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> in Switzerland, and northern <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrol (federal state)">Tyrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ceben_22–24-18">[15]</a> The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff.<a href="#cite_note-Ceben_1998,_31-74">[71]</a> The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m (3,300 and 9,800 ft), snowfall begins in November and accumulates through to April or May when the melt begins. <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">Snow lines</a> vary from 2,400 to 3,000 m (7,900 to 9,800 ft), above which the snow is permanent and the temperatures hover around the freezing point even during July and August. High-water levels in streams and rivers peak in June and July when the snow is still melting at the higher altitudes.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life, and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,600 and 3,300 ft), depending on the location. The <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m (2,600 to 5,600 ft), followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m (5,200 to 7,900 ft). The Alpine zone, extending from <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> to the snow line, is followed by the glacial zone, which covers the glaciated areas of the mountain. Climatic conditions show variances within the same zones; for example, weather conditions at the head of a mountain valley, extending directly from the peaks, are colder and more severe than those at the mouth of a valley which tend to be less severe and receive less snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <dl><dt>Climate change</dt></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duration_of_the_yearly_snow_cover_ring-width_reconstruction_together_with_modelled_record_for_the_Alps.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Duration_of_the_yearly_snow_cover_ring-width_reconstruction_together_with_modelled_record_for_the_Alps.webp/200px-Duration_of_the_yearly_snow_cover_ring-width_reconstruction_together_with_modelled_record_for_the_Alps.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Duration_of_the_yearly_snow_cover_ring-width_reconstruction_together_with_modelled_record_for_the_Alps.webp/300px-Duration_of_the_yearly_snow_cover_ring-width_reconstruction_together_with_modelled_record_for_the_Alps.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Duration_of_the_yearly_snow_cover_ring-width_reconstruction_together_with_modelled_record_for_the_Alps.webp/400px-Duration_of_the_yearly_snow_cover_ring-width_reconstruction_together_with_modelled_record_for_the_Alps.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Shrinkage of snow cover duration, starting ~end of the 19th century<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41558-022-01575-3-82">[79]</a></figcaption></figure> Various models of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change#Ice_and_snow" title="Effects of climate change">snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Significant changes, of both natural and anthropogenic origins, have already been diagnosed from observations,<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> including a 5.6% reduction per decade in snow cover duration over the last 50 years, which also highlights <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> needs due to impacts on the climate and regional socio-economic activities.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41558-022-01575-3-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alps_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Alps conifer and mixed forests">Alps conifer and mixed forests</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_the_Alps" title="Flora of the Alps">Flora of the Alps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentiana_clusii03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gentiana_clusii03.jpg/220px-Gentiana_clusii03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gentiana_clusii03.jpg/330px-Gentiana_clusii03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gentiana_clusii03.jpg/440px-Gentiana_clusii03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Stemless gentian (<a href="/wiki/Gentiana_acaulis" title="Gentiana acaulis">Gentiana acaulis</a>)</figcaption></figure> Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré8-9">[6]</a> Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> or non-calcareous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, and woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soil-less scree and <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a>, and rock faces and ridges.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff-15">[12]</a> A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees—oak, beech, <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sycamore maple">sycamore maple</a>. These do not reach the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together, but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the presence of wild herbaceous vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911738-88">[85]</a> This limit usually lies about 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), sometimes even to 1,700 m (5,600 ft).<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg/170px-Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg/255px-Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg/340px-Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Edelweiss (<a href="/wiki/Edelweiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelweiss">Leontopodium alpinum</a>)</figcaption></figure> Above the forestry, there is often a band of dwarf pine trees (<a href="/wiki/Pinus_mugo" title="Pinus mugo">Pinus mugo</a>), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_ferrugineum" title="Rhododendron ferrugineum">Rhododendron ferrugineum</a> (on acid soils) or <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_hirsutum" title="Rhododendron hirsutum">Rhododendron hirsutum</a> (on alkaline soils).<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Although Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff-15">[12]</a> Above the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> is the area defined as "alpine" where in the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_meadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine meadow">alpine meadow</a> plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures, aridity, and <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="High-altitude adaptation">high altitudes</a>. The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Alpine plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Gentiana_acaulis" title="Gentiana acaulis">Alpine gentian</a> grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the <a href="/wiki/Lauterbrunnental" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauterbrunnental">Lauterbrunnental</a>. Gentians are named after the <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a>, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,900 to 7,900 ft).<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Writing about the gentians in Switzerland <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a> described them as "darkening the day-time, torch-like with the smoking blueness of Pluto's gloom."<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Gentians tend to "appear" repeatedly as the spring blooming takes place at progressively later dates, moving from the lower altitude to the higher altitude meadows where the snow melts much later than in the valleys. On the highest rocky ledges, the spring flowers bloom in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff-15">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg/220px-Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg/330px-Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg/440px-Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4729" data-file-height="3547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden_National_Park" title="Berchtesgaden National Park">Berchtesgaden National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturasollieres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Naturasollieres.jpg/220px-Naturasollieres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Naturasollieres.jpg/330px-Naturasollieres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Naturasollieres.jpg/440px-Naturasollieres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Preserved internal alpine forest and meadow, <a href="/wiki/Vanoise_National_Park" title="Vanoise National Park">Vanoise National Park</a></figcaption></figure> At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,000 ft), including <a href="/wiki/Ranunculus_glacialis" title="Ranunculus glacialis">Ranunculus glacialis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androsace_alpina" title="Androsace alpina">Androsace alpina</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxifraga_biflora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxifraga biflora (page does not exist)">Saxifraga biflora</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eritrichium_nanum" title="Eritrichium nanum">Eritrichium nanum</a>, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive of the alpine flowers, growing on rocky ridges at 2,600 to 3,750 m (8,530 to 12,300 ft).<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Perhaps the best known of the alpine plants is <a href="/wiki/Edelweiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelweiss">Edelweiss</a> which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and as high as 3,400 m (11,200 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff-15">[12]</a> The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp14ff-95">[92]</a> The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary metabolites">secondary metabolites</a> important for medicinal purposes. <a href="/wiki/Origanum_vulgare" class="mw-redirect" title="Origanum vulgare">Origanum vulgare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunella_vulgaris" title="Prunella vulgaris">Prunella vulgaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solanum_nigrum" title="Solanum nigrum">Solanum nigrum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">Urtica dioica</a> are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of the forest. In some areas, the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp14ff-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest <a href="/wiki/Snow_flea" title="Snow flea">snow fleas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a>, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">snow line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré8-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg/170px-Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg/255px-Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg/340px-Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Young alpine ibex. When fully grown the horns of this male will be about one metre wide.</figcaption></figure> The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">alpine ibex</a>, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Classified as <a href="/wiki/Antelopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antelopes">antelopes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff-15">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a> are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Areas of the eastern Alps are still home to brown bears. In Switzerland the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">canton of Bern</a> was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above <a href="/wiki/Kleine_Scheidegg" title="Kleine Scheidegg">Kleine Scheidegg</a> by three hunters from <a href="/wiki/Grindelwald" title="Grindelwald">Grindelwald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Many rodents such as <a href="/wiki/Voles" class="mw-redirect" title="Voles">voles</a> live underground. <a href="/wiki/Marmots" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmots">Marmots</a> live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,900 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth,<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff102ff-102">[99]</a> and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff-15">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">Golden eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">bearded vultures</a> are the largest birds to be found in the Alps; they nest high on rocky ledges and can be found at altitudes of 2,400 m (7,900 ft). The most common bird is the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_chough" title="Alpine chough">alpine chough</a> which can be found scavenging at climber's huts or the <a href="/wiki/Jungfraujoch" title="Jungfraujoch">Jungfraujoch</a>, a high-altitude tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff97ff-103">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parnassius_phoebus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Parnassius_phoebus.jpg/220px-Parnassius_phoebus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Parnassius_phoebus.jpg/330px-Parnassius_phoebus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Parnassius_phoebus.jpg/440px-Parnassius_phoebus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>The alpine <a href="/wiki/Apollo_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo butterfly">Apollo butterfly</a> has adapted to alpine conditions.</figcaption></figure> Reptiles such as <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">adders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">vipers</a> live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff95ff-104">[101]</a> The high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Alpine_salamander" title="Alpine salamander">Alpine salamanders</a> have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs. <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">Brown trout</a> can be found in the streams up to the snow line.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff95ff-104">[101]</a> Molluscs such as the <a href="/wiki/Helicigona" title="Helicigona">wood snail</a> live up the snow line. Popularly gathered as food, the <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> are now protected.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff88ff-105">[102]</a> Several species of <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Blue butterflies</a> can commonly be seen drinking from the snowmelt; some species of blues fly as high as 1,800 m (5,900 ft).<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail <a href="/wiki/Parnassius" title="Parnassius">Parnassius</a> family, with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m (5,900 ft). Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is <a href="/wiki/Rosalia_alpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalia alpina">Rosalia alpina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Spiders, such as the large <a href="/wiki/Wolf_spider" title="Wolf spider">wolf spider</a>, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,300 ft). <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">Scorpions</a> can be found in the Italian Alps.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff88ff-105">[102]</a> Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In <a href="/wiki/Lac_d%27%C3%89mosson" title="Lac d'Émosson">Émosson</a> in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> Period.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Alps" title="History of the Alps">History of the Alps</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">Petroglyphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a>, Italy, which was recognized by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1979 and was Italy's first recognized <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otzi-Quinson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Otzi-Quinson.jpg/220px-Otzi-Quinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Otzi-Quinson.jpg/330px-Otzi-Quinson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Otzi-Quinson.jpg/440px-Otzi-Quinson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a> mummy as shown in <a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a>, France. The original mummy and his remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology">South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, Italy.</figcaption></figure> When the ice melted after the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> settlements were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near the <a href="/wiki/Vercors_Cave_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercors Cave System">Vercors Cave System</a>, close to Grenoble and Echirolles. In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mondsee_(lake)" title="Mondsee (lake)">Mondsee lake</a> shows evidence of houses built on piles. Standing stones have been found in the Alpine areas of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. About 200,000 drawings and etchings have been documented, and are known as the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beattie25ff-109">[106]</a> A mummy of a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> human, known as <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>, was discovered on the <a href="/wiki/Similaun" title="Similaun">Similaun</a>. His clothing lets modern people assume that he was an alpine farmer, while the location and manner of his death suggests that Ötzi was traveling.<a href="#cite_note-Beattie21ff-110">[107]</a> Analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> of Ötzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 <a href="/wiki/Subclade" title="Subclade">subclade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> His remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology">South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, Italy. From the 13th to the 6th century BC much of the Alps was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarii">Bavarii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celt</a> tribes settled in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> between 1500 and 1000 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raeti</a> lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a> settled in the Rhône valley and in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Adriatic Veneti</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triveneto" title="Triveneto">Triveneto</a> respectively. The Celts mined <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, where evidence was found of the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beattie25ff-109">[106]</a> By the 6th century BC the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> was well established in the region,<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> and became known for high quality <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Between 430 and 400 BC prolonged warfare in the Alps resulted in the devastation of agricultural land and human settlements, ultimately triggering the <a href="/wiki/Enslavement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslavement">enslavement</a> of men, women, and children, goods had to be imported as a result. The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> responded to raids by the <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a> and acquired absolute control over the Alpine trade routes. Aggressors in modern-day Italy were dealt with and an alliance was formed with the Celts. The grip of the Etruscan settlements broke down, as the Roman political system expanded, so as to take control over Alpine trade routes that connected human settlements in the Alps with settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> in 218 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> general <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> initiated one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, recorded as <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_crossing_the_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannibal crossing the Alps">Hannibal crossing the Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancel-116">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman people</a> built roads along the Alpine mountain passes, which continued to be used through the medieval period. Roman road markers can still be found on the Alpine mountain passes.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> in 58 BC <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_people" title="Rhaetian people">Rhaetian</a> continued to resist but their territory was eventually conquered when the Romans crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> valley and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beattie27ff-118">[115]</a> The Romans built settlements in the Alps. In towns such as <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martigny" title="Martigny">Martigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Partenkirchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Partenkirchen">Partenkirchen</a> remains of villas, arenas, and temples have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity,_feudalism,_and_Napoleonic_wars">Christianity, feudalism, and Napoleonic wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christianity, feudalism, and Napoleonic wars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Vasily_Surikov_-_Suvorov_Crossing_the_Alps_in_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4616" data-file-height="6197" /></a><figcaption>Troops under <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> crossing the Alps in 1799, by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Surikov" title="Vasily Surikov">Vasily Surikov</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_Castres-Bonaparte_au_St-Bernard_IMG_3221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Edouard_Castres-Bonaparte_au_St-Bernard_IMG_3221.jpg/220px-Edouard_Castres-Bonaparte_au_St-Bernard_IMG_3221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Edouard_Castres-Bonaparte_au_St-Bernard_IMG_3221.jpg/330px-Edouard_Castres-Bonaparte_au_St-Bernard_IMG_3221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Edouard_Castres-Bonaparte_au_St-Bernard_IMG_3221.jpg/440px-Edouard_Castres-Bonaparte_au_St-Bernard_IMG_3221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3437" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon passing the Great St Bernard Pass, by <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Castres" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Castres">Edouard Castres</a></figcaption></figure> Christianity was established in the Alps by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman people</a>. Monasteries and churches were constructed, even at high Alpine altitudes. The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> expanded their <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> in the eastern Alps. The construction of castles in the Alps supported the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, still has intricate frescoes, and excellent examples of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Chillon">Château de Chillon</a> is preserved as an example of medieval architecture.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> There are several important alpine saints and one such one is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurice" title="Saint Maurice">Saint Maurice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti of Milan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_St_Bernard_Hospice" title="Great St Bernard Hospice">Great St Bernard Hospice</a>, built in the 9th or 10th centuries, at the summit of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Saint_Bernard_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Saint Bernard Pass">Great Saint Bernard Pass</a> was a shelter for humans and destination for pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> In 1291, to protect themselves from incursions by the House of Habsburg, four Alpine <a href="/wiki/Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantons">cantons</a> drew up the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a>, which is considered to be a declaration of independence from neighboring kingdoms. After a series of battles fought in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, more cantons joined the confederacy and by the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> was established as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> In the Alps, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> fallout resulted in a 1713 <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a>, which relocated the Western Alps border along the watersheds. Historically, the Alps were used to determine the borders of political and administrative gangs, but the Peace of Utrecht was the first significant body of treaty that considered geographical conditions. The Alps were carved up and borders were agreed, so that <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclaves</a> in the Alps could be eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in the late 18th century and early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> annexed territory formerly controlled by the House of Habsburg, and the House of Savoy. In 1798, the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a> was established, two years later an army across the <a href="/wiki/Great_St_Bernard_Pass" title="Great St Bernard Pass">Great St Bernard Pass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> In 1799 the Russian imperial military engaged the revolutionary French army in the Alps, this episode has been recorded as significant achievement in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In October 1799 the troops commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> were surrounded in the Alps by much larger French troops. The Russian troops broke out, mauled the French troops, and retreated through the <a href="/wiki/Panix_Pass" title="Panix Pass">Panix Pass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> After the fall of Napoleon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent further invasion. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> built a series of fortifications to protect the major alpine passes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Col_du_Mont-Cenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Col du Mont-Cenis">col du Mont-Cenis</a>, which was crossed by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> to obliterate the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the Alps to shelter humans became tourist destinations. The <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictines</a> had built monasteries in <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oberammergau" title="Oberammergau">Oberammergau</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a> built their temple at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> maintained abbeys in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Interlaken" title="Interlaken">Interlaken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration">Exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_High_Alps" title="Exploration of the High Alps">Exploration of the High Alps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massif_du_Mont-Blanc_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Massif_du_Mont-Blanc_06.jpg/220px-Massif_du_Mont-Blanc_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Massif_du_Mont-Blanc_06.jpg/330px-Massif_du_Mont-Blanc_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Massif_du_Mont-Blanc_06.jpg/440px-Massif_du_Mont-Blanc_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4116" data-file-height="3406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif" title="Mont Blanc massif">Mont Blanc massif</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a>-dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">canton of St. Gallen</a>, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911748-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff188ff-132">[129]</a> The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying, the abode of dragons and demons, to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII of France</a> ordered his <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">chamberlain</a> to climb <a href="/wiki/Mont_Aiguille" title="Mont Aiguille">Mont Aiguille</a> in 1356. The knight reached the summit of <a href="/wiki/Rocciamelone" title="Rocciamelone">Rocciamelone</a> where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> In 1492, Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as "horrifying and terrifying."<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff188ff-132">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountain—scholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a>. From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> In the 18th century four <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> men almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descent_from_Mont-Blanc_in_1787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Descent_from_Mont-Blanc_in_1787.jpg/220px-Descent_from_Mont-Blanc_in_1787.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Descent_from_Mont-Blanc_in_1787.jpg/330px-Descent_from_Mont-Blanc_in_1787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Descent_from_Mont-Blanc_in_1787.jpg/440px-Descent_from_Mont-Blanc_in_1787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8261" data-file-height="6838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Horace Bénédict de Saussure</a> shown in, Descent from Mont-Blanc, by <a href="/wiki/Christian_von_Mechel" title="Christian von Mechel">Christian von Mechel</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming_vii-139">[136]</a> Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were <a href="/wiki/Horace-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace-Bénédict de Saussure">Horace-Bénédict de Saussure</a> (1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps,<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> and the Benedictine monk of <a href="/wiki/Disentis" title="Disentis">Disentis</a> <a href="/wiki/Placidus_a_Spescha" title="Placidus a Spescha">Placidus a Spescha</a> (1752–1833).<a href="#cite_note-Fleming_vii-139">[136]</a> Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamoured with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc—today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff197ff-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Romantics_and_Alpinists">The Romantics and Alpinists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Romantics and Alpinists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/170px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/255px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/340px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Haller" title="Albrecht von Haller">Albrecht von Haller</a>'s poem Die Alpen, published in 1732 described the mountains as an area of mythical purity.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> presented the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, in his novel <a href="/wiki/Julie,_or_the_New_Heloise" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie, or the New Heloise">Julie, or the New Heloise</a>, published in 1761. Later the first wave of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> came to admire the Alpine scenery;<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a> visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in <a href="/wiki/The_Prelude" title="The Prelude">The Prelude</a> (1799). Schiller later wrote the play <a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(play)" title="William Tell (play)">William Tell</a> (1804), which tells the story of the legendary Swiss marksman <a href="/wiki/William_Tell" title="William Tell">William Tell</a> as part of the greater Swiss struggle for independence from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg Empire</a> in the early 14th century. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians,<a href="#cite_note-Fleming_2000,_83-144">[141]</a> as visitors came to experience the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a> effects of monumental nature.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> In 1816, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings.<a href="#cite_note-Fleming_2000,_83-144">[141]</a> During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "<a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(poem)" title="Mont Blanc (poem)">Mont Blanc</a>", Byron wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Chillon" title="The Prisoner of Chillon">The Prisoner of Chillon</a>" and the dramatic poem <a href="/wiki/Manfred" title="Manfred">Manfred</a>, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva amid a thunderstorm. When <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself "Atheos" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers,<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> "Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders".<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> From the beginning of the 19th century, the tourism and mountaineering development of the Alps began. In the early years of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_alpinism" title="Golden age of alpinism">golden age of alpinism</a>" initially scientific activities were mixed with sport, for example by the physicist <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a>, with the first ascent of the Matterhorn by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whymper" title="Edward Whymper">Edward Whymper</a> being the highlight. In the later years, the "<a href="/wiki/Silver_age_of_alpinism" title="Silver age of alpinism">silver age of alpinism</a>", the focus was on mountain sports and climbing. The first president of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)" title="Alpine Club (UK)">Alpine Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ball_(naturalist)" title="John Ball (naturalist)">John Ball</a>, is considered the discoverer of the Dolomites, which for decades were the focus of climbers like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Grohmann" title="Paul Grohmann">Paul Grohmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Innerkofler" title="Michael Innerkofler">Michael Innerkofler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Dibona" title="Angelo Dibona">Angelo Dibona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nazis">The Nazis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Nazis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg/220px-Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg/330px-Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg/440px-Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The Nazis hid looted art in salt mines at <a href="/wiki/Altaussee" title="Altaussee">Altaussee</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Netherlandish art">Early Netherlandish</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece" title="Ghent Altarpiece">Ghent Altarpiece</a> which sustained significant damage.</figcaption></figure> In autumn 1932, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> commissioned the first of a series of refurbishments, which eventually turned a mountain cottage, later named <a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a>, into a fortified <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>. This domestic, but representative, fortification had two small bedrooms, and a full bathroom, planned by the Munich architect and NSDAP member <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Neumaier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Neumaier (page does not exist)">Josef Neumaier</a>. Guests, such as <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>, stayed over, sleeping in tents or over the garage.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> The Alps, Adolf Hitler, and improbable powerful organizations have been subject to <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> The Alps acted as a geographical barrier to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the Alps for centuries were permeated with established smuggling routes, known as green line. After World War II, members of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> that feared prosecution as <a href="/wiki/War_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminal">war criminals</a>, known in modern English only as SS, disappeared into a crowd of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Massive numbers of refugees entered Italy illegally, by navigating the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undocumented_migrants">Undocumented migrants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Undocumented migrants">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Smugglers" class="mw-redirect" title="Smugglers">Smugglers</a> of humans claim that crossing the Alps is less dangerous, or deadly, than traveling 355 km on water between <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Tramp_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp ship">tramp ship</a> (carretta del mare) or a <a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">dinghy</a>. Undocumented migrants, visa overstayers, false tourists, asylum seekers, and other clandestine humans, lose their lives crossing the Alps. The exact number of smuggled humans who die a brutal death in the Alps can only be estimated.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_Alpine_cities">Largest Alpine cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Largest Alpine cities">edit</a>]</div> The largest city within the Alps is the city of <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Other larger and important cities within the Alps with over 100,000 inhabitants are in <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano/Bozen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>). Larger cities outside the Alps are <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> (Austria), <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kranj" title="Kranj">Kranj</a> (Slovenia), <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> (Switzerland), <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (France). Cities with over 100,000 inhabitants in the Alps are: <table class="wikitable sortable zebra"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Municipality</th> <th>Inhabitants</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Region </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_(Isere).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg/35px-Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg/53px-Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg/70px-Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a></td> <td align="right">162,780</td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg/35px-Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg/53px-Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg/70px-Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg/35px-AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg/53px-AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg/70px-AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="502" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></td> <td align="right">132,236</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AUT_Tirol_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AUT_Tirol_COA.svg/35px-AUT_Tirol_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AUT_Tirol_COA.svg/53px-AUT_Tirol_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AUT_Tirol_COA.svg/70px-AUT_Tirol_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="555" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(federal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrol (federal state)">Tyrol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Trient.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trient.JPG/35px-Trient.JPG" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trient.JPG/53px-Trient.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trient.JPG/70px-Trient.JPG 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="255" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></td> <td align="right">117,417</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trentino-South_Tyrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-South Tyrol">Trentino-South Tyrol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg/35px-ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg/53px-ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg/70px-ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="520" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano/Bozen</a></td> <td align="right">106,951</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trentino-South_Tyrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-South Tyrol">Trentino-South Tyrol</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alpine_people_and_culture">Alpine people and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alpine people and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transhumance_in_the_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhumance in the Alps">Transhumance in the Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Swiss folklore</a></div> The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré8-9">[6]</a> On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus, and on the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and the mountains farming is still essential to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology.<a href="#cite_note-Chartes_et._el._2010,_5-158">[155]</a> The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the Romance dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> derive from <a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a>, while the southern part of the western range is related to <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166-159">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romanic language</a> derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166-159">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG/220px-Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG/330px-Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG/440px-Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a> is known for its production of salt, dating back to prehistoric times.</figcaption></figure> Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking, pastry-making, and cheesemaking.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff-160">[157]</a> Farming has been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June, cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff-160">[157]</a> Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The <a href="/wiki/Almabtrieb" title="Almabtrieb">Almabtrieb, Alpabzug, Alpabfahrt, Désalpes</a> ("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous <a href="/wiki/Cowbell" title="Cowbell">cowbells</a> while the farmers dress in traditional costumes.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff-160">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG/220px-LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG/330px-LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG/440px-LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>In the summers the cows are brought up to the high mountain meadows for grazing. Small summer villages such as the one shown in this photograph taken in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> are used.</figcaption></figure> Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the <a href="/wiki/Emmental" title="Emmental">Emmental</a> in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_cheese" title="Beaufort cheese">Beaufort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> can weigh up to 70 kg (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion about the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages that have become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that scythes are usually necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff-160">[157]</a> In the high villages, people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss <a href="/wiki/Chalet" title="Chalet">chalet</a> originated in the Bernese Oberland. Chalets often face south or downhill and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.<a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG/220px-Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG/330px-Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG/440px-Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>Herding sheep in Austria</figcaption></figure> Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as <a href="/wiki/Fondue" title="Fondue">fondue</a>, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served traditionally on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries, carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg/220px-Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg/330px-Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg/440px-Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Alpine chalet being built in Haute-Maurienne (Savoy), the use of thick pieces of <a href="/wiki/Orthogneiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogneiss">orthogneiss</a> (4–7 cm) is by the strict architectural regulations in the region bordering the national parks of Vanoise-Grand Paradis.</figcaption></figure> Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, gneiss, or <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the <a href="/wiki/Maurienne" title="Maurienne">Maurienne</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of <a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a>, they are called "tavaillon". In the German-speaking parts of the Alps (<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>) and also <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, there is a strong tradition of Alpine <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a>. Old traditions are carefully maintained among inhabitants of Alpine areas, even though this is seldom obvious to the visitor: many people are members of cultural associations where the Alpine <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a> is cultivated. At cultural events, traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">folk costume</a> (in German <a href="/wiki/Tracht" title="Tracht">Tracht</a>) is expected: typically <a href="/wiki/Lederhosen" title="Lederhosen">lederhosen</a> for men and <a href="/wiki/Dirndl" title="Dirndl">dirndls</a> for women. Visitors can get a glimpse of the rich customs of the Alps at public <a href="/wiki/Volksfest" title="Volksfest">Volksfeste</a>. Even when large events feature only a little folk culture, all participants take part with gusto. Good opportunities to see local people celebrating the traditional culture occur at the many fairs, wine festivals, and firefighting festivals which fill weekends in the countryside from spring to autumn. Alpine festivals vary from country to country. Frequently they include music (e.g. the playing of <a href="/wiki/Alpenhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpenhorn">Alpenhorns</a>), dance (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Schuhplattler" title="Schuhplattler">Schuhplattler</a>), sports (e.g. wrestling marches and archery), as well as traditions with pagan roots such as the lighting of fires on <a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a>. Many areas celebrate <a href="/wiki/Swabian-Alemannic_Fastnacht" title="Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht">Fastnacht</a> in the weeks before <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. Folk costume also continues to be worn for most weddings and festivals.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-marcopolo1-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_the_Alps" title="List of national parks in the Alps">List of national parks in the Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Austria" title="Tourism in Austria">Tourism in Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism in Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism in Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolsterlang_H%C3%B6rnerbahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bolsterlang_H%C3%B6rnerbahn.jpg/220px-Bolsterlang_H%C3%B6rnerbahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bolsterlang_H%C3%B6rnerbahn.jpg/330px-Bolsterlang_H%C3%B6rnerbahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bolsterlang_H%C3%B6rnerbahn.jpg/440px-Bolsterlang_H%C3%B6rnerbahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption>View of the ski resort <a href="/wiki/Bolsterlang" title="Bolsterlang">Bolsterlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberallg%C3%A4u" title="Oberallgäu">Oberallgäu</a>, Bavaria, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_Comune_di_Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_2023-09-27_15-35-37_030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_Comune_di_Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_2023-09-27_15-35-37_030.jpg/220px-Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_Comune_di_Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_2023-09-27_15-35-37_030.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_Comune_di_Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_2023-09-27_15-35-37_030.jpg/330px-Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_Comune_di_Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_2023-09-27_15-35-37_030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_Comune_di_Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_2023-09-27_15-35-37_030.jpg/440px-Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_Comune_di_Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_-_2023-09-27_15-35-37_030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>The ski resort in <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Schranz,_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg/220px-Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg/330px-Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg/440px-Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schranz" title="Karl Schranz">Karl Schranz</a> running the <a href="/wiki/Lauberhorn" title="Lauberhorn">Lauberhorn</a> in 1966</figcaption></figure> The Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such as <a href="/wiki/Oberstdorf" title="Oberstdorf">Oberstdorf</a>, in Bavaria, <a href="/wiki/Saalbach-Hinterglemm" title="Saalbach-Hinterglemm">Saalbach</a> in Austria, <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a> in Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year, tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much of it coming from winter sports, although summer visitors are also an important component.<a href="#cite_note-Bart-166">[163]</a> The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, travelled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">cog-railways</a>, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever-higher elevations, with the <a href="/wiki/Jungfraubahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungfraubahn">Jungfraubahn</a> terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> championship was held in <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>, and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-Bart-166">[163]</a> as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the <a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924 Winter Olympics</a> in Chamonix, France; the <a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">1928 Winter Olympics</a> in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the <a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a>, Germany. During World War II the winter games were cancelled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in <a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">St. Moritz (1948)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria (1964 and 1976), <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, France, (1968), <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a>, France, (1992), and <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">Turin (2006)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> In 1930, the Lauberhorn Rennen (Lauberhorn Race), was run for the first time on the <a href="/wiki/Lauberhorn" title="Lauberhorn">Lauberhorn</a> above <a href="/wiki/Wengen" title="Wengen">Wengen</a>;<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> the equally demanding <a href="/wiki/Hahnenkamm,_Kitzb%C3%BChel" title="Hahnenkamm, Kitzbühel">Hahnenkamm</a> was first run in the same year in <a href="/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitzbühl">Kitzbühl</a>, Austria.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends. The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous downhill race at 4.5 km (2.8 mi) and poses danger to racers who reach 130 km/h (81 mph) within seconds of leaving the start gate.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> During the post-World War I period, ski lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, and summer tourism continued to be important. By the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as <a href="/wiki/Les_Menuires" title="Les Menuires">Les Menuires</a>. Until this point, Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, and by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy, and Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors.<a href="#cite_note-Bart-166">[163]</a> Since the 1980s tourism expansion and easy global access generate grave concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and many uncertainties about sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> As a likely result of climatic change, the number of high altitude ski resorts and piste km is in decline since 2015, with snow-making machines installed at many sites.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avalanche/snow-slide">Avalanche/snow-slide</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Avalanche/snow-slide">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>17th-century French-Italian border avalanche: in the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> in a village on the French-Italian border.</li> <li>19th century Zermatt avalanche: in the 19th century, 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Friday_(1916)" title="White Friday (1916)">December 13, 1916 Marmolada-mountain-avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Terror" title="Winter of Terror">1950–1951 winter-of-terror avalanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Is%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Val d'Isère">February 10, 1970 Val d'Isère avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montroc" title="Montroc">February 9, 1999 Montroc avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evol%C3%A8ne_avalanche" title="Evolène avalanche">February 21, 1999 Evolène avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Galt%C3%BCr_avalanche" title="1999 Galtür avalanche">February 23, 1999, Galtür avalanche</a>, the deadliest avalanche in the Alps in 40 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc#Incidents_involving_children" title="Mont Blanc">July 2014 Mont-Blanc avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Deux_Alpes#2016_Avalanche" title="Les Deux Alpes">January 13, 2016 Les-Deux-Alpes avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valfr%C3%A9jus_avalanche" title="Valfréjus avalanche">January 18, 2016 Valfréjus avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Marmolada_serac_collapse" title="2022 Marmolada serac collapse">July 3, 2022 Marmolada serac collapse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg/220px-ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg/330px-ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg/440px-ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="2926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zentralbahn" title="Zentralbahn">Zentralbahn</a> Interregio train following the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Brienz" title="Lake Brienz">Lake Brienz</a> shoreline, near <a href="/wiki/Niederried_bei_Interlaken" title="Niederried bei Interlaken">Niederried</a> in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by six million vehicles per year.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré8-9">[6]</a> Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Most of <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_railways_in_Europe" title="List of highest railways in Europe">Europe's highest railways</a> are located there. In 2007, the new 34.57 km-long (21.48 mi) <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tschberg_Base_Tunnel" title="Lötschberg Base Tunnel">Lötschberg Base Tunnel</a> was opened, which circumvents the 100 years older <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel" title="Lötschberg Tunnel">Lötschberg Tunnel</a>. With the opening of the 57.1 km-long (35.5 mi) <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a> on June 1, 2016, it bypasses the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Tunnel">Gotthard Tunnel</a> built in the 19th century and realizes the first flat route through the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Some high mountain villages are <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">car-free</a> either because of inaccessibility or by choice. <a href="/wiki/Wengen" title="Wengen">Wengen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zermatt" title="Zermatt">Zermatt</a> (in Switzerland) are accessible only by <a href="/wiki/Aerial_lift" title="Aerial lift">cable car</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">cog-rail trains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avoriaz" title="Avoriaz">Avoriaz</a> (in France), is car-free, with other Alpine villages considering becoming car-free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_paved_roads_in_Europe" title="List of highest paved roads in Europe">highest in Europe</a>, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. Several airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access.<a href="#cite_note-Chatré8-9">[6]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Alpes <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[alp]</a>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Alpen <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈalpn̩]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/06\/De-Alpen.ogg\/De-Alpen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Alpen.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/De-Alpen.ogg/De-Alpen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Alpen.ogg" title="File:De-Alpen.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Alpi <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈalpi]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: Alps <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">[alps]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: Alpe <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">[ˈáːlpɛ]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> are higher, and the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> longer. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Depending on the definitions used, a small mountain range in western <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> may also qualify as part of the Alps, although these are more typically classified as foothills, and Hungary is not considered to be an Alpine country.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BFM4809-1"><a href="#cite_ref-BFM4809_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfmtv.com/planete/le-mont-blanc-passe-de-4-810-metres-a-4-8087-metres-913753.html">"Le Mont-Blanc passe de 4.810 mètres à 4.808,7 mètres"</a>. bfmtv.com (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226080745/https://www.bfmtv.com/planete/le-mont-blanc-passe-de-4-810-metres-a-4-8087-metres-913753.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bfmtv.com&rft.atitle=Le+Mont-Blanc+passe+de+4.810+m%C3%A8tres+%C3%A0+4.808%2C7+m%C3%A8tres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfmtv.com%2Fplanete%2Fle-mont-blanc-passe-de-4-810-metres-a-4-8087-metres-913753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/heliconhe/alps/0">"Alps"</a>. The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. 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Světoběžník.info (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220230955/https://svetobeznik.info/madarsko-alpy-zajimavost-vylet/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2022. 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Retrieved July 27, 2023. <q>The Alps are a fascinating and spectacular mountain range spanning eight countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alpine+Convention&rft.pub=Alpine+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpconv.org%2Fen%2Fhome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-otzi-8"><a href="#cite_ref-otzi_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iceman.it/en/the-iceman/">"Ötzi the Iceman"</a>. www.iceman.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001033128/https://www.iceman.it/en/the-iceman/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2023. 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Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137564900" title="Special:BookSources/9781137564900"><bdi>9781137564900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battlefield+Emotions+1500-1800%3A+Practices%2C+Experience%2C+Imagination&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137564900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Beattie, (2006), 69-70 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Shoumatoff (2001), 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911748-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911748_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoolidgeLakeKnox1911">Coolidge, Lake & Knox 1911</a>, p. 748. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff188ff-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff188ff_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff188ff_132-1">b</a> Shoumatoff (2001), 188–191 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Fleming (2000), 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Fleming (2000), 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Fleming (2000), 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> qtd in Shoumatoff (2001), 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Shoumatoff (2001), 192–194 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Fleming (2000), 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_vii-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_vii_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_vii_139-1">b</a> Fleming (2000), vii </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Fleming (2000), 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Fleming (2000), 12–13, 30, 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Beattie, (2006), 121–123 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Goethe en Suisse et dans les Alpes: Voyages de 1775, 1779 et 1797 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_2000,_83-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_2000,_83_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_2000,_83_144-1">b</a> Fleming (2000), 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Beattie, (2006), 125–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Geoffrey Hartman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415150259/http://litthe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/4.full">"Gods, Ghosts, and Shelley's 'Atheos'"</a>, Literature and Theology, Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 4–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Beattie, (2006), 127–133 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Beattie, (2006), 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming,_Fergus2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming, Fergus (November 3, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/nov/04/historybooks.books">"Cliffhanger at the top of the world"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414090959/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/nov/04/historybooks.books">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cliffhanger+at+the+top+of+the+world&rft.date=2000-11-03&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2000%2Fnov%2F04%2Fhistorybooks.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Gilles Modica "1865: the Golden Age of Mountaineering" (2016), pp 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dolomythos.com/de/lexikon/besteigung-berge.asp">"Die Besteigung der Berge - Die Dolomitgipfel werden erobert (German: The ascent of the mountains - the dolomite peaks are conquered)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124230906/https://www.dolomythos.com/de/lexikon/besteigung-berge.asp">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Besteigung+der+Berge+-+Die+Dolomitgipfel+werden+erobert+%28German%3A+The+ascent+of+the+mountains+-+the+dolomite+peaks+are+conquered%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolomythos.com%2Fde%2Flexikon%2Fbesteigung-berge.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDespina_Stratigakos2015" class="citation book cs1">Despina Stratigakos (2015). Hitler at Home. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300187601" title="Special:BookSources/9780300187601"><bdi>9780300187601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+at+Home&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780300187601&rft.au=Despina+Stratigakos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Steinacher2011" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Steinacher (2011). Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. OUP Oxford. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191653766" title="Special:BookSources/9780191653766"><bdi>9780191653766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazis+on+the+Run%3A+How+Hitler%27s+Henchmen+Fled+Justice&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780191653766&rft.au=Gerald+Steinacher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Steinacher2011" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Steinacher (2011). Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. OUP Oxford. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191653766" title="Special:BookSources/9780191653766"><bdi>9780191653766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazis+on+the+Run%3A+How+Hitler%27s+Henchmen+Fled+Justice&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780191653766&rft.au=Gerald+Steinacher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Steinacher2011" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Steinacher (2011). Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. OUP Oxford. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191653766" title="Special:BookSources/9780191653766"><bdi>9780191653766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazis+on+the+Run%3A+How+Hitler%27s+Henchmen+Fled+Justice&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780191653766&rft.au=Gerald+Steinacher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesca_Fauri2014" class="citation book cs1">Francesca Fauri, ed. (2014). The History of Migration in Europe: Perspectives from Economics, Politics and Sociology. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317678281" title="Special:BookSources/9781317678281"><bdi>9781317678281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Migration+in+Europe%3A+Perspectives+from+Economics%2C+Politics+and+Sociology&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317678281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Chartes et. el. (2010), 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chartes_et._el._2010,_5-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Chartes_et._el._2010,_5_158-0">^</a> Chartes et. el. (2010), 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166_159-1">b</a> Shoumataff (2001), 114–166 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff_160-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff_160-4">e</a> Shoumataff (2001), 123–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Shoumataff (2001), 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Shoumataff (2001), 131, 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cauesavoie.org/wp-content/uploads/Fascicule-haute-maurienne.pdf">"Cahier d'architecture Haute Maurienne/Vanoise"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230446/http://www.cauesavoie.org/wp-content/uploads/Fascicule-haute-maurienne.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cahier+d%27architecture+Haute+Maurienne%2FVanoise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cauesavoie.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FFascicule-haute-maurienne.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Shoumataff (2001), 129, 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-marcopolo1-165"><a href="#cite_ref-marcopolo1_165-0">^</a> Anita Ericson, Österreich [Marco Polo travel guide], 13th edition, Marco Polo, Ostfildern (Germany), 2017, Pp. 21f. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bart-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_166-2">c</a> Bartaletti, Fabrizio.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpsknowhow.cipra.org/background_topics/alps_and_tourism/alps_and_tourism_chapter_introduction.html">"What Role Do the Alps Play within World Tourism?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427175833/http://alpsknowhow.cipra.org/background_topics/alps_and_tourism/alps_and_tourism_chapter_introduction.html">Archived</a> April 27, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Commission Internationale pour la Protection des Alpes. CIRPA.org. Retrieved August 9, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Beattie (2006), 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/olympic-games">"21 Past Olympic Games"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031180752/https://www.olympic.org/olympic-games">Archived</a> October 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Olympic.org. Retrieved August 13, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lauberhorn.ch/en/about/history/history">Lauberhorn History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813074247/http://www.lauberhorn.ch/en/about/history/history">Archived</a> August 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 14, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hahnenkamm.com/hkr-history.html">"Hahenkamm Races Kitzbuhel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219001756/http://www.hahnenkamm.com/hkr-history.html">Archived</a> February 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. HKR.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012, </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lauberhorn.ch/en/Rennen/overview/downhill">Lauberhorn Downhill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142035/http://www.lauberhorn.ch/en/Rennen/overview/downhill">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 14, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriandDubostPittRambaud1989" class="citation book cs1">Briand, F.; Dubost, M.; Pitt, D.; Rambaud, D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232298139">The Alps - A system under pressure</a>. IUCN. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88032-983-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-88032-983-3"><bdi>2-88032-983-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alps+-+A+system+under+pressure&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=2-88032-983-3&rft.aulast=Briand&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Dubost%2C+M.&rft.au=Pitt%2C+D.&rft.au=Rambaud%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F232298139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marmotamaps.com/de/blog/skigebiete-der-alpen-die-entwicklung/">"Ski resorts of the Alps: the development, 'Marmota Maps'"</a>. November 15, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017225402/https://marmotamaps.com/de/blog/skigebiete-der-alpen-die-entwicklung/">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ski+resorts+of+the+Alps%3A+the+development%2C+%27Marmota+Maps%27&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarmotamaps.com%2Fde%2Fblog%2Fskigebiete-der-alpen-die-entwicklung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Fleming (2000), 89–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissworld.org/en/economy/transport/rail/">"Rail".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527113029/http://www.swissworld.org/en/economy/transport/rail/">Archived</a> May 27, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Swissworld.org. Retrieved August 20, 2012, </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alptransit-portal.ch/en/landingpage/">"Welcome to the AlpTransit Portal"</a>. Bern: Swiss Federal Archives SFA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816144532/https://www.alptransit-portal.ch/en/landingpage/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+AlpTransit+Portal&rft.place=Bern&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Archives+SFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alptransit-portal.ch%2Fen%2Flandingpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Hudson (2000), 107 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Convention" title="Alpine Convention">Alpine Convention</a>. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/alpconv/docs/vademecum">The Alps: People and pressures in the mountains, the facts at a glance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128114440/https://issuu.com/alpconv/docs/vademecum">Archived</a> November 28, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Allaby, Michael et al. The Encyclopedia of Earth. (2008). Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25471-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25471-8">978-0-520-25471-8</a></li> <li>Beattie, Andrew. (2006). The Alps: A Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530955-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530955-3">978-0-19-530955-3</a></li> <li>Benniston, Martin, et al. (2011). "Impact of Climatic Change on Water and Natural Hazards in the Alps". Environmental Science and Policy. Volume 30. 1–9</li> <li>Cebon, Peter, et al. (1998). Views from the Alps: Regional Perspectives on Climate Change. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03252-0">978-0-262-03252-0</a></li> <li>Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010). The Alps: People and Pressures in the Mountains, the Facts at a Glance. Permanent Secretariat of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Convention" title="Alpine Convention">Alpine Convention</a> (alpconv.org). Retrieved August 4, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-905158-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-905158-2-8">978-88-905158-2-8</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidgeLakeKnox1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge" title="W. A. B. Coolidge">Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lake" title="Philip Lake">Lake, Philip</a>; Knox, Howard Vincent (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alps" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alps">Alps</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 737–754.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alps&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E754&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rft.au=Lake%2C+Philip&rft.au=Knox%2C+Howard+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlps" class="Z3988"></li> <li>De Graciansky, Pierre-Charles et al. (2011). The Western Alps, From Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53724-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53724-9">978-0-444-53724-9</a></li> <li>Feuer, A.B. (2006). Packs On!: Memoirs of the 10th Mountain Division in World War II. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3289-5">978-0-8117-3289-5</a></li> <li>Fleming, Fergus. (2000). Killing Dragons: The Conquest of the Alps. New York: Grove. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3867-5">978-0-8021-3867-5</a></li> <li>Gerrard, AJ. (1990) Mountain Environments: An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains. Boston: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07128-4">978-0-262-07128-4</a></li> <li>Halbrook, Stephen P. (1998). Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II. Rockville Center, NY: Sarpedon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885119-53-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885119-53-7">978-1-885119-53-7</a></li> <li>Halbrook, Stephen P. (2006). The Swiss and the Nazis: How the Alpine Republic Survived in the Shadow of the Third Reich. Havertown, PA: Casemate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-42-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-42-7">978-1-932033-42-7</a></li> <li>Hudson, Simon. (2000). Snow Business: A Study of the International Ski Industry. New York: Cengage <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70471-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70471-2">978-0-304-70471-2</a></li> <li>Körner, Christian. (2003). Alpine Plant Life. New York: Springer Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00347-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00347-2">978-3-540-00347-2</a></li> <li>Lancel, Serge. (1999). Hannibal. Oxford: Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21848-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21848-7">978-0-631-21848-7</a></li> <li>Mitchell, Arthur H. (2007). Hitler's Mountain. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2458-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2458-0">978-0-7864-2458-0</a></li> <li>Prevas, John. (2001). Hannibal Crosses The Alps: The Invasion Of Italy And The Punic Wars. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81070-1">978-0-306-81070-1</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Kev. (2012) The Swiss Alps. Cicerone Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85284-465-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85284-465-3">978-1-85284-465-3</a></li> <li>Roth, Philipe. (2007). Minerals first Discovered in Switzerland. Lausanne, CH: Museum of Geology. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9807561-8-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9807561-8-1">978-3-9807561-8-1</a></li> <li>Schmid, Stefan M. (2004). "Regional tectonics: from the Rhine graben to the Po plain, a summary of the tectonic evolution of the Alps and their forelands". Basel: Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut</li> <li>Sharp, Hilary. (2002). Trekking and Climbing in the Western Alps. London: New Holland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2954-3">978-0-8117-2954-3</a></li> <li>Shoumatoff, Nicholas and Nina. (2001). The Alps: Europe's Mountain Heart. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11111-4">978-0-472-11111-4</a></li> <li>Viazzo, Pier Paolo. (1980). Upland Communities: Environment, Population and Social Structure in the Alps since the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30663-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30663-8">978-0-521-30663-8</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=September">17, 2005 Satellite photo of the Alps</a>, taken on August 31, 2005, by <a href="/wiki/MODIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MODIS">MODIS</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpine-space.eu">Official website of the Alpine Space Programme</a> This EU-co-funded programme co-finances transnational projects in the Alpine region</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvan" title="Morvan">Morvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Mont-Dore_Puy_de_Sancy17.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Puy de Sancy"><img alt="The Puy de Sancy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mont-Dore_Puy_de_Sancy17.JPG/60px-Mont-Dore_Puy_de_Sancy17.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mont-Dore_Puy_de_Sancy17.JPG/90px-Mont-Dore_Puy_de_Sancy17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mont-Dore_Puy_de_Sancy17.JPG/120px-Mont-Dore_Puy_de_Sancy17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg/21px-Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg/32px-Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg/42px-Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Alps" title="Portal:Alps">Alps</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/19px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/29px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/38px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/21px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/42px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/42px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/21px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/42px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Monaco" title="Portal:Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovenia" title="Portal:Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Alps at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alps" class="extiw" title="c:Alps">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1652" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1652" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148144928888154441142">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001328-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003839">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934036f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934036f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128379&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451467">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294888005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/783">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027259285">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008569">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045350">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alps&oldid=1275173136">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alps&oldid=1275173136</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alps" title="Category:Alps">Alps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Europe" title="Category:Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Austria" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Austria">Mountain ranges of Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_France" title="Category:Mountain ranges of France">Mountain ranges of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Germany">Mountain ranges of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountain ranges of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Italy" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Italy">Mountain ranges of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Liechtenstein" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Liechtenstein">Mountain ranges of Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Monaco" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Monaco">Mountain ranges of Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Slovenia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Slovenia">Mountain ranges of Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Switzerland">Mountain ranges of 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