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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commemoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"The_Twelfth"_in_Northern_Ireland_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Twelfth"_in_Northern_Ireland_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>"The Twelfth" in Northern Ireland today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Twelfth"_in_Northern_Ireland_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Eleventh_Night"_in_Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Eleventh_Night"_in_Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>"The Eleventh Night" in Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Eleventh_Night"_in_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battlefield_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battlefield_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battlefield preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battlefield_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Explanatory footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of the Boyne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadu_%C3%BE%C3%A6s_Bogn" title="Beadu þæs Bogn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Beadu þæs Bogn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="معركة بوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="رود بوین دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رود بوین دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Битка при Бойн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Бойн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Boyne" title="Batalla del Boyne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla del Boyne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Boyne" title="Bitva u Boyne – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Boyne" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_y_Boyne" title="Brwydr y Boyne – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr y Boyne" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Boyne" title="Slaget ved Boyne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Boyne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_am_Boyne" title="Schlacht am Boyne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht am Boyne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Μάχη του Μπόιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Μπόιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Boyne" title="Batalla del Boyne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla del Boyne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyneko_gudua" title="Boyneko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boyneko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نبرد بوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد بوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_la_Boyne" title="Bataille de la Boyne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de la Boyne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Cath na Bóinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath na Bóinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_na_B%C3%B2inne" title="Cath na Bòinne – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cath na Bòinne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Boyne" title="Bitka kod Boyne – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Boyne" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Boyne" title="Pertempuran Boyne – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Boyne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_del_Boyne" title="Battaglia del Boyne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia del Boyne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_aan_de_Boyne" title="Slag aan de Boyne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag aan de Boyne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ボイン川の戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボイン川の戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Boyne" title="Slaget ved Boyne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Boyne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Boyne" title="Slaget ved Boyne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget ved Boyne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_nad_Boyne" title="Bitwa nad Boyne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa nad Boyne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_do_Boyne" title="Batalha do Boyne – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha do Boyne" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Boyne" title="Bătălia de la Boyne – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Boyne" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Битва при Бойне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Бойне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_o_the_Boyne" title="Battle o the Boyne – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Battle o the Boyne" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_reki_Boyne" title="Bitka pri reki Boyne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri reki Boyne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Битка на Бојну – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка на Бојну" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boynen_taistelu" title="Boynen taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boynen taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Boyne" title="Slaget vid Boyne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Boyne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyne_Muharebesi" title="Boyne Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boyne Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_(1690)" title="Битва на річці Бойн (1690) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва на річці Бойн (1690)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_s%C3%B4ng_Boyne" title="Trận sông Boyne – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận sông Boyne" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="博因河战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博因河战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q644960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Boyne&params=53_43_23_N_06_25_25_W_dim:1000_region:IE-L_type:event&title=battle+site"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°43′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°25′25″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.72306°N 6.42361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.72306; -6.42361</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">battle site</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1690 Irish Williamite-Jacobite War battle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the painting, see <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Boyne_(painting)" title="The Battle of the Boyne (painting)"><i>The Battle of the Boyne</i> (painting)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Boyne</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Grand_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Grand Alliance">Nine Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_(Ierland)_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III,_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/300px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/450px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/600px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2004" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of the Boyne between James II and William III, 11 July 1690</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Huchtenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Huchtenburg">Jan van Huchtenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 July 1690 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Oldbridge" title="Oldbridge">Oldbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Boyne&params=53_43_23_N_06_25_25_W_dim:1000_region:IE-L_type:event&title=battle+site"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°43′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°25′25″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.72306°N 6.42361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.72306; -6.42361</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">battle site</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Williamite and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">Grand Alliance</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="832" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Williamite" title="Williamite">Williamites</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland"><img alt="Kingdom of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Irish Jacobites</a><br /><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="832" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III/II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="832" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Frederick Schomberg</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Godert_de_Ginkell,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone">Godert de Ginkel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Trajectinus,_Count_of_Solms" title="Hendrik Trajectinus, Count of Solms">Count of Solms</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Willem,_Duke_of_Wurttemberg-Neuenstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Wurttemberg-Neuenstadt">Duke of Wurttemberg</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII/II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Richard Talbot</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Nompar_de_Caumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Nompar de Caumont">Antoine Caumont</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick" title="James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick">James FitzJames</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 36,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 23,500</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 500 killed or wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,500 killed or wounded</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style 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href="/wiki/File:Island_of_Ireland_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of the Boyne is located in island of Ireland"><img alt="Battle of the Boyne is located in island of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Island_of_Ireland_relief_location_map.png/220px-Island_of_Ireland_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Island_of_Ireland_relief_location_map.png/330px-Island_of_Ireland_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Island_of_Ireland_relief_location_map.png/440px-Island_of_Ireland_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1807" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.658%;left:76.273%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of the Boyne"><img alt="Battle of the Boyne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_of_Ireland_relief_location_map.png" title="File:Island of Ireland relief location map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within island of Ireland</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Grand_Alliance" title="Template:Campaignbox War of the Grand Alliance"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Grand_Alliance" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of the Grand Alliance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Grand_Alliance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of the Grand Alliance"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nine_Years&#039;_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War"><span class="wrap">Nine Years' War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Flanders and the Lower Rhine</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kaiserswerth_(1689)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Kaiserswerth (1689) (page does not exist)">Kaiserswerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walcourt" title="Battle of Walcourt">Walcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bonn_(1689)" title="Siege of Bonn (1689)">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1691)" title="Siege of Mons (1691)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuze" title="Battle of Leuze">Leuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1692)" title="Siege of Namur (1692)">1st Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque" title="Battle of Steenkerque">Steenkerque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dottignies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dottignies (page does not exist)">Dottignies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Huy_(1693)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Huy (1693) (page does not exist)">1st Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landen" title="Battle of Landen">Landen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Charleroi_(1693)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Charleroi (1693) (page does not exist)">Charleroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Diksmuide_(1694)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Diksmuide (1694) (page does not exist)">1st Diksmuide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1694)" title="Siege of Huy (1694)">2nd Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)" title="Siege of Namur (1695)">2nd Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Deinze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Deinze (page does not exist)">1st Deinze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Brussels (1695)">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Diksmuide" title="Capitulation of Diksmuide">2nd Diksmuide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Givet" title="Bombardment of Givet">Givet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Deinze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Deinze (page does not exist)">2nd Deinze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ath_(1697)" title="Siege of Ath (1697)">Ath</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Upper Rhine</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippsburg_(1688)" title="Siege of Philippsburg (1688)">Philippsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mannheim_(1688)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mannheim (1688) (page does not exist)">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Frankenthal_(1688)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Frankenthal (1688) (page does not exist)">Frankenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1689)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Mainz (1689)">Mainz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Piedmont</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staffarda" title="Battle of Staffarda">Staffarda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Susa_(1690)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Susa (1690) (page does not exist)">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Nice_(1691)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Nice (1691) (page does not exist)">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cuneo_(1691)" title="Siege of Cuneo (1691)">Cuneo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pinerolo_(1693)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Pinerolo (1693) (page does not exist)">Pinerolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marsaglia" title="Battle of Marsaglia">Marsaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1696)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valenza (1696) (page does not exist)">Valenza</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Catalonia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Barretinas" title="Revolt of the Barretinas">Barretinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Brotherhood" title="Second Brotherhood">Second Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roses_(1693)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roses (1693) (page does not exist)">Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torroella" title="Battle of Torroella">Torroella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Girona_(1694)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Girona (1694) (page does not exist)">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sant_Esteve_d%27en_Bas" title="Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas">Sant Esteve d'en Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(1697)" title="Siege of Barcelona (1697)">Barcelona</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ireland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bandon" title="Capture of Bandon">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_Dromore" title="Break of Dromore">Dromore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtownbutler" title="Battle of Newtownbutler">Newtownbutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus_(1689)" title="Siege of Carrickfergus (1689)">Carrickfergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Newry" title="Raid on Newry">Newry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cavan" title="Battle of Cavan">Cavan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone_(1690)" title="Siege of Athlone (1690)">1st Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Waterford" title="Capture of Waterford">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)" title="Siege of Limerick (1690)">1st Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cork" title="Siege of Cork">Cork and Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Athlone">2nd Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">2nd Limerick</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Great Britain</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Invasion of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wincanton_Skirmish" title="Wincanton Skirmish">Wincanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(1688)" title="Battle of Reading (1688)">Reading</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loup_Hill" title="Battle of Loup Hill">Loup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Killiecrankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld" title="Battle of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cromdale" title="Battle of Cromdale">Cromdale</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caribbean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabana_Real" title="Battle of Sabana Real">1st Guárico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_(1695)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Guárico (1695) (page does not exist)">2nd Guárico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1697)" title="Raid on Cartagena de Indias (1697)">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_(1697)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Guárico (1697) (page does not exist)">3rd Guárico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pondich%C3%A9ry_(1693)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Pondichéry (1693) (page does not exist)">Pondichéry</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval battles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantry_Bay" title="Battle of Bantry Bay">Bantry Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_(1690)" title="Battle of Beachy Head (1690)">Beachy Head</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alicante_(1691)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Alicante (1691) (page does not exist)">Alicante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Barfleur_and_La_Hougue" title="Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue">Barfleur and La Hogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Barfleur" title="Action at Barfleur">Barfleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Cherbourg_(1692)" title="Action at Cherbourg (1692)">Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_La_Hogue_(1692)" title="Action at La Hogue (1692)">La Hogue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lagos_(1693)" title="Battle of Lagos (1693)">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camaret" title="Battle of Camaret">Camaret</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Dieppe_(1694)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Dieppe (1694) (page does not exist)">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Texel_(1694)" title="Battle of Texel (1694)">Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Dunkirk_(1695)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Dunkirk (1695) (page does not exist)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1696)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1696)">Dogger Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Williamite_War_in_Ireland" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Williamite_war_in_Ireland" title="Template:Campaignbox Williamite war in Ireland"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Williamite_war_in_Ireland" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Williamite war in Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Williamite_war_in_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Williamite war in Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Williamite_War_in_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland"><span class="wrap">Williamite War in Ireland</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bandon" title="Capture of Bandon">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_Dromore" title="Break of Dromore">Dromore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantry_Bay" title="Battle of Bantry Bay">Bantry Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtownbutler" title="Battle of Newtownbutler">Newtownbutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus_(1689)" title="Siege of Carrickfergus (1689)">Carrickfergus </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Newry" title="Raid on Newry">Newry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cavan" title="Battle of Cavan">Cavan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone_(1690)" title="Siege of Athlone (1690)">1st Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Waterford" title="Capture of Waterford">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)" title="Siege of Limerick (1690)">1st Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cork" title="Siege of Cork">Cork and Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Athlone">2nd Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">2nd Limerick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of the Boyne</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Cath na Bóinne</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈkah<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪ˠə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbˠoːn̠ʲə]</a></span>) took place in 1690 between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">deposed King</a> <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, and those of King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> who, with his wife Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> (his cousin and James's daughter), <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution#William_and_Mary_made_joint_monarchs" title="Glorious Revolution">had acceded</a> to the Crowns of England and Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1689. The battle was fought across the <a href="/wiki/River_Boyne" title="River Boyne">River Boyne</a> close to the town of <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, and resulted in a victory for William. This turned the tide in <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">James's failed attempt to regain the British crown</a> and ultimately aided in ensuring the continued <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant ascendancy in Ireland</a>. </p><p>The battle took place on 1 July 1690 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> William's forces defeated James's army, which consisted mostly of raw recruits. Although the Williamite War in Ireland continued until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a> in October 1691, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England#Later_years" title="James II of England">James fled to France</a> after the Boyne, never to return. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battle was a major encounter in James's attempt to regain the thrones of England and Scotland, resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">Invitation to William</a> and William's wife, Mary, from the 'immortal seven' English peers to take the throne to defend Protestantism. But the conflict had broader and deeper European geopolitical roots, of the League of Augsburg and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">Grand Alliance</a> against the expansionist ambitions of Catholic <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France, or of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> against the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_James_II_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_James_II-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the battle is seen as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Grand_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Grand Alliance">War of the Grand Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Pope Alexander VIII</a> was an ally of William and an enemy to James; the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> were part of the Grand Alliance with a shared hostility to the Catholic Louis XIV of France, who at the time was attempting to establish dominance in Europe and to whom James was an ally.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The previous year William had sent the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Duke of Schomberg</a> to take charge of the Irish campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a 75-year-old professional soldier who had accompanied William during the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. He brought an army of 20,000 men, which arrived at <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a>. Under his command, affairs had remained static and very little had been accomplished, partly because the English troops suffered severely from fever<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott19731174._"...but_[he]_could_do_little_more_than_hold_Ulster_as_there_was_much_sickness_in_his_small_army,_and_he_took_no_risks."_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott19731174._"...but_[he]_could_do_little_more_than_hold_Ulster_as_there_was_much_sickness_in_his_small_army,_and_he_took_no_risks."-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the army's move south was blocked by Jacobite forces; both sides camped for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an Irish context, the war was a <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> conflict, in many ways a re-run of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> of 50 years earlier. For the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a>, the war was fought for Irish sovereignty, religious tolerance for Catholicism, and land ownership. The Catholic upper classes had lost or had been forced to exchange almost all their lands after <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwell's conquest</a>, as well as the right to hold public office, practice their religion, and sit in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To these ends, under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel">Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel</a>, they had raised an army to restore James II after the Glorious Revolution. <a href="/wiki/James_Fitz_Edmond_Cotter" title="James Fitz Edmond Cotter">Sir James Fitz Edmond Cotter</a> being the commander-in-chief of all <a href="/wiki/King_James_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King James II of England">King James</a>'s forces in the counties of Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Tipperary.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1690, they controlled all of Ireland except for <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Irish people were Jacobites and supported James II due to his 1687 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence_(1687)" title="Declaration of Indulgence (1687)">Declaration of Indulgence</a> or, as it is also known, the Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience, that granted religious freedom to all denominations in England and Scotland and also due to James II's promise to the Irish Parliament of an eventual right to self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, for the Williamites in Ireland, the war was about maintaining Protestant rule in Ireland. They feared for their lives and their property if James and his Catholic supporters were to rule Ireland, nor did they trust the promise of tolerance, seeing the Declaration of Indulgence as a ploy to re-establish Catholicism as the sole <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. James had already antagonised English Protestants with his actions. In particular, they dreaded a repeat of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a>, which had been marked by widespread killing. For these reasons, Protestants fought <i>en masse</i> for William of Orange. Many Williamite troops at the Boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a>, who called themselves "<a href="/wiki/6th_(Inniskilling)_Dragoons" title="6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons">Enniskilliners</a>" and were referred to by contemporaries as "<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Scots-Irish</a>". These "Enniskilliners" were mostly the descendants of Anglo-Scottish <a href="/wiki/Border_reivers" title="Border reivers">border reivers</a>; large numbers of these reivers had settled around Enniskillen in <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commanders">Commanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_(1685).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/170px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/255px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/340px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>James II, King of England and Ireland, James VII of Scotland, 1685–1688, portrayed as head of the army <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1685</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III,_when_Prince_of_Orange_-_Wissing_1685.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/William_III%2C_when_Prince_of_Orange_-_Wissing_1685.jpg/170px-William_III%2C_when_Prince_of_Orange_-_Wissing_1685.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/William_III%2C_when_Prince_of_Orange_-_Wissing_1685.jpg/255px-William_III%2C_when_Prince_of_Orange_-_Wissing_1685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/William_III%2C_when_Prince_of_Orange_-_Wissing_1685.jpg/340px-William_III%2C_when_Prince_of_Orange_-_Wissing_1685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>William III ("William of Orange"), King of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1689–1702, Stadtholder in the Netherlands, 1672–1702</figcaption></figure> <p>The opposing armies in the battle were led by the Roman Catholic king James II of England and Ireland (VII of Scotland) and, opposing him, his nephew and son-in-law, the Protestant king William III ("William of Orange") who had deposed James the previous year. James's supporters controlled much of Ireland and the Irish Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_James_II_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_James_II-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_William_III_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_William_III-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James also enjoyed the support of his cousin, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch on the throne of England. Louis sent 6,000 French troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William was already <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a> of the Netherlands and was able to call on Dutch and allied troops from Europe as well as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_William_III_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_William_III-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James was a seasoned officer who had proved his bravery when fighting in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_James_II_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_James_II-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)" title="Battle of the Dunes (1658)">Battle of the Dunes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent historians have suggested that he was prone to panicking under pressure and making rash decisions,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it has been suggested may have been due to poor health associated with the Stuart line.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_James_II_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_James_II-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William, although a seasoned commander,<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had yet to win a major battle. William's success against the French had been reliant upon tactical manoeuvres and good diplomacy rather than force.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_William_III_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_William_III-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His diplomacy had assembled the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Augsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Augsburg">League of Augsburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a multi-national coalition formed to resist French aggression in Europe. From William's point of view, his taking power in England and the ensuing campaign in Ireland was just another front in the war against France in general, and Louis XIV in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James II's subordinate commanders were <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a> and James's most powerful supporter in Ireland; <a href="/wiki/James_Fitz_Edmond_Cotter" title="James Fitz Edmond Cotter">Sir James Fitz Edmond Cotter</a>, Brigadier General in command of all the Jacobite forces in counties Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary, and an intimate of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>; and the French general <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Nompar_de_Caumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Nompar de Caumont">Lauzun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William's commander-in-chief was the Duke of Schomberg. Born in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, Germany, Schomberg had fought for a few different countries and had formerly been a <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a>, but, being a <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a>, was compelled to leave France in 1685 because of the <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">revocation of the Edict of Nantes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armies">Armies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Armies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Williamite" title="Williamite">Williamite</a> army at the Boyne was about 36,000 strong, composed of troops from many countries;<sup id="cite_ref-workbook_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only around half of them were British.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 20,000 troops had been in Ireland since 1689,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded by Schomberg.<sup id="cite_ref-workbook_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William himself had landed in <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a> on 14 June <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> He met Schomberg at nearby <a href="/wiki/Newtownabbey" title="Newtownabbey">Whitehouse</a>, and then proceeded south through <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Loughbrickland" title="Loughbrickland">Loughbrickland</a> was the rallying point of the scattered divisions of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-Macaulay_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macaulay-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ulster_Journal_of_Archaeology_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulster_Journal_of_Archaeology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived there with another 16,000 in June 1690.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June O.S. William had reached the top of a hill near the southern border of County Louth.<sup id="cite_ref-Macaulay_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macaulay-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William's troops were generally far better trained and equipped than James's.<sup id="cite_ref-workbook_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best Williamite infantry were from Denmark (7000) and the Netherlands (6000), professional soldiers equipped with the latest <a href="/wiki/Flintlock_musket" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintlock musket">flintlock muskets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Danish infantry was commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Tettau" title="Ernst von Tettau">Ernst von Tettau</a>. There was also a large (3000) contingent of French Huguenot troops fighting with the Williamites.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William did not yet have a high opinion of his English and Scottish troops, with the exception of the Ulster Protestant "skirmishers" who had <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">held Derry</a> in the previous year; the English and Scottish troops were felt at this stage to be politically unreliable, since James had been their legitimate monarch up to a year before. Moreover, they had only been raised recently and had seen little action.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this battle would give William cause to evaluate them more favourably, due to the impressive behaviour of the English troops, such as the Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James’s flag was erected at the town of <a href="/wiki/Donore,_County_Meath" title="Donore, County Meath">Donore</a>, on the opposite side of the river Boyne.<sup id="cite_ref-Macaulay_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macaulay-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jacobites were 23,500 strong.<sup id="cite_ref-workbook_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James had several regiments of French troops, but most of his manpower was provided by Irish Catholics, with some English and Scottish Jacobites also present. The Jacobites' Irish cavalry, who were recruited from among the dispossessed Irish <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>, proved themselves to be high-calibre troops during the course of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Irish infantry, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> who had been pressed into service, were not trained soldiers. They had been hastily trained, poorly equipped, and only a minority of them had functional muskets. In fact, some of them carried only farm implements such as <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythes</a> at the Boyne.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Jacobite infantry who actually had firearms were all equipped with the obsolete <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> musket.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French and Irish troops wore a white rallying mark, as a compliment to the Bourbons and to distinguish them from the Williamites.<sup id="cite_ref-Macaulay_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macaulay-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CANE(1859)_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CANE%281859%29_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg/220px-CANE%281859%29_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CANE%281859%29_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg/330px-CANE%281859%29_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CANE%281859%29_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg/440px-CANE%281859%29_p235_PLAN_OF_THE_BATTLE_OF_BOYNE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption><b>Map of the Battle of the Boyne</b>. (South being up; west to the right.)<br />1. <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> 2. Jacobite army 3. Jacobite batteries 4. <a href="/wiki/Donore,_County_Meath" title="Donore, County Meath">Donore</a> 5. Oldbridge 6. William's line of march from <a href="/wiki/Ardee" title="Ardee">Ardee</a> 7. A small hamlet 8. The Williamite Camp 9. The hill whence William saw the Jacobite camp 10. Pass called King William's Glen 11. Place where William was wounded 12. <a href="/wiki/Slane" title="Slane">Slane</a> 13. Bridge near Slane 14. Where the Dutch passed the river 15. French and Enniskillingers ditto 16. Sir J. Hansner's & Count Nassau's ditto 17. Left wing of William's Horse 18. Mattlock rivulet 19. Where right wing of William's army crossed the river 20. Village of <a href="/wiki/Duleek" title="Duleek">Duleek</a> 21. Low marshy ground 22. <a href="/wiki/Rosnaree" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosnaree">Rosnaree</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/220px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/330px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/440px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Boyne_(painting)" title="The Battle of the Boyne (painting)">The Battle of the Boyne</a></i>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> in 1778</figcaption></figure> <p>William sailed from <a href="/wiki/Hoylake" title="Hoylake">Hoylake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, landing at Carrickfergus, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> on 14 June O.S. and marched south. Referring to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, he was heard to remark that "the place was worth fighting for".<sup id="cite_ref-Macaulay_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macaulay-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James chose to place his line of defence on the <a href="/wiki/River_Boyne" title="River Boyne">River Boyne</a>, around 30 mi (48 km) from Dublin. The Williamites reached the Boyne on 29 June. The day before the battle, William himself had a narrow escape when he was wounded in the shoulder by Jacobite <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> while surveying the <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">fords</a> over which his troops would cross the Boyne.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle itself was fought on 1 July O.S. (11 July <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a>), for control of a ford on the Boyne near <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a>, about 2.5 km (1.6 mi) north-west of the <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oldbridge" title="Oldbridge">Oldbridge</a>. As a diversionary tactic, William sent about a quarter of his men under the cover of morning mist to cross the river at Roughgrange, about 4 km (2.5 mi) west of Donore and about 6 mi (9.7 km) south-west of Oldbridge. The Duke of Schomberg's son, <a href="/wiki/Meinhardt_Schomberg,_3rd_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg">Meinhardt</a>, led this crossing, which a small force of Irish <a href="/wiki/Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoons">dragoons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">picquet</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Neil_O%27Neill,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Neil O'Neill, 2nd Baronet">Neil O'Neill</a> unsuccessfully opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James thought that he might be outflanked and sent a large part of his army, including his best French troops along with most of his artillery, to counter this move. What neither side had realised was that there was a deep, swampy <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravine</a> at Roughgrange. Because of this ravine, the opposing forces there could not engage each other, but literally sat out the battle as artillery engaged. The Williamite forces went on a long detour march which, later in the day, almost saw them cut off the Jacobite retreat at the village of <a href="/wiki/Naul,_Dublin" title="Naul, Dublin">Naul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At the main ford near Oldbridge, William's infantry, led by the elite <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Blue_Guards" title="Dutch Blue Guards">Dutch Blue Guards</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Trajectinus,_Count_of_Solms" title="Hendrik Trajectinus, Count of Solms">Solms</a>, forced their way across the river, using their superior firepower to slowly drive back the Jacobite foot soldiers, but were pinned down when the Jacobite cavalry, commanded by James II's son <a href="/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick" title="James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick">James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> counter-attacked. Having secured the village of Oldbridge, the Williamite infantry tried to hold off successive Jacobite Irish cavalry attacks with disciplined volley fire, but many were scattered and driven into the river, with the exception of the Blue Guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When William saw his Dutch Guards isolated on the enemy side of the river and without any protection from natural obstacles he was extremely worried according to an eyewitness: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But when he saw them stand their ground and fire by platoons, so that the horse were forced to run away in great disorder, he breathed out…, and said he had seen his Guards do that which he had never seen foot do in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014100_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014100-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The Blue Guards had formed up in three separate <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">squares</a> and were, by using <a href="/wiki/Volley_fire" title="Volley fire">platoon fire</a>, able to drive away the Jacobite cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014100_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014100-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Williamites were not able to resume their advance until their own horsemen managed to cross the river and, after being badly mauled, particularly the Huguenots,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> managed to hold off the Jacobite cavalry. William's second-in-command, the Duke of Schomberg, and <a href="/wiki/George_Walker_(soldier)" title="George Walker (soldier)">George Walker</a> were killed in this phase of the battle. The Irish cavalry finally gave up when Danish infantry commanded by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Willem,_Duke_of_Wurttemberg-Neuenstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Wurttemberg-Neuenstadt">Wurttemberg</a> and cavalry led by <a href="/wiki/Godert_de_Ginkell,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone">Godert de Ginkel</a> (about 11 or 12 squadrons), who had both crossed the river further downstream, advanced towards them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jacobites retired in good order. William had a chance to trap them as they retreated across the <a href="/wiki/Nanny_(river)" title="Nanny (river)">River Nanny</a> at <a href="/wiki/Duleek" title="Duleek">Duleek</a>, but his troops were held up by a successful rear-guard action. The Dutch secretary of King William, <a href="/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens_Jr." title="Constantijn Huygens Jr.">Constantijn Huygens Jr.</a>, has given a good description (in Dutch) of the battle and its aftermath, including subsequent cruelties committed by the victorious soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The casualty figures of the battle were quite low for a battle of such a scale—of the 50,000 or so participants, about 2,000 died.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three quarters of the dead were Jacobites. William's army had far more wounded. At the time, most casualties of battles tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already-beaten enemy; this did not happen at the Boyne, as the counter-attacks of the skilled Jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their army, and in addition William was always disinclined to endanger the person of James, since he was the father of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a>. The Jacobites were badly demoralised by the order to retreat, which lost them the battle. Many of the Irish infantrymen deserted, abandoning clothing in their escape.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Williamites triumphantly marched into Dublin two days after the battle. The Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, behind the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a>, where they were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)" title="Siege of Limerick (1690)">unsuccessfully besieged</a>. </p><p>Soon after the battle, William issued the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Finglas" title="Declaration of Finglas">Declaration of Finglas</a>, offering full pardons to ordinary Jacobite soldiers, but not to their leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/220px-Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/330px-Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/440px-Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>William crosses the Boyne, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht" title="Jan Hoynck van Papendrecht">Jan Hoynck van Papendrecht</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The battle was overshadowed in Britain by the defeat of an Anglo-Dutch fleet by the French on the previous day at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_(1690)" title="Battle of Beachy Head (1690)">Battle of Beachy Head</a>, a far more serious event in the short term;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but on the continent the Battle of the Boyne was treated as an important victory. Its importance lay in the fact that it was the first proper victory for the League of Augsburg, a precarious alliance between the Vatican and Protestant countries. The victory motivated more nations to join the alliance and in effect ended the fear of a French conquest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Boyne also had strategic significance for both England and Ireland. It marked the beginning of the end of James's hope of regaining his throne by military means and probably assured the triumph of the Glorious Revolution. In Scotland, news of this defeat temporarily silenced the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlanders</a> supporting the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">Jacobite rising</a>, which had been led by <a href="/wiki/John_Graham_of_Claverhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="John Graham of Claverhouse">Bonnie Dundee</a> who was killed the previous July at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle was a general victory for William. Owing to the political situation mentioned above, Catholic institutions amongst William's continental allies hailed his victory with bell-ringing.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Carrick_Gow_(1848-1920)_-_A_Lost_Cause,_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg/220px-Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg/330px-Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg/440px-Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>A Lost Cause, Flight of King James II after the Battle of the Boyne, by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carrick_Gow" title="Andrew Carrick Gow">Andrew Carrick Gow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The battle caused the Jacobites to abandon the city of Dublin, which was occupied by William's forces, without a fight. Despairing of his hopes for victory, James II fled to <a href="/wiki/Duncannon" title="Duncannon">Duncannon</a> and returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed. James's loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield enraged his Irish supporters and he was derisively nicknamed <i>Séamus a' chaca</i> ("James the shit") in Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war in Ireland had not ended, however. The Franco-Irish Jacobite army regrouped in Limerick and fought off a Williamite assault on the city in late August. It was not until the following year and battle of Aughrim that their forces were broken and after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">another siege of Limerick</a>, they surrendered to William's general Godard de Ginkel. The war in Ireland formally ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a> in 1691. This allowed over 14,000 Irish soldiers under Patrick Sarsfield, to leave for France and allowed most Irish Catholic land owners to keep their land provided they swore allegiance to William of Orange. However, the Protestant dominated Irish Parliament rejected these terms, not ratifying the treaty until 1697—and then not in full—and imposed a tough Penal Code resented by Irish Catholics for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">Twelfth of July</a> commemoration was that of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lenihan_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenihan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> symbolising British Protestants' victory in the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_war_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamite war in Ireland">Williamite war in Ireland</a>. At Aughrim, which took place a year after the Boyne, the Jacobite army was destroyed, deciding the war in the Williamites' favour. The Boyne, which, in the old <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, took place on 1 July O.S., was treated as less important, third after Aughrim and the anniversary of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 on 23 October O.S. </p><p>In 1752, the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> was also <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750" title="Calendar (New Style) Act 1750">adopted in Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even after this date, "The Twelfth" continued to be commemorated at Aughrim, on 12 July NS,<sup id="cite_ref-Lenihan_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenihan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens for example with <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a> on 5 November). But, after the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> was founded in 1795 amid <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Diamond" title="Battle of the Diamond">sectarian violence in County Armagh</a>, the two events were combined in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenihan_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenihan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_William_Statue_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of William of Orange on College Green, in Dublin, erected in 1701. It was destroyed in 1929."><img alt="Statue of William of Orange on College Green, in Dublin, erected in 1701. It was destroyed in 1929." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/King_William_Statue_1.jpg/200px-King_William_Statue_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/King_William_Statue_1.jpg/300px-King_William_Statue_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/King_William_Statue_1.jpg/400px-King_William_Statue_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of William of Orange on <a href="/wiki/College_Green,_Dublin" title="College Green, Dublin">College Green</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, erected in 1701. It was destroyed in 1929.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyne_Obelisk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the commemorative Boyne Obelisk prior to 1883 (erected in 1736). It was destroyed in 1923."><img alt="View of the commemorative Boyne Obelisk prior to 1883 (erected in 1736). It was destroyed in 1923." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Boyne_Obelisk.jpg/160px-Boyne_Obelisk.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Boyne_Obelisk.jpg/240px-Boyne_Obelisk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Boyne_Obelisk.jpg/320px-Boyne_Obelisk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="890" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the commemorative <a href="/wiki/Boyne_Obelisk" title="Boyne Obelisk">Boyne Obelisk</a> prior to 1883 (erected in 1736). It was destroyed in 1923.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_Struck_to_Commemorate_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_(Robert_Chambers,_p.8,_July_1832)_-_Copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medal struck to commemorate the Battle of the Boyne (Robert Chambers, p. 8, July 1832)[59]"><img alt="Medal struck to commemorate the Battle of the Boyne (Robert Chambers, p. 8, July 1832)[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Medal_Struck_to_Commemorate_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.8%2C_July_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg/200px-Medal_Struck_to_Commemorate_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.8%2C_July_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Medal_Struck_to_Commemorate_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.8%2C_July_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg/300px-Medal_Struck_to_Commemorate_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.8%2C_July_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Medal_Struck_to_Commemorate_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.8%2C_July_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg/400px-Medal_Struck_to_Commemorate_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_%28Robert_Chambers%2C_p.8%2C_July_1832%29_-_Copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medal struck to commemorate the Battle of the Boyne (Robert Chambers, p. 8, July 1832)<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Twelfth"_in_Northern_Ireland_today"><span id=".22The_Twelfth.22_in_Northern_Ireland_today"></span>"The Twelfth" in Northern Ireland today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "The Twelfth" in Northern Ireland today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></div> <p>The Battle of the Boyne remains a controversial topic today in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, where some Protestants remember it as the great victory over Catholics that resulted in the sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> and the Protestant monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_Post_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_Post-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades, "The Twelfth" has often been marked by confrontations, as members of the Orange Order attempt to celebrate the date by marching past or through what they see as their traditional route.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these areas, however, now have a nationalist majority who object to marches passing through what they see as their areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_Post_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_Post-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many nationalists still see these marches as provocative, whilst Unionist marchers insist that it is part of their historical right to celebrate. Since the start of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, the celebrations of the battle have been seen as playing a critical role in the awareness of those involved in the unionist/nationalist tensions in Northern Ireland. Better policing and improved dialogue between the sides in the 21st century have made for more peaceful parades.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_Post_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_Post-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Eleventh_Night"_in_Northern_Ireland"><span id=".22The_Eleventh_Night.22_in_Northern_Ireland"></span>"The Eleventh Night" in Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "The Eleventh Night" in Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also traditions set to happen on 11 July, the eve of the Twelfth Night, known as the Eleventh Night. On this night, Protestants ignite bonfires all over Northern Ireland to celebrate the commencement of the Twelfth Night. </p><p>The reason they use bonfires to symbolize the event dates back to the pagan celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>, where fire is used as a symbol of celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleventh_Night_Bonfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eleventh_Night_Bonfire.jpg/220px-Eleventh_Night_Bonfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eleventh_Night_Bonfire.jpg/330px-Eleventh_Night_Bonfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eleventh_Night_Bonfire.jpg/440px-Eleventh_Night_Bonfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Bonfire pyre including the Tricolour flag</figcaption></figure> <p>Many object to the use of bonfires in Loyalist celebrations today, especially because many bonfires now include "the burning of flags, effigies and election posters."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battlefield_preservation">Battlefield preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battlefield preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Boyne_Oldbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/River_Boyne_Oldbridge.jpg/220px-River_Boyne_Oldbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/River_Boyne_Oldbridge.jpg/330px-River_Boyne_Oldbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/River_Boyne_Oldbridge.jpg/440px-River_Boyne_Oldbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>River Boyne at Oldbridge in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The site of the Battle of the Boyne sprawls over a wide area west of the town of Drogheda in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. In the County Development Plan for 2000, Meath County Council rezoned the land at the eastern edge of Oldbridge, at the site of the main Williamite crossing, to residential status. A subsequent planning application for a development of over 700 houses was granted by Meath County Council and this was appealed against by local historians to <a href="/wiki/An_Bord_Plean%C3%A1la" title="An Bord Pleanála">An Bord Pleanála</a> (The Planning Board). In March 2008, after an extremely long appeal process, An Bord Pleanála approved permission for this development to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further plans have been submitted for hundreds more homes and a link to the River Boyne Boardwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Battle of the Boyne Visitor Centre at Oldbridge house is run by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works" title="Office of Public Works">Office of Public Works</a>, an agency of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Irish government</a>, and is about one mi (1.6 km) to the west of the main river crossing point. The battle's other main combat areas, at Duleek, Donore and Plattin, along the Jacobite line of retreat, are marked with <a href="/wiki/Tourist_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist information">tourist information</a> signs. </p><p>On 4 April 2007, in a sign of improving relations between unionist and nationalist groups, the newly elected First Minister of Northern Ireland, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>, was invited to visit the battle site by the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Bertie Ahern</a> later in the year. Following the invitation, Paisley commented that "such a visit would help to demonstrate how far we have come when we can celebrate and learn from the past so the next generation more clearly understands". On 10 May, the visit took place, and Paisley presented the Taoiseach with a Jacobite musket in return for Ahern's gift at the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a> talks of a walnut bowl made from a tree from the site. A new tree was also planted in the grounds of Oldbridge House by the two politicians to mark the occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Boyne_Water" title="The Boyne Water">The Boyne Water</a> – Ulster Protestant folk song</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish calendar</a> – Gregorian calendar as it is in use in Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Britain" title="Military history of Britain">Military history of Britain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The battle took place on 11 July <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a>, but the anniversary is now celebrated on <a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">12 July</a>. This is explained at <a href="#Commemoration">§ Commemoration</a> below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "<a href="/wiki/Patriot_Parliament" title="Patriot Parliament">Patriot Parliament</a>" session of the Parliament of Ireland confirmed James as King of Ireland, though <a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings Law</a> arguably made this invalid. In any case, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Crown_and_Parliament_Recognition_Act_1689#Ireland" title="Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689">Act of Recognition, of their Majesties [sic] undoubted Right to the Crown of Ireland, 1692</a> set this aside.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Boyne">"Battle of the Boyne"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721075838/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Boyne">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-the-Boyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_James_II-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_James_II_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_James_II_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_James_II_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_James_II_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-II-king-of-England-Scotland-and-Ireland">"James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811203748/https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-II-king-of-England-Scotland-and-Ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=James+II%2C+King+of+England%2C+Scotland+and+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJames-II-king-of-England-Scotland-and-Ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/invasiondesertion/">"The Glorious Revolution"</a>. <i>www.parliament.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711094824/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/invasiondesertion/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=The+Glorious+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Fparliamentaryauthority%2Frevolution%2Foverview%2Finvasiondesertion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libraryireland.com/HullHistory/JamesII1.php">"James II in Ireland"</a>. <i>www.libraryireland.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307092754/https://www.libraryireland.com/HullHistory/JamesII1.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.libraryireland.com&rft.atitle=James+II+in+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryireland.com%2FHullHistory%2FJamesII1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Grand-Alliance#ref278728">"War of the Grand Alliance"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629070127/https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Grand-Alliance#ref278728">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=War+of+the+Grand+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWar-of-the-Grand-Alliance%23ref278728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2000" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Derek (11 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jul/12/northernireland.comment">"How the battle of the Boyne earned its place in history"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526160820/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jul/12/northernireland.comment">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+battle+of+the+Boyne+earned+its+place+in+history&rft.date=2000-07-11&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2000%2Fjul%2F12%2Fnorthernireland.comment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1973" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, I. D. (1973). <i><span></span>'Schomberg, Friedrich Hermann, Duke of' Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 19</i>. London: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., William Benton, Publisher. p. 1174. "He went to Ireland as commander in chief against James II in August 1689...". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-173-3"><bdi>978-0-85229-173-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Schomberg%2C+Friedrich+Hermann%2C+Duke+of%27+Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+Volume+19&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1174.+%22He+went+to+Ireland+as+commander+in+chief+against+James+II+in+August+1689...%22&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Inc.%2C+William+Benton%2C+Publisher&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-173-3&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=I.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott19731174._"...but_[he]_could_do_little_more_than_hold_Ulster_as_there_was_much_sickness_in_his_small_army,_and_he_took_no_risks."-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott19731174._"...but_[he]_could_do_little_more_than_hold_Ulster_as_there_was_much_sickness_in_his_small_army,_and_he_took_no_risks."_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott1973">Elliott 1973</a>, p. 1174. "...but [he] could do little more than hold Ulster as there was much sickness in his small army, and he took no risks.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ireland/James-I-1603-25">"Charles I (1625–49) and the Commonwealth (1649–60)"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024222236/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ireland/James-I-1603-25">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Charles+I+%281625%E2%80%9349%29+and+the+Commonwealth+%281649%E2%80%9360%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIreland%2FJames-I-1603-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Cuív, pp. 155–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2006). <i>Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9759-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-9759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+The+Great+Crisis+of+the+British+Monarchy%2C+1685%E2%80%931720&rft.place=London&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9759-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagennis1998" class="citation journal cs1">Magennis, Eoin (1998). "A 'Beleaguered Protestant'?: Walter Harris and the Writing of <i>Fiction Unmasked</i> in Mid-18th-Century Ireland". <i>Eighteenth-Century Ireland</i>. <b>13</b>: 6–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Feci.1998.8">10.3828/eci.1998.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30064327">30064327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256129781">256129781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+%27Beleaguered+Protestant%27%3F%3A+Walter+Harris+and+the+Writing+of+Fiction+Unmasked+in+Mid-18th-Century+Ireland&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=6-111&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256129781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30064327%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Feci.1998.8&rft.aulast=Magennis&rft.aufirst=Eoin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118141244/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D06Innis.htm">"The Inniskillings (6th Dragoons)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D06Innis.htm">the original</a> on 18 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Inniskillings+%286th+Dragoons%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regiments.org%2Fregiments%2Fuk%2Fcav%2FD06Innis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2015" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Major E. S. (2015). <i>Inniskilling Dragoons: The Records of an Old Heavy Cavalry Regiment</i>. Uckfield, East Sussex: The Naval & Military Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inniskilling+Dragoons%3A+The+Records+of+an+Old+Heavy+Cavalry+Regiment&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+East+Sussex&rft.pub=The+Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Major+E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_William_III-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_William_III_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_William_III_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_William_III_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-III-king-of-England-Scotland-and-Ireland">"William III. King of England, Scotland and Ireland"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617013151/https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-III-king-of-England-Scotland-and-Ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=William+III.+King+of+England%2C+Scotland+and+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWilliam-III-king-of-England-Scotland-and-Ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/penal-laws/the-williamite-war-1689-9111/">"The Williamite War 1689–91"</a>. <i>www.historyireland.com</i>. 22 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716185825/https://www.historyireland.com/penal-laws/the-williamite-war-1689-9111/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyireland.com&rft.atitle=The+Williamite+War+1689%E2%80%9391&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fpenal-laws%2Fthe-williamite-war-1689-9111%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Dunes">"Battle of the Dunes"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526080705/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Dunes">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Dunes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-the-Dunes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin_Smith2006" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin Smith, Lacey (2006). <i>English History Made Brief, Irreverent, and Pleasurable</i>. 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London: Samuel Bentley. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Louis+the+Fourteenth%2C+Volume+4&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Samuel+Bentley&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=James%2C+Rainsford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomLamberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Blom, J. C. H.; Lamberts, E., eds. (2006). <i>History of the Low Countries</i> (new English-language ed.). New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Low+Countries&rft.place=New+York+%26+Oxford&rft.pages=196&rft.edition=new+English-language&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonin-Nompar-de-Caumont-comte-et-duc-de-Lauzun">"Antonin-Nompar de Caumont, count and duke de Lauzun"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603152755/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonin-Nompar-de-Caumont-comte-et-duc-de-Lauzun">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Antonin-Nompar+de+Caumont%2C+count+and+duke+de+Lauzun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAntonin-Nompar-de-Caumont-comte-et-duc-de-Lauzun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/german-history-biographies/frederick-herman-1st-duke-schomberg">"Schomberg, Frederick Herman, 1st duke of"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716185821/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/german-history-biographies/frederick-herman-1st-duke-schomberg">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Schomberg%2C+Frederick+Herman%2C+1st+duke+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fhistory%2Fgerman-history-biographies%2Ffrederick-herman-1st-duke-schomberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-Herman-duke-of-Schomberg">"Frederick Herman, duke of Schomberg"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711233200/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-Herman-duke-of-Schomberg">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Frederick+Herman%2C+duke+of+Schomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFrederick-Herman-duke-of-Schomberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-workbook-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-workbook_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-workbook_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-workbook_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-workbook_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battleoftheboyne.ie/media/Secondary%20Education%20Pack.pdf">The Battle of the Boyne Teachers Notes & Resources – Secondary Level</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025133305/http://battleoftheboyne.ie/media/Secondary%20Education%20Pack.pdf">Archived</a> 25 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works" title="Office of Public Works">Office of Public Works</a> (Ireland), (undated, retrieved 9 March 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Boyne">"Britannica-Battle of the Boyne"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721075838/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Boyne">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Britannica-Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-the-Boyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty1990" class="citation episode cs1">Laverty, Henry (producer/director) (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">"Battle of the Boyne: Part I"</a>. <i>Battle of the Boyne</i>. 2:48 minutes in. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28producer%2Fdirector%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_uGXtYvvk0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"King William's Progress to the Boyne". <i>The Ulster Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>1</b>: 131. 1853. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20563454">20563454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ulster+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=King+William%27s+Progress+to+the+Boyne&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=131&rft.date=1853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20563454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macaulay-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macaulay_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macaulay_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macaulay_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macaulay_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macaulay_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1849" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, T.B. (1849). "Chapter XVI". <i>History of England from the accession of James II (1685) until the death of William III (1702)</i>. New York: Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XVI&rft.btitle=History+of+England+from+the+accession+of+James+II+%281685%29+until+the+death+of+William+III+%281702%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=T.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulster_Journal_of_Archaeology-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ulster_Journal_of_Archaeology_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Two Unpublished Diaries, Connected with the Battle of the Boyne". <i>Ulster Journal of Archaeology</i>. 1. <b>4</b>. Belfast: 80. 1856.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ulster+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Two+Unpublished+Diaries%2C+Connected+with+the+Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhlmeyer2018" class="citation book cs1">Ohlmeyer, Jane, ed. (2018). <i>The Cambridge History of Ireland: Volume 2, 1550–1730</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ireland%3A+Volume+2%2C+1550%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty1990" class="citation episode cs1">Laverty, Henry (producer/director) (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">"Battle of the Boyne: Part I"</a>. <i>Battle of the boyne</i>. 2:32 minutes in. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+boyne&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28producer%2Fdirector%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_uGXtYvvk0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2007" class="citation book cs1">Childs, John (2007). <i>The Williamite Wars in Ireland</i>. London/New York: A & C Black. pp. 33, 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Williamite+Wars+in+Ireland&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pages=33%2C+135&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keepmilitarymuseum.org/the-duke-of-beauforts-regiment-of-foot-the-battle-of-the-boyne/">"The Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot: The Battle of the Boyne"</a>. <i>The Keep Military Museum</i>. 10 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Keep+Military+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Duke+of+Beaufort%27s+Regiment+of+Foot%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keepmilitarymuseum.org%2Fthe-duke-of-beauforts-regiment-of-foot-the-battle-of-the-boyne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty1990" class="citation episode cs1">Laverty, Henry (producer/director) (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">"Battle of the Boyne: Part I"</a>. <i>Battle of the boyne</i>. 10:50 minutes in. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+boyne&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28producer%2Fdirector%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_uGXtYvvk0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/battle_of_the_boyne">BBC History: The Battle of the Boyne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205224210/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/battle_of_the_boyne">Archived</a> 5 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, (undated, retrieved 9 March 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery1990" class="citation episode cs1">Lavery, Henry (producer/director) (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">"Battle of the Boyne: Part I"</a>. <i>Battle of the boyne</i>. 4:05 minutes in. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+boyne&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Lavery&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28producer%2Fdirector%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_uGXtYvvk0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty1990" class="citation episode cs1">Laverty, Henry (producer/director) (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">"Battle of the Boyne: Part I"</a>. <i>Battle of the boyne</i>. 8:00 minutes in. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+boyne&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28producer%2Fdirector%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_uGXtYvvk0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty1990" class="citation episode cs1">Laverty, Henry (producer/director) (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">"Battle of the Boyne: Part I"</a>. <i>Battle of the boyne</i>. 9:10 minutes in. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+boyne&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28producer%2Fdirector%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_uGXtYvvk0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handley, Stuart (May 2011). "Fitzjames, James, Duke of Berwick upon Tweed (1670–1734". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020207_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2020">Van Nimwegen 2020</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014100-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014100_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014100_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackmore2014">Blackmore 2014</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty1990" class="citation episode cs1">Laverty, Henry (producer/director) (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">"Battle of the Boyne: Part I"</a>. <i>Battle of the boyne</i>. 11:00 minutes in. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+boyne&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28producer%2Fdirector%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_uGXtYvvk0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Observaties van een Zeventiende-eeuwse wereldbeschouwer, Constantijn Huygens en de uitvinding van het moderne dagboek</i>. Dekker, Rudolf, Amsterdam 2013 pp. 45–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty1990" class="citation episode cs1">Laverty, Henry (producer/director) (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">"Battle of the Boyne: Part I"</a>. <i>Battle of the boyne</i>. 15:10 minutes in. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uGXtYvvk0U">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+boyne&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28producer%2Fdirector%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_uGXtYvvk0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1914" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Lord (1914). <i>The History of England from the Accession of James the Second</i>. Vol. 4. London: Macmillan & Co. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=War+of+the+Grand+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWar-of-the-Grand-Alliance%23ref278728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100015839">"Jacobite Risings"</a>. <i>www.oxfordreference.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621091108/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100015839">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordreference.com&rft.atitle=Jacobite+Risings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100015839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2016" class="citation news cs1">Finn, Clodagh (9 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/craving-for-a-bond-unlikely-to-lag-due-to-a-flag-409329.html">"Craving for a bond unlikely to lag due to a flag"</a>. <i>Irish Examiner</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031205835/https://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/craving-for-a-bond-unlikely-to-lag-due-to-a-flag-409329.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Craving+for+a+bond+unlikely+to+lag+due+to+a+flag&rft.date=2016-07-09&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Clodagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fviewpoints%2Fanalysis%2Fcraving-for-a-bond-unlikely-to-lag-due-to-a-flag-409329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms1986" class="citation book cs1">Simms, J. G. (1986). <i>War and Politics in Ireland, 1649–1730</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucc.ie%2Fen%2F&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Limerick%2C+1691&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelt.ucc.ie%2Fpublished%2FE703001-010%2Ftext001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ie/Courts.ie/Library3.nsf/pagecurrent/EA59D61A0CD9C5A680257FC3005B5422">"History of the law, 1691 – present"</a>. <i>www.courts.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031205835/http://www.courts.ie/Courts.ie/Library3.nsf/pagecurrent/EA59D61A0CD9C5A680257FC3005B5422">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.courts.ie&rft.atitle=History+of+the+law%2C+1691+%E2%80%93+present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ie%2FCourts.ie%2FLibrary3.nsf%2Fpagecurrent%2FEA59D61A0CD9C5A680257FC3005B5422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/treaty-limerick">"Treaty of Limerick"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031205835/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/treaty-limerick">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Limerick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Finternational%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Ftreaty-limerick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/battle-of-the-boyne-king-william-iiis-victory-in-ireland.htm">"Battle of the Boyne: King William III's Victory in Ireland"</a>. <i>www.historynet.com</i>. 12 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191005141939/https://www.historynet.com/battle-of-the-boyne-king-william-iiis-victory-in-ireland.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historynet.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Boyne%3A+King+William+III%27s+Victory+in+Ireland&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fbattle-of-the-boyne-king-william-iiis-victory-in-ireland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenihan-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenihan_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenihan_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenihan_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenihan2003" class="citation book cs1">Lenihan, Padraig (2003). <i>1690 Battle of the Boyne</i>. Tempus. pp. 258–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752425979" title="Special:BookSources/9780752425979"><bdi>9780752425979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1690+Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft.pages=258-259&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780752425979&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucc.ie/celt/Calender_Rome.pdf"><i>‘The Pope’s new invention’: the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in Ireland, 1583–1782,</i> page 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214150714/http://www.ucc.ie/celt/Calender_Rome.pdf">Archived</a> 14 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History Department, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>, 1 April 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1832" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Robert (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0UJAAAAIAAJ&q=Robert+Chambers+1832"><i>The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Biography, & History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Human Life and Character, Volume 2</i></a>. London: W. & R. Chambers Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307034824/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0UJAAAAIAAJ&q=Robert+Chambers+1832">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Days%3A+A+Miscellany+of+Popular+Antiquities+in+Connection+with+the+Calendar%2C+Including+Anecdote%2C+Biography%2C+%26+History%2C+Curiosities+of+Literature+and+Oddities+of+Human+Life+and+Character%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+%26+R.+Chambers+Limited&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0UJAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DRobert%2BChambers%2B1832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irish_Post-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_Post_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_Post_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_Post_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishpost.com/uncategorized/twelve-things-know-marching-season-northern-ireland-94314">"The Irish Post"</a>. <i>Twelve things you should know about marching season in Northern Ireland on 'The Twelfth'<span></span></i>. Dublin. 11 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717171941/https://www.irishpost.com/uncategorized/twelve-things-know-marching-season-northern-ireland-94314">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twelve+things+you+should+know+about+marching+season+in+Northern+Ireland+on+%27The+Twelfth%27&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Post&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishpost.com%2Funcategorized%2Ftwelve-things-know-marching-season-northern-ireland-94314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2000" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Dominic (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orangeparadespol00brya"><i>Orange Parades: The politics of ritual, tradition and control</i></a></span>. Pluto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orangeparadespol00brya/page/n156">147</a>–148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orange+Parades%3A+The+politics+of+ritual%2C+tradition+and+control&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forangeparadespol00brya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorscadden2022" class="citation web cs1">Corscadden, Jane (6 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/twelfth-july-bonfires-lit-across-24400597">"The reason bonfires are lit on the Eleventh Night in NI"</a>. <i>BelfastLive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BelfastLive&rft.atitle=The+reason+bonfires+are+lit+on+the+Eleventh+Night+in+NI&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft.aulast=Corscadden&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Ftwelfth-july-bonfires-lit-across-24400597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-57745905">"The Twelfth: Why are bonfires lit in Northern Ireland?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Twelfth%3A+Why+are+bonfires+lit+in+Northern+Ireland%3F&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-57745905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://40.127.167.5/casenum/224875.htm">"224875: Oldbridge, Rathmullen Road, Drogheda, Co. Meath (SA/60260)"</a>. <i>www.pleanala.ie/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031174625/http://40.127.167.5/casenum/224875.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pleanala.ie%2F&rft.atitle=224875%3A+Oldbridge%2C+Rathmullen+Road%2C+Drogheda%2C+Co.+Meath+%28SA%2F60260%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F40.127.167.5%2Fcasenum%2F224875.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/housing-boom-as-661-homes-planned-on-rathmullen-road-38616332.html">"Housing boom as 661 homes planned on Rathmullen Road"</a>. <i>www.independent.ie</i>. 25 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031174624/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/housing-boom-as-661-homes-planned-on-rathmullen-road-38616332.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.independent.ie&rft.atitle=Housing+boom+as+661+homes+planned+on+Rathmullen+Road&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fregionals%2Fdroghedaindependent%2Fhousing-boom-as-661-homes-planned-on-rathmullen-road-38616332.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6645119.stm">"Paisley and Ahern visit 1690 site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 11 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520150923/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6645119.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paisley+and+Ahern+visit+1690+site&rft.date=2007-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F6645119.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty1998" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Richard (1998). <i>The Williamite War in Ireland 1688–1691</i>. Dublin: Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-375-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85182-375-1"><bdi>1-85182-375-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Williamite+War+in+Ireland+1688%E2%80%931691&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85182-375-1&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes-Mac_Coy1990" class="citation book cs1">Hayes-Mac Coy, G. A. (1990). <i>Irish Battles</i>. Belfast: Appletree Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-250-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86281-250-X"><bdi>0-86281-250-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231283129">231283129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Battles&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Appletree+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231283129&rft.isbn=0-86281-250-X&rft.aulast=Hayes-Mac+Coy&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenihan2003" class="citation book cs1">Lenihan, Padraig (2003). <i>1690: Battle of the Boyne</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3304-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3304-0"><bdi>0-7524-3304-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61303112">61303112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1690%3A+Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61303112&rft.isbn=0-7524-3304-0&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). <i>De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning (The 40 Years War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King)</i> (in Dutch). Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-446-3871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-446-3871-4"><bdi>978-90-446-3871-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Veertigjarige+Oorlog+1672%E2%80%931712%3A+de+strijd+van+de+Nederlanders+tegen+de+Zonnekoning+%28The+40+Years+War+1672%E2%80%931712%3A+the+Dutch+struggle+against+the+Sun+King%29&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-446-3871-4&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmore2014" class="citation book cs1">Blackmore, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/86/1/212395_David.Blackmore-2012.pdf"><i>Destructive & Formidable: British Infantry Firepower, 1642–1756</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Frontline Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destructive+%26+Formidable%3A+British+Infantry+Firepower%2C+1642%E2%80%931756&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firep.ntu.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F86%2F1%2F212395_David.Blackmore-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Boyne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Boyne&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battleoftheboyne.ie">Battle of the Boyne visitor centre at Oldbridge, plus battle information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103140245/http://www.theboynevalley.com/battleoftheboyne.php">Boyne Valley Tourist Portal – Information on Battle of the Boyne</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135913/http://www.meath.ie/Tourism/Heritage/HeritageSites/BattleoftheBoyneSite/#d.en.23191">Tourist Information on Battle of the Boyne Visitor Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sources.nli.ie/Search/Results?lookfor=Battle+of+the+boyne">Primary and secondary sources relating to the Battle of the Boyne</a> (From the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a>'s Sources database)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://map.geohive.ie/">Modern mapping of the area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213150621/http://map.geohive.ie/">Archived</a> 13 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland" title="Ordnance Survey Ireland">Ordnance Survey Ireland</a> Choose "Base history and mapping" then "Historic 6-inch mapping" and enter 704444,776167 to see the site of the "Boyne Obelisk" (destroyed, 1923) on the northern side of the [subsequent] bridge.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2010/07/12/today-in-irish-history-the-battle-of-the-boyne-july-12/">Interview with historian Padraig Lenihan on the Battle of the Boyne</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacobitism" 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Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III", The Young Pretender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophie, Electress of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society" title="Royal Stuart Society">Royal Stuart Society</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">First rising<br />(1689)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">Viscount Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Ewen Cameron of Lochiel">Sir Ewen Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sarsfield">Patrick Sarsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackay_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Mackay (general)">General Hugh Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld" title="Battle of Dunkeld">Battle of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Massacre of Glencoe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of the Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Finglas" title="Declaration of Finglas">Declaration of Finglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">Siege of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">The Fifteen<br />(1715)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_uprising_in_Cornwall_of_1715" title="Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715">…in Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_England_riots" title="1715 England riots">…in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_MacGregor" title="Rob Roy MacGregor">Rob Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Munro,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet">Baronet Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)" title="Battle of Preston (1715)">Battle of Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1715)" title="Siege of Inverness (1715)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir" title="Battle of Sheriffmuir">Battle of Sheriffmuir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">The Nineteen<br />(1719)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_10th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_Marquess_of_Tullibardine" title="William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine">Marquess of Tullibardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wightman_(general)" title="Joseph Wightman (general)">General Joseph Wightman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Eilean_Donan_Castle" title="Capture of Eilean Donan Castle">Capture of Eilean Donan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glen_Shiel" title="Battle of Glen Shiel">Battle of Glen Shiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coille_Bhan" title="Battle of Coille Bhan">Battle of Coille Bhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">The Forty-Five<br />(1745)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Lochiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (December 1745)">Siege of Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1746)" title="Siege of Inverness (1746)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abortive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1708)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">1759</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Personal standard of Charles Edward Stuart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/200px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/300px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/400px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="444" /></a></span><br />a Jacobite banner</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences<br />and later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act 1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clan_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clan Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Clan Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarming_Act_1715" title="Disarming Act 1715">Disarming Act 1715</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disarming_Act_1725&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disarming Act 1725 (page does not exist)">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity_Act_1717" title="Indemnity Act 1717">Indemnity Act 1717</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Forty-Five</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurors_(Scotland)_Act_1745" title="Jurors (Scotland) Act 1745">Jurors Act 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Proscription_1746" title="Act of Proscription 1746">Act of Proscription 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_Act_1746" title="Dress Act 1746">Dress Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_(Scotland)_Act_1747" title="Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747">Sheriffs Act 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Outlawries_(Scotland)_Act_1748" title="Treason Outlawries (Scotland) Act 1748">Treason Outlawries Act 1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traitors_Transported_Act_1746" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors Transported Act 1746">Traitors Transported Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_military_roads_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old military roads of Scotland">Old military roads of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III and VIII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">"Henry IX and I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">"Charles IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Maria Beatrice of Savoy">"Mary II"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">"Francis I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">"Mary III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">"Robert I and IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz, Duke of Bavaria">"Francis II"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Max,_Duke_in_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria">Max</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Liechtenstein" title="Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein">Sophie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Wenzel_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein">Joseph</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Museums_and_galleries_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_by_province" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Museums_and_galleries_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_by_province" title="Template:Museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland by province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Museums_and_galleries_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_by_province" title="Template talk:Museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland by province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Museums_and_galleries_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_by_province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland by province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Museums_and_galleries_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_by_province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Museums and galleries in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">province</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/126_Artist-run_Gallery" title="126 Artist-run Gallery">126 Artist-run Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arigna_Mining_Experience" title="Arigna Mining Experience">Arigna Mining Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim Visitor Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlerea_Railway_Museum" title="Castlerea Railway Museum">Castlerea Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavan_and_Leitrim_Railway" title="Cavan and Leitrim Railway">Cavan and Leitrim Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connemara_Heritage_and_History_Centre" title="Connemara Heritage and History Centre">Connemara Heritage and History Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_House_Studios_and_Gallery" title="Custom House Studios and Gallery">Custom House Studios and Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clew_Bay_Heritage_Centre" title="Clew Bay Heritage Centre">Clew Bay Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galway_City_Museum" title="Galway City Museum">Galway City Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glengowla_Mines" title="Glengowla Mines">Glengowla Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Gallery_(Sligo)" title="Hamilton Gallery (Sligo)">Hamilton Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Geology_Museum" title="James Mitchell Geology Museum">James Mitchell Geology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Model,_Sligo" title="The Model, Sligo">The Model, Sligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Famine_Museum" title="National Famine Museum">National Famine Museum</a> & <a href="/wiki/Strokestown_Park" title="Strokestown Park">Strokestown Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Country_Life" title="National Museum of Ireland – Country Life">National Museum of Ireland – Country Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscommon_County_Museum" title="Roscommon County Museum">Roscommon County Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sligo_County_Museum" title="Sligo County Museum">Sligo County Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allihies_Copper_Mine_Museum" title="Allihies Copper Mine Museum">Allihies Copper Mine Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Museum" title="Clare Museum">Clare Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobh_Heritage_Centre" title="Cobh Heritage Centre">Cobh Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Church,_Cobh" title="Scots Church, Cobh">Cobh Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_Butter_Museum" title="Cork Butter Museum">Cork Butter Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_Public_Museum" title="Cork Public Museum">Cork Public Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craggaunowen" title="Craggaunowen">Craggaunowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Art_Gallery" title="Crawford Art Gallery">Crawford Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_College_Museum_and_Visitor_Centre" title="Garda College Museum and Visitor Centre">Garda College Museum and Visitor Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Museum" title="Hunt Museum">Hunt Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Experience,_Midleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jameson Experience, Midleton">Jameson Experience, Midleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_County_Museum" title="Kerry County Museum">Kerry County Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Glucksman_Gallery" title="Lewis Glucksman Gallery">Lewis Glucksman Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_City_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Limerick City Museum">Limerick City Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormston_House" title="Ormston House">Ormston House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Museum_of_Limerick" title="The People's Museum of Limerick">The People's Museum of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipperary_Museum_of_Hidden_History" title="Tipperary Museum of Hidden History">Tipperary Museum of Hidden History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_County_Museum" title="Waterford County Museum">Waterford County Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Treasures" title="Waterford Treasures">Waterford Treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dublin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14_Henrietta_Street" title="14 Henrietta Street">14 Henrietta Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Model_Railway_Museum" title="Casino Model Railway Museum">Casino Model Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baily_Lighthouse#Museum" title="Baily Lighthouse">Commissioners of Irish Lights Museum (Baily Lighthouse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Custom_House" title="The Custom House">The Custom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde_Gallery" title="Douglas Hyde Gallery">Douglas Hyde Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle#Buildings_and_architecture" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Fire_Brigade#Training_centre_and_museum" title="Dublin Fire Brigade">Dublin Fire Brigade Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublinia" title="Dublinia">Dublinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Writers_Museum" title="Dublin Writers Museum">Dublin Writers Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_The_Irish_Emigration_Museum" title="EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum">EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_Museum" title="Garda Museum">Garda Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPO_Museum" title="GPO Museum">GPO Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Storehouse" title="Guinness Storehouse">Guinness Storehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lane_Gallery" title="Hugh Lane Gallery">Hugh Lane Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Jewish_Museum" title="Irish Jewish Museum">Irish Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Irish Museum of Modern Art">Irish Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveagh_Trust#The_Museum_Flat" title="Iveagh Trust">The Museum 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