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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistoric Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_Celtic_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_Celtic_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Emergence of Celtic Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_Celtic_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity_and_early_medieval_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity_and_early_medieval_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Late antiquity and early medieval times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity_and_early_medieval_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_and_English_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_and_English_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Norman and English invasions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_and_English_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaelicisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaelicisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gaelicisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaelicisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kingdom_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kingdom_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The Kingdom of Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kingdom_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1798_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1798_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 1798 Rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1798_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_with_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Union with Great Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_with_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Partition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Northern Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Republic of Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Northern Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All-island_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All-island_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 All-island institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All-island_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Flora and fauna subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_of_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Impact of agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Divisions and settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Drama and theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Field sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Boxing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.4 Recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Food and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Regional economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland_trade_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland_trade_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Northern Ireland trade comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland_trade_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_living_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_living_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Cost of living comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_living_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Economic history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Major industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ireland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" > 148 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierland" title="Ierland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ierland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="አየርላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አየርላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आयरलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आयरलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArland" title="Īrland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īrland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جزيرة أيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة أيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_d%27Irlanda" title="Isla d'Irlanda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isla d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95_(%DC%93%DC%99%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܝܪܠܢܕ (ܓܙܪܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܪܠܢܕ (ܓܙܪܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla_d%27Irlanda" title="Islla d'Irlanda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islla d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypa%27%C5%A9_Iril%C3%A1nda" title="Ypa'ũ Irilánda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ypa'ũ Irilánda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandiya_(ada)" title="İrlandiya (ada) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrlandiya (ada)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA)" title="আয়ারল্যান্ড (দ্বীপ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়ারল্যান্ড (দ্বীপ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Irlandia" title="Pulau Irlandia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulau Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80i-n%C3%AD-l%C3%A2n_(t%C3%B3)" title="Ài-ní-lân (tó) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ài-ní-lân (tó)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83)" title="Ирландия (утрау) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ирландия (утрау)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E)" title="Ірландыя (востраў) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірландыя (востраў)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E)" title="Ірляндыя (востраў) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірляндыя (востраў)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Ирландия (остров) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирландия (остров)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_(ostrvo)" title="Irska (ostrvo) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irska (ostrvo)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwerzhon" title="Iwerzhon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iwerzhon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_d%27Irlanda" title="Illa d'Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_(pulo)" title="Ireland (pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ireland (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsko_(ostrov)" title="Irsko (ostrov) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irsko (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwerddon" title="Iwerddon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iwerddon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_(%C3%B8)" title="Irland (ø) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irland (ø)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="إرلاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إرلاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_(Insel)" title="Irland (Insel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irland (Insel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_(kupa)" title="Irska (kupa) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Irska (kupa)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨའིརི་ལེནཌ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨའིརི་ལེནཌ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirimaa_saar" title="Iirimaa saar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iirimaa saar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF)" title="Ιρλανδία (νησί) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρλανδία (νησί)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(isla)" title="Irlanda (isla) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irlanda (isla)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlando_(insulo)" title="Irlando (insulo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irlando (insulo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drland_(oyggj)" title="Írland (oyggj) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Írland (oyggj)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlande_(%C3%AEle)" title="Irlande (île) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irlande (île)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierl%C3%A2n_(eil%C3%A2n)" title="Ierlân (eilân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierlân (eilân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerin" title="Nerin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nerin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88irinn_(eilean)" title="Èirinn (eilean) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Èirinn (eilean)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Irlanda" title="Illa de Irlanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="આયરલેંડનું ગણતંત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આયરલેંડનું ગણતંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_T%C3%B3" title="Ireland Tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ireland Tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%84%AC" title="아일랜드섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlelani" title="ʻIlelani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIlelani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB)" title="Իռլանդիա (կղզի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իռլանդիա (կղզի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="आयरलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयरलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_(kupa)" title="Irska (kupa) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Irska (kupa)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_(otok)" title="Irska (otok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irska (otok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlando" title="Irlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Irlandia" title="Pulau Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drland" title="Írland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(isola)" title="Irlanda (isola) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irlanda (isola)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93_(%D7%90%D7%99)" title="אירלנד (אי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירלנד (אי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Irlandia" title="Pulo Irlandia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulo Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ირლანდია (კუნძული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირლანდია (კუნძული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Ирландия (арал) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирландия (арал)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhen" title="Wordhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Wordhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlande" title="Irlande – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Irlande" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Erlenda_(girav)" title="Îrlenda (girav) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îrlenda (girav)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(ijula)" title="Irlanda (ijula) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Irlanda (ijula)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hibernia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArija_(sala)" title="Īrija (sala) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īrija (sala)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_(Insel)" title="Irland (Insel) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Irland (Insel)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airijos_sala" title="Airijos sala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Airijos sala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(isoa)" title="Irlanda (isoa) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Irlanda (isoa)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er" title="Er – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Er" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(isola)" title="Irlanda (isola) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Irlanda (isola)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr-sziget" title="Ír-sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ír-sziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Ирска (остров) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирска (остров)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="അയർലന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയർലന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airangi_(moutere)" title="Airangi (moutere) – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Airangi (moutere)" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आयर्लंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयर्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ايرلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایرلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯥꯢꯔꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯢꯔꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierland_(eiland)" title="Ierland (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ierland (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierlaand_(eilaand)" title="Ierlaand (eilaand) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ierlaand (eilaand)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%B3%B6" title="アイルランド島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランド島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlun_(Eilun)" title="Irlun (Eilun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Irlun (Eilun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_(%C3%B8y)" title="Irland (øy) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irland (øy)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlande" title="Irlande – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Irlande" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(illa)" title="Irlanda (illa) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Irlanda (illa)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandiya_oroli" title="Irlandiya oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irlandiya oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आयर्लैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आयर्लैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="جزیرہ آئرلینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزیرہ آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlinde_(ile)" title="Irlinde (ile) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irlinde (ile)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(%C3%ACsola)" title="Irlanda (ìsola) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Irlanda (ìsola)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aialan" title="Aialan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Aialan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia_(wyspa)" title="Irlandia (wyspa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irlandia (wyspa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(ilha)" title="Irlanda (ilha) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irlanda (ilha)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(insul%C4%83)" title="Irlanda (insulă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irlanda (insulă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_(dvip)" title="Irland (dvip) – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Irland (dvip)" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irihallp%27a_wat%27a" title="Irihallp'a wat'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Irihallp'a wat'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Ирландия (остров) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландия (остров)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aialani" title="Aialani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aialani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आयर्लैंड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आयर्लैंड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="අයර්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයර්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="آئرلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئرلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drsko_(ostrov)" title="Írsko (ostrov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Írsko (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_(otok)" title="Irska (otok) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irska (otok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandyj%C5%8F_(wyspa)" title="Irlandyjŏ (wyspa) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irlandyjŏ (wyspa)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ئیرلەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیرلەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ирска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_(otok)" title="Irska (otok) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irska (otok)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanti_(saari)" title="Irlanti (saari) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irlanti (saari)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_(%C3%B6)" title="Irland (ö) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irland (ö)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(pulo)" title="Irlanda (pulo) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Irlanda (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="அயர்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயர்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_(Tegzirt)" title="Irland (Tegzirt) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Irland (Tegzirt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఐర్లాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐర్లాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="เกาะไอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะไอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda_(ada)" title="İrlanda (ada) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda (ada)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiri%CC%B1lan" title="Ayiri̱lan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ayiri̱lan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D3%B5" title="Ирландия шормуӵ – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирландия шормуӵ" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Ірландія (острів) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірландія (острів)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="جزیرہ آئرلینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىرلاندىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىرلاندىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(%C3%ACzo%C5%82a)" title="Irlanda (ìzoła) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Irlanda (ìzoła)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Ireland" title="Đảo Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierland_(eiland)" title="Ierland (eiland) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ierland (eiland)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="爱尔兰岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱尔兰岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%9C)" title="אירלאנד (אינזל) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אירלאנד (אינזל)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%B3%B6" title="愛爾蘭島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛爾蘭島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="爱尔兰岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱尔兰岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailan" title="Ailan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ailan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Irlan" title="Pulo Irlan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pulo Irlan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ireland&params=53_N_8_W_type:country_scale:2500000">53°N 8°W / 53°N 8°W / 53; -8</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in the North Atlantic Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the island. For the sovereign state, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. For the part of the United Kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ireland (disambiguation)">Ireland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ireland</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Éire (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</li><li>Airlann <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_(MODIS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite image of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ireland_%28MODIS%29.jpg/260px-Ireland_%28MODIS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ireland_%28MODIS%29.jpg/390px-Ireland_%28MODIS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ireland_%28MODIS%29.jpg/520px-Ireland_%28MODIS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite image</a>, October 2010</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ireland_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_of_Ireland_in_Europe.svg/260px-Map_of_Ireland_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_of_Ireland_in_Europe.svg/390px-Map_of_Ireland_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_of_Ireland_in_Europe.svg/520px-Map_of_Ireland_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Ireland (dark green)in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Northwestern Europe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ireland&params=53_N_8_W_type:country_scale:2500000">53°N 8°W / 53°N 8°W / 53; -8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adjacent to</th><td class="infobox-data">Atlantic Ocean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">84,421 km2 (32,595 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-irlgeog-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20th<a href="#cite_note-royle-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">7,527 km (4677.1 mi)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,041 m (3415 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carrauntoohil" title="Carrauntoohil">Carrauntoohil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, pop. 1,458,154 Metropolitan Area (2022)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-islands-country"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, pop. 671,559 Metropolitan Area (2011)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Irish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">7,185,600 (2023 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">Population rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">82.2/km2 (212.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">ISL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">NISL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>90.0% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a></li><li>2.8% <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></li><li>1.2% <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></li><li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a></li><li>1.2% other (inc. <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Mixed</a>)</li><li>4.5% not stated<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Standard Time">Irish Standard Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a></li></ul> </div> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪərlənd/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3c\/En-us-Ireland.ogg\/En-us-Ireland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Ireland.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/En-us-Ireland.ogg/En-us-Ireland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Ireland.ogg" title="File:En-us-Ireland.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">IRE-lənd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈeːɾʲə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e0\/Eire_pronunciation.ogg\/Eire_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eire pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Eire_pronunciation.ogg/Eire_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Eire_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Eire pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster-Scots</a>: Airlann <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɑːrlən]</a>) is an island in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">north-western Europe</a>. It is separated from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to its east by the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)">North Channel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Channel" title="St George's Channel">St George's Channel</a>. Ireland is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_British_Isles" title="List of islands of the British Isles">second-largest island</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">third-largest</a> in Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">twentieth-largest</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[10]</a> Geopolitically, the island is divided between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (officially <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_state" title="Names of the Irish state">named Ireland</a>), a sovereign state covering five-sixths of the island, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. As of 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_population_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish population analysis">population of the entire island</a> is just over 7 million, with 5.1 million in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland, ranking it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">second-most populous island in Europe</a> after Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-2022population-12">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">geography of Ireland</a> comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">several navigable rivers</a> extending inland. Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature. Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Today, woodland makes up about 10% of the island, compared with a European average of over 33%,<a href="#cite_note-forest-13">[12]</a> with most of it being non-native conifer plantations.<a href="#cite_note-forest2-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-forest3-15">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Irish climate</a> is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant. <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> had emerged by the 1st century AD. The island was <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianised</a> from the 5th century onwards. During this period Ireland was divided into many petty kingships under provincial kingships (Cúige "fifth" of the traditional provinces) vying for dominance and the title of <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>. In the late 8th century to early 11th century AD <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raids and settlement took place culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a> on 23 April 1014 which resulted in the ending of Viking power in Ireland. Following the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> claimed sovereignty. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">colonisation by settlers from Britain</a>. In the 1690s, a system of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant English rule</a> was designed to materially disadvantage the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> majority and Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">dissenters</a>, and was extended during the 18th century. With the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> in 1801, Ireland became <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">a part of</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">war of independence</a> in the early 20th century was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of the island</a>, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades until it declared a republic in 1948 ( Republic of Ireland Act, 1948) and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s</a>. This subsided following the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> in 1998. In 1973, both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, with Northern Ireland as part of it, joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. Following a referendum vote in 2016, the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland included, left the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in 2020. Northern Ireland was granted a limited special status and allowed to operate within the EU single market for goods without being in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Irish culture</a> has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the field of <a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">literature</a>. Alongside mainstream <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, a strong indigenous culture exists, as expressed through <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dance</a>. The island's culture shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> The names Ireland and Éire derive from <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a>, a goddess in <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a> first recorded in the ninth century. The etymology of Ériu is disputed but may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *h2uer, referring to flowing water.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History of Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, and until about 16,000 BC, much of Ireland was periodically covered in ice.<a href="#cite_note-National_Museum-19">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Relative_sea_level" title="Relative sea level">relative sea level</a> was less than 50m lower resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Ice_bridge" title="Ice bridge">ice bridge</a> (but not a <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a>) forming between Ireland and Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_Geology-20">[19]</a> By 14,000 BC this ice bridge existed only between Northern Ireland and Scotland and by 12,000 BC Ireland was completely separated from Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-drowning-21">[20]</a> Later, around 6,100 BC, Great Britain became separated from continental Europe.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Until recently, the earliest evidence of human activity in Ireland was dated at 12,500 years ago, demonstrated by a butchered bear bone found in a cave in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2016-03-21-23">[22]</a> Since 2021, the earliest evidence of human activity in Ireland is dated to 33,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> By about 8,000 BC, more sustained occupation of the island has been shown, with evidence for <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> communities around the island.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Some time before 4,000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">settlers</a> introduced cereal <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, domesticated animals such as cattle and sheep, built large timber buildings, and stone monuments.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Museum-19">[18]</a> The earliest evidence for farming in Ireland or Great Britain is from <a href="/wiki/Ferriter%27s_Cove" title="Ferriter's Cove">Ferriter's Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, where a flint knife, cattle bones and a sheep's tooth were <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon-dated</a> to c. 4,350 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Ireland's_DNA-27">[26]</a> Field systems were developed in different parts of Ireland, including at the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ide_Fields" title="Céide Fields">Céide Fields</a>, that has been preserved beneath a blanket of peat in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tyrawley" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrawley">Tyrawley</a>. An extensive <a href="/wiki/Field_system" title="Field system">field system</a>, arguably the oldest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> consisted of small divisions separated by <a href="/wiki/Dry-stone_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-stone wall">dry-stone walls</a>. The fields were farmed for several centuries between 3,500 BC and 3,000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> were the principal crops.<a href="#cite_note-National_Museum-19">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> began around 2,500 BC, with technology changing people's everyday lives during this period through innovations such as the wheel, harnessing <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving textiles</a>, brewing <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-National_Museum-19">[18]</a> which produced new weapons and tools, along with fine gold decoration and jewellery, such as <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torcs</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_of_Celtic_Ireland">Emergence of Celtic Ireland</h4></div> How and when the island became Celtic has been debated for close to a century, with the migrations of the Celts being one of the more enduring themes of archaeological and linguistic studies. The most recent genetic research strongly associates the spread of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (including Celtic) through Western Europe with a people bringing a composite <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a>, with its arrival in Britain and Ireland dated to around the middle of the third millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-Reich_2018_115-29">[28]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">John T. Koch</a> and others, Ireland in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-network culture called the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a> that also included Britain, western France and Iberia, and that this is where <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> developed.<a href="#cite_note-Koch-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koch2009-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> This contrasts with the traditional view that their origin lies in mainland Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uragh_Stone_Circle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Uragh_Stone_Circle.jpg/170px-Uragh_Stone_Circle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Uragh_Stone_Circle.jpg/255px-Uragh_Stone_Circle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Uragh_Stone_Circle.jpg/340px-Uragh_Stone_Circle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uragh_Stone_Circle" title="Uragh Stone Circle">The Uragh Stone Circle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">stone circle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuosist" title="Tuosist">Tuosist</a>, close to Gleninchaquin Park, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a></figcaption></figure> The long-standing traditional view is that the Celtic language, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> script and culture were brought to Ireland by waves of invading or migrating <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> from mainland Europe. This theory draws on the <a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a>, a medieval Christian pseudo-history of Ireland, along with the presence of Celtic culture, language and artefacts found in Ireland such as Celtic bronze spears, shields, torcs and other finely crafted Celtic associated possessions. The theory holds that there were four separate Celtic invasions of Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Priteni" class="mw-redirect" title="Priteni">Priteni</a> were said to be the first, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> from northern Gaul and Britain. Later, Laighin tribes from Armorica (present-day Brittany) were said to have invaded Ireland and Britain more or less simultaneously. Lastly, the <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>) were said to have reached Ireland from either northern Iberia or southern Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> It was claimed that a second wave named the Euerni, belonging to the Belgae people of northern Gaul, began arriving about the sixth century BC. They were said to have given their name to the island.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The theory was advanced in part because of the lack of archaeological evidence for large-scale Celtic immigration, though it is accepted that such movements are notoriously difficult to identify. Historical linguists are skeptical that this method alone could account for the absorption of Celtic language, with some saying that an assumed processual view of Celtic linguistic formation is 'an especially hazardous exercise'.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Genetic lineage investigation into the area of Celtic migration to Ireland has led to findings that showed no significant differences in <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> between Ireland and large areas of continental Europe, in contrast to parts of the Y-chromosome pattern. When taking both into account, a study concluded that modern Celtic speakers in Ireland could be thought of as European "Atlantic Celts" showing a shared ancestry throughout the Atlantic zone from northern Iberia to western Scandinavia rather than substantially central European.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In 2012, research showed that the occurrence of genetic markers for the earliest farmers was almost eliminated by Beaker-culture immigrants: they carried what was then a new Y-chromosome R1b marker, believed to have originated in Iberia about 2,500 BC. The prevalence amongst modern Irish men of this mutation is a remarkable 84%, the highest in the world, and closely matched in other populations along the Atlantic fringes down to Spain. A similar genetic replacement happened with lineages in mitochondrial DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Ireland's_DNA-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> This conclusion is supported by recent research carried out by the geneticist <a href="/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)" title="David Reich (geneticist)">David Reich</a>, who says: "British and Irish skeletons from the Bronze Age that followed the Beaker period had at most 10 per cent ancestry from the first farmers of these islands, with other 90 per cent from people like those associated with the Bell Beaker culture in the Netherlands." He suggests that it was Beaker users who introduced an Indo-European language, represented here by Celtic (i.e. a new language and culture introduced directly by migration and genetic replacement).<a href="#cite_note-Reich_2018_115-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity_and_early_medieval_times">Late antiquity and early medieval times</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">History of Ireland (800–1169)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalriada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dalriada.png/170px-Dalriada.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dalriada.png/255px-Dalriada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dalriada.png/340px-Dalriada.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a> were <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a>-speaking people from Ireland who settled in western Scotland in the 6th century or before.</figcaption></figure> The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> geographers. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a> refers to Ireland as Mikra Brettania ("Little Britain"), in contrast to the larger island, which he called Megale Brettania ("Great Britain").<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_map_of_Ireland" title="Ptolemy's map of Ireland">his map of Ireland</a> in his later work, <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a>, Ptolemy refers to Ireland as <a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Iouernia</a> and to Great Britain as Albion. These 'new' names were likely to have been the local names for the islands at the time. The earlier names, <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">in contrast</a>, were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a> referred to Ireland by this name too in its <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> form, Hibernia, or <a href="/wiki/Scotia" title="Scotia">Scotia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Ptolemy records sixteen nations inhabiting every part of Ireland in 100 AD.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The relationship between the Roman Empire and the kingdoms of ancient Ireland is unclear. However, a number of finds of Roman coins have been made, for example at the Iron Age settlement of Freestone Hill near <a href="/wiki/Gowran" title="Gowran">Gowran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Ireland continued as a patchwork of rival kingdoms; however, beginning in the 7th century, a concept of national kingship gradually became articulated through the concept of a <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Irish_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Irish literature">Medieval Irish literature</a> portrays an almost unbroken sequence of high kings stretching back thousands of years, but some modern historians believe the scheme was constructed in the 8th century to justify the status of powerful political groupings by projecting the origins of their rule into the remote past.<a href="#cite_note-DOC-48">[47]</a> All of the Irish kingdoms had their own kings but were nominally subject to the high king. The high king was drawn from the ranks of the provincial kings and ruled also the royal <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">kingdom of Meath</a>, with a ceremonial capital at the <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a>. The concept did not become a political reality until the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age#Ireland" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> and even then was not a consistent one.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Ireland did have a culturally unifying rule of law: the early written judicial system, the <a href="/wiki/Brehon_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Brehon Laws">Brehon Laws</a>, administered by a professional class of jurists known as the brehons.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chronicle of Ireland">The Chronicle of Ireland</a> records that in 431, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Palladius_(bishop_of_Ireland)" title="Palladius (bishop of Ireland)">Palladius</a> arrived in Ireland on a mission from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Pope Celestine I</a> to minister to the Irish "already believing in Christ".<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The same chronicle records that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a>, Ireland's best known <a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_places" title="Patron saints of places">patron saint</a>, arrived the following year. There is continued debate over the missions of Palladius and Patrick, but the consensus is that they both took place<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> and that the older <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druid</a> tradition collapsed in the face of the new religion.<a href="#cite_note-cah-53">[52]</a> Irish Christian scholars excelled in the study of Latin and Greek learning and Christian theology. In the monastic culture that followed the Christianisation of Ireland, Latin and Greek learning was preserved in Ireland during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> in contrast to elsewhere in Western Europe, where the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Dark Ages</a> followed the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cah-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eer-54">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/220px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/330px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/440px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>A folio of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> showing Christ enthroned</figcaption></figure> The arts of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">manuscript illumination</a>, metalworking and sculpture flourished and produced treasures such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>, ornate jewellery and the many carved stone crosses<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> that still dot the island today. A mission founded in 563 on <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> by the Irish monk Saint <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a> began <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">a tradition of Irish missionary</a> work that spread <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> and learning to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> on continental Europe after the fall of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> These missions continued until the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>, establishing monasteries and centres of learning, producing scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Sedulius_Scottus" title="Sedulius Scottus">Sedulius Scottus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Eriugena">Johannes Eriugena</a> and exerting much influence in Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From the 9th century, waves of <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raiders plundered Irish monasteries and towns.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> These raids added to a pattern of raiding and <a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">endemic warfare</a> that was already deep-seated in Ireland. The Vikings were involved in establishing most of the major coastal settlements in Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>, as well as other smaller settlements.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_and_English_invasions">Norman and English invasions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">History of Ireland (1169–1536)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trim_Castle_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trim_Castle_6.jpg/220px-Trim_Castle_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trim_Castle_6.jpg/330px-Trim_Castle_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Trim_Castle_6.jpg/440px-Trim_Castle_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Trim_Castle" title="Trim Castle">Trim Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman castle</a> in Ireland</figcaption></figure> On 1 May 1169, an expedition of <a href="/wiki/Cambro-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambro-Norman">Cambro-Norman</a> knights, with an army of about 600 men, landed at <a href="/wiki/Bannow" title="Bannow">Bannow Strand</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Richard de Clare</a>, known as 'Strongbow' owing to his prowess as an archer.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The invasion, which coincided with a period of renewed Norman expansion, was at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada" title="Diarmait Mac Murchada">Dermot Mac Murrough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Leinster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Leinster">King of Leinster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In 1166, Mac Murrough had fled to <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a>, France, following a war involving <a href="/wiki/Tighearn%C3%A1n_Ua_Ruairc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighearnán Ua Ruairc">Tighearnán Ua Ruairc</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Breifne" class="mw-redirect" title="Breifne">Breifne</a>, and sought the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a> King <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, in recapturing his kingdom. In 1171, Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition. He wanted to re-exert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his control. Henry successfully re-imposed his authority over Strongbow and the Cambro-Norman warlords and persuaded many of the Irish kings to accept him as their overlord, an arrangement confirmed in the 1175 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_1175" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Windsor 1175">Treaty of Windsor</a>. The invasion was legitimised by reference to provisions of the alleged <a href="/wiki/Papal_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Bull">Papal Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a>, issued by an Englishman, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a>, in 1155. The document apparently encouraged Henry to take control in Ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Church">Irish Church</a> and its integration into the Roman Church system.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2002_49-61">[60]</a> Some restructuring had already begun at the ecclesiastical level following the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Kells" title="Synod of Kells">Synod of Kells</a> in 1152.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> There has been significant controversy regarding the authenticity of Laudabiliter,<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> and there is no general agreement as to whether the bull was genuine or a forgery.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Further, it had no standing in the Irish legal system. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_1450.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/220px-Ireland_1450.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/330px-Ireland_1450.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/440px-Ireland_1450.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Political boundaries in Ireland in 1450, before the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">plantations</a></figcaption></figure> In 1172, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a> further encouraged Henry to advance the integration of the Irish Church with Rome. Henry was authorised to impose a tithe of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution. This church levy, called <a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a>, is extant in Ireland as a voluntary donation. In turn, Henry assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> which Henry conferred on his younger son, <a href="/wiki/John_Lackland" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lackland">John Lackland</a>, in 1185. This defined the Anglo-Norman administration in Ireland as the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When Henry's successor died unexpectedly in 1199, <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John</a> inherited the crown of England and retained the Lordship of Ireland. Over the century that followed, Norman feudal law gradually replaced the Gaelic Brehon Law across large areas, so that by the late 13th century the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norman">Norman-Irish</a> had established a feudal system throughout much of Ireland. Norman settlements were characterised by the establishment of baronies, manors, towns and the seeds of the modern county system. A version of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Charter_of_Ireland" title="Great Charter of Ireland">Great Charter of Ireland</a>), substituting Dublin for London and the Irish Church for, the English church at the time, the Catholic Church, was published in 1216 and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> was founded in 1297. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</h3></div> From the mid-14th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline. The Norman rulers and the Gaelic Irish elites intermarried and the areas under Norman rule became <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicised</a>. In some parts, a hybrid Hiberno-Norman culture emerged. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland#Middle_Ages" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Kilkenny" title="Statutes of Kilkenny">Statutes of Kilkenny</a> in 1367. These were a set of laws designed to prevent the assimilation of the Normans into Irish society by requiring English subjects in Ireland to speak English, follow English customs and abide by English law.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> By the end of the 15th century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared, and a renewed Irish culture and language, albeit with Norman influences, was again dominant. English Crown control remained relatively unshaken in an amorphous foothold around Dublin known as <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a>, and under the provisions of <a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a> of 1494, Irish Parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the <a href="/wiki/English_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="English Privy Council">English Privy Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kingdom_of_Ireland">The Kingdom of Ireland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-25_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century perception of Irish women and girls, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_de_Heere" title="Lucas de Heere">Lucas d'Heere</a> in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University_Library" title="Ghent University Library">Ghent University Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></figcaption></figure> The title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> was re-created in 1542 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a>. English rule was reinforced and expanded in Ireland during the latter part of the 16th century, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a>. A near-complete conquest was achieved by the turn of the 17th century, following the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>. This control was consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century, including the English and Scottish colonisation in the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a>. Irish losses during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (which, in Ireland, included the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Confederacy">Irish Confederacy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>) are estimated to include 20,000 battlefield casualties. 200,000 civilians are estimated to have died as a result of a combination of war-related famine, displacement, guerrilla activity and pestilence throughout the war. A further 50,000<a href="#cite_note-71">[b]</a> were sent into <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Physician-general <a href="/wiki/William_Petty" title="William Petty">William Petty</a> estimated that 504,000 Catholic Irish and 112,000 Protestant settlers died, and 100,000 people were transported, as a result of the war.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> If a prewar population of 1.5 million is assumed, this would mean that the population was reduced by almost half. The religious struggles of the 17th century left a deep sectarian division in Ireland. Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament. After the passing of <a href="/wiki/Test_Act#Test_Act_of_1673" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">the Test Act 1672</a>, and the victory of the forces of the dual monarchy of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a>, Roman Catholics and nonconforming Protestant Dissenters were barred from sitting as members in the Irish Parliament. Under the emerging <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a>, Irish Roman Catholics and Dissenters were increasingly deprived of various civil rights, even the ownership of hereditary property. Additional regressive punitive legislation followed in 1703, 1709 and 1728. This completed a comprehensive systemic effort to materially disadvantage Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters while enriching a new ruling class of Anglican conformists.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The new Anglo-Irish ruling class became known as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hanging.gif/170px-Hanging.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Hanging.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Half-hanging" title="Half-hanging">Half-hanging</a> of suspected <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></figcaption></figure> The "<a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)#Cause" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">Great Frost</a>" struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741, after a decade of relatively mild winters. The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples, and the poor summers severely damaged harvests.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">famine of 1740</a>. An estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population) died from the ensuing pestilence and disease.<a href="#cite_note-cormac_famine-75">[73]</a> The Irish government halted export of corn and kept the army in quarters but did little more.<a href="#cite_note-cormac_famine-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-crawford_feast-76">[74]</a> Local gentry and charitable organisations provided relief but could do little to prevent the ensuing mortality.<a href="#cite_note-cormac_famine-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-crawford_feast-76">[74]</a> In the aftermath of the famine, an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction booms. The population soared in the latter part of this century and the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">architectural legacy of Georgian</a> Ireland was built. In 1782, <a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a> was repealed, giving Ireland legislative independence from Great Britain for the first time since 1495. The British government, however, still retained the right to nominate the government of Ireland without the consent of the Irish parliament. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1798_Rebellion">1798 Rebellion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAXWELL(1845)_p130_Camp_on_Vinegar_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MAXWELL%281845%29_p130_Camp_on_Vinegar_Hill.jpg/220px-MAXWELL%281845%29_p130_Camp_on_Vinegar_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MAXWELL%281845%29_p130_Camp_on_Vinegar_Hill.jpg/330px-MAXWELL%281845%29_p130_Camp_on_Vinegar_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MAXWELL%281845%29_p130_Camp_on_Vinegar_Hill.jpg/440px-MAXWELL%281845%29_p130_Camp_on_Vinegar_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1511" /></a><figcaption>"The Camp on Vinegar Hill" - an illustration by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a> to accompany <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Maxwell" title="William Hamilton Maxwell">William Hamilton Maxwell</a>'s 1845 work History of the Irish rebellion in 1798</figcaption></figure> In 1798, members of the Protestant Dissenter tradition (mainly <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>) made common cause with Roman Catholics in a republican rebellion inspired and led by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Society of United Irishmen</a>, with the aim of creating an independent Ireland. Despite assistance from France the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">rebellion</a> was put down by British and Irish government and yeomanry forces. The rebellion lasted from the 24th of May to the 12th of October that year and saw the establishment of the short lived <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic_(1798)" title="Irish Republic (1798)">Irish Republic (1798)</a> in the province on <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>. It saw numerous battles across the island with an estimated 30,000 dead.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_with_Great_Britain">Union with Great Britain</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></div> As a direct result of the 1798 rebellion in its aftermath in 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_1994_28-77">[75]</a> The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_1994_28-77">[75]</a> Thus, the parliament in Ireland was abolished and replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">united parliament at Westminster</a> in London, though resistance remained, as evidenced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a>'s failed <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1803" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Rebellion of 1803">Irish Rebellion of 1803</a>. Aside from the development of the <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> industry, Ireland was largely passed over by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, partly because it lacked coal and iron resources<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England,<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FRENCH(1891)_p118_THE_FAMINE_AT_BOFIN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FRENCH%281891%29_p118_THE_FAMINE_AT_BOFIN.jpg/220px-FRENCH%281891%29_p118_THE_FAMINE_AT_BOFIN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FRENCH%281891%29_p118_THE_FAMINE_AT_BOFIN.jpg/330px-FRENCH%281891%29_p118_THE_FAMINE_AT_BOFIN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FRENCH%281891%29_p118_THE_FAMINE_AT_BOFIN.jpg/440px-FRENCH%281891%29_p118_THE_FAMINE_AT_BOFIN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> from Our Boys in Ireland by Henry Willard French (1891)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> of 1845–1851 devastated Ireland, as in those years Ireland's population fell by one-third. More than one million people died from starvation and disease, with an additional million people emigrating during the famine, mostly to the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In the century that followed, an economic depression caused by the famine resulted in a further million people emigrating.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> By the end of the decade, half of all <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to the United States</a> was from Ireland. The period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a>. Mass emigration became deeply entrenched and the population continued to decline until the mid-20th century. Immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8.2 million by the <a href="/wiki/1841_census_of_Ireland" title="1841 census of Ireland">1841 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The population has never returned to this level since.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The population continued to fall until 1961; <a href="/wiki/County_Leitrim" title="County Leitrim">County Leitrim</a> was the final Irish county to record a population increase post-famine, in 2006. The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>, primarily among the Roman Catholic population. The pre-eminent Irish political figure after the Union was <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>. He was elected as Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Ennis_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ennis (UK Parliament constituency)">Ennis</a> in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat <a href="/wiki/The_Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="The Test Act">as a Roman Catholic</a>. O'Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the Prime Minister, the Irish-born soldier and statesman, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>. Steering the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Catholic Relief Bill</a> through Parliament, aided by future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a> to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law. <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George's father</a> had opposed the plan of the earlier Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a>, to introduce such a bill following the Union of 1801, fearing <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> to be in conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>. Daniel O'Connell led a subsequent campaign, for the repeal of the Act of Union, which failed. Later in the century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or "<a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Bills">Home Rule</a>". Unionists, especially those located in Ulster, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> After several attempts to pass a Home Rule bill through parliament, it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914. To prevent this from happening, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a> were formed in 1913 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kee_1972_478–530-88">[86]</a> Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>, whose aim was to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Third_Home_Rule_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Home Rule Act">Home Rule Bill</a> was passed. The Act was passed but with the "temporary" exclusion of the six counties of Ulster, which later became Northern Ireland. Before it could be implemented, however, the Act was suspended for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. The Irish Volunteers split into two groups. The majority, approximately 175,000 in number, under <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a>, took the name <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteers" title="National Volunteers">National Volunteers</a> and supported <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I" title="Ireland and World War I">Irish involvement</a> in the war. A minority, approximately 13,000, retained the Irish Volunteers' name and opposed Ireland's involvement in the war.<a href="#cite_note-Kee_1972_478–530-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sackville_Street_(Dublin)_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG/220px-Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG/330px-Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG/440px-Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>Sackville Street (now <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a>), Dublin, after the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a>. The British response, executing fifteen leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and imprisoning or interning more than a thousand people, turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels. Support for <a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism increased</a> further due to the ongoing war in Europe, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Conscription Crisis of 1918</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated34-89">[87]</a> The pro-independence republican party, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, received overwhelming endorsement in the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">general election of 1918</a>, and in 1919 proclaimed an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>, setting up its own parliament (<a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">Dáil Éireann</a>) and government. Simultaneously the Volunteers, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA), launched a <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">three-year guerrilla war</a>, which ended in a truce in July 1921 (although violence continued until June 1922, mostly in Northern Ireland).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated34-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition">Partition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a></div> In December 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> was concluded between the British government and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il" title="Second Dáil">Second Dáil</a>. It gave Ireland complete independence in its home affairs and practical independence for foreign policy, but an opt-out clause allowed <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> to remain within the United Kingdom, which it immediately exercised. Additionally, Members of the <a href="/wiki/Third_D%C3%A1il" title="Third Dáil">Free State Parliament</a> were required to swear <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the Irish Free State</a> and make a statement of faithfulness to the king.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Disagreements over these provisions led to a split in the nationalist movement and a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> between the new government of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> and those opposed to the treaty, led by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>. The civil war officially ended in May 1923 when de Valera issued a cease-fire order.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence">Independence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">History of the Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Irish_Treaty_Griffith_annotated2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Anglo-Irish_Treaty_Griffith_annotated2.gif/220px-Anglo-Irish_Treaty_Griffith_annotated2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Anglo-Irish_Treaty_Griffith_annotated2.gif/330px-Anglo-Irish_Treaty_Griffith_annotated2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Anglo-Irish_Treaty_Griffith_annotated2.gif/440px-Anglo-Irish_Treaty_Griffith_annotated2.gif 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Annotated page from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> that established the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> and independence for 26 out of 32 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Irish counties</a></figcaption></figure> During its first decade, the newly formed Irish Free State was governed by the victors of the civil war. When de Valera achieved power, he took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">political circumstances</a> to build upon inroads to greater sovereignty made by the previous government. The oath was abolished and in 1937 a new constitution was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated34-89">[87]</a> This completed a process of gradual separation from the British Empire that governments had pursued since independence. However, it was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality" title="Irish neutrality">The state was neutral</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">World War II</a>, but offered <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">clandestine assistance to the Allies</a>, particularly in the potential defence of Northern Ireland. Despite their country's neutrality, approximately 50,000<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> volunteers from independent Ireland joined the British forces during the war, four being awarded <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Crosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Crosses">Victoria Crosses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">German intelligence</a> was also active in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated695-93">[91]</a> Its operations ended in September 1941 when <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">police</a> made arrests based on surveillance carried out on the key diplomatic legations in Dublin. To the authorities, counterintelligence was a fundamental line of defence. With a regular army of only slightly over seven thousand men at the start of the war, and with limited supplies of modern weapons, the state would have had great difficulty in defending itself from invasion from either side in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated695-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Large-scale emigration marked most of the post-WWII period (particularly during the 1950s and 1980s), but beginning in 1987 the economy improved, and the 1990s saw the beginning of substantial economic growth. This period of growth became known as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clancy3-95">[93]</a> The Republic's real GDP grew by an average of 9.6% per annum between 1995 and 1999,<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> in which year the Republic joined the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. In 2000, it was the sixth-richest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/R._F._Foster_(historian)" title="R. F. Foster (historian)">R. F. Foster</a> argues the cause was a combination of a new sense of initiative and the entry of American corporations. He concludes the chief factors were low taxation, pro-business regulatory policies, and a young, tech-savvy workforce. For many multinationals, the decision to do business in Ireland was made easier still by generous incentives from the <a href="/wiki/IDA_Ireland" title="IDA Ireland">Industrial Development Authority</a>. In addition <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> membership was helpful, giving the country lucrative access to markets that it had previously reached only through the United Kingdom, and pumping huge subsidies and investment capital into the Irish economy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Modernisation brought secularisation in its wake. The traditionally high levels of religiosity have sharply declined. Foster points to three factors: First, Irish feminism, largely imported from America with liberal stances on contraception, abortion and divorce, undermined the authority of bishops and priests. Second, the mishandling of the paedophile scandals humiliated the Church, whose bishops seemed less concerned with the victims and more concerned with covering up for errant priests. Third, prosperity brought hedonism and materialism that undercut the ideals of saintly poverty.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">financial crisis</a> that began in 2008 dramatically ended this period of boom. GDP fell by 3% in 2008 and by 7.1% in 2009, the worst year since records began (although earnings by foreign-owned businesses continued to grow).<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The state has since experienced deep recession, with unemployment, which doubled during 2009, remaining above 14% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History of Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy of Northern Ireland</a></div> Northern Ireland resulted from the division of the United Kingdom by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>, and until 1972 was a self-governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister. Northern Ireland, as part of the United Kingdom, was not neutral during the Second World War, and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast suffered four bombing raids</a> in 1941. <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> was not extended to Northern Ireland, and roughly an equal number volunteered from Northern Ireland as volunteered from the Republic of Ireland. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg/220px-Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg/330px-Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Carson_signing_Solemn_League_and_Covenant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a> in 1912, declaring opposition to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule bills">Home Rule</a> "using all means which may be found necessary"</figcaption></figure> Although Northern Ireland was largely spared the strife of the civil war, in the decades that followed partition there were sporadic episodes of inter-communal violence. Nationalists, mainly Roman Catholic, wanted to unite Ireland as an independent republic, whereas unionists, mainly Protestant, wanted Northern Ireland to remain in the United Kingdom. The Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland voted largely along <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> lines, meaning that the government of Northern Ireland (elected by <a href="/wiki/Plurality_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality electoral system">"first-past-the-post"</a> from 1929) was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>. Over time, the minority Catholic community felt increasingly alienated with further disaffection fuelled by practices such as <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> and discrimination in housing and employment.<a href="#cite_note-whyte-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In the late 1960s, nationalist grievances were aired publicly in mass civil rights protests, which were often confronted by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> counter-protests.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The government's reaction to confrontations was seen to be one-sided and heavy-handed in favour of unionists. Law and order broke down as unrest and inter-communal violence increased.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The Northern Ireland government requested the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> to aid the police and protect the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Nationalist">Irish Nationalist</a> population. In 1969, the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a>, which favoured the creation of a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a>, emerged from a split in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Irish Republican Army</a> and began a campaign against what it called the "British occupation of the six counties".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other groups, both the unionist and nationalist participated in violence, and a period known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>" began. More than 3,600 deaths resulted over the subsequent three decades of conflict.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Owing to the civil unrest during the Troubles, the British government suspended home rule in 1972 and imposed <a href="/wiki/Direct_rule_over_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct rule over Northern Ireland">direct rule</a>. There were several unsuccessful attempts to end the Troubles politically, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a> of 1973. In 1998, following a ceasefire by the Provisional IRA and multi-party talks, the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> was concluded as a treaty between the British and Irish governments, annexing the text agreed in the multi-party talks. The substance of the Agreement (formally referred to as the Belfast Agreement) was later endorsed by referendums in both parts of Ireland. The Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of power-sharing in a regional <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a> drawn from the major parties in a new <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, with entrenched protections for the two main communities. The Executive is jointly headed by a <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister">First Minister and deputy First Minister</a> drawn from the unionist and nationalist parties. Violence had decreased greatly after the Provisional IRA and loyalist ceasefires in 1994 and in 2005 the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign and an <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">independent commission</a> supervised its disarmament and that of other nationalist and unionist paramilitary organisations.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The Assembly and power-sharing Executive were suspended several times but were restored again in 2007. In that year the British government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a>) and began withdrawing troops. On 27 June 2012, Northern Ireland's deputy first minister and former IRA commander, <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a>, shook hands with Queen Elizabeth II in Belfast, symbolising reconciliation between the two sides.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British%E2%80%93European_Union_frontier_in_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British%E2%80%93European_Union_frontier_in_Ireland.svg/170px-British%E2%80%93European_Union_frontier_in_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British%E2%80%93European_Union_frontier_in_Ireland.svg/255px-British%E2%80%93European_Union_frontier_in_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British%E2%80%93European_Union_frontier_in_Ireland.svg/340px-British%E2%80%93European_Union_frontier_in_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1807" /></a><figcaption>Political entities on the island of Ireland</figcaption></figure> The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, an independent <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>, and Northern Ireland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. They share an <a href="/wiki/Irish_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish border">open border</a> and both are part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> and as a consequence, there is <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">free movement of people, goods, services and capital</a> across the border. The Republic of Ireland is a member state of the European Union while the United Kingdom is a former member state, having both acceded to its precursor entity, the European Economic Community (EEC), in 1973 but the UK <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">left the European Union in 2020</a> after a <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">referendum on EU membership was held in 2016</a> which resulted in 51.9% of UK voters choosing to leave the bloc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in-2011.jpg/220px-%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in-2011.jpg/330px-%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in-2011.jpg/440px-%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a>, the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> The Republic of Ireland is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">written constitution</a> and a popularly elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">president</a> whose role is mostly ceremonial. The <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> parliament, composed of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> (the Dáil), a house of representatives, and <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a> (the Seanad), an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government</a> is headed by a prime minister, the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, who is appointed by the president on the nomination of the Dáil. Its capital is Dublin. The Republic of Ireland today ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> and in 2015 was ranked the sixth most developed nation in the world by the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> A period of rapid economic expansion from 1995 onwards became known as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> period, was brought to an end in 2008 with an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">financial crisis</a> and an economic depression in 2009. According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Ireland is the second most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland_2">Northern Ireland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StormontCarson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/StormontCarson.jpg/220px-StormontCarson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/StormontCarson.jpg/330px-StormontCarson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/StormontCarson.jpg/440px-StormontCarson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Parliament Buildings</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Stormont_Estate" title="Stormont Estate">Stormont Estate</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a></figcaption></figure> Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom with a local <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">assembly</a> which exercise devolved powers. The executive is jointly headed by the first and deputy first minister, with the ministries being allocated in proportion to each party's representation in the assembly. Its capital is <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>. Ultimately political power is held by the <a href="/wiki/UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">UK government</a>, from which Northern Ireland has gone through intermittent periods of direct rule during which devolved powers have been suspended. Northern Ireland elects 18 of the UK <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>' 650 MPs. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Secretary">Northern Ireland Secretary</a> is a cabinet-level post in the British government. Along with <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> and with Scotland, Northern Ireland forms one of the three separate legal jurisdictions of the UK, all of which share the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> as their court of final appeal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-island_institutions">All-island institutions</h3></div> As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the British and Irish governments agreed on the creation of all-island institutions and areas of cooperation. The <a href="/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a> is an institution through which ministers from the Government of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Executive agree all-island policies. At least six of these policy areas must have an associated all-island "implementation body", and at least six others must be implemented separately in each jurisdiction. The implementation bodies are: <a href="/wiki/Waterways_Ireland" title="Waterways Ireland">Waterways Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_Safety_Promotion_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Safety Promotion Board">Food Safety Promotion Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterTradeIreland" title="InterTradeIreland">InterTradeIreland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_European_Union_Programmes_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="Special European Union Programmes Body">Special European Union Programmes Body</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_North/South_Language_Body" title="The North/South Language Body">the North/South Language Body</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commissioners_of_Irish_Lights" title="Commissioners of Irish Lights">Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a> provides for co-operation between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom on all matters of mutual interest, especially Northern Ireland. In light of the Republic's particular interest in the governance of Northern Ireland, "regular and frequent" meetings co-chaired by the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, dealing with non-devolved matters to do with Northern Ireland and non-devolved <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland" title="All-Ireland">all-Ireland</a> issues, are required to take place under the establishing treaty. The <a href="/wiki/North/South_Inter-Parliamentary_Association" title="North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association">North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association</a> is a joint parliamentary forum for the island of Ireland. It has no formal powers but operates as a forum for discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_physical_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ireland_physical_large.png/260px-Ireland_physical_large.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ireland_physical_large.png/390px-Ireland_physical_large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ireland_physical_large.png/520px-Ireland_physical_large.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Physical features of Ireland</figcaption></figure> Ireland is located in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Europe">north-west of Europe</a>, between latitudes <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_north" title="51st parallel north">51°</a> and <a href="/wiki/56th_parallel_north" title="56th parallel north">56° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/11th_meridian_west" title="11th meridian west">11°</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_meridian_west" title="5th meridian west">5° W</a>. It is separated from Great Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)">North Channel</a>, which has a width of 23 kilometres (14 mi)<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> at its narrowest point. To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a>, which lies between Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, in France. Ireland has a total area of 84,421 km2 (32,595 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-irlgeog-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-royle-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> of which the Republic of Ireland occupies 83 percent.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Ireland and Great Britain, together with many nearby smaller islands, are known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-116">[114]</a> As <a href="/wiki/British_Isles_naming_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="British Isles naming dispute">the term British Isles can be controversial</a> in relation to Ireland, the alternate term Britain and Ireland is sometimes used as a neutral term for the islands.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianMOS01-117">[115]</a> A ring of coastal mountains surrounds low plains at the centre of the island. The highest of these is <a href="/wiki/Carrauntoohil" title="Carrauntoohil">Carrauntoohil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Corrán Tuathail) in <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, which rises to 1,039 m (3,409 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-OSI_faqs-118">[116]</a> The most arable land lies in the province of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Western areas are mainly mountainous and rocky with green panoramic vistas. <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a>, the island's longest river at 360.5 km (224 mi) long, rises in <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">County Cavan</a> in the north-west and flows through <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a> in the midwest.<a href="#cite_note-OSI_faqs-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ireland" title="Geology of Ireland">Geology of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topography_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Topography_Ireland.jpg/220px-Topography_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Topography_Ireland.jpg/330px-Topography_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Topography_Ireland.jpg/440px-Topography_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6587" data-file-height="8336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> of Ireland</figcaption></figure> The island consists of varied <a href="/wiki/Geologic_province" title="Geologic province">geological provinces</a>. In the west, around County Galway and <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, is a medium- to high-grade metamorphic and igneous complex of <a href="/wiki/Caledonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonides">Caledonide</a> affinity, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>. Across southeast Ulster and extending southwest to <a href="/wiki/Longford" title="Longford">Longford</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Navan" title="Navan">Navan</a> is a province of <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> rocks, with similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a> province of Scotland. Further south, along the <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a> coastline, is an area of granite <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusives</a> into more Ordovician and Silurian rocks, like that found in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In the southwest, around <a href="/wiki/Bantry_Bay" title="Bantry Bay">Bantry Bay</a> and the mountains of <a href="/wiki/MacGillycuddy%27s_Reeks" title="MacGillycuddy's Reeks">MacGillycuddy's Reeks</a>, is an area of substantially deformed, lightly <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphosed</a> <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>-aged rocks.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> This partial ring of "hard rock" geology is covered by a blanket of <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> limestone over the centre of the country, giving rise to a comparatively fertile and lush landscape. The west-coast district of <a href="/wiki/The_Burren" title="The Burren">the Burren</a> around <a href="/wiki/Lisdoonvarna" title="Lisdoonvarna">Lisdoonvarna</a> has well-developed <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> features.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Significant stratiform lead-zinc mineralisation is found in the limestones around <a href="/wiki/Silvermines" title="Silvermines">Silvermines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tynagh" title="Tynagh">Tynagh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Hydrocarbon exploration</a> is ongoing following the first major find at the <a href="/wiki/Kinsale_Head_gas_field" title="Kinsale Head gas field">Kinsale Head gas field</a> off <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> in the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-energyfiles-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-sch-126">[124]</a> In 1999, economically significant finds of natural gas were made in the <a href="/wiki/Corrib_Gas_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrib Gas Field">Corrib Gas Field</a> off the County Mayo coast. This has increased activity off the west coast in parallel with the "<a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil#West_of_Shetland" title="North Sea oil">West of Shetland</a>" step-out development from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea hydrocarbon province</a>. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Helvick" title="Helvick">Helvick</a> oil field was discovered, which was estimated to contain over 28 million barrels (4,500,000 m3) of oil.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate of Ireland</a></div> The island's lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, earns it the sobriquet the Emerald Isle. Overall, Ireland has a mild but changeable <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> with few extremes. The climate is typically insular and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a>, avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-MEclimate-128">[126]</a> This is a result of the moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the southwestern Atlantic. Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east. The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic storms, especially in the late autumn and winter months. These occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas, as well as sometimes snow and hail. The regions of north County Galway and east County Mayo have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually for the island, with lightning occurring approximately five to ten days per year in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-MErainfall-129">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, in the south, records the least snow whereas <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, in the north, records the most. Inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter. Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing 0 °C (32 °F) at inland <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather stations</a>, compared to 10 days at coastal stations. Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves, most recently in 1995, <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 European heat wave">2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_European_heat_wave#Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 European heat wave">2006</a>, 2013 and <a href="/wiki/2018_British_Isles_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 British Isles heat wave">2018</a>. In common with the rest of Europe, Ireland experienced unusually cold weather during <a href="/wiki/Winter_of_2010%E2%80%9311_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter of 2010–11 in Great Britain and Ireland">the winter of 2010–11</a>. Temperatures fell as low as −17.2 °C (1 °F) in County Mayo on 20 December<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> and up to a metre (3 ft) of snow fell in mountainous areas. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Ireland </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.1 (−2.4) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.8 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.2 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.7 (18.1) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3 (31.5) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3 (27) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.5 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.5 (0.5) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−19.1 (−2.4) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Met Éireann<a href="#cite_note-Metrecords-131">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: The Irish Times (November record high)<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Ireland" title="Flora of Ireland">Flora of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trees_of_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees of Britain and Ireland">Trees of Britain and Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fox_(Vulpes_vulpes)_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The red fox is common in Ireland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%284%29.jpg/220px-Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%284%29.jpg/330px-Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%284%29.jpg/440px-Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a> (Vulpes vulpes) in Gubbeen, County Cork</figcaption></figure> Unlike Great Britain which had a land bridge with <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Europe">mainland Europe</a>, Ireland only had an ice bridge ending around 14,000 years ago at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a> and as a result, it has fewer land animal and plant species than Great Britain or mainland Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_Geology-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-drowning-21">[20]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Ireland" title="List of mammals of Ireland">55 mammal species</a> in Ireland, and of them, only 26 land mammal species are considered native to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Costello,_M.J_93-133">[131]</a> Some species, such as, the <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_hedgehog" title="European hedgehog">hedgehog</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">badger</a>, are very common, whereas others, like the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_hare" title="Mountain hare">Irish hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine marten">pine marten</a> are less so. Aquatic wildlife, such as species of sea turtle, shark, seal, whale, and dolphin, are common off the coast. About 400 species of birds have been recorded in Ireland. Many of these are migratory, including the <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">barn swallow</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg/220px-Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg/330px-Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg/440px-Irl-female_red_deer_Killarney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a> (Cervus elaphus) in <a href="/wiki/Killarney_National_Park" title="Killarney National Park">Killarney National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Several different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> plantations, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> bogs and a variety of coastal habitats. However, agriculture drives current land use patterns in Ireland, limiting natural habitat preserves,<a href="#cite_note-www2000-134">[132]</a> particularly for larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs. With no large <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a> in Ireland other than humans and dogs, such populations of animals as semi-wild deer that cannot be controlled by smaller predators, such as the fox, are controlled by annual <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a>. There are no snakes in Ireland, and only one species of reptile (the <a href="/wiki/Viviparous_lizard" title="Viviparous lizard">common lizard</a>) is native to the island. Extinct species include the <a href="/wiki/Irish_elk" title="Irish elk">Irish elk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_auk" title="Great auk">great auk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_Ireland" title="Wolves in Ireland">wolf</a>. Some previously extinct birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, have been reintroduced after decades of <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Ireland is now one of the least forested countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Until the end of the Middle Ages, Ireland was heavily forested. Native species include <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">hazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa" title="Alnus glutinosa">alder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">aspen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbus_aucuparia" title="Sorbus aucuparia">rowan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">hawthorn</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> trees such <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium" title="Ilex aquifolium">holly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">strawberry trees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Only about 10% of Ireland today is woodland;<a href="#cite_note-forest-13">[12]</a> most of this is non-native conifer <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>, and only 2% is native woodland.<a href="#cite_note-forest2-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-forest3-15">[14]</a> The average woodland cover of European countries is over 33%.<a href="#cite_note-forest-13">[12]</a> In the Republic, about 389,356 hectares (3,893.56 km2) is owned by the state, mainly by the forestry service <a href="/wiki/Coillte" title="Coillte">Coillte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-forest-13">[12]</a> Remnants of native forest can be found scattered around the island, in particular in the <a href="/wiki/Killarney_National_Park" title="Killarney National Park">Killarney National Park</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorse-Ulex_europaeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gorse-Ulex_europaeus.jpg/220px-Gorse-Ulex_europaeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gorse-Ulex_europaeus.jpg/330px-Gorse-Ulex_europaeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gorse-Ulex_europaeus.jpg/440px-Gorse-Ulex_europaeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>Furze (<a href="/wiki/Ulex_europaeus" title="Ulex europaeus">Ulex europaeus</a>)</figcaption></figure> Much of the land is now covered with pasture and there are many species of wild-flower. Gorse (<a href="/wiki/Ulex_europaeus" title="Ulex europaeus">Ulex europaeus</a>), a wild <a href="/wiki/Furze" class="mw-redirect" title="Furze">furze</a>, is commonly found growing in the uplands and ferns are plentiful in the more moist regions, especially in the western parts. It is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island, and has been "invaded" by some grasses, such as <a href="/wiki/Spartina_anglica" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartina anglica">Spartina anglica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The algal and seaweed flora is that of the cold-temperate variety. The total number of species is 574<a href="#cite_note-Guiry_and_Nic_Dhonncha_01-140">[138]</a> The island has been invaded by some algae, some of which are now well established.<a href="#cite_note-Minchin_01-141">[139]</a> Because of its mild climate, many species, including <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">sub-tropical</a> species such as <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a>, are grown in Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Ireland belongs to the Atlantic European province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. The island can be subdivided into two <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: the Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_agriculture">Impact of agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silage_Harvesting_Cadamstown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Silage_Harvesting_Cadamstown.jpg/220px-Silage_Harvesting_Cadamstown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Silage_Harvesting_Cadamstown.jpg/330px-Silage_Harvesting_Cadamstown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Silage_Harvesting_Cadamstown.jpg/440px-Silage_Harvesting_Cadamstown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">Silage</a> harvesting in Clonard, <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a></figcaption></figure> The long history of agricultural production, coupled with modern intensive agricultural methods such as pesticide and fertiliser use and runoff from contaminants into streams, rivers and lakes, has placed pressure on biodiversity in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> A land of green fields for crop cultivation and cattle rearing limits the space available for the establishment of native wild species. Hedgerows, however, traditionally used for maintaining and demarcating land boundaries, act as a refuge for native wild flora. This ecosystem stretches across the countryside and acts as a network of connections to preserve remnants of the ecosystem that once covered the island. Subsidies under the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>, which supported agricultural practices that preserved hedgerow environments, are undergoing reforms. The Common Agricultural Policy had in the past subsidised potentially destructive agricultural practices, for example by emphasising production without placing limits on indiscriminate use of fertilisers and pesticides; but reforms have gradually decoupled subsidies from production levels and introduced environmental and other requirements.<a href="#cite_note-cap_reforms-144">[142]</a> 32% of Ireland's greenhouse gas emissions are correlated to agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Forested areas typically consist of monoculture plantations of non-native species, which may result in habitats that are not suitable for supporting native species of invertebrates. Natural areas require fencing to prevent over-grazing by <a href="/wiki/Deer_of_Ireland" title="Deer of Ireland">deer</a> and sheep that roam over uncultivated areas. Grazing in this manner is one of the main factors preventing the natural regeneration of forests across many regions of the country.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Demographics of Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholicism_in_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Catholicism_in_Ireland.png/220px-Catholicism_in_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Catholicism_in_Ireland.png/330px-Catholicism_in_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Catholicism_in_Ireland.png/440px-Catholicism_in_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="11465" data-file-height="14967" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of respondents to the Ireland census 2011 or the Northern Ireland census 2011 who stated they were Catholic. Areas in which Catholics are in the majority are blue. Areas in which Catholics are in a minority are red.</figcaption></figure> The population of Ireland is just over 7 million, of which approximately 5.1 million reside in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million reside in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-2022population-12">[11]</a> People have lived in Ireland for over 9,000 years. Early historical and genealogical records note the existence of major groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Cruthin" title="Cruthin">Cruthin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1irine" title="Dáirine">Dáirine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deirgtine" title="Deirgtine">Deirgtine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delbhna" title="Delbhna">Delbhna</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Érainn">Érainn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a>. Later major groups included the <a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciannachta" title="Ciannachta">Ciannachta</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a>. Smaller groups included the aithechthúatha (see <a href="/wiki/Attacotti" title="Attacotti">Attacotti</a>), <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1lraighe" title="Cálraighe">Cálraighe</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADarraige" title="Cíarraige">Cíarraige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conmaicne" title="Conmaicne">Conmaicne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartraighe" title="Dartraighe">Dartraighe</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi" title="Déisi">Déisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ile" title="Éile">Éile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir_Bolg" title="Fir Bolg">Fir Bolg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortuatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortuatha">Fortuatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gailenga" title="Gailenga">Gailenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamanraige" title="Gamanraige">Gamanraige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mairtine" title="Mairtine">Mairtine</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAscraige" title="Múscraige">Múscraige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partraige" title="Partraige">Partraige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soghain" title="Soghain">Soghain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uaithni" title="Uaithni">Uaithni</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Uí Maine">Uí Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Liath%C3%A1in" title="Uí Liatháin">Uí Liatháin</a>. Many survived into late medieval times, others vanished as they became politically unimportant. Over the past 1,200 years, <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>, English, <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Africans</a> and Eastern Europeans have all added to the population and have had significant influences on Irish culture. The population of Ireland rose rapidly from the 16th century until the mid-19th century, interrupted briefly by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%9341)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Famine (1740–41)">Famine of 1740–41</a>, which killed roughly two-fifths of the island's population. The population rebounded and multiplied over the next century, but the Great Famine of the 1840s caused one million deaths and forced over one million more to emigrate in its immediate wake. Over the following century, the population was reduced by over half, at a time when the general trend in European countries was for populations to rise by an average of three-fold. Ireland's largest religious group is Christianity. The largest denomination is <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, representing over 73% of the island (and about 87% of the Republic of Ireland). Most of the rest of the population adhere to one of the various <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations (about 48% of Northern Ireland).<a href="#cite_note-niprotestants-147">[145]</a> The largest is the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Muslim community</a> is growing in Ireland, mostly through increased immigration, with a 50% increase in the republic between the 2006 and 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> The island has a small <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ireland" title="History of the Jews in Ireland">Jewish community</a>. About 4% of the Republic's population and about 14% of the Northern Ireland population<a href="#cite_note-niprotestants-147">[145]</a> describe themselves as of no religion. In a 2010 survey conducted on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a>, 32% of respondents said they went to a religious service more than once per week. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_and_settlements">Divisions and settlements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">City status in Ireland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"><div style="position:relative;width:200px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Ireland_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ireland is located in island of Ireland"><img alt="Ireland is located in island of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Provinces_of_Ireland_location_map.svg/200px-Provinces_of_Ireland_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Provinces_of_Ireland_location_map.svg/300px-Provinces_of_Ireland_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Provinces_of_Ireland_location_map.svg/400px-Provinces_of_Ireland_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1807" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.818%;left:71.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><img alt="Leinster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg/67px-Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="338" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.364%;left:34.167%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><img alt="Connacht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coat_of_arms_of_Connacht.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Connacht.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coat_of_arms_of_Connacht.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Connacht.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coat_of_arms_of_Connacht.svg/67px-Coat_of_arms_of_Connacht.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="270" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.455%;left:66.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><img alt="Ulster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/67px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="338" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.136%;left:36.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><img alt="Munster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg/66px-Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="541" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Ireland_location_map.svg" title="File:Provinces of Ireland location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces of Ireland</a></div></div></div> Traditionally, Ireland is subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">four provinces</a>: <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> (west), <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> (east), <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> (south), and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> (north). In a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Ireland has <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">32 traditional counties</a>. Twenty-six of these counties are in the Republic of Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">six are in Northern Ireland</a>. The six counties that constitute Northern Ireland are all in the province of Ulster (which has nine counties in total). As such, Ulster is often used as a synonym for Northern Ireland, although the two are not coterminous. In the Republic of Ireland, counties form the basis of the system of local government. Counties <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">Limerick</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">Tipperary</a> have been broken up into smaller administrative areas. However, they are still treated as counties for cultural and some official purposes, for example, postal addresses and by the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland" title="Ordnance Survey Ireland">Ordnance Survey Ireland</a>. Counties in Northern Ireland are <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">no longer used</a> for local governmental purposes,<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> but, as in the Republic, their traditional boundaries are still used for informal purposes such as sports leagues and in cultural or tourism contexts.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> City status in Ireland is decided by <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>. Dublin, with over one million residents in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Dublin_Area" title="Greater Dublin Area">Greater Dublin Area</a>, is the largest city on the island. Belfast, with 579,726 residents, is the largest city in Northern Ireland. City status does not directly equate with population size. For example, <a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a>, with 14,590 is the seat of the Church of Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_All_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of All Ireland">Primate of All Ireland</a> and was re-granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom#Northern_Ireland" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in 1994 (having lost that status in <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_(Ireland)_Act_1840" title="Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840">local government reforms of 1840</a>). In the Republic of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Butler_dynasty" title="Butler dynasty">Butler dynasty</a>, while no longer a city for administrative purposes (since the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2001" title="Local Government Act 2001">Local Government Act</a>), is entitled by law to continue to use the description. <table class="table" style="text-align:center; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="background:#f5f5f5; font-size:130%; padding:0.3em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_on_the_island_of_Ireland_by_population" title="List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population">Cities and towns by population</a><a href="#cite_note-CSO_data-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_populations-153">[151]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th rowspan="21"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_liffey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dublin_liffey.JPG/150px-Dublin_liffey.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dublin_liffey.JPG/225px-Dublin_liffey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dublin_liffey.JPG/300px-Dublin_liffey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg/150px-Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg/225px-Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg/300px-Belfast_City_Hall_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="677" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center"># </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left">Settlement </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center">City Population </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center">Urban population </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center">Metro population </th> <th rowspan="21"><a href="/wiki/File:Halla_na_Cathrach_i_gCorcaigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Halla_na_Cathrach_i_gCorcaigh.jpg/150px-Halla_na_Cathrach_i_gCorcaigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Halla_na_Cathrach_i_gCorcaigh.jpg/225px-Halla_na_Cathrach_i_gCorcaigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Halla_na_Cathrach_i_gCorcaigh.jpg/300px-Halla_na_Cathrach_i_gCorcaigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Thomond_Bridge_and_River_Shannon,_Limerick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5141684.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Thomond_Bridge_and_River_Shannon%2C_Limerick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5141684.jpg/150px-Thomond_Bridge_and_River_Shannon%2C_Limerick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5141684.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Thomond_Bridge_and_River_Shannon%2C_Limerick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5141684.jpg/225px-Thomond_Bridge_and_River_Shannon%2C_Limerick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5141684.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Thomond_Bridge_and_River_Shannon%2C_Limerick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5141684.jpg/300px-Thomond_Bridge_and_River_Shannon%2C_Limerick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5141684.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Limerick,_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Limerick, Ireland">Limerick</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></td> <td>592,713</td> <td>1,263,219</td> <td>1,458,154 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></td> <td>293,298</td> <td></td> <td>639,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></td> <td>222,333</td> <td></td> <td>305,222 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a></td> <td>102,287</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></td> <td>85,910</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></td> <td>85,279</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Craigavon,_County_Armagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigavon, County Armagh">Greater Craigavon</a></td> <td>72,301</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Newtownabbey" title="Newtownabbey">Newtownabbey</a><a href="#cite_note-BelfastMetro-154">[c]</a></td> <td>67,599 </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a><a href="#cite_note-BelfastMetro-154">[c]</a></td> <td>64,596</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a></td> <td>60,079</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Ireland" title="List of metropolitan areas in Ireland">List of metropolitan areas in Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century. A population of over eight million in 1841 was reduced to slightly over four million by 1921. In part, the fall in population was caused by death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852, which took roughly one million lives. The remaining decline of around three million was due to the entrenched culture of emigration caused by the dire economic state of the country, lasting until the late 20th century. Emigration from Ireland in the 19th century contributed to the populations of England, the United States, Canada and Australia, in all of which a large <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> lives. As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a>, 4.3 million Canadians, or 14% of the population, were of Irish descent,<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> while around one-third of the Australian population had an element of Irish descent.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Irish-156">[153]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 40 million Irish-Americans<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> and 33 million Americans who claimed Irish ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century, Ireland became a destination for immigrants. Since the European Union expanded to include Poland in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish people</a> have comprised the largest number of immigrants (over 150,000)<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> from Central Europe. There has also been significant immigration from Lithuania, Czech Republic and Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Immigration" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">The Republic of Ireland in particular</a> has seen large-scale immigration, with 420,000 foreign nationals as of 2006, about 10% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-161">[158]</a> Nearly a quarter of births (24 percent) in 2009 were to mothers born outside of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Up to 50,000 eastern and central European migrant workers left Ireland in response to the Irish financial crisis.<a href="#cite_note-affluenceends-163">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_speakers_in_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/250px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/375px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/500px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="11541" data-file-height="14788" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Ireland census in 2011 or the Northern Ireland census in 2011</figcaption></figure> The two official languages of the Republic of Ireland are Irish and English. Each language has produced noteworthy literature. Irish, though now only the language of a minority, was the vernacular of the Irish people for thousands of years and was possibly introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. It began to be written down after Christianisation in the 5th century and spread to Scotland and the Isle of Man, where it evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx Language">Manx</a> languages, respectively. The Irish language has a vast treasury of written texts from many centuries and is divided by linguists into <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> from the 6th to 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> from the 10th to 13th century, Early Modern Irish until the 17th century, and the Modern Irish spoken today. It remained the dominant language of Ireland for most of those periods, having influences from <a href="/wiki/Latin_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">French</a> and English. It declined under British rule but remained the majority tongue until the early 19th century, and since then has been a minority language. The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Revival">Gaelic Revival</a> of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had a long-term influence. Irish is taught in mainstream Irish schools as a compulsory subject, but teaching methods have been criticised for their ineffectiveness, with most students showing little evidence of fluency even after fourteen years of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> There is now a growing population of urban Irish speakers in both the Republic and Northern Ireland, especially in Dublin<a href="#cite_note-schism-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> and Belfast,<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> with the children of such Irish speakers sometimes attending Irish-medium schools ([[[Gaelscoil]]] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)). It has been argued that they tend to be more highly educated than monolingual English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-cso.ie-168">[165]</a> Recent research suggests that urban Irish is developing in a direction of its own, both in pronunciation and grammar.<a href="#cite_note-irishtimes.com-169">[166]</a> Traditional rural Irish-speaking areas, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a>, are in linguistic decline. The main Gaeltacht areas are in the west, south-west and north-west, in Galway, Mayo, Donegal, western Cork and Kerry with smaller Gaeltacht areas near <a href="/wiki/Dungarvan" title="Dungarvan">Dungarvan</a> in Waterford and in Meath.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">English in Ireland</a> was first introduced during the Norman invasion. It was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England and was largely replaced by Irish before the Tudor conquest of Ireland. It was introduced as the official language during the Tudor and Cromwellian conquests. The Ulster plantations gave it a permanent foothold in Ulster, and it remained the official and upper-class language elsewhere, the Irish-speaking chieftains and nobility having been deposed. Language shift during the 19th century replaced Irish with English as the first language for a vast majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Fewer than 2% of the population of the Republic of Ireland today speak Irish on a daily basis, and under 10% regularly, outside of the education system<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> and 38% of those over 15 years are classified as "Irish speakers". In Northern Ireland, English is the de facto official language, but official recognition is afforded to Irish, including specific protective measures under Part III of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>. A lesser status (including recognition under Part II of the Charter) is given to <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots dialects</a>, which are spoken by roughly 2% of Northern Ireland residents, and also spoken by some in the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Since the 1960s with the increase in immigration, many more languages have been introduced, particularly deriving from Asia and Eastern Europe. Also native to Ireland are <a href="/wiki/Shelta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelta language">Shelta</a>, the language of the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McArthur-174">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture of Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardboe_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tall stone cross, with intricate carved patterns, protected by metal railings surrounded by short cut grass. Trees are to either side, cows in open countryside are in the middle distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ardboe_Cross.jpg/170px-Ardboe_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ardboe_Cross.jpg/255px-Ardboe_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ardboe_Cross.jpg/340px-Ardboe_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ardboe_High_Cross" title="Ardboe High Cross">Ardboe High Cross</a>, County Tyrone</figcaption></figure> Ireland's culture comprises elements of the culture of ancient peoples, later immigrant and broadcast cultural influences (chiefly Gaelic culture, <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanisation">Americanisation</a> and aspects of broader <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a>). In broad terms, Ireland is regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> of Europe, alongside Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and Brittany. This combination of cultural influences is visible in the intricate designs termed Irish <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlace (visual arts)">interlace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knotwork</a>. These can be seen in the ornamentation of medieval religious and secular works. The style is still popular today in jewellery and graphic art,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-175">[172]</a> as is the distinctive style of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Irish music">traditional Irish music</a> and dance, and has become indicative of modern "Celtic" culture in general. <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ireland" title="Religion in Ireland">Religion</a> has played a significant role in the cultural life of the island since ancient times (and since the 17th century plantations, has been the focus of political identity and divisions on the island). Ireland's pre-Christian heritage fused with the Celtic Church following the missions of Saint Patrick in the fifth century. The Hiberno-Scottish missions, begun by the Irish monk Saint Columba, spread the Irish vision of Christianity to <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> England and the Frankish Empire. These missions brought written language to an illiterate population of Europe during the Dark Ages that followed the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">fall of Rome</a>, earning Ireland the sobriquet, "the island of saints and scholars". Since the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Irish pubs</a> worldwide have become outposts of Irish culture, especially those with a full range of cultural and gastronomic offerings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/170px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/255px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/340px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>Illuminated page from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Ireland">Literature of Ireland</a></div> Ireland has made a substantial contribution to world literature in all its branches, both in Irish and English. Poetry in Irish is among the oldest <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_literature" title="Vernacular literature">vernacular poetry</a> in Europe, with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Irish remained the dominant literary language down to the nineteenth century, despite the spread of English from the seventeenth century on. Prominent names from the medieval period and later include <a href="/wiki/Gofraidh_Fionn_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh">Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh</a> (fourteenth century), <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Bruadair" title="Dáibhí Ó Bruadair">Dáibhí Ó Bruadair</a> (seventeenth century) and <a href="/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille" title="Aogán Ó Rathaille">Aogán Ó Rathaille</a> (eighteenth century). <a href="/wiki/Eibhl%C3%ADn_Dubh_N%C3%AD_Chonaill" title="Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill">Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1743 – c. 1800) was an outstanding poet in the oral tradition. The latter part of the nineteenth century saw a rapid replacement of Irish by English. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1900, however, cultural nationalists had begun the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a>, which saw the beginnings of modern literature in Irish. This was to produce a number of notable writers, including <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhac_an_tSaoi" title="Máire Mhac an tSaoi">Máire Mhac an tSaoi</a> and others. Irish-language publishers such as <a href="/wiki/Coisc%C3%A9im" title="Coiscéim">Coiscéim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3_Iar-Chonnacht" title="Cló Iar-Chonnacht">Cló Iar-Chonnacht</a> continue to produce scores of titles every year. In English, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, often called the foremost satirist in the English language, gained fame for works such as <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a>. Other notable 18th-century writers of Irish origin included <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a>, though they spent most of their lives in England. The Anglo-Irish novel came to the fore in the nineteenth century, featuring such writers as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kickham" title="Charles Kickham">Charles Kickham</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carleton" title="William Carleton">William Carleton</a>, and (in collaboration) <a href="/wiki/Edith_Somerville" title="Edith Somerville">Edith Somerville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violet_Florence_Martin" title="Violet Florence Martin">Violet Florence Martin</a>. The playwright and poet <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, noted for his epigrams, was born in Ireland. In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a>. Although not a Nobel Prize winner, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century. Joyce's 1922 novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> is considered one of the most important works of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">Modernist literature</a> and his life is celebrated annually on 16 June in Dublin as "<a href="/wiki/Bloomsday" title="Bloomsday">Bloomsday</a>".<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> A comparable writer in Irish is <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a>, whose 1949 novel <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9_na_Cille" title="Cré na Cille">Cré na Cille</a> is regarded as a modernist masterpiece and has been translated into several languages. Modern Irish literature is often connected with its rural heritage<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> through English-language writers such as <a href="/wiki/John_McGahern" title="John McGahern">John McGahern</a> and Seamus Heaney and Irish-language writers such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a> and others from the Gaeltacht. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Joyce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Revolutionary_Joyce.jpg/170px-Revolutionary_Joyce.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Revolutionary_Joyce.jpg/255px-Revolutionary_Joyce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Revolutionary_Joyce.jpg/340px-Revolutionary_Joyce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, one of the most significant writers of the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dance</a></div> Music has been in evidence in Ireland since prehistoric times.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Although in the early Middle Ages the church was "quite unlike its counterpart in continental Europe",<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> there was a considerable interchange between monastic settlements in Ireland and the rest of Europe that contributed to what is known as <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>. Outside religious establishments, musical genres in early Gaelic Ireland are referred to as a triad of weeping music (goltraige), laughing music (geantraige) and sleeping music (suantraige).<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> Vocal and instrumental music (e.g. for the harp, pipes, and various <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>) was transmitted orally, but the <a href="/wiki/Irish_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish harp">Irish harp</a>, in particular, was of such significance that it became Ireland's national symbol. Classical music following European models first developed in urban areas, in establishments of Anglo-Irish rule such as <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church</a> as well as the country houses of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy, with the first performance of <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> (1742) being among the highlights of the baroque era. In the 19th century, public concerts provided access to classical music to all classes of society. Yet, for political and financial reasons Ireland has been too small to provide a living to many musicians, so the names of the better-known <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_classical_composers" title="List of Irish classical composers">Irish composers</a> of this time belong to emigrants. Irish <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">traditional music</a> and dance have seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was modernising, traditional music had fallen out of favour, especially in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> However during the 1960s, there was a revival of interest in Irish traditional music led by groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">the Dubliners</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chieftains" title="The Chieftains">the Chieftains</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wolfe_Tones" title="The Wolfe Tones">the Wolfe Tones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clancy_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Clancy Brothers">Clancy Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweeney%27s_Men" title="Sweeney's Men">Sweeney's Men</a> and individuals like <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Riada" title="Seán Ó Riada">Seán Ó Riada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christy_Moore" title="Christy Moore">Christy Moore</a>. Groups and musicians including <a href="/wiki/Horslips" title="Horslips">Horslips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Morrison" title="Van Morrison">Van Morrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thin_Lizzy" title="Thin Lizzy">Thin Lizzy</a> incorporated elements of Irish traditional music into contemporary rock music and, during the 1970s and 1980s, the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred, with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing. This trend can be seen more recently in the work of artists like <a href="/wiki/Enya" title="Enya">Enya</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Saw_Doctors" title="The Saw Doctors">the Saw Doctors</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Corrs" title="The Corrs">the Corrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor" title="Sinéad O'Connor">Sinéad O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clannad_(musical_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannad (musical group)">Clannad</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cranberries" title="The Cranberries">the Cranberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Pogues" title="The Pogues">the Pogues</a> among others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art">Art</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ireland">Art of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture of Ireland</a></div> The earliest known Irish graphic art and sculpture are Neolithic carvings found at sites such as Newgrange<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> and is traced through Bronze Age artefacts and the religious carvings and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated manuscripts">illuminated manuscripts</a> of the medieval period. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, a strong tradition of painting emerged, including such figures as <a href="/wiki/John_Butler_Yeats" title="John Butler Yeats">John Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Orpen" title="William Orpen">William Orpen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Yeats">Jack Yeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_le_Brocquy" title="Louis le Brocquy">Louis le Brocquy</a>. Contemporary Irish visual artists of note include <a href="/wiki/Sean_Scully" title="Sean Scully">Sean Scully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Abosch" title="Kevin Abosch">Kevin Abosch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Maher" title="Alice Maher">Alice Maher</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drama_and_theatre">Drama and theatre</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Irish theatre</a></div> The Republic of Ireland's national theatre is the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre">Abbey Theatre</a>, which was founded in 1904, and the national Irish-language theatre is <a href="/wiki/An_Taibhdhearc" class="mw-redirect" title="An Taibhdhearc">An Taibhdhearc</a>, which was established in 1928 in <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Barry" title="Sebastian Barry">Sebastian Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conor_McPherson" title="Conor McPherson">Conor McPherson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Roche" title="Billy Roche">Billy Roche</a> are internationally renowned.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg/170px-Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg/255px-Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg/340px-Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> formulated Boyle's Law.</figcaption></figure> The Irish philosopher and theologian <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a> was considered one of the leading intellectuals of the early Middle Ages. Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Henry_Shackleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Henry Shackleton">Ernest Henry Shackleton</a>, an Irish explorer, was one of the principal figures of Antarctic exploration. He, along with his expedition, made the first ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a> and the discovery of the approximate location of the <a href="/wiki/South_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South Magnetic Pole">South Magnetic Pole</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and early <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman scientist">gentleman scientist</a>. He is largely regarded as one of the founders of modern chemistry and is best known for the formulation of <a href="/wiki/Boyle%27s_law" title="Boyle's law">Boyle's law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ucc_boyle_boi-186">[183]</a> 19th-century physicist, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a>, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall effect</a>. <a href="/wiki/Father_Nicholas_Joseph_Callan" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Nicholas Joseph Callan">Father Nicholas Joseph Callan</a>, professor of natural philosophy in <a href="/wiki/Maynooth_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Maynooth College">Maynooth College</a>, is best known for his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">induction coil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> and he discovered an early method of <a href="/wiki/Galvanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanisation">galvanisation</a> in the 19th century. Other notable Irish <a href="/wiki/Physicists" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicists">physicists</a> include <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a>, winner of the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Douglas_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Douglas Cockcroft">Sir John Douglas Cockcroft</a>, he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of <a href="/wiki/Wave_equation" title="Wave equation">wave equation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> William Thomson, or <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>, is the person whom the absolute temperature unit, the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>, is named after. Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a>, a physicist and mathematician, made innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a book on theoretical physics published in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-physicsworld-188">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney" title="George Johnstone Stoney">George Johnstone Stoney</a> introduced the term <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> in 1891. <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a> was the originator of <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell's Theorem">Bell's Theorem</a> and a paper concerning the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Chiral_anomaly" title="Chiral anomaly">Bell-Jackiw-Adler anomaly</a> and was nominated for a Nobel prize.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> The astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Lurgan" title="Lurgan">Lurgan</a>, County Armagh, discovered pulsars in 1967. Notable mathematicians include Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Rowan Hamilton</a>, famous for work in <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">classical mechanics</a> and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Quaternions" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternions">quaternions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Francis Ysidro Edgeworth</a>'s contribution, the <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_Box" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgeworth Box">Edgeworth Box</a>. remains influential in neo-classical microeconomic theory to this day; while <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cantillon" title="Richard Cantillon">Richard Cantillon</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, among others. <a href="/wiki/John_B._Cosgrave" title="John B. Cosgrave">John B. Cosgrave</a> was a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> and discovered a 2000-digit <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime number</a> in 1999 and a record composite <a href="/wiki/Fermat_number" title="Fermat number">Fermat number</a> in 2003. <a href="/wiki/John_Lighton_Synge" title="John Lighton Synge">John Lighton Synge</a> made progress in different fields of science, including mechanics and geometrical methods in general relativity. He had mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Nash</a> as one of his students. <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lonsdale" title="Kathleen Lonsdale">Kathleen Lonsdale</a>, born in Ireland and most known for her work with <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">crystallography</a>, became the first female president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Ireland has nine universities, seven in the Republic of Ireland and two in Northern Ireland, including <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>, as well as numerous third-level colleges and institutes and a branch of the Open University, the <a href="/wiki/Open_University_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Open University in Ireland">Open University in Ireland</a>. Ireland was ranked 19th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport in Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people#Sport" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish sports people</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island. In 2003 it represented 34% of total sports attendances at events in Ireland and abroad, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> at 23%, soccer at 16% and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> at 8%.<a href="#cite_note-esri-192">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Football_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Ireland Football Final">All-Ireland Football Final</a> is the most watched event in the sporting calendar.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> Soccer is the most widely played team game on the island and the most popular in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-esri-192">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FootballSoccer-194">[191]</a> Other sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation include swimming, golf, aerobics, cycling, and billiards/snooker.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Many other sports are also played and followed, including <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, fishing, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a>, horse racing, <a href="/wiki/Motor_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor sport">motor sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a> and tennis. The island fields a single international team in most sports. One notable exception to this is association football, although both associations continued to field international teams under the name "Ireland" until the 1950s. The sport is also the most notable exception where the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team" title="Republic of Ireland national football team">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team" title="Northern Ireland national football team">Northern Ireland</a> field separate international teams. Northern Ireland has produced two World Snooker Champions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Field_sports">Field sports</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union in Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Ireland" title="Rugby league in Ireland">Rugby league in Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyrone_Blanket_Defence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrone_Blanket_Defence.jpg/220px-Tyrone_Blanket_Defence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrone_Blanket_Defence.jpg/330px-Tyrone_Blanket_Defence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrone_Blanket_Defence.jpg/440px-Tyrone_Blanket_Defence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tyrone_GAA" title="Tyrone GAA">Tyrone</a> v <a href="/wiki/Kerry_GAA" title="Kerry GAA">Kerry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2005_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final">2005 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final</a></figcaption></figure> Gaelic football, hurling and Gaelic handball are the best-known Irish traditional sports, collectively known as Gaelic games. Gaelic games are governed by the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> (GAA), with the exception of women's Gaelic football and camogie (women's variant of hurling), which are governed by separate organisations. The headquarters of the GAA (and the main stadium) is located at<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a> in north Dublin and has a capacity of 82,500. Many major GAA games are played there, including the semi-finals and finals of the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Football Championship">All-Ireland Senior Football Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship">All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship</a>. During the redevelopment of the <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road" title="Lansdowne Road">Lansdowne Road stadium</a> in 2007–2010, international rugby and soccer were played there.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> All GAA players, even at the highest level, are amateurs, receiving no wages, although they are permitted to receive a limited amount of sport-related income from commercial sponsorship. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Football_Association" title="Irish Football Association">Irish Football Association</a> (IFA) was originally the governing body for soccer across the island. The game has been played in an organised fashion in Ireland since the 1870s, with <a href="/wiki/Cliftonville_F.C." title="Cliftonville F.C.">Cliftonville F.C.</a> in Belfast being Ireland's oldest club. It was most popular, especially in its first decades, around Belfast and in Ulster. However, some clubs based outside Belfast thought that the IFA largely favoured Ulster-based clubs in such matters as selection for the national team. In 1921, following an incident in which, despite an earlier promise, the IFA moved an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Cup" title="Irish Cup">Irish Cup</a> semi-final replay from Dublin to Belfast,<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Dublin-based clubs broke away to form the Football Association of the Irish Free State. Today the southern association is known as the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland" title="Football Association of Ireland">Football Association of Ireland</a> (FAI). Despite being initially blacklisted by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a>' associations, the FAI was recognised by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> in 1923 and organised its first international fixture in 1926 (against <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</a>). However, both the IFA and FAI continued to select their teams from the whole of Ireland, with some players earning international caps for matches with both teams. Both also referred to their respective teams as Ireland. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_O%27Connell_Ireland_Rugby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paul_O%27Connell_Ireland_Rugby.jpg/170px-Paul_O%27Connell_Ireland_Rugby.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paul_O%27Connell_Ireland_Rugby.jpg/255px-Paul_O%27Connell_Ireland_Rugby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paul_O%27Connell_Ireland_Rugby.jpg/340px-Paul_O%27Connell_Ireland_Rugby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_O%27Connell" title="Paul O'Connell">Paul O'Connell</a> reaching for the ball during a <a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">line out</a> against <a href="/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team" title="Argentina national rugby union team">Argentina</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> In 1950, FIFA directed the associations only to select players from within their respective territories and, in 1953, directed that the FAI's team be known only as "Republic of Ireland" and that the IFA's team be known as "Northern Ireland" (with certain exceptions). Northern Ireland qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> finals in <a href="/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1958 FIFA World Cup">1958</a> (reaching the quarter-finals), <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">1982</a> and <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">European Championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">2016</a>. The Republic qualified for the World Cup finals in <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990</a> (reaching the quarter-finals), <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002</a> and the European Championship in <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1988" title="UEFA Euro 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">2012</a> and 2016. Across Ireland, there is significant interest in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">English</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League" title="Scottish Premier League">Scottish</a> soccer leagues. Ireland fields a single <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">national rugby team</a> and a single association, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Irish Rugby Football Union">Irish Rugby Football Union</a>, governs the sport across the island. The Irish rugby team have played in every <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, making the quarter-finals in eight of them.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Ireland also hosted games during the <a href="/wiki/1991_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1991 Rugby World Cup">1991</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1999 Rugby World Cup">1999 Rugby World Cups</a> (including a quarter-final). There are four professional Irish teams; all four play in the <a href="/wiki/Pro14" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro14">Pro14</a> and at least three compete for the <a href="/wiki/Heineken_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken Cup">Heineken Cup</a>. Irish rugby has become increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional in 1994. During that time, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Rugby" title="Ulster Rugby">Ulster</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Heineken_Cup" title="1998–99 Heineken Cup">1999</a>),<a href="#cite_note-heineken_champions_archive-200">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Munster_Rugby" title="Munster Rugby">Munster</a> (<a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Heineken_Cup" title="2005–06 Heineken Cup">2006</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Heineken_Cup" title="2007–08 Heineken Cup">2008</a>)<a href="#cite_note-heineken_champions_archive-200">[197]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leinster_Rugby" title="Leinster Rugby">Leinster</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Heineken_Cup" title="2008–09 Heineken Cup">2009</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Heineken_Cup" title="2010–11 Heineken Cup">2011</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Heineken_Cup" title="2011–12 Heineken Cup">2012</a>)<a href="#cite_note-heineken_champions_archive-200">[197]</a> have won the Heineken Cup. In addition to this, the Irish International side has had increased success in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a> against the other European elite sides. This success, including <a href="/wiki/Triple_Crown_(rugby_union)" title="Triple Crown (rugby union)">Triple Crowns</a> in 2004, 2006 and 2007, culminated with a clean sweep of victories, known as a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(rugby_union)" title="Grand Slam (rugby union)">Grand Slam</a>, in 2009 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boxing">Boxing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing in Ireland">Boxing in Ireland</a></div> Amateur boxing on the island of Ireland is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Athletic_Boxing_Association" title="Irish Athletic Boxing Association">Irish Athletic Boxing Association</a>. Ireland has won more medals in boxing than in any other Olympic sport. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Carruth" title="Michael Carruth">Michael Carruth</a> won a gold medal and <a href="/wiki/Wayne_McCullough" title="Wayne McCullough">Wayne McCullough</a> won a silver medal in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">Barcelona Olympic Games</a>. In 2008 Kenneth Egan won a silver medal in the Beijing Games.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Barnes" title="Paddy Barnes">Paddy Barnes</a> secured bronze in those games and gold in the <a href="/wiki/2010_European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships" title="2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships">2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships</a> (where Ireland came 2nd in the overall medal table) and <a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010 Commonwealth Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Katie_Taylor" title="Katie Taylor">Katie Taylor</a> has won gold in every European and World championship since 2005. In August 2012 at the Olympic Games in London, Taylor created history by becoming the first Irish woman to win a gold medal in boxing in the 60 kg lightweight.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> More recently, Kellie Harrington won a gold medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing_in_Ireland" title="Horse racing in Ireland">Horse racing in Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athletics_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics in Ireland">Athletics in Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golf_in_Ireland" title="Golf in Ireland">Golf in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irl-Sligo_horse_racing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Irl-Sligo_horse_racing.jpg/220px-Irl-Sligo_horse_racing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Irl-Sligo_horse_racing.jpg/330px-Irl-Sligo_horse_racing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Irl-Sligo_horse_racing.jpg/440px-Irl-Sligo_horse_racing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sligo" title="Sligo">Sligo</a></figcaption></figure> Horse racing and greyhound racing are both popular in Ireland. There are frequent horse race meetings and greyhound stadiums are well-attended. The island is noted for the breeding and training of race horses and is also a large exporter of racing dogs.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> The horse racing sector is largely concentrated in the County Kildare.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> Irish athletics is an all-Ireland sport governed by <a href="/wiki/Athletics_Ireland" title="Athletics Ireland">Athletics Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sonia_O%27Sullivan" title="Sonia O'Sullivan">Sonia O'Sullivan</a> won two medals at 5,000 metres on the track; gold at the 1995 <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Championships in Athletics">World Championships</a> and silver at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Sydney Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gillian_O%27Sullivan" title="Gillian O'Sullivan">Gillian O'Sullivan</a> won silver in the 20k walk at the 2003 World Championships, while sprint hurdler <a href="/wiki/Derval_O%27Rourke" title="Derval O'Rourke">Derval O'Rourke</a> won gold at the 2006 World Indoor Championship in Moscow. Olive Loughnane won a silver medal in the 20k walk at the World Athletics Championships in Berlin in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Golf is very popular, and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240,000 golfing visitors annually.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2006_Ryder_Cup" title="2006 Ryder Cup">2006 Ryder Cup</a> was held at <a href="/wiki/The_Kildare_Hotel_and_Golf_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kildare Hotel and Golf Club">The K Club</a> in County Kildare.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington" title="Pádraig Harrington">Pádraig Harrington</a> became the first Irishman since <a href="/wiki/Fred_Daly_(golfer)" title="Fred Daly (golfer)">Fred Daly</a> in 1947 to win the <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">British Open</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carnoustie" title="Carnoustie">Carnoustie</a> in July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> He successfully defended his title in July 2008<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> before going on to win the <a href="/wiki/PGA_Championship" title="PGA Championship">PGA Championship</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Harrington became the first European to win the PGA Championship in 78 years and was the first winner from Ireland. Three golfers from Northern Ireland have been particularly successful. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Graeme_McDowell" title="Graeme McDowell">Graeme McDowell</a> became the first Irish golfer to win the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)" title="U.S. Open (golf)">U.S. Open</a>, and the first European to win that tournament since 1970. <a href="/wiki/Rory_McIlroy" title="Rory McIlroy">Rory McIlroy</a>, at the age of 22, won the 2011 U.S. Open, while <a href="/wiki/Darren_Clarke" title="Darren Clarke">Darren Clarke</a>'s latest victory was the <a href="/wiki/2011_Open_Championship" title="2011 Open Championship">2011 Open Championship</a> at Royal St. George's. In August 2012, McIlroy won his 2nd major championship by winning the USPGA Championship by a record margin of 8 shots. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recreation">Recreation</h4></div> The west coast of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Lahinch" title="Lahinch">Lahinch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donegal_Bay" title="Donegal Bay">Donegal Bay</a> in particular, have popular surfing beaches, being fully exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. Donegal Bay is shaped like a funnel and catches west/south-west Atlantic winds, creating good surf, especially in winter. Since just before the year 2010, <a href="/wiki/Bundoran" title="Bundoran">Bundoran</a> has hosted European championship surfing. <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> is increasingly popular in Ireland with clear waters and large populations of sea life, particularly along the western seaboard. There are also many shipwrecks along the coast of Ireland, with some of the best <a href="/wiki/Wreck_dives" class="mw-redirect" title="Wreck dives">wreck dives</a> being in <a href="/wiki/Malin_Head" title="Malin Head">Malin Head</a> and off the County Cork coast.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> With thousands of lakes, over 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) of fish-bearing rivers and over 7,500 kilometres (4,660 mi) of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_counties_by_coastline" title="List of Irish counties by coastline">coastline</a>, Ireland is a popular <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">angling</a> destination. The temperate Irish climate is suited to sport angling. While <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> fishing remain popular with anglers, salmon fishing, in particular, received a boost in 2006 with the closing of the salmon <a href="/wiki/Driftnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Driftnet">driftnet</a> fishery. <a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse fishing</a> continues to increase its profile. Sea angling is developed with many beaches mapped and signposted,<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> and the range of sea angling species is around 80.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese_61_bg_080106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cheese_61_bg_080106.jpg/220px-Cheese_61_bg_080106.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cheese_61_bg_080106.jpg/330px-Cheese_61_bg_080106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cheese_61_bg_080106.jpg/440px-Cheese_61_bg_080106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gubbeen_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubbeen cheese">Gubbeen cheese</a>, an example of the resurgence in Irish cheese making</figcaption></figure> Food and cuisine in Ireland take their influence from the crops grown and animals farmed in the island's temperate climate and from the social and political circumstances of Irish history. For example, whilst from the Middle Ages until the arrival of the potato in the 16th century the dominant feature of the Irish economy was the herding of cattle, the number of cattle a person owned was equated to their social standing.<a href="#cite_note-food_companion-217">[214]</a> Thus herders would avoid slaughtering a milk-producing cow.<a href="#cite_note-food_companion-217">[214]</a> For this reason, pork and <a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">white meat</a> were more common than beef, and thick fatty strips of salted <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a> (known as rashers) and the eating of salted butter (i.e. a dairy product rather than beef itself) have been a central feature of the diet in Ireland since the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-food_companion-217">[214]</a> The practice of bleeding cattle and mixing the blood with milk and butter (not unlike the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>) was common<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">black pudding</a>, made from blood, grain (usually barley) and seasoning, remains a breakfast staple in Ireland. All of these influences can be seen today in the phenomenon of the "<a href="/wiki/Breakfast_roll" title="Breakfast roll">breakfast roll</a>". The introduction of the potato in the second half of the 16th century heavily influenced cuisine thereafter. Great poverty encouraged a subsistence approach to food, and by the mid-19th century, the vast majority of the population sufficed with a diet of potatoes and milk.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> A typical family, consisting of a man, a woman and four children, would eat 18 stone (110 kg) of potatoes per week.<a href="#cite_note-food_companion-217">[214]</a> Consequently, dishes that are considered as national dishes represent a fundamental simplicity to cooking, such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Irish stew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">bacon and cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">boxty</a>, a type of potato pancake, or <a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">colcannon</a>, a dish of <a href="/wiki/Mashed_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashed potatoes">mashed potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">kale</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-food_companion-217">[214]</a> Since the last quarter of the 20th century, with a re-emergence of wealth in Ireland, a "New Irish Cuisine" based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> has emerged.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish (especially salmon, trout, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and other shellfish), as well as traditional soda breads and the wide range of hand-made <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_cheeses" title="List of Irish cheeses">cheeses</a> that are now being produced across the country. An example of this new cuisine is "Dublin Lawyer": lobster cooked in whiskey and cream.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> The potato remains however a fundamental feature of this cuisine and the Irish remain the highest per capita<a href="#cite_note-food_companion-217">[214]</a> consumers of potatoes in Europe. Traditional regional foods can be found throughout the country, for example <a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">coddle</a> in Dublin or <a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">drisheen</a> in Cork, both a type of sausage, or <a href="/wiki/Blaa" title="Blaa">blaa</a>, a doughy white bread particular to Waterford. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg/220px-Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg/330px-Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg/440px-Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Bushmills_Distillery" title="Old Bushmills Distillery">Old Bushmills Distillery</a> in County Antrim</figcaption></figure> Ireland once dominated the world's market for whiskey, producing 90% of the world's whiskey at the start of the 20th century. However, as a consequence of bootleggers during the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition in the United States</a> (who sold poor-quality whiskey bearing Irish-sounding names thus eroding the pre-prohibition popularity for Irish brands)<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> and tariffs on Irish whiskey across the British Empire during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Trade_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish Trade War">Anglo-Irish Trade War</a> of the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> sales of Irish whiskey worldwide fell to a mere 2% by the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> In 1953, an Irish government survey, found that 50% of whiskey drinkers in the United States had never heard of <a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Irish whiskey, as researched in 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> American broadcaster, remains popular domestically and has grown in international sales steadily over a few decades.<a href="#cite_note-not_luck-227">[224]</a> Typically CNBC states Irish whiskey is not as smoky as a <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a>, but not as sweet as <a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canadian_whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian whiskey">Canadian</a> whiskies.<a href="#cite_note-not_luck-227">[224]</a> Whiskey forms the basis of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Cream">cream liqueurs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Baileys_Irish_Cream" title="Baileys Irish Cream">Baileys</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Irish coffee</a>" (a <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktail</a> of coffee and whiskey reputedly invented at <a href="/wiki/Foynes" title="Foynes">Foynes flying-boat station</a>) is probably the best-known Irish cocktail. <a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="Porter (beer)">Stout</a>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Porter_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter beer">porter beer</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a>, is typically associated with Ireland, although historically it was more closely associated with London. Porter remains very popular, although it has lost sales since the mid-20th century to <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Magners" title="Magners">Magners</a> (marketed in the Republic of Ireland as Bulmers), is also a popular drink. <a href="/wiki/Red_lemonade" title="Red lemonade">Red lemonade</a>, a soft-drink, is consumed on its own and as a mixer, particularly with whiskey.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy of Northern Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">International Financial Services Centre, Dublin</a></div> The GDP of the Republic of Ireland as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a> was €423.5 billion (nominal),<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOIE-229">[226]</a> and in Northern Ireland in 2021, it was £52 billion (GVA Balanced).<a href="#cite_note-NI_GDP-230">[227]</a> The GDP per capita in the Republic of Ireland was €84,049.9 (nominal) as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOIE-229">[226]</a> and in Northern Ireland 2021 was £27,154 (GVA Balanced).<a href="#cite_note-NI_GDP-230">[227]</a> The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom measure these numbers differently. Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies (the euro and <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>), a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all-Ireland basis. This has been facilitated by the two jurisdictions' former shared membership of the European Union, and there have been calls from members of the business community and policymakers for the creation of an "all-Ireland economy" to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> and boost competitiveness.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_economics">Regional economics</h3></div> Below is a comparison of the regional GDP on the island of Ireland. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Republic of Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Western_Region" title="Northern and Western Region">Northern and Western</a> </td> <td>Republic of Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_and_Midland_Region" title="Eastern and Midland Region">Eastern and Midland</a> </td> <td>Republic of Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Region,_Ireland" title="Southern Region, Ireland">Southern</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom: Northern Ireland </td></tr> <tr> <td>GDP (2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a>): €22 bn<a href="#cite_note-CSO_Regional_GDP-232">[229]</a> </td> <td>GDP (2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a>): €175 bn<a href="#cite_note-CSO_Regional_GDP-232">[229]</a> </td> <td>GDP (2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a>): €127 bn<a href="#cite_note-CSO_Regional_GDP-232">[229]</a> </td> <td>GDP (2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a>): £52 bn<a href="#cite_note-NI_GDP-230">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>€24,926 per person<a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-233">[230]</a> </td> <td>€74,824 per person<a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-233">[230]</a> </td> <td>€77,794 per person<a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-233">[230]</a> </td> <td>£27,154 per person<a href="#cite_note-NI_GDP-230">[227]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland_trade_comparison">Northern Ireland trade comparison</h3></div> Below is a comparison of the goods being sold and purchased between Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom, compared with the goods being exported and imported between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland: <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Northern Ireland Sales/Exports<a href="#cite_note-nitrade-234">[231]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px;"> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">United Kingdom </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">Republic of Ireland </th></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td>£11.3 billion</td> <td>£4.2 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th> <td>£12.8 billion </td> <td>£5.2 billion </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left:2em;"> <caption>Northern Ireland Purchases/Imports<a href="#cite_note-nitrade-234">[231]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px;"> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">United Kingdom </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">Republic of Ireland </th></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td>£13.4 billion</td> <td>£2.5 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th> <td>£14.4 billion </td> <td>£3.1 billion </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_living_comparison">Cost of living comparison</h3></div> Below is a comparison of the monthly cost of living and average wage after tax in Northern Ireland versus those in the Republic of Ireland in 2023: <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Monthly Cost of Living Comparison<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 200px;"> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">Northern Ireland </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">Republic of Ireland </th></tr> <tr> <th>Cost of living (1 person) </th> <td>$1459</td> <td>$2198 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average wage after tax </th> <td>$2393 </td> <td>$3010 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_history">Economic history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of Ireland">Economic history of Ireland</a></div> Prior to partition in 1921, Ireland had a long history as an economic colony – first, partially, of the Norse, via their cities (9th to 10th centuries CE), and later, to varying extents, of polities related to England. Though the climate and soil favoured certain forms of agriculture,<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">trade barriers</a> frequently hobbled its development. Repeated invasions and plantations disrupted <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land-ownership</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Irish Rebellion (disambiguation)">multiple failed uprisings</a> also contributed to repeated phases of <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">deportation</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Irish_emigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish emigrant">emigration</a>. Salient events in the economic history of Ireland include: <ul><li>16th and 17th centuries: confiscation and redistribution of land in the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a></li> <li>1845–1849: <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">The Great Famine</a> occasioned depopulation and mass emigration</li> <li>1846: Westminster's repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> disrupted Irish agriculture<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_industries">Major industries</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism">Tourism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destinations_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destinations in Ireland">Tourist destinations in Ireland</a></div> There are two <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> on the island: the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a> complex and the <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Several other places are on the tentative list, for example the Burren, the Ceide Fields<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Stewart" title="Mount Stewart">Mount Stewart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include <a href="/wiki/Bunratty_Castle" title="Bunratty Castle">Bunratty Castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel" title="Rock of Cashel">Rock of Cashel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_of_Moher" title="Cliffs of Moher">Cliffs of Moher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Abbey" title="Holy Cross Abbey">Holy Cross Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blarney_Castle" title="Blarney Castle">Blarney Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-facts2006-242">[239]</a> Historically important monastic sites include <a href="/wiki/Glendalough" title="Glendalough">Glendalough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a>, which are maintained as <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Monument (Ireland)">national monuments</a> in the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> The Dublin region receives the most tourists<a href="#cite_note-facts2006-242">[239]</a> and is home to several of the most popular attractions such as the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Storehouse" title="Guinness Storehouse">Guinness Storehouse</a> and Book of Kells.<a href="#cite_note-facts2006-242">[239]</a> The west and south west, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Killarney" title="Lakes of Killarney">Lakes of Killarney</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dingle_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingle peninsula">Dingle peninsula</a> in County Kerry and <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Aran Islands</a> in County Galway, are also popular tourist destinations.<a href="#cite_note-facts2006-242">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stately_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Stately home">Stately homes</a>, built during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Palladian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladian">Palladian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Castle_Ward" title="Castle Ward">Castle Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castletown_House" title="Castletown House">Castletown House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantry_House" title="Bantry House">Bantry House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strokestown_Park" title="Strokestown Park">Strokestown Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenveagh_Castle" title="Glenveagh Castle">Glenveagh Castle</a> are also of interest to tourists. Some have been converted into hotels, such as <a href="/wiki/Ashford_Castle" title="Ashford Castle">Ashford Castle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Castle_Leslie" title="Castle Leslie">Castle Leslie</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dromoland_Castle" title="Dromoland Castle">Dromoland Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ireland" title="Energy in Ireland">Energy in Ireland</a></div> Although for most of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate, the island has operated for some time as a single market for electricity.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Both networks were designed and constructed independently post-partition but they are now connected with three interlinks<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> and are also connected through Great Britain to mainland Europe. The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Electricity" title="Northern Ireland Electricity">Northern Ireland Electricity</a> with enough power. In the Republic of Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB</a> has failed to modernise its power stations, and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66%, one of the worst such rates in Western Europe. <a href="/wiki/EirGrid" title="EirGrid">EirGrid</a> has started building a <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">HVDC</a> transmission line between Ireland and Great Britain with a capacity of 500 MW,<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> about 10% of Ireland's peak demand. As with electricity, the natural gas distribution network is also now all-island, with a pipeline linking <a href="/wiki/Gormanston,_County_Meath" title="Gormanston, County Meath">Gormanston, County Meath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballyclare" title="Ballyclare">Ballyclare</a>, County Antrim.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> Most of Ireland's gas comes through interconnectors between <a href="/wiki/Twynholm" title="Twynholm">Twynholm</a> in Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Ballylumford_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballylumford power station">Ballylumford</a>, County Antrim and <a href="/wiki/Loughshinny" title="Loughshinny">Loughshinny</a>, County Dublin. Supplies come from the Corrib Gas Field, off the coast of County Mayo, with a supply previously also coming from the Kinsale gas field off the County Cork coast.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> The County Mayo field faces some localised opposition over <a href="/wiki/Corrib_gas_controversy" title="Corrib gas controversy">a controversial decision</a> to refine the gas onshore. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maam_Cross_turf-cutting_geograph-3178833-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maam_Cross_turf-cutting_geograph-3178833-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-Maam_Cross_turf-cutting_geograph-3178833-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maam_Cross_turf-cutting_geograph-3178833-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/330px-Maam_Cross_turf-cutting_geograph-3178833-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maam_Cross_turf-cutting_geograph-3178833-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/440px-Maam_Cross_turf-cutting_geograph-3178833-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Turf-cutting near <a href="/wiki/Maam_Cross" title="Maam Cross">Maam Cross</a> by the road to Leenane, County Galway</figcaption></figure> Ireland has an ancient industry based on <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> (known locally as "turf") as a source of energy for home fires. A form of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> energy, this source of heat is still widely used in rural areas. However, because of the ecological importance of peatlands in storing carbon and their rarity, the EU is attempting to protect this habitat by fining Ireland for digging up peat. In cities, heat is generally supplied by natural gas or <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a>, although some urban suppliers distribute sods of turf as "smokeless fuel" for domestic use. The Republic has a strong commitment to renewable energy and ranks as one of the top 10 markets for <a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">clean-technology</a> investment in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index.<a href="#cite_note-ggei-253">[250]</a> Research and development in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>) has increased since 2004. Large <a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of wind farms in the Republic of Ireland">wind farms have been constructed</a> in Cork, Donegal, Mayo and Antrim. The construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local communities, some of whom regard the <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> as unsightly. The Republic is hindered by an ageing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that comes from wind farms. The ESB's <a href="/wiki/Turlough_Hill" title="Turlough Hill">Turlough Hill</a> facility is the only power-storage facility in the state.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Including surrounding islands </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Numbers vary, from a low of 12,000.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Rinuccini" title="Giovanni Battista Rinuccini">Giovanni Battista Rinuccini</a> wrote 50,000,<a href="#cite_note-ocallaghan85-70">[69]</a> T. N. Burke said 80,000 to 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-ocallaghan85-70">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BelfastMetro-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BelfastMetro_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BelfastMetro_154-1">b</a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Belfast_metropolitan_area" title="Belfast metropolitan area">Belfast metropolitan area</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-irlgeog-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irlgeog_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-irlgeog_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNolan" class="citation web cs1">Nolan, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124012641/http://www.gov.ie/en/essays/geography.html">"Geography of Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a>. 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Planningni.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013522/https://www.planningni.gov.uk/downloads/volume_1_-_plan_strategy___framework-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planningni.gov&rft.atitle=Belfast+Metropolitan+Area+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planningni.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fvolume_1_-_plan_strategy___framework-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2023/">"Population and Migration Estimates, April 2023"</a>. Central Statistics Office. 25 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925143020/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2023/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Migration+Estimates%2C+April+2023&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-pme%2Fpopulationandmigrationestimatesapril2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cso.ie/table/FY023">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a>. 30 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531023003/https://data.cso.ie/table/FY023">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.cso.ie%2Ftable%2FFY023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf">"Census 2021 Main statistics for Northern Ireland, Statistical bulletin, Ethnic group"</a> (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. September 2022. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205220600/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2021+Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland%2C+Statistical+bulletin%2C+Ethnic+group&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unep-11"><a href="#cite_ref-unep_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm">"Islands by Area"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UN_System-Wide_Earthwatch" class="mw-redirect" title="UN System-Wide Earthwatch">UN System-Wide Earthwatch</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>. 18 February 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20151201081219/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+System-Wide+Earthwatch&rft.atitle=Islands+by+Area&rft.date=1998-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislands.unep.ch%2FTiarea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022population-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022population_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022population_12-1">b</a> The 2022 population of the Republic of Ireland was 5,123,536 and that of Northern Ireland in 2021 was 1,903,100. 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Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2022+%E2%80%93+Preliminary+Results&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office%2C+Ireland&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft.au=Central+Statistics+Office%2C+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpr%2Fcensusofpopulation2022-preliminaryresults%2Fintroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency2022" class="citation web cs1">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census">"2021 Census"</a>. Belfast: Department of Finance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703182652/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Census&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Department+of+Finance&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus%2F2021-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-forest-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forest_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forest_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forest_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forest_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/forestry/forestservicegeneralinformation/ForestStatisticsIreland2017090318.pdf">"Forest Statistics – Ireland 2017"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_the_Marine" title="Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine">Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine</a>. pp. 3, 63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020021739/https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/forestry/forestservicegeneralinformation/ForestStatisticsIreland2017090318.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forest+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Ireland+2017&rft.pages=3%2C+63&rft.pub=Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Food+and+the+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.gov.ie%2Fmedia%2Fmigration%2Fforestry%2Fforestservicegeneralinformation%2FForestStatisticsIreland2017090318.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forest2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forest2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forest2_14-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/native-trees-cover-just-2-of-ireland-how-can-this-be-increased-1.3553824">"Native trees cover just 2% of Ireland. How can this be increased?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304164603/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/native-trees-cover-just-2-of-ireland-how-can-this-be-increased-1.3553824">Archived</a> 4 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>, 6 July 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-forest3-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forest3_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forest3_15-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-native-woodlands-are-quietly-disappearing-1.3529317">"Ireland's native woodlands are quietly disappearing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190216190001/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-native-woodlands-are-quietly-disappearing-1.3529317">Archived</a> 16 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>, 19 June 2018. 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Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.niassembly.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Brexit+Questions+and+Answers+%7C+Northern+Ireland+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niassembly.gov.uk%2Fassembly-business%2Fbrexit-and-beyond%2Fbrexit-questions-and-answers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNí_Mhurchú2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ní Mhurchú, Síle (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXoqDwAAQBAJ&q=Eriu+etymology&pg=PA750">"Ériu"</a>. In Echard, Sian; Rouse, Robert (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 750. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-39698-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-39698-8"><bdi>978-1-118-39698-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180114/https://books.google.com/books?id=UXoqDwAAQBAJ&q=Eriu+etymology&pg=PA750">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829003628/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2013. 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Routledge. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33952-0"><bdi>978-0-415-33952-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Irish+History&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33952-0&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_ClabaighCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ó Clabaigh, Colmán N. (2005). "Papacy". In Seán Duffy (ed.). Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia. 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Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+de+tous+les+peuples+et+nations+de+la+terre+avec+leurs+habits+et+ornemens+divers%2C+tant+anciens+que+modernes%2C+diligemment+depeints+au+naturel+par+Luc+Dheere+peintre+et+sculpteur+Gantois%5Bmanuscript%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3A79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D85%26xywh%3D-4233%2C-130%2C13874%2C8416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._F._Foster_(historian)" title="R. F. Foster (historian)">Foster, Robert Fitzroy</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost">Modern Ireland</a>. Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost/page/107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013250-2"><bdi>978-0-14-013250-2</bdi></a>. <q>'[S]lave-hunts' certainly happened, though their extent has been exaggerated; there were probably 12,000 Irish in the West Indies by the late 1600s</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ireland&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013250-2&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Robert+Fitzroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernireland16000fost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocallaghan85-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocallaghan85_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocallaghan85_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Sean (2000). To Hell or Barbados. Brandon. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86322-287-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86322-287-0"><bdi>978-0-86322-287-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Hell+or+Barbados&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Brandon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86322-287-0&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302224034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml">"A Short History of Ireland: The Curse of Cromwell"</a>. BBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml">the original</a> on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Ireland%3A+The+Curse+of+Cromwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthernireland%2Fashorthistory%2Farchive%2Fintro99.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/offices.html">"Laws in Ireland for the Suppression of Popery"</a>. University of Minnesota Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125003816/http://library.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/offices.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laws+in+Ireland+for+the+Suppression+of+Popery&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.law.umn.edu%2Firishlaw%2Foffices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1997" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, David (1997). Arctic Ireland: The Extraordinary Story of the Great Frost and Forgotten Famine of 1740–41. Belfast: White Row Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870132-85-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870132-85-5"><bdi>978-1-870132-85-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arctic+Ireland%3A+The+Extraordinary+Story+of+the+Great+Frost+and+Forgotten+Famine+of+1740%E2%80%9341&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=White+Row+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-870132-85-5&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cormac_famine-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cormac_famine_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cormac_famine_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cormac_famine_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_GrádaCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text1989" class="citation book cs1">Ó Gráda, Cormac (1989). The Great Irish Famine. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55266-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55266-0"><bdi>978-0-521-55266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Irish+Famine&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55266-0&rft.aulast=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Irish-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ga%22%3E%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Irish-language+text&rft.aufirst=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Irish-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ga%22%3ECormac%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Irish-language+text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawford_feast-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_feast_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_feast_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarksonCrawford2001" class="citation book cs1">Clarkson, Leslie; Crawford, Margaret (2001). Feast and Famine: Food and Nutrition in Ireland, 1500–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822751-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822751-9"><bdi>978-0-19-822751-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feast+and+Famine%3A+Food+and+Nutrition+in+Ireland%2C+1500%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822751-9&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_1994_28-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_1994_28_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_1994_28_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1994" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Alan J. (1994). The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland, 1782–1992. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0784-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0784-1"><bdi>978-0-8132-0784-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Constitutional+Tradition%3A+Responsible+Government+and+Modern+Ireland%2C+1782%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0784-1&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226180112/http://worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD1750-1900">"Ireland AD 1750–1900 The Industrial Age"</a>. WorldTimelines.org.uk. The British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD1750-1900">the original</a> on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldTimelines.org.uk&rft.atitle=Ireland+AD+1750%E2%80%931900+The+Industrial+Age&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Fbritish_isles%2Fireland%2FAD1750-1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Gráda1994" class="citation book cs1">Ó Gráda, Cormac (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LamjgLbhTvwC&q=ireland+failed+to+industrialize+due+to+lack+of+coal+and+iron&pg=PA314">Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780–1939</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 314–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820598-2"><bdi>978-0-19-820598-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206093038/https://books.google.com/books?id=LamjgLbhTvwC&q=ireland+failed+to+industrialize+due+to+lack+of+coal+and+iron&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+A+New+Economic+History%2C+1780%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=314-330&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820598-2&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLamjgLbhTvwC%26q%3Direland%2Bfailed%2Bto%2Bindustrialize%2Bdue%2Bto%2Black%2Bof%2Bcoal%2Band%2Biron%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeatingDesmond1993" class="citation book cs1">Keating, Paul; Desmond, Derry (1993). Culture and Capitalism in Contemporary Ireland. Hampshire, UK: Avebury Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85628-362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85628-362-5"><bdi>978-1-85628-362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Capitalism+in+Contemporary+Ireland&rft.place=Hampshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Avebury+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85628-362-5&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Desmond%2C+Derry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen1994" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, John (1994). Chasing Progress in the Irish Republic. 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Oxon: Taylor and Francis. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Ireland+Starved%3A+A+Quantitative+and+Analytical+History+of+the+Irish+Economy%2C+1800%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Mokyr&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/voices/irish_potato_famine.cfm">"The Irish Potato Famine"</a>. Digital History. University of Houston. 7 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130223095446/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/voices/irish_potato_famine.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Potato+Famine&rft.date=2008-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fvoices%2Firish_potato_famine.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/emigration.html">"Effects of the Famine: Emigration"</a>. wesleyjohnston.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228122057/http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/emigration.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wesleyjohnston.com&rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+Famine%3A+Emigration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyjohnston.com%2Fusers%2Fireland%2Fpast%2Ffamine%2Femigration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely2006" class="citation news cs1">Vallely, Paul (25 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617075008/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html">"1841: A window on Victorian Britain – This Britain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. 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Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=1841%3A+A+window+on+Victorian+Britain+%E2%80%93+This+Britain&rft.date=2006-04-25&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2F1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2007" class="citation news cs1">Quinn, Eamon (19 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/world/europe/19ireland.html?ex=1345176000&en=ab2b49203b6fb511&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"Ireland Learns to Adapt to a Population Growth Spurt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416000143/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/world/europe/19ireland.html?ex=1345176000&en=ab2b49203b6fb511&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+Learns+to+Adapt+to+a+Population+Growth+Spurt&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F19%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F19ireland.html%3Fex%3D1345176000%26en%3Dab2b49203b6fb511%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKee1972" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Robert (1972). The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 376–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17987-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17987-0"><bdi>978-0-297-17987-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Flag%3A+A+History+of+Irish+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=376-400&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-297-17987-0&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kee_1972_478–530-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kee_1972_478–530_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kee_1972_478–530_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKee1972" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Robert (1972). The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 478–530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17987-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17987-0"><bdi>978-0-297-17987-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Flag%3A+A+History+of+Irish+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=478-530&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-297-17987-0&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated34-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated34_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated34_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated34_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorough2000" class="citation journal cs1">Morough, Michael (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/anglo-irish-treaty-1921">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921"</a>. History Review (38): 34–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925152047/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/anglo-irish-treaty-1921">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Irish+Treaty+of+1921&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=34-36&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Morough&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Ffeature%2Fanglo-irish-treaty-1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKee1972" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Robert (1972). The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 719–748. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17987-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17987-0"><bdi>978-0-297-17987-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Flag%3A+A+History+of+Irish+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=719-748&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-297-17987-0&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynn1934" class="citation journal cs1">Gwynn, Stephen (January 1934). "Ireland Since the Treaty". Foreign Affairs. 12 (2): 322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030588">10.2307/20030588</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030588">20030588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Ireland+Since+the+Treaty&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=322&rft.date=1934-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20030588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20030588%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gwynn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2004" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kevin (1 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3749629.stm">"Irish who fought on the beaches"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217024027/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3749629.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Irish+who+fought+on+the+beaches&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F3749629.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated695-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated695_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated695_93-1">b</a> Hull, Mark: "The Irish Interlude: German Intelligence in Ireland, 1939–1943", Journal of Military History, Vol. 66, No. 3 (July 2002), pp. 695–717 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Joseph T. (2002). Ireland in the War Years 1939–1945. San Francisco: International Scholars Publishers. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57309-185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57309-185-5"><bdi>978-1-57309-185-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+in+the+War+Years+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=International+Scholars+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57309-185-5&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clancy3-95"><a href="#cite_ref-clancy3_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancyDrudyLynchO'Dowd1997" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Patrick; Drudy, Sheelagh; Lynch, Kathleen; O'Dowd, Liam (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishsociety00patr/page/68">Irish Society: Sociological Perspectives</a>. Institute of Public Administration. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishsociety00patr/page/68">68–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-872002-87-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-872002-87-3"><bdi>978-1-872002-87-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Society%3A+Sociological+Perspectives&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-872002-87-3&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Drudy%2C+Sheelagh&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=O%27Dowd%2C+Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firishsociety00patr%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmied2005" class="citation book cs1">Schmied, Doris (2005). 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Chippenham, UK: Ashgate. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4101-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4101-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-4101-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winning+and+Losing%3A+the+Changing+Geography+of+Europe%27s+Rural+Areas&rft.place=Chippenham%2C+UK&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4101-8&rft.aulast=Schmied&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-MXbmt8J5YC&q=%22The+Future+of+International+Migration+to+OECD+Countries%22">The Future of International Migration to OECD Countries</a>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD). 2009. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-04449-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-04449-4"><bdi>978-92-64-04449-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175831/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-MXbmt8J5YC&q=%22The+Future+of+International+Migration+to+OECD+Countries%22">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+International+Migration+to+OECD+Countries&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-92-64-04449-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-MXbmt8J5YC%26q%3D%2522The%2BFuture%2Bof%2BInternational%2BMigration%2Bto%2BOECD%2BCountries%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> R. F. Foster, Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change 1970–2000 (2007), pp 7–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Foster, Luck and the Irish pp 37–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogatchnik2010" class="citation news cs1">Pogatchnik, Shawn (25 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208020158/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9ELOCOG1.htm">"Ireland's Economy Suffered Record Slump in 2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg BusinessWeek">Bloomberg BusinessWeek</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9ELOCOG1.htm">the original</a> on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Ireland%27s+Economy+Suffered+Record+Slump+in+2009&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.aulast=Pogatchnik&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fap%2Ffinancialnews%2FD9ELOCOG1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/otherreleases/2011/measuringirelandsprogress2011.pdf">"Measuring Ireland's Progress 2011"</a> (PDF). CSO.ie. <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a>. October 2012. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1649-6728">1649-6728</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223057/http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/otherreleases/2011/measuringirelandsprogress2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSO.ie&rft.atitle=Measuring+Ireland%27s+Progress+2011&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2012-10&rft.issn=1649-6728&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fcsoie%2Freleasespublications%2Fdocuments%2Fotherreleases%2F2011%2Fmeasuringirelandsprogress2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whyte-102"><a href="#cite_ref-whyte_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte1983" class="citation book cs1">Whyte, John (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/whyte.htm">"How much discrimination was there under the Unionist regime, 1921–1968?"</a>. In Gallagher, Tom; O'Connell, James (eds.). Contemporary Irish Studies. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0919-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0919-7"><bdi>0-7190-0919-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131114/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/whyte.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+much+discrimination+was+there+under+the+Unionist+regime%2C+1921%E2%80%931968%3F&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Irish+Studies&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7190-0919-7&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fdiscrimination%2Fwhyte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Ireland_Office1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cmd380.htm">Fair Employment in Northern Ireland</a>. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-10-103802-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-10-103802-X"><bdi>0-10-103802-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104025822/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cmd380.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2012. 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Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531024030/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2008 – via Conflict Archive on the Internet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27We+Shall+Overcome%27+...+The+History+of+the+Struggle+for+Civil+Rights+in+Northern+Ireland+1968%E2%80%931978&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Civil+Rights+Association&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fcrights%2Fnicra%2Fnicra78.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1997" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Peter (1997). Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin. 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Hoboken: Wiley Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irelandfordummie0000albe_o4j8/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-10572-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-10572-6"><bdi>978-0-470-10572-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+for+Dummies&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-10572-6&rft.aulast=Albertson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firelandfordummie0000albe_o4j8%2Fpage%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2008" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Fionn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ireland8th00dave/page/65">Ireland</a>. 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Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+and+Early+Ireland&rft.pages=1219&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821737-4&rft.aulast=O%27Croinin&rft.aufirst=Daibhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJSDj1dDvNUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_GrádaCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text1997" class="citation book cs1">Ó Gráda, Cormac (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVHgO4-nkhkC">A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4584-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-4584-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416090306/https://books.google.com/books?id=zVHgO4-nkhkC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rocky+Road%3A+The+Irish+Economy+Since+the+1920s&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4584-4&rft.aulast=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Irish-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ga%22%3E%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Irish-language+text&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVHgO4-nkhkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2006" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900/page/534">Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf" class="mw-redirect" title="Carroll & Graf">Carroll & Graf</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900/page/534">534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1890-0"><bdi>978-0-7867-1890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+British%3A+A+Genetic+Detective+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1890-0&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780786718900%2Fpage%2F534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rahilly1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly" title="T. F. O'Rahilly">O'Rahilly, T. F.</a> (1947). Early Irish History and Mythology. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Academy_of_America" title="Medieval Academy of America">Medieval Academy of America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Irish+History+and+Mythology&rft.pub=Medieval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=O%27Rahilly&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcockStrachan2000" class="citation book cs1">Woodcock, N. H.; Strachan, Robin A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTkKn8Ufzd4C">Geological History of Britain and Ireland</a>. Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishing</a>. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03656-1"><bdi>978-0-632-03656-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191257/https://books.google.com/books?id=dTkKn8Ufzd4C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geological+History+of+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-632-03656-1&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=N.+H.&rft.au=Strachan%2C+Robin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdTkKn8Ufzd4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallisWilson2001" class="citation book cs1">Wallis, Geoff; Wilson, Sue (2001). The Rough Guide to Irish Music. <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. p. 599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-642-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-642-6"><bdi>978-1-85828-642-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Irish+Music&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-642-6&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIreland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann (lower house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann (upper house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Immigration" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Immigration to the Republic of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ireland" title="Americans in Ireland">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Ireland" title="Brazilians in Ireland">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (Breizh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (Kernow)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a> (Éire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mannin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (Alba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (Cymru)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22890#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRVqtgyQhCHgMPXrVwG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027667-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85067964">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/01428650-fbe2-4aab-aca2-a1d562a93caf">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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