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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="यांग दि-पेरतुआ नेगेरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यांग दि-पेरतुआ नेगेरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99" title="יאנג די-פרטואה נגרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאנג די-פרטואה נגרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Title of some State rulers in Malaysia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Talk:Yang di-Pertua Negeri">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yang+di-Pertua+Negeri%22">"Yang di-Pertua Negeri"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yang+di-Pertua+Negeri%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yang+di-Pertua+Negeri%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yang+di-Pertua+Negeri%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yang+di-Pertua+Negeri%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yang+di-Pertua+Negeri%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <b>Governor,</b> officially <b>Yang di-Pertua Negeri</b> (<a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">يڠ دڤرتوا نݢري</span>‎, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">He Who is Made Leader of the Land</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a constitutional title given to the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> in <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">states</a> without a ruler, namely: <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. This is in contrast to a ruler (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Raja</i>) which is a constitutional title given to states with hereditary monarchies, namely: the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>; the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Raja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Besar" title="Yang di-Pertuan Besar">Yang di-Pertuan Besar</a></i> (lit. 'He Who is Made Chief Ruler') of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>. </p><p>They are appointed to renewable four-year terms by the <i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></i> (lit. 'He Who is Made Supreme Ruler'), the King of Malaysia,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after consulting the <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_governments_of_Malaysia" title="Heads of state governments of Malaysia">chief minister or premier</a>. </p><p><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</i></span> functions as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>. Their discretionary roles include appointing the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, the chief minister (Malay: <i>Ketua Menteri)</i> or premier, who is usually the leader of the party with a majority in the <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">state legislature</a>, and withholding consent to dissolve the state legislature. On all other matters, they must act on the advice of the chief minister/premier, such as appointing the members of the Executive Council in Penang and Malacca, and the Cabinet in Sabah and Sarawak, conferring state honours and granting pardons for offences committed in their state—except pardons for <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Syariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Syariah">syariah</a></i> offences, which are granted by the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i>. </p><p>There are two major distinctions between the constitutional roles of the nine hereditary rulers and the four <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</i></span>. While the <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</i></span> are members of the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers" title="Conference of Rulers">Conference of Rulers</a>, they cannot participate in the election of the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i>, discussions related to the privileges of the Malay rulers and matters concerning the observance of Islam. In addition, the <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</i></span> does not function as Head of Islam in their states; the role is fulfilled by the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i>. Stylistically, states with Rulers appoint <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_governments_of_Malaysia" title="Heads of state governments of Malaysia"><i>menteri besar</i></a> (lit. 'chief minister' in Malay) while the <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms" style="font-style: normal;">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</span></span> appoint chief ministers or premier of their respective states. This convention was first started with the former <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>: Penang and Malacca, and subsequently extended to the Borneo States of Sabah and Sarawak. However, in 2022, Sarawak deviated from this convention by changing the title of chief minister to <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Sarawak" title="Premier of Sarawak">premier</a> to reflect its status as one of the <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">Borneo states</a> which are of a different constitutional position than the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">States of Malaya</a> as they are asymmetrically accorded more autonomy. This move is similar to how Singapore retained the title of Prime Minister for the head of government (which was first established after it gained self-independence from the United Kingdom in 1959) when it became a state of the Federation as it was the state with the most autonomy. Sabah, as of yet, has not changed the title of chief minister. </p><p>Prior to 1976, the heads of state of Penang, Malacca and Sarawak were titled as "Governor" (Malay: "<i>Gabenor</i>"), whereas the head of state of Sabah was titled "<i>Yang di-Pertua Negara</i>" (lit. 'He Who is Made Leader of the Nation') in both languages. Meanwhile, the head of state in Singapore was titled "<i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara">Yang di-Pertuan Negara</a></i>" (lit. 'He Who is Made Ruler of the Nation' in Malay) in both English and Malay which was also first established after achieving self-independence in 1959. </p><p>After the formation of Malaysia in 1963, upon adopting new state constitutions, Sarawak retained the title of Governor passed down from the British colonial rule, Sabah created a new title called the <i>Yang di-Pertua Negara</i>, while Singapore retained the title of <i>Yang di-Pertuan Negara</i> passed down from the period self-governance. </p><p>After the Federation of Malaya achieved independence in 1957, "Governor" referred to the heads of state of the former <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, Penang and Malacca. When Malaysia was formed, the previous definition of Governor was extended to the states of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore in the newly promulgated <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Federal Constitution</a>. This means that constitutionally speaking, the heads of state in all the states without a Ruler: Penang, Malacca, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, were of the same constitutional role, regardless of the style of name. When Singapore was expelled from Malaysia to become an independent <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, the office of <i>Yang di-Pertuan Negara</i> was eventually replaced with the office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a>. </p><p>Since 1976, the style of name for the heads of state of Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak were made uniform by titling it as <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri">Current Yang di-Pertua Negeri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current Yang di-Pertua Negeri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a table of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of each state: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="background:#cccccc"> <th rowspan="2">State </th> <th rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Yang di-Pertua Negeri<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth)</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Term of office </th> <th rowspan="2">List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Rustam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ali_Rustam.jpg/100px-Ali_Rustam.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ali_Rustam.jpg/150px-Ali_Rustam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ali_Rustam.jpg/200px-Ali_Rustam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_titles#Tun" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay titles">Tun</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Seri Setia</a> <a href="/wiki/Dr." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr.">Dr.</a> </span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Mohd_Ali_Rustam" title="Mohd Ali Rustam">Mohd Ali Mohd Rustam</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1949)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002020-06-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 June 2020</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003171300000000000♠"></span>4 years, 252 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Malacca" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca">List</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak_2022.jpg/100px-Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak_2022.jpg/150px-Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak_2022.jpg/200px-Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="293" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles#Tun" title="Malay styles and titles">Tun</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles#State_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Dato' Seri Utama</a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak" title="Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak">Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1949)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003138200000000000♠"></span>3 years, 286 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Penang" title="List of governors of Penang">List</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penampang_Sabah_Musa-Aman-during-Kaamatan-2014-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Penampang_Sabah_Musa-Aman-during-Kaamatan-2014-01.jpg/100px-Penampang_Sabah_Musa-Aman-during-Kaamatan-2014-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Penampang_Sabah_Musa-Aman-during-Kaamatan-2014-01.jpg/150px-Penampang_Sabah_Musa-Aman-during-Kaamatan-2014-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Penampang_Sabah_Musa-Aman-during-Kaamatan-2014-01.jpg/200px-Penampang_Sabah_Musa-Aman-during-Kaamatan-2014-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="4317" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles#Tun" title="Malay styles and titles">Tun</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles#State_tiles" title="Malay styles and titles">Datuk Seri Panglima</a> </span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Musa_Aman" title="Musa Aman">Musa Aman</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1951)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002025-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2025</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001410000000000000♠"></span>41 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sabah" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah">List</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TYT_Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TYT_Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar.jpg/100px-TYT_Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TYT_Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar.jpg/150px-TYT_Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TYT_Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar.jpg/200px-TYT_Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1160" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles#Tun" title="Malay styles and titles">Tun</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles#State_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Pehin Sri</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Dr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Haji</a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar" title="Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar">Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1946)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-01-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 January 2024</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002382000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 16 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">List</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Besar" title="Yang di-Pertuan Besar">Yang di-Pertuan Besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara">Yang di-Pertuan Negara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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