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Dit is aevel neet vereisj." class=""><span>Maak 'ne gebroeker aan</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelje&returnto=Opera" title="De weurs aangemeudig om d'ch aan te melje, meh 't is neet verplich. 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Dit is aevel neet vereisj."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Maak 'ne gebroeker aan</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelje&returnto=Opera" title="De weurs aangemeudig om d'ch aan te melje, meh 't is neet verplich. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmèlde</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Mien_euverl%C3%A8k" title="Euverlèk euver verangeringe doer dit IP addres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Euverlèk veur dit IP adres</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhaud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhaud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versjtaek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Begin</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Opzat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opzat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Opzat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opzat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Opzat-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opzat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opzat_vaan_de_handeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opzat_vaan_de_handeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Opzat vaan de handeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opzat_vaan_de_handeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thematiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thematiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Thematiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thematiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Taol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muzikaol_structuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muzikaol_structuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Muzikaol structuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muzikaol_structuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enscenering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enscenering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Enscenering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enscenering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stumtype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stumtype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stumtype</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stumtype-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Stumtype-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stumtype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vrouwlui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrouwlui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vrouwlui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrouwlui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manslui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manslui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Manslui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manslui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oontwikkeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oontwikkeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oontwikkeling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oontwikkeling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Oontwikkeling-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oontwikkeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vreugbarok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vreugbarok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vreugbarok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vreugbarok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoegbarok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoegbarok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hoegbarok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoegbarok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italië" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italië"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Italië</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italië-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraankriek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraankriek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Fraankriek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraankriek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingeland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingeland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Ingeland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingeland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spaanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spaanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Spaanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spaanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Duitse_len" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Duitse_len"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>De Duitse len</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Duitse_len-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laatbarok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laatbarok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Laatbarok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laatbarok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italië_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italië_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Italië</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italië_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraankriek_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraankriek_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Fraankriek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraankriek_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Duitse_len_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Duitse_len_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>De Duitse len</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Duitse_len_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Klassiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negentienden_iew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negentienden_iew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Negentienden iew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negentienden_iew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italië_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italië_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Italië</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italië_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duitse_len/Duits_Riek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duitse_len/Duits_Riek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Duitse len/Duits Riek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duitse_len/Duits_Riek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraankriek_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraankriek_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Fraankriek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraankriek_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operèt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operèt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Operèt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operèt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twintegsten_en_einentwintegsten_iew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twintegsten_en_einentwintegsten_iew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Twintegsten en einentwintegsten iew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twintegsten_en_einentwintegsten_iew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tot_1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tot_1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Tot 1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tot_1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interbellum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interbellum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Interbellum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interbellum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avant-garde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avant-garde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Avant-garde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avant-garde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinds_1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinds_1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Sinds 1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinds_1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_de_popmeziek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_de_popmeziek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>In de popmeziek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_de_popmeziek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinesen_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinesen_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Chinesen opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinesen_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rifferenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rifferenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rifferenties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rifferenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Opera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 139 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 spraoke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C4%ABwpleg" title="Glīwpleg – Oudengels" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Glīwpleg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Oudengels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="أوبرا – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوبرا – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوبرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوپرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوپرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uopera" title="Uopera – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uopera" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Опэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গীতিনাট্য – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গীতিনাট্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hoarigan" title="C'hoarigan – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hoarigan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дуури – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дуури" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92pera" title="Òpera – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òpera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ئۆپێرا – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپێرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="aanbevolen artikel"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Όπερα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όπερα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opero" title="Opero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Opero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooper" title="Ooper – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ooper" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اپرا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooppera" title="Ooppera – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ooppera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra" title="Opéra – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opéra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceoldr%C3%A1ma" title="Ceoldráma – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceoldráma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87" title="歌劇 – Ganyu" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="歌劇" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Ganyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_(lamizik)" title="Opéra (lamizik) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Opéra (lamizik)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opra" title="Opra – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Opra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiaulldramey" title="Kiaulldramey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kiaulldramey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אופרה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95)" title="ओपेरा (गीतिनाटक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओपेरा (गीतिनाटक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(sz%C3%ADnm%C5%B1)" title="Opera (színmű) – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Opera (színmű)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Օպերա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(musica)" title="Opera (musica) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Opera (musica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opero" title="Opero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Opero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9" title="オペラ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オペラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apra" title="Apra – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Apra" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ოპერა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Опера (музыка) – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Опера (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0" title="ಒಪೇರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಪೇರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC" title="오페라 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오페라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(muz%C3%AEk)" title="Opera (muzîk) – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Opera (muzîk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="sjterartikel"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama_(musica)" title="Melodrama (musica) – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Melodrama (musica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1" title="ഓപ്പറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓപ്പറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Дуурь – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дуурь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑपेरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑपेरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="sjterartikel"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="အော်ပရာဇာတ်ပွဲ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော်ပရာဇာတ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="ओपेरा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ओपेरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(muziek)" title="Opera (muziek) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opera (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A8ra" title="Opèra – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Opèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouperu" title="Ouperu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ouperu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Оперæ – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оперæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਓਪੇਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਪੇਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra" title="Opéra – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Opéra" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92pera" title="Òpera – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òpera" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوپیرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوپیرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوپرا – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوپرا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki_aranway" title="Taki aranway – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Taki aranway" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C4%83" title="Operă – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantanti_l%C3%ACrici" title="Cantanti lìrici – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cantanti lìrici" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BD%DA%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="سنگيت ناٽڪ (اوپيرا) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنگيت ناٽڪ (اوپيرا)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="ඔපෙරා – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔපෙරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="aanbevolen artikel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uopera" title="Uopera – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Uopera" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆப்பெரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்பெரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="ఒపెరా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒపెరా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="อุปรากร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุปรากร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوپرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوپرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lop" title="Lop – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lop" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A5" title="Operå – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Operå" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7" title="歌剧 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="歌剧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ოპერა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოპერა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="אפערע – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפערע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7" title="歌剧 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歌剧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versjtaek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Van Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="li" dir="ltr"><p><small>Dit artikel is gesjreve (of begós) in 't <a href="/wiki/Mestreechs" title="Mestreechs">Mestreechs</a>. Laes <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wie_sjrief_ich_Limburgs#Versjillende_dialekte" title="Wikipedia:Wie sjrief ich Limburgs">hie</a> wie v'r mit de versjillende saorte Limburgs ómgaon.</small> </p> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Mozart_magic_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mozart_magic_flute.jpg/220px-Mozart_magic_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mozart_magic_flute.jpg/330px-Mozart_magic_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mozart_magic_flute.jpg/440px-Mozart_magic_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4495" data-file-height="3398" /></a><figcaption>Versjijning vaan de Keuningin vaan de Nach in de premièr vaan <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> zienen opera <i>Die Zauberflöte</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>'nen <b>Opera</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans">Italiaans</a>; lètterlek 'werk(stök)') is e <a href="/wiki/Buun" class="mw-redirect" title="Buun">buunwerk</a> op <a href="/wiki/Meziek" title="Meziek">meziek</a>, in de regel gans gezoonge. 't Genre kaom roond 1600 op in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, in 'n poging veur 't klassiek Grieks drama nui leve in te bloze. In d'n iew dee volgde, oontwikkelde opera ziech tot e volksvermaak in <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> en woort 't genre ouch in de res vaan Wes-Europa bekind. Sommege len, in 't bezunder <a href="/wiki/Fraankriek" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraankriek">Fraankriek</a>, kaome al gaw mèt eige opera's, dèks in de eige taol. In de loup vaan d'n achtienden iew bleef d'n opera populair. In de negentienden iew woort 'r zelfs algemeiner es oets teväöre, dewijl 't genre toen ouch groete veranderinge doormaakde. Ouch de twintegsten-iewse componiste höbbe ziech algemein mèt d'n opera bezeggehawwe en väöl demèt geëxperimenteerd. D'n opera gelt es 't mies prestigieus genre wat de westerse meziek kint. Heer is vaan groet historisch belaank es 't ierste meziekgenre boebij (ouch börgerlek) publiek kaom luustere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opzat">Opzat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Opzat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Opzat"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opzat_vaan_de_handeling">Opzat vaan de handeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Opzat vaan de handeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Opzat vaan de handeling"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'nen Opera, wat in essentie niks es e speul op meziek is, is wie e gesproke speul gemeinelek verdeild in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ak (nog neet aangemaak)">akte</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sc%C3%A8ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scène (nog neet aangemaak)">scènes</a>. Allewel tot 't klassiek ideaol tot e drama vief akte moot höbbe, hoeg stoont aongesjreve, naom 't aontal akte al gaw aof tot drei. In de Franse opera bleve vief akte langer de norm; later kraoge ouch dao korter opera's de euverhand. Drei, soms twie of veer aktes zien ouch bij later operavörm de norm gebleve. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Einakter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Einakter (nog neet aangemaak)">Einakters</a> bestoon ouch; dèks (meh laank neet ummer) zien dit wieneg pretentieus, komische stökker. </p><p>De handeling weurt dèks wezelek aanders gebrach es in gewoen theater. In de teks - 't teksbook vaan 'nen opera weurt <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libretto (nog neet aangemaak)">libretto</a></i> geneump - weure de gebrukeleke dialoge constant aofgewisseld mèt monologe, die weure getoenzat es aria's (zuug oonder). Aofhenkelek vaan 't typ aria weure wäörd, zinne en zinsfragminte ouch dèks herhaold. De naodrök op muzikaol mominte maak de handeling wezelek statischer. Dao tegeneuver steit tot de meziek dèks mètspäölt in de handeling. Heer kin de gezoonge teks illustrere en oondersteune, meh ouch tegespreke. Ouch is 't meugelek, door middel vaan zogeneumde leidmotieve, veuroet of trök te wieze nao dinger boe-euver neet gezoonge weurt en die 't karakter in kwestie dèks neet wèt. In modern opera's weure soms, wie in modern speule, ouch algemein conventies losgelaote; zoe gief 't opera's boe-in edere vörm vaan handeling oontbrik en de scènes zien gereduceerd tot statische tableaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thematiek">Thematiek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Thematiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Thematiek"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Lohengrin_Brabant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lohengrin_Brabant.jpg/220px-Lohengrin_Brabant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lohengrin_Brabant.jpg/330px-Lohengrin_Brabant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lohengrin_Brabant.jpg/440px-Lohengrin_Brabant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>De zwaonridder Lohengrin kump aon in Braobant. Zoe'n operathema's zien typisch veur de romantiek.</figcaption></figure> <p>De ierste opera's gónge oonveranderlek euver de klassieke aajdheid; de stof kaom miestens oet de Grieks-Romeinse <a href="/wiki/Mythologie" title="Mythologie">mythologie</a> en soms oet de klassieke historie (<i>La coronazione di Poppea</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Monteverdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudio Monteverdi (nog neet aangemaak)">Claudio Monteverdi</a> is e vreug veurbeeld). Pas mèt de koms vaan komische opera's kump dao verandering in: in zoe'n werke keus me liever veur satirische situaties oet d'n eigen tied. Nao 1800 weure dèks aander, meh vergeliekbaar bronne gebruuk: de <a href="/wiki/Biebel" title="Biebel">Biebel</a> (beveurbeeld <i>Salome</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Strauss (nog neet aangemaak)">Richard Strauss</a>, <i>Moses und Aaron</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg">Arnold Schönberg</a>), <a href="/wiki/Middeliewe" title="Middeliewe">middeliewse</a> historie (<i>Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>) en <a href="/wiki/Legende" title="Legende">legendes</a> (<i>Gulielmo Tell</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioachino_Rossini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioachino Rossini (nog neet aangemaak)">Gioachino Rossini</a>, <i>Tristan und Isolde</i> vaan Wagner), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vert%C3%A8lselke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertèlselke (nog neet aangemaak)">vertèlselkes</a> (<i>La cenerentola</i> vaan Rossini, <i>Hänsel und Gretel</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Humperdinck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (nog neet aangemaak)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>), de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaanse_mythologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaanse mythologie (nog neet aangemaak)">Germaanse</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavische_mythologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavische mythologie (nog neet aangemaak)">Slavische mythologie</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen (nog neet aangemaak)">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> vaan Wagner, <i>Rusalka</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonín Dvořák (nog neet aangemaak)">Antonín Dvořák</a>) of de wereldliteratuur (<i>Macbeth</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, <i>Werther</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Massenet (nog neet aangemaak)">Jules Massenet</a>). Ouch exotische thema's koume in de mode (<i>Carmen</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Bizet (nog neet aangemaak)">Georges Bizet</a>, <i>Madama Butterfly</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Puccini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Puccini (nog neet aangemaak)">Giacomo Puccini</a>). Veural in Italië weurt 't ind negentienden iew mode um ouch serieus opera's alledaogse(r) thema's te geve (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verisme (nog neet aangemaak)">verisme</a></i>). In de laten twintegsten iew heet me ouch opera's gesjreve roond figure (<i>Einstein on the Beach</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>) of gebäörtenisse (<i>Nixon in China</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(componis)" title="John Adams (componis)">John Adams</a>) oet de recinte historie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taol">Taol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Taol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Taol"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'t <a href="/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans">Italiaans</a> is de taol die 't sterkste mèt d'n opera verboonde is. Neet allein is 't genre zjus in Italië oetgevoonde en dao ummer populair gebleve, ouch höbbe neet-Italiaanse componiste, veural Duitse, hiel laank opera's in 't Italiaans in plaots vaan in de eige landstaol gesjreve. De Italiaanse weurt um häör eufonische klaanklier dèks es ideaol veur klassieke zaank gezeen. De Fransen opera is evels al hiel laank gewoen <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Franstaoleg</a>. Vaanaof de negentienden iew woort 't mie de gewoente um d'n opera in de landstaol te bringe. De lèste decennia weure väöl operalibretti in 't <a href="/wiki/Ingels" title="Ingels">Ingels</a> gesjreve, allewel tot ze boete de Angelsaksische wereld oontstoon; dit is oonder mie in Nederland gebrukelek. Oonorthodoxe keuze zien opera's in <a href="/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialekte</a> (al sinds 1900 beveurbeeld in 't Mestreechs<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), in aw taole (<a href="/wiki/Latien" title="Latien">Latien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanskriet" title="Sanskriet">Sanskriet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Akkadisch" title="Akkadisch">Akkadisch</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.), in <a href="/wiki/Kunstaol" title="Kunstaol">kunstaole</a> (einen opera in 't <a href="/wiki/Klingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Klingon">Klingon</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) en zelfs in apesjriewe.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vreuger (tot 't midde vaan d'n twintegsten iew) waor 't algemein gebrukelek boetelandse opera's in de eige taol te zinge. Allewijl weurt dat zelde mie gedoon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muzikaol_structuur">Muzikaol structuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Muzikaol structuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Muzikaol structuur"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De mieste opera's beginne mèt 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouvertuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouvertuur (nog neet aangemaak)">ouvertuur</a> (in 't Italiaons <i>sinfonia</i> geneump), 'n instrumentaol veurspeul. Dit kin e discreet meziekwerk zien, meh soms ouch geit de ouvertuur direk in de ierste scène euver. In de res vaan d'n opera weurt miestal aofgewisseld tösse scènes mèt dialoog en monologe, getoenzat es aria's. Twie aria's per scène is neet oongewoen. De scènes weure in de zeventienden en achtienden iew gemeinelek es <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recitatief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recitatief (nog neet aangemaak)">recitatief</a> gecomponeerd (declamerende, dèks oonberijmde zaank, mèt miestal allein akkoorde es begeleiing); in de negentienden iew verdwijnt 't recitatief en weurt de dialoog en <i>scena</i> gecomponeerd. De <i>scena</i> heet ziene veurgenger in 't awwer <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arioso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arioso (nog neet aangemaak)">arioso</a></i>. Veural bij Wagner verdwijnt ouch de aria en weurt de ganse ak tot ei doorloupend stök meziek. </p><p>In de plaots vaan aria's kinne ouch ensembles stoon; meistens zien dat duètte. In sommege operastijle koume ouch <a href="/wiki/Koer" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Koer">koere</a> veur. Veural in de Fransen opera gief 't dèks ouch (instrumentaol) <a href="/wiki/Dans" title="Dans">danse</a>. </p><p>Boete de ganse opera kinne ouch aander akte 'n ouvertuur höbbe; dit gebäört daan nao 'n pauze. Meziek tösse twie akte door weurt ouch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entr%27acte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entr'acte (nog neet aangemaak)">entr'acte</a> geneump, of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermezzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intermezzo (nog neet aangemaak)">intermezzo</a>; dit lèste genre hoof neet per se tösse twie akte te stoon. In d'n achtienden iew waor 't intermezzo dèks e vocaol stök, 'ne kleinen opera op ziech, mèt 'ne komischen inhaajd, gemeind um de serieus handeling aof te wissele. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enscenering">Enscenering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Enscenering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Enscenering"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normaliter weure opera's geënsceneerd. Trends in de opera-enscenering höbbe door de iewe heer väölal de trends oet de gewoene theaterwereld gevolg. Sommege opera's kóste bezunder spectaculair effecte en massascènes (beveurbeeld de negentienden-iewse <i>grand-opéra</i> in Paries), aander producties waore oetgesproke minimalistisch (zoewie de ierste nao-oorlogse Wagnerproducties in Bayreuth). Dèks weure aw opera's (wie aw speule) allewijl ouch gemoderniseerd of aanderszins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anachronisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anachronisme (nog neet aangemaak)">anachronistisch</a> ingekleid: de teks blijf daan 'tzelfde, meh de enscenering versjèlt vaan 't oersprunkelek verhaol. </p><p>Me kin ouch deveur keze handeling, kostuums en decors gans eweg te laote. In dat geval sprik me vaan 'n <i>concertante oetveuring</i>: 't werk weurt neet es drama meh es meziekstök behandeld en in de vörm vaan e konzèr gebrach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stumtype">Stumtype</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Stumtype" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Stumtype"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veur specifieke operarolle weure dèks ouch gans specifieke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stum (nog neet aangemaak)">stumme</a> gebruuk, dewijl bepaolde aander stumme in d'n opera koelek veurkoume. Bij väöl opera's, zeker die vaan de late negentienden iew (Verdi, Puccini en zeker Wagner; zuug <a href="#Negentienden_iew">oonder</a>), is 't daobij vereis tot de zenger 'n hel stum heet, die euver e gans orkes heen kin zinge. Zoe versjèlt dit genre sterk vaan koerzaank of klassieke ledere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vrouwlui">Vrouwlui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Vrouwlui" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vrouwlui"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Maria_Callas_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maria_Callas_1958.jpg/220px-Maria_Callas_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maria_Callas_1958.jpg/330px-Maria_Callas_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maria_Callas_1958.jpg/440px-Maria_Callas_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Maria Callas, ein vaan de groetste dramatische sopraone, die ouch coloratuurrolle kós zinge.</figcaption></figure> <p>De mieste zengeresse in d'n opera zien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sopraon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sopraon (nog neet aangemaak)">sopraone</a>. 't Is gebrukelek um die op te splitse in <i>lyrische sopraone</i> en <i>dramatische sopraone</i>. Lyrische sopraone (beveurbeeld <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renée Fleming (nog neet aangemaak)">Renée Fleming</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (nog neet aangemaak)">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiri_Te_Kanawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiri Te Kanawa (nog neet aangemaak)">Kiri Te Kanawa</a>) höbbe e hoeg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbre (nog neet aangemaak)">timbre</a> en 'n hoeg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessitura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tessitura (nog neet aangemaak)">tessitura</a> (ze klinke in de huugde 't natuurlekste) en weure dèks gevraog veur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ing%C3%A9nue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingénue (nog neet aangemaak)">ingénuerolle</a> of entans veur sympathieke karakters (Micaëla in <i>Carmen</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Bizet (nog neet aangemaak)">Bizet</a>, Mimì in <i>La bohème</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Puccini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Puccini (nog neet aangemaak)">Puccini</a>). Dramatische sopraone (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Callas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Callas (nog neet aangemaak)">Maria Callas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jessye_Norman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jessye Norman (nog neet aangemaak)">Jessye Norman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Sutherland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Sutherland (nog neet aangemaak)">Joan Sutherland</a> etc.) kinne neet per se minder hoeg zinge, meh höbbe wel e doonkerder timbre en dèks 'n lieg tessitura. Bijgevolg vreug me die veur mier emotioneel belaoje, getroubleerde of sensueel rolle (Leonore oet <i>Fidelio</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, de titelrol oet <i>Turandot</i> vaan Puccini en oongeveer alle vrouwerolle oet de Wagneropera's). </p><p>Nog twie aander types mote hei weure geneump. De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soubrette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soubrette (nog neet aangemaak)">soubrette</a> (beveurbeeld <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Bonney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Bonney (nog neet aangemaak)">Barbara Bonney</a>) liekent op de lyrische sopraon meh klink jäögdeger en hiel helder, zoonder oetzunderlek bereik in de huugde. Ouch zij weure gere gevraog veur ingénues, en mier in 't bezunder veur jäögdege rolle. Oondermier umtot ze neet euver groete orkeste hove kinne zinge, zien soubrettes geleef in <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozartopera's</a> (Susanna oet <i>Le nozze die Figaro</i>, Zerlina oet <i>Don Giovanni</i>). </p><p>De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coloratuursopraon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coloratuursopraon (nog neet aangemaak)">coloratuursopraon</a> oondersjeit ziech vaan aander types doortot ze extreem hoeg note kin hole (dèks f''', soms nog hoeger), die door sommege componiste gere zien veurgesjreve. Me kin ze ouch weer verdeile in lyrisch (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Battle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen Battle (nog neet aangemaak)">Kathleen Battle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nellie_Melba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nellie Melba (nog neet aangemaak)">Nellie Melba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucia_Popp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucia Popp (nog neet aangemaak)">Lucia Popp</a>; rolle: Cleopatra in <i>Giulio Cesare</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel">Händel</a>, Ilia in <i>Idomeneo</i> vaan Mozart, Marguérite in <i>Faust</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gounod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gounod (nog neet aangemaak)">Gounod</a>) en dramatisch (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Callas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Callas (nog neet aangemaak)">Maria Callas</a> [meh zuug bove], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christina_Deutekom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christina Deutekom (nog neet aangemaak)">Christina Deutekom</a>; rolle: Königin der Nacht oet <i>Die Zauberflöte</i> vaan Mozart, titelrol oet <i>Norma</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicenzo_Bellini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicenzo Bellini (nog neet aangemaak)">Bellini</a>). Coloratuursopraone zinge gemeinelek ouch wel rolle die neet um de allerhoegste toene vaan hun stumtyp vraoge. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezzo-sopraon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezzo-sopraon (nog neet aangemaak)">Mezzo-sopraon</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alt (nog neet aangemaak)">alte</a> koume in opera's disproportioneel wieneg veur. 'n Mezzo-sopraon späölt soms nog wel ins de rol vaan gevierleke verleidster (de titelrol oet <i>Carmen</i> vaan Bizet), meh miestal zien dit awwer vrouwlui, hekse, zjeloes leefdesrivaole etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manslui">Manslui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Manslui" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Manslui"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg/220px-Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg/330px-Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg/440px-Bartolomeo_Nazari_-_Portrait_of_Farinelli_1734_-_Royal_College_of_Music_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4102" data-file-height="4954" /></a><figcaption>Carlo Broschi alias <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farinelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farinelli (nog neet aangemaak)">Farinelli</a>, de bekindste castraotzenger oets, zong oonder mie in de opera's vaan Händel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ouch veur mannestumme heet me in d'n opera vaanajds 'n veurleefde veur hoeg stumtype. In de barokmeziek gebruukde me dao zelfs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castraot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castraot (nog neet aangemaak)">castraotzengers</a> veur: manneleke zengers die es keend waore gelub um de stumbreuk te veurkoume. Allewel tot 't gebruuk um veur de zaank te castrere al in de zèstienden iew bestoont, naom 't 'n groete vlöch mèt de koms vaan d'n opera. Al in <i>L'Orfeo</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Monteverdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudio Monteverdi (nog neet aangemaak)">Monteverdi</a> kump 'n castraotrol veur (<i>Speranza</i>). Ze weure evels 't mieste geassocieerd mèt d'n opera seria, dee begin achtienden iew bleujde (zuug <a href="#Oontwikkeling">oonder</a>). Daonao raakde de traditie laankzaamaon in oonbruuk, allewel tot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Meyerbeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer (nog neet aangemaak)">Meyerbeer</a> nog in 1824 'ne castraot veursjreef (Armando in <i>Il crociato in Egitto</i>). Castraotrolle waore miestal sopraone en minder dèks alte, meh hun partije bevatte dèks note die veur vrouweleke sopraone get te lieg ligke. </p><p>Umtot de traditie vaan 't castrere is oetgestorve, moot me ziech behelpe bij 't invölle vaan de castraotrolle. Ein meugelekheid is 't gebruke vaan zengers die um medische reies móste gecastreerd weure of door 'n liefeleke aofwieking (wie 'n steuring in de hormoonhoeshelding) de stumbreuk neet höbbe oondergaange. Dat aontal is beperk en me moot mer zien of zoe'ne maan 'n gooj stum heet. Ouch kin me tenorzengers gebruke die hun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fals%C3%A8t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falsèt (nog neet aangemaak)">kopstum</a> höbbe gestimuleerd. Probleem is wel tot castraotpartije väöl hoeger toene vereise es de gemiddelde countertenor-partij, zoetot me wel 'n hoeg stum moot höbbe en hiel hel moot oefene um die note sjoen te doen klinke. 'n Daarde optie, de mies gebruukde, is um 'n vrouw te engagere; 'n mezzo-sopraon kump oongeveer euverein mèt 't bereik vaan 'n castraotpartij. Me moot wel bedinke tot vrouwestumme neet 't timbre of de krach vaan de oersprunkeleke castraotstumme benaodere. </p><p>Falsètstumme - de zoegeneumde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Countertenor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Countertenor (nog neet aangemaak)">countertenor</a> - weure ouch wel in de barokken opera gebruuk, meh neet hiel dèks: zjus wie d'n opera opkaom, raakde dees traditie in Italië in oonbruuk. Zoe neet in Ingeland. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Purcell (nog neet aangemaak)">Purcell</a> sjrijf, wie wel mier Ingelse, dees stum väölvöldeg veur, ouch in zie dramatisch werk (Mercurius in <i>Dido and Aeneas</i>). Mèt de koms vaan Händel en d'n opera seria in Londe waor dees traditie evels gaw vergete. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/220px-Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/330px-Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/440px-Luciano_Pavarotti_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Luciano Pavarotti, de populairsten tenor vaan de late twintigsten iew.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vaanaof de laten achtienden iew is de manneleken held dèkser 'nen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenor (nog neet aangemaak)">tenorzenger</a>. Die höbbe de stumbreuk wel gehad en zinge in boorsstum, meh höbbe e relatief hoeg bereik. Sommege vaan hun partije reike tot aon de hoeg c (c''), 'n noot die veur de gemiddelde maan compleet oonbereikbaar is. Wie de sopraon weurt d'n operatenor ouch weer in versjèllende subtype verdeild. De liechste weure <i>tenore leggero</i> geneump (beveurbeeld <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9opold_Simeneau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léopold Simeneau (nog neet aangemaak)">Léopold Simeneau</a>); dees tenore weure veural gevraog veur beweegleke rolle mèt colorature die aon vrouwestumme doen dinke (veural <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel_canto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bel canto (nog neet aangemaak)">bel cantorolle</a> wiegraof Almaviva in <i>Il barbiere di Seviglia</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioacchino_Rossini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioacchino Rossini (nog neet aangemaak)">Rossini</a> of Ernesto in <i>Don Pasquale</i> vaan Bellini). Dèkser kump de lyrischen tenor veur, 'n liechte, meh helle stum mèt e hoeg timbre (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Carreras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Carreras (nog neet aangemaak)">José Carreras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>) en 'n hoeg tessitura. Euver 't algemein, meh 't gief oetzunderinge, is zoe'n stum in trèk veur joongesechtege rolle (David in <i>Die Meistersinger</i> vaan Wagner, Roméo in <i>Roméo et Juliette'</i>vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gounod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gounod (nog neet aangemaak)">Gounod</a>, titelrol in Werther vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Massenet (nog neet aangemaak)">Massenet</a>). Tegeneuver häöm steit d'n dramatischen tenor (beveurbeeld <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Caruso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Caruso (nog neet aangemaak)">Enrico Caruso</a>), dee mie vocaol gewiech heet en daodoor beter klink in de liegte. Heer weurt mie ingezat veur getroubleerde rolle (titelrol in <i>Otello</i> vaan Verdi of <i>Peter Grimes</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Britten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Britten (nog neet aangemaak)">Benjamin Britten</a>). De mieste rolle evels stoon tösse dees twie extreme in; me vreug daoveur daan ouch gere tenore die wel good zien inde huugde, meh ouch hun stum tot dramatische climaxe kinne duie. Zoe'nen tenor neump me <i>tenore spinto</i> (beveurbeeld <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plácido Domingo (nog neet aangemaak)">Plácido Domingo</a>). E wijer typ is d'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heldetenor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heldetenor (nog neet aangemaak)">Heldetenor</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Urlus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Urlus (nog neet aangemaak)">Jacques Urlus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Windgassen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Windgassen (nog neet aangemaak)">Wolfgang Windgassen</a>). Zoe'n zengers zien nog e bitteke zwoerder es dramatische tenore. Hun rolle zien veural de helde oet de Wagneropera's (sjaolveurbeeld: Siegfried) meh ouch bij aander componiste zien ze gewuns (Florestan in <i>Fideolio</i> vaan Beethoven, Herodes in <i>Salome</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Strauss (nog neet aangemaak)">Richard Strauss</a>, Mao in <i>Nixon in China</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(componis)" title="John Adams (componis)">Adams</a>). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bariton (nog neet aangemaak)">Baritons</a> weure mèt einege regelmaot veurgesjreve. Ouch hun verdeilt me dèks in lyrische bariton (zenger: <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a>; typisch rol: Figaro in <i>Il barbiere di Seviglia</i> vaan Rossini) en dramatische bariton (zenger: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Bailey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Bailey (nog neet aangemaak)">Norman Bailey</a>; typische rol: Escamillo oet <i>Carmen</i> vaan Bizet). Get tösse die twie in steit de Verdibariton. Verdi sjrijf naomelek in väöl vaan zien opera's baritons veur bij de helderolle (titelrolle in <i>Falstaff</i>, <i>Macbeth</i> en <i>Rigoletto</i>). </p><p>De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bas_(stumtyp)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bas (stumtyp) (nog neet aangemaak)">bas</a> tot slot besteit ouch weer in versjèllende type. Euver 't algemein gelt: wie lieger de stum, wie minder viriel, joonk of sympathiek de rol. Bastumme speule dèks de batteraof (Méphistophélès oet <i>Faust</i> vaan Gounod, Hagen oet <i>Götterdämmerung</i> vaan Wagner) of de wijzen awwe maan (Sarastro oet <i>Die Zauberflöte</i> vaan Mozart). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oontwikkeling">Oontwikkeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Oontwikkeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Oontwikkeling"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vreugbarok">Vreugbarok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Vreugbarok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vreugbarok"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:PeriEuridicePrologo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PeriEuridicePrologo.jpg/220px-PeriEuridicePrologo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/PeriEuridicePrologo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Begin vaan <i>Euridice</i> door Jacopo Peri, d'n ierste bewoerden opera.</figcaption></figure> <p>D'n opera oontsteit aon 't ind vaan de <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A8stienden_iew" class="mw-redirect" title="Zèstienden iew">zèstienden iew</a> aon d'n hoof vaan de femilie <a href="/w/index.php?title=De%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De' Medici (nog neet aangemaak)">de' Medici</a>. De leie vaan dit geslach stoonte bekind es kunsmecenasse, en lete sinds de jaore 1530 al <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermedio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intermedio (nog neet aangemaak)">intermedi</a></i>, gezoonge klassiek geïnspireerde tableaus, tösse de akte vaan door hun gesponsorde (gesproke) speule oetveure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Florentijnse 'Camerata', e soort wetensjappelek bureau vaan de Medici's, kaom in 1581 bij moonde vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Galilei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincenzo Galilei (nog neet aangemaak)">Vincenzo Galilei</a> tot de conclusie (allewijl es vergissing gezeen) tot klassieke Griekse drama's gans gezoonge woorte, en wel in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monodie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monodie (nog neet aangemaak)">monodie</a>. Um dat klassiek ideaol te doen herleve kós me dus neet de <a href="/wiki/Polyfonie" title="Polyfonie">polyfonie</a> vaan de zèstienden iew gebruke (die tekste oonverstoonbaar maakde). Allewel tot de Camerata noets 'nen opera heet gecomponeerd of opgeveurd, is 't book vaan Galilei beslissend gewees veur de compositie vaan de ierste opera's.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Es alleriersten opera zuut me gemeinelek <i>Dafne</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacopo_Peri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacopo Peri (nog neet aangemaak)">Jacopo Peri</a> (1561-1633). Allein 't libretto (vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottavio_Rinuccini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottavio Rinuccini (nog neet aangemaak)">Ottavio Rinuccini</a>) is bewoerd, de meziek is verlore gegaange. 't Kosde de betrokke musici veer jaor tot 't werk in <a href="/w/index.php?title=1598&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1598 (nog neet aangemaak)">1598</a> op de plenk kaom. D'n iersten opera boevaan de meziek bewoerd is gebleve, is <i>Euridice</i>, ouch vaan Peri, oet 1600. Nog datzelfde jaor brach collega en concurrent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Caccini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Caccini (nog neet aangemaak)">Giulio Caccini</a> (1551-1618) zien versie vaan dezelfden teks oet.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E paar jaor later, in 1607, volgde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Monteverdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudio Monteverdi (nog neet aangemaak)">Claudio Monteverdi</a> (1567-1643) mèt <i>L'Orfeo</i> (euver 'tzelfde thema, meh mèt 'n aander libretto). Heimèt waor 't ierste operatisch meisterwerk gemaak en d'n ierste groete meister vaan 't genre opgestande. Vaan Monteverdi zien nog drei aander opera's bewoerd gebleve; zeker ouch <i>L'incoronazione di Poppea</i> (zuug ouch bove) weurt neve <i>L'Orfeo</i> nog ummertouw väöl oetgeveurd. </p><p>Al hiel vreug, in 1600 um perceis te zien, kump ouch in <a href="/wiki/Roeme" title="Roeme">Roeme</a> 'nen opera vaan de groond, en wel <i>Rappresentatione d'Anima, et di corpo</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_de%27_Cavalieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio de' Cavalieri (nog neet aangemaak)">Emilio de' Cavalieri</a> (ca. 1550-1602). Aander opera's volgde. In de theocratie die de Kèrkeleke Staot waor, hadde dees werke evels gein mythologische meh christeleke oonderwerpe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dees werke weure ouch wel <a href="/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium">oratoria</a> geneump; dit is oonderwerp vaan musicologische discussie. </p><p>Kinmerke vaan die ierste opera's zien 'ne sterke naodrök op recitatief en neet op aria's: meziek heet d'n teks te dene. De zaank is wie gezag monodisch en de instrumentaol partije zien beperk. Door de stökker heer löp 'ne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basso_continuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basso continuo (nog neet aangemaak)">becieferde bas</a>. Dees vinding zouw veur de ganse barok essentieel weure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoegbarok">Hoegbarok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Hoegbarok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Hoegbarok"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italië"><span id="Itali.C3.AB"></span>Italië</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Italië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Italië"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vaanaof oongeveer 1630 koume in Italië versjèllende operagezelsjappe op, die, um hun lieg loen aon te völle, vaan stad nao stad trèkke. Ze trejje dao dèks in ein program op mèt traditioneel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commedia_dell%27arte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commedia dell'arte (nog neet aangemaak)">commedia dell'artegezelsjappe</a>. Zoe krijg de börgerij in theaters opera's te hure. Zoe'n tróppe kaome veural vaanoet Roeme. Umtot ze zelf hun geld móste verdene, en geinen edelmaan hun betaolde, waore de budgette lieger, 't aontal rolle beperk en de enscenering besjeie. Ouch kraoge de opera's, um de werke aontrèkkeleker te make, mie en langer aria's. 'ne Veurnaome componis vaan dat soort werk waor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Ferrari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benedetto Ferrari (nog neet aangemaak)">Benedetto Ferrari</a> (1603/04-1681).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Door de reizende gezelsjappe koume ouch operatradities op in <a href="/wiki/Napels" title="Napels">Napels</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genua (nog neet aangemaak)">Genua</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en veural <a href="/wiki/Veneti%C3%AB" title="Venetië">Venetië</a>. </p><p>In Venetië veurde me ze gere oet in de <a href="/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval">carnavalstied</a>, dee dao vaan Twiede Keersdag tot de Vastelaovend doorde en ummer väöl 'toeriste' trok. Zoewel de roondtrèkkende gróppe es de Toscaanse operacomponiste woorte hei opgeveurd. Venetië zouw in de res vaan d'n iew ummer mie de veuraonstoonde operastad vaan Italië weure. In de Venetiaansen opera weurt de handeling ummer minder belaankriek: te gunste vaan de meziek weure oonwoersjijneleke en gecompleceerde libretti gesjreve, die 't de componis meugelek make veur versjèllende contrasterende standaardaria's en -scènes te sjrieve.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraankriek">Fraankriek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Fraankriek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fraankriek"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg/220px-Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg/330px-Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg/440px-Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Baptiste Lully, de groetste Fransen operacomponis vaan veur 1700.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Fraankriek waor de politieke situatie gans aanders es in Italië. 't Land woort centraol geregeerd en keuning <a href="/wiki/Lowie_XIV_vaan_Fraankriek" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowie XIV vaan Fraankriek">Lowie XIV</a> trok allein nog mer mie mach nao ziech touw. Heer perbeerde ouch 't cultureel leve te monopolisere en veurde in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Versailles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Versailles (nog neet aangemaak)">Versailles</a> groete spektakele op, veural es propaganda geriech aon d'n adel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fraankriek maakde al vreug kinnes mèt d'n opera door keuningin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria de' Medici (nog neet aangemaak)">Maria de' Medici</a>, op wee häör broelof mèt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_IV_vaan_Fraankriek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik IV vaan Fraankriek (nog neet aangemaak)">keuning Hendrik IV</a> Peri zien <i>Euridice</i> waor gedoon.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D'n ierste Fransen opera sjijnt <i>Le triomphe de l'Amour sur des bergers et bergères</i>, vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_de_La_Guerre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel de La Guerre (nog neet aangemaak)">Michel de La Guerre</a>, te zien.<sup id="cite_ref-h232_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h232-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neet oonbelaankriek waore de werke vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Cambert (nog neet aangemaak)">Robert Cambert</a> (1628-1677).<sup id="cite_ref-h232_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h232-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De groete maan in dit genre woort evels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Lully&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully (nog neet aangemaak)">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> (1632-1687). Zien opera's kin me neet los zien vaan aander werke aon d'n hoof vaan Lowie XIV. Zoe sjreef heer ouch dansante buunmeziek (<i>intermèdes</i>, 'intermezzi') bij wijer gesproke stökker, en väöl hoofballètte (<i>ballets de cour</i>). Danse waor me es edele in Fraankriek aon ziene stand verpliech; zoe kaome danse ouch wie vaanzelfsprekend in de Fransen opera terech.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit zouw tot wied in de negentienden iew zoe blieve. </p><p>Ouch Lully zien opera's woorte boete de keuninkleken hoof oetgeveurd, en wel in <a href="/wiki/Paries" title="Paries">Paries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ingeland">Ingeland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Ingeland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ingeland"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ingeland" title="Ingeland">Ingeland</a> had 't in de vreuge zeventienden iew hei en dao poginge tot opera's gegeve, al woort 't theater in d'n tied vaan 't Cromwelliaans Gemeinebès hel oonderdrök en is geine meziek bewoerd gebleve. Mèt de Restauratie struimde Italiaanse, meh veural Franse opera's binne. D'n ierste bewoerden opera oet Ingeland - en in 't Ingels - is <i>Venus and Adonis</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Blow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Blow (nog neet aangemaak)">John Blow</a>, oet 1682/83. Väöl succesvoller evels woort <i>Dido and Aeneas</i> (oet 1689) vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Purcell (nog neet aangemaak)">Henry Purcell</a> (1659-1695). Dezen opera, oongetwieveld de mies gespäölden opera oet de zeventienden iew, is in hoofzaak Frans vaan opzat (mèt väöl denskes en gepuncteerde ritmes), meh vertuint ouch dudeleken Italiaansen invlood.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spaanje">Spaanje</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Spaanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spaanje"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midde zeventienden iew kaom in <a href="/wiki/Spaanje" title="Spaanje">Spaanje</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca (nog neet aangemaak)">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a> (1600-1681) op, dee oet de <i>comedia nueva</i> (e speul boe-in soms gezoonge woort) e haaf gezoonge spektakel maakde.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nao e paar semi-opera's góng Calderón euver op gans gezoonge stökker. Dees Spaonse opera's weure <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarzuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarzuela (nog neet aangemaak)">zarzuela</a>'s geneump. De meziek vaan Calderon zien ierste zarzuela's is neet bewoerd, die vaan zienen tiedgenoet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Hidalgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Hidalgo (nog neet aangemaak)">Juan Hidalgo</a> (1614-1685) evels wel. Nao hunnen doed kaom de zarzuela sterker oonder Italiaansen invlood te stoon.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_Duitse_len">De Duitse len</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Deilpagina bewirke: De Duitse len" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De Duitse len"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veural in Oosteriek droonge al vreug Italiaanse opera's door.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hei en dao woort geprobeerd get vaan 'nen Duitstaolege operatraditie op te zètte. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> (1585-1672) sjreef 'nen opera (<i>Daphne</i>), dee verlore is gegaange; <i>Seelewig</i> (gepubliceerd 1644) vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophil_Staden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophil Staden (nog neet aangemaak)">Theophil Staden</a> (1607-1655) is wel bewoerd.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 't Gros vaan de opera's waor in 't begin evels Italiaans; dèks ouch vaan Italiaanse componiste. Vaanaof oongeveer 1660 woorte versjèllende vaan hun aon d'n keizerleken hoof vaan Leopold I in <a href="/wiki/Wene" title="Wene">Wene</a> ingehuurd; de belaankriekste vaan hun is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Draghi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Draghi (nog neet aangemaak)">Antonio Draghi</a> (1634-1700). Zien opera's zien geënt op 't Venetiaans model, meh vertuine wel Fransen invlood mèt hun koere, ensembles en ballètte.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Noord-Duitsland laog de situatie aanders. Dit protestants gebeed voolt ziech minder mèt Italië verwant. Veural in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> kaome opera's in Franse stijl op de buun, gezoonge in 't Duits. D'n iersten opera dao waor vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Theile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Theile (nog neet aangemaak)">Johann Theile</a> (1646-1724), in de jaore 1690 waore de werke vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Conradi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Georg Conradi (nog neet aangemaak)">Johann Georg Conradi</a> (†1699) de populairste.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laatbarok">Laatbarok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Laatbarok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=18" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Laatbarok"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italië_2"><span id="Itali.C3.AB_2"></span>Italië</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Italië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=19" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Italië"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg/220px-Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg/330px-Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg/440px-Alessandro_Scarlatti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Alessandro Scarlatti, pioneer vaan d'n <i>opera seria</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Italië waor opera tot e woer volksvermaak oetgegreujd, mèt zelfs in dörper operatheaters, meh de kritiek op de intriges naom touw. Opera's waore dèks komisch aongelag, hadde mierder verhaollijne doorein loupe en zelfs de mies verheve karakters vervele in slech gedraag. Väöl lui voonte tot e späöl, ouch 'nen opera, de klassieke einheid vaan tied, plaots en handeling mós bewoere. Aon 't ind vaan de zeventienden iew weure de ierste 'neoklassieke' opera's op de plenk gebrach, en wel in 't Venetiaans Grimini-theater. De jaore tenao zal dit type opera ziech euver de res vaan Italië (en Europa) verspreie.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aon 't begin vaan d'n achtienden iew kump 'n nui generatie componiste dit typ opera opnumme. 't Geit hei um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Lotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Lotti (nog neet aangemaak)">Antonio Lotti</a> (1666-1740), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Scarlatti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Scarlatti (nog neet aangemaak)">Alessandro Scarlatti</a> (1660-1725), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Caldara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Caldara (nog neet aangemaak)">Antonio Caldara</a> (1671?-1736) en d'n Duitser <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel">Georg Friedrich Händel</a> (1685-1759). Hunne stijl weurt <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_seria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera seria (nog neet aangemaak)">opera seria</a></i> geneump, 'irnstegen opera' (es tegedeil vaan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_buffa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera buffa (nog neet aangemaak)">opera buffa</a></i>, kemikken opera). Bekinde librettiste zien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolo_Zeno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apostolo Zeno (nog neet aangemaak)">Apostolo Zeno</a>, dee väöl mèt Caldara samewèrkde, en dee zienen opvolger <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Metastasio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Metastasio (nog neet aangemaak)">Pietro Metastasio</a> (1698-1782), dee zien routineus libretti de gansen iew in gebruuk zouwe blieve. Kinmerke vaan dees opera's zien e verhaol vaan 'n tragedie in 'n klassieke setting, boe 'ne goodhertege voors veur de gojen aofloup zörg, (obbenuits) 'n aontal standaardaria's (zoe good wie ummer in dacapovörm, zoetot de zenger bij de reprise verseringe kós improvisere), die virtuoos zengers de kans geve um mèt eine specifieken aria de theaters laanks te reize, dèks zès rolle, drei manneleke en drei vrouweleke, en - in d'n tiedgeis - e deep vertrouwe in en gebruuk vaan de laatbarokke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affektelier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affektelier (nog neet aangemaak)">affektelier</a>. Händel nump d'n opera seria mèt nao Londe, es heer dao kump te wèrke. Nao 't ind vaan de barok weurt dit typ minder belaankriek, meh opere serie zalle nog tot in de negentienden iew weure gecomponeerd.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraankriek_2">Fraankriek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Fraankriek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=20" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fraankriek"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D'n invlood vaan Fraankriek, en ouch vaan Franse meziek, leep in dezen tied trök.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nao d'n doed vaan Lully zochte bepaolde componiste hun inspiratie in Italië. E werk wie <i>Médée</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc-Antoine_Charpentier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier (nog neet aangemaak)">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> (1643-1704; 't geit hei um e laat werk vaan de mins) vertuint zekeren Italiaansen invlood.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euver 't algemein kin me zègke tot Franse opera's in deen tied 't geavanceerder Italiaons idioom euvernumme (sterker expressie, dissonanter hermenieë, melisma's op sommege lèttergrepe), meh tot de vörm Frans blijf, mèt väöl danse en zoonder dacapo-aria's. De groetste Fransen operacomponis oet dezen tied is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Philippe_Rameau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau (nog neet aangemaak)">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a> (1683-1764).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_Duitse_len_2">De Duitse len</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Deilpagina bewirke: De Duitse len" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=21" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De Duitse len"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1697 kump de nog joonge componis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Keiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Keiser (nog neet aangemaak)">Reinhard Keiser</a> (1674-1739) aon 't hoof te stoon in Hamburg. Ouch heer liet ziech dudelek inspirere door Italiaanse componiste, meh nump hunne stijl neet euver. De thematiek vaan de opera's is väöl breier. 't Kump veur tot de aria's in 't Italiaans zien en de recitatieve in 't Duits.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aon 't ind vaan de barok goon zoewel Duitse es Italiaanse componiste, veural joongere, euver op opera's mèt leedechtege aria's, die de typisch barokke sequensmaotege melodieë vervaange. De groetste en bekindste oonder hun is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Adolf_Hasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Adolf Hasse (nog neet aangemaak)">Johann Adolf Hasse</a> (1699-1783). Heimèt begint laankzaamaon d'n euvergaank nao de klassieke meziek.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassiek">Klassiek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Klassiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=22" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Klassiek"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Christoph_Willibald_Ritter_von_Gluck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Christoph_Willibald_Ritter_von_Gluck.jpg/220px-Christoph_Willibald_Ritter_von_Gluck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Christoph_Willibald_Ritter_von_Gluck.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Christoph Willibald von Gluck, 'ne belaankrieken operavernuier.</figcaption></figure> <p>In d'n iersten hèlf vaan d'n achtienden iew stoont d'n opera seria in hoeg aonzien, meh nao 1750 begós dat te verandere. Neet veur d'n ierste kier, en ouch neet veur de lèste, waor de kritiek tot de teks en meziek te väöl 't talent vaan de zengers op de veurgroond zatte, en te wieneg 't drama oondersteunde. 't Essay <i>Saggio sopra L'Opera in Musica</i> vaan criticus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Algarotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Algarotti (nog neet aangemaak)">Francesco Algarotti</a> oet 1755 waor vaan groeten invlood op 'n nui generatie componiste. In 't bezunder lökden 't <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Willibald_von_Gluck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph Willibald von Gluck (nog neet aangemaak)">Christoph Willibald von Gluck</a> (1714-1787) vaanaof 1760 dees ideaole in praktijk te bringe. Es heer in 1770 nao Paries weurt gehaold, wèt heer dao ouch - same mèt ziene rivaol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niccolò Piccinni (nog neet aangemaak)">Niccolò Piccinni</a> (1728-1800) - de Franse opera compleet te doen vergete. 't Is zjus in de Pariesen opera tot 'ne nuien trend opkump: e bezeuk aon d'n opera geit ummer mie um de meziek drejje, en ummer minder es sociaol gebäöre deensdoen. De luusterere zien stèl en höbbe hun aondach bij de buun. Dezen trend zouw ziech in de negentienden en twintegsten iew doorzètte. </p><p>D'n aandere groete naom oet de klassieken opera is <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> (1756-1791). Allewel tot heer ouch nog opere serie sjrijf (<i>Idomeneo</i>, <i>La clemenza di Tito</i>), ligk zien groetste belaankstèlling bij traditioneel minder hoeg aongesjreve genres. Same mèt librettis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_da_Ponte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo da Ponte (nog neet aangemaak)">Lorenzo da Ponte</a> sjrijf heer drei <i>opere buffe</i> (<i>Le nozze di Figaro</i>, <i>Don Giovanni</i> en <i>Così fan tutte</i>). Ouch zörg heer veur de emancipatie vaan 't Duitstaoleg <i>Singspiel</i>, mèt <i>Die Entführung aus dem Serail</i> meh veural <i>Die Zauberflöte</i>, stökker die repertoir höbbe gehawwe. Heimet had 'r bezunder groeten invlood op componiste nao häöm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negentienden_iew">Negentienden iew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Negentienden iew" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=23" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Negentienden iew"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italië_3"><span id="Itali.C3.AB_3"></span>Italië</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Italië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=24" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Italië"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:GiorcesRossini1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GiorcesRossini1.jpg/220px-GiorcesRossini1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GiorcesRossini1.jpg/330px-GiorcesRossini1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GiorcesRossini1.jpg/440px-GiorcesRossini1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1538" /></a><figcaption>Gioacchino Rossini, componis vaan väöl populair <i>opere buffe</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Es 't typ vaan d'n opera seria laankzaamaon verwatert, koume ouch in Italië mingvörm aon de oppervlaakde. De bekinsten operacomponis vaan Italië weurt vaanaof zie debuut in 1810 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioachino_Rossini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioachino Rossini (nog neet aangemaak)">Gioachino Rossini</a> (1792-1868). Heer sjrijf zoewel komische es irnstege opera's, meh ziene stijl is veural dee vaan d'n opera buffa. Nog ummertouw dominere virtuoos aria's die de zengers in 't leech mote zètte, meh de vörmvereiste zien neet zoe streng mie. Koere en emsembles weure algemein touwgelaote. Rossini weurt ouch boete Italië hendeg populair; vaanaof 1824 vesteg heer ziech in Paries, boe zien opera's oonder dudeleke Fransen invlood koume.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italië zelf kaome twie aander componiste op de veurgroond, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaetano_Donizetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaetano Donizetti (nog neet aangemaak)">Gaetano Donizetti</a> (1797-1848) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Bellini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincenzo Bellini (nog neet aangemaak)">Vincenzo Bellini</a> (1801-1835). Ouch zij componere zoewel opere buffe es opere serie. De negentienden-iewsen <i>opera seria</i> evels liekent neet op de awwer. De vaste karakters zien gans verdwene, zoe good wie d'n iewege wijze voors dee vergief. 't Verhaol späölt miestens neet mie in de ajdheid en is neet mie gemeind um 'ne betaolenden edelmaan nao de moond te praote. Ouch typerend is tot 't recitatief verdwijnt (al kump 't bij dees componiste nog wel veur) en vervaange weurt door de scena. Dit weurt 't model wat d'n Italiaansen opera de gansen iew zal aonhaange.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaanaof 't midde vaan d'n iew weurt <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> (1813-1901) de groete maan vaan 't genre. Ziene vreugen opera <i>Nabucco</i> weurt in 1842 direk e nationaol succes, umtot 'r inspäölt op nationalistische geveules die op dat memint in joonk Italië leefde. Mèt de volgende bereik heer geliekaardege sucesse. Zien ierste opera's (oongeveer tot 1850) zètte de trends ingezat oonder Rossini, Donizetti en Bellini wijer, allewel tot ze in hun soms oetgesproke sumpel doorziechtegheid al dudelek get vaan 'nen eige stijl laote zien. Nao deen tied geit heer laankzaam meh zeker euver de grenze vaan de traditioneel opera's heer: de contoure vaan aria's weure vager. Ouch verdwijnt 't klassiek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel_canto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bel canto (nog neet aangemaak)">bel canto</a>: aria's weure minder virtuoos, mie touwgerös op 't drama en 't karakter wat ze zingk, in plaots vaan showstökker veur zengers. Ouch vertuine Verdi zien lèste opera's ummer mie chromatiek; dewijl de zaanklijne gooddeils diatonisch blieve, zit de begeleiing vol tössedominante en gealtereerde toene. Dees lèste twie veranderinge wieze op d'n invlood vaan Wagner (zuug oonder). <i>Aida</i>, wel Verdi ziene bekindsten opera, is e good veurbeeld.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De veurnaomste kritiek die Verdi zien tiedgenoete op de componis hadde betrof neet de meziek meh de verhaole. Bekaans alle opera's tot daan touw, meinde me, späölde ziech väöls te wied vaan de gewoene belevingswereld aof. (Dees kritiek betrof veural Verdi, umtot neve häöm jaorelaank geinen aanderen Italiaanse componis wezelek succes had.) Me wouw libretti euver gewoen lui. Eine vaan de ierste bekind gewore opera's die dao-aon voldege waor <i>Cavalleria rusticana</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Mascagni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Mascagni (nog neet aangemaak)">Pietro Mascagni</a> (1863-1945). Dit werk späölt in boeremilieus en vèlt muzikaol veural op door zien awwerwèts idioom. Dèks in eine zin mèt Mascagni weurt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruggiero_Leoncavallo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruggiero Leoncavallo (nog neet aangemaak)">Ruggiero Leoncavallo</a> geneump, mèt zienen opera <i>I Pagliacci</i>. De beweging nao opera's mèt natuurleker verhaole euver alledaogser situaties weurt <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verisme (nog neet aangemaak)">verisme</a></i> geneump. </p><p>Väöl groeter es Mascagni en Leoncavallo, jeh eve groet es Verdi, weurt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Puccini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Puccini (nog neet aangemaak)">Giacomo Puccini</a> (1858-1924). Hiel bekind weurt beveurbeeld <i>La Bohème</i> oet 1896, euver 'n gróp ermeleke Pariese kunstenere. Allewel tot Puccini soms dudelek experimenteert mèt de hermenie, zien zien opera's op d'n door toch oetgesproke awwerwèts te neume. Bij zienen doed liet heer ziene lèsten opera <i>Turandot</i> incompleet achter.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duitse_len/Duits_Riek"><span id="Duitse_len.2FDuits_Riek"></span>Duitse len/Duits Riek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Duitse len/Duits Riek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=25" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Duitse len/Duits Riek"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Siegfried.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Siegfried.jpg/220px-Siegfried.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Siegfried.jpg/330px-Siegfried.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Siegfried.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Heldetenor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gudehus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Gudehus (nog neet aangemaak)">Heinrich Gudehus</a> es Siegfried oet Wagner ziene <i>Ring des Nibelungen</i>, dee 't zweerd Notung smeit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Versjèllende vreugromantische componiste in de Duitse len hele ziech mèt opera bezeg, al laog in Wene nog ummer (of obbenuits) de publieke intrèsse bij Italiaansen opera. De opera's vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Schubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Schubert (nog neet aangemaak)">Franz Schubert</a> (1797-1828) hadde in zienen tied nog minder succes es zien aander werk en weure ouch allewijl nog koelek opgeveurd.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 't Werk vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Spohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Spohr (nog neet aangemaak)">Louis Spohr</a> (1784-1859) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=E.T.A._Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.T.A. Hoffmann (nog neet aangemaak)">E.T.A. Hoffmann</a> (1776-1822) stoont in de negentienden iew in hoeg aonzien meh heet ouch gei rippertoir gehawwe.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De groetste componis vaan Duitse opera's in dezen tied is evels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Maria_von_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Maria von Weber (nog neet aangemaak)">Carl Maria von Weber</a> (1786-1826). Naodat dee mèt zie vreug werk <i>Silvana</i> (1810) al de aondach had getrokke, braok heer in 1823 ech door mèt <i>Der Freischütz</i>. Väöl aon dezen opera is oetgesproke Duits en oetgesproke romantisch; zoe woort 't werk ouch begrepe. 't Libretto besjrijf 'n bijgluiveg verhaol gebaseerd op 'n middeliewse legende, wat de componis aonleiing gief tot sinistere meziek en volksleedechtege aria's. Ouch doorbrik Weber 't traditioneel recitatief-ariapaar door ouch begeleid recitatief, arioso en melodrama-echtege meziek in te veuge. Tot slot begint heer leidmotieve touw te passe.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al dees innovaties en eigenaardeghede zien direk vaan invlood op en vaan belaank veur <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (1813-1883), de belaankrieksten Duitsen operacomponis vaan zienen iew en eine vaan de mies vernuiende en invloodrieke componiste oets. Wagner, dee oet 'n theaterfemilie kaom en zoe al vaan keendsbein aof mèt opera te make had, waor gei woonderkeend. In de jaore 1830 sjrijf heer drei opera's, die wel al de thematische veurkäöre vaan de latere Wagner verraoje, meh neet geniaol of vernuiend te neume zien. Toch haolt <i>Rienzi</i> in 1842 al groete successe. 't Genie vertuint ziech veur 't iers in zie volgend werk, <i>Der fliegende Holländer</i>. Hei-in zèt Wagner 'n lijn in die heer zal doortrèkke in de volgende opera's: <i>Tannhäuser</i> en <i>Lohengrin</i>. Nog mie es zien tiedgenoete heet heer de neiging gans mèt 't recitatief aof te rekene en ouch ensembles, koere en aria's inein te integrere. <i>Der Holländer</i> is nog dudelek 'ne nommeropera, <i>Tannhäuser</i> weurt e twievelgeval en in <i>Lohengrin</i> is de meziek door de ganse ak heer aoneingekloonke. Wagner neump de lèste twie werke <i>romantische opera's</i>. Wat ouch opvèlt is de ummer gedörfder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromatiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromatiek (nog neet aangemaak)">chromatiek</a>, die aon Beethoven rappeleert - alle componiste vaan zienen tied doen dat wel, meh wienege goon zoe wied wie Wagner. </p><p>Dees trends weure in de volgende jaore wijergezat in twie nui werke, <i>Tristan und Isolde</i> en <i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>. 't Lèste werk is zelfs 'n tetralogie (veerluik) die veer aovende doort um op te veure. De chromatiek weurt noe nog wijer opgeveurd, mèt ingriepende dissonante (<i>Tristan</i>-akkaord) en 'n neiging um d'n einen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominant_(meziek)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominant (meziek) (nog neet aangemaak)">dominant</a> in d'n aandere te doen euvergoon (en neet nao d'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonica (nog neet aangemaak)">tonica</a> op te losse). Veural in de <i>Ring</i> weurt noe veur 't iers consequent gebruuk gemaak vaan leidmotieve, muzikaol fragminte die nao 'n figuur of e begrip verwieze. Veur zoewied 't nog restante vaan nommers gaof, zien die noe gans verdwene. Wagner hèlt daorum op zien werke opera's te neume, meh sprik in plaots daovaan vaan <i>meziekdrama's</i>. Nao de <i>Ring</i> zouw Wagner nog twie opera's sjrieve. De ierste is de kemikken opera <i>Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</i>, e nog relatief traditioneel werk boe-in heer gein gaode of helde meh gewoen lui deit optrejje, d'n twieden is <i>Parsifal</i>. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayreuth (nog neet aangemaak)">Bayreuth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beiere" title="Beiere">Beiere</a>) deit heer e speciaol theater bouwe um zien opera's op te veure. </p><p>Nao d'n doed vaan Wagner veel 't Duits operaleve gooddeils stèl; componiste voonte 't lesteg um in ziene sjeem nog get vaan belaank te componere. 'nen Opera dee repertoir heet gehawwe is <i>Hänsel und Gretel</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Humperdinck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (nog neet aangemaak)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraankriek_3">Fraankriek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Fraankriek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=26" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fraankriek"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg/220px-Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg/330px-Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg/440px-Carmen_1875_Act1_lithograph_Lamy_NGO1p736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="1651" /></a><figcaption>Beeld oet de ierste ak vaan <i>Carmen</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Fraankriek hèlt ziech de inheimse operatraditie wie bove besjreve. Neve dees <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trag%C3%A9die_lyrique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tragédie lyrique (nog neet aangemaak)">tragédie lyrique</a></i> weurt in de negentienden iew evels 'n aander typ opera vaan ummer mie belaank, d'n <i>opéra comique</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemikken_opera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemikken opera (nog neet aangemaak)">kemikken opera</a>). Aonvenkelek is dit inderdaod e liechter soort opera, mèt daobij ouch väöl gesproke teks; later in d'n iew geit deze vörm evels zoe'n eige leve leie tot ouch zier serjeus (en gans gezoonge) opera's (dink aon de <i>Carmen</i>) dee naom goon drage. Ouch is, zij 't tijdelek, de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand-op%C3%A9ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand-opéra (nog neet aangemaak)">grand-opéra</a></i> vaan groet belaank. </p><p>In de revolutionairen en Napoleontischen tied weurt de Franse operabuun nog gedomineerd door Italiaone, te weite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Cherubini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Cherubini (nog neet aangemaak)">Luigi Cherubini</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasparo_Spontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gasparo Spontini (nog neet aangemaak)">Gasparo Spontini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ouch later koume in Paries nog gere Italiaonse componiste aon 't werk, wie d'n al geneumde Rossini. 'nen Inheimse componis vaan einege naom in dezelfden tied waor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Auber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Auber (nog neet aangemaak)">Daniel Auber</a> (1782-1871). In de jaore 1830 en 1840 evels kump de zoezjus geneumde grand-opéra tot volle bleuj, mèt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Meyerbeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer (nog neet aangemaak)">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a> (1791-1864) es groetste componis. Dees opera's kinmerke ziech door e historisch verhaol mèt dèks 'n dudeleke liberaol laojing (de werke waore daan ouch veur e börgerlek publiek gemeind), wat es vehikel deent veur gruutse massascènes. Zoe'n scènes weure gemeinelek begeleid mèt sumpele, sterk ritmische meziek. Allewel tot deze vörm vaan opera later oonder hendege kritiek zouw koume te stoon, spraok me entans in Fraankriek unaniem geunsteg euver Meyerbeer zie werk, in 't bezunder <i>Les Huguenots</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In d'n twieden hèlf vaan d'n iew raakde de Franse buun neet zoe sterk wie de Duitse of Italiaanse door eine componis gedomineerd. 'ne Nuien trend waor d'n <i>opera lyrique</i>, 'n besjeie reactie op de grand opéra. De <i>opéras lyriques</i> höbbe dèks literair sjablone en neujege neet oet tot euverdreve groete ensceneringe. De bekindsten exponent waor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gounod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gounod (nog neet aangemaak)">Charles Gounod</a> (1818-1893), ouch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambroise_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambroise Thomas (nog neet aangemaak)">Ambroise Thomas</a> (1811-1896) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Massenet (nog neet aangemaak)">Jules Massenet</a> kaome oonder de aondach. De bekindsten operacomponis is evels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Bizet (nog neet aangemaak)">Georges Bizet</a> (1838-1875), dee gere opera's euver exotische oonderwerpe sjrijf.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziene <i>Carmen</i>, allewijl de mies opgeveurden opera vaan allemaol, dreug nog de naom <i>opéra comique</i>, meh kint zeker gei komisch verhaol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operèt"><span id="Oper.C3.A8t"></span>Operèt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Operèt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=27" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Operèt"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plaetje:Orpheus1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Orpheus1858.jpg/220px-Orpheus1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Orpheus1858.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Plakkaot vaan <i>Orphée aux enfers</i> vaan Offenbach, de ierste succesvol operèt.</figcaption></figure> <p>'t Frans woord <i>opérette</i> bestoont al langer en beteikende sumpelweg 'kleinen opera'. Dit sloog gewoen op de lèngde vaan 't stök; euver 't karakter vaan de intrige zag 't niks. Wat veer allewijl 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oper%C3%A8t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operèt (nog neet aangemaak)">operèt</a> neume, e komisch, löchteg, opera-echteg werk mèt es regel gesproke dialoog, oontstoont midde negentienden iew in Fraankriek, en wel bij <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a> (1819-1880). Heer zelf neump zien werke nog <i>opéras comiques</i>, en inderdaod zien ze oet dat genre oontstande, meh de stijl is aanders: mèt zien sumpel, leed-echtege aria's en modieus (soms seksueel gelaoje) danse rappeleert dit genre aon de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaudeville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaudeville (nog neet aangemaak)">vaudeville</a>. Offenbach zien ierste groet succes weurt <i>Orphée aux enfers</i> (1858, mèt de bereumde can-can); later triomfe veert heer mèt <i>La belle Hélène</i> (1864) en <i>La vie parisienne</i> (1866). In 1881 geit nog postuum <i>Les contes de Hofmann</i> in premièr. Boete amusemint lievere dees operèttes ouch sociaol satire. </p><p>Vaanaof de jaore 1870 sleit de Parijse operèt euver nao <a href="/wiki/Wene" title="Wene">Wene</a>. 't Is veural <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Strau%C3%9F_jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Strauß jr. (nog neet aangemaak)">Johann Strauß jr.</a> (1825-1899) dee bekind weurt mèt werke wie <i>Der Fledermaus</i>. E bitteke in ziene sjeem maak ouch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_von_Supp%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz von Suppé (nog neet aangemaak)">Franz von Suppé</a> (1815-1899) naom. Ze kriege hiel väöl naovolgers en Wene zal in dezen tied de hoofstad vaan de operèt weure. Nao Strauß zienen doed nump <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Leh%C3%A1r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Lehár (nog neet aangemaak)">Franz Lehár</a> (1870-1948) zien leiende positie euver. Ouch nao d'n <a href="/wiki/Ierste_Wereldoorlog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ierste Wereldoorlog">Ierste Wereldoorlog</a> blieve operètte versjijne, beveurbeeld vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmerich_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmerich Kálmán (nog neet aangemaak)">Emmerich Kálmán</a> (1882-1953). Vaanaof 1899 (<i>Frau Luna</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lincke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Lincke (nog neet aangemaak)">Paul Lincke</a>) kump ouch in <a href="/wiki/Berlien" title="Berlien">Berlien</a> 'n traditie op. Zoewel de Weense es de Berliensen opera vertuine in de jaore daarteg sterken invlood vaan <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, boedoor dees operètte wie musicals aondoen. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Groet-Brittanni%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Groet-Brittannië">Groet-Brittannië</a> kump ouch liech meziektheater op, meh in de Victoriaanse cultuur vaan preutsheid is 't woord <i>operèt</i> väöls te zwoer belas: 't weurt al te sterk geassocieerd mèt 't Paries nachleve. Hei sprik me liever vaan <i>comic operas</i> of <i>savoy operas</i>, nao 't Londes <i>Savoy Theatre</i> boe de werke in premièr goon. Savoy operas weure gesjreve door 't duo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_%26_Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert & Sullivan (nog neet aangemaak)">Gilbert & Sullivan</a>, wat besteit oet librettis W.S. Gilbert (1836-1911) en componis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Sullivan (nog neet aangemaak)">Arthur Sullivan</a> (1842-1900). Hun werke zien dèks euverdudeleke sociaol satires, verpak in 'n exotische of spreukskesechtege situering. </p><p>Tot slot oontsteit, tegen 't ind vaan de negentienden iew, in de <a href="/wiki/Vereinegde_Staote" class="mw-redirect" title="Vereinegde Staote">Vereinegde Staote</a> ouch 'n soort liech meziektheater: de <a href="/wiki/Musical" title="Musical">musical</a>. De ierste musicals lieke sterk op operèttes, meh in de loup vaan d'n twintegsten iew zal dit genre zien eige leve goon leie en in de ganse westerse meziekwereld populair weure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twintegsten_en_einentwintegsten_iew">Twintegsten en einentwintegsten iew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Twintegsten en einentwintegsten iew" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=28" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Twintegsten en einentwintegsten iew"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tot_1914">Tot 1914</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Tot 1914" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=29" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Tot 1914"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wie heibove al dudelek woort, waor de Fransen opera (en de Franse meziek in 't algemein) neet direk vernuiend. Veuraonstoonde componiste waore soms oetgesproke reactonair en zatte ziech sterk aof tege d'n invlood vaan Wagner. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Debussy (nog neet aangemaak)">Claude Debussy</a> (1862-1918) daorentege tuinde ziech es twinteger al fan vaan Wagner. Tegeliek pasde heer wel op um neet wie de Duitse avant-garde te klinke en zoch heer zien eige klaanktaol. Zienen insegste completen opera, <i>Pelléas et Mélisande</i>, góng in 1902 in premièr nao jaorelaank meujelek werk. De meziek is typisch veur Debussy: 't orkes vèlt in e väölkleureg klaankspeul oeterein, de hermenieë zien oongebrukelek en dèks neet-functioneel, de melodieë zien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modaole_meziek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modaole meziek (nog neet aangemaak)">modaol</a>. De structuur evels rappeleert bij naoder inzien sterk aon de late Wagner: de meziek kump in 'ne constante luip veurbij (<i>unendliche Melodie</i>) en kint niks vaan aria's of ensembles, en versjèllende leidmotieve zien te oontdèkke. </p><p>Ouch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Strauss (nog neet aangemaak)">Richard Strauss</a> (1864-1949) zit mèt 't probleem vaan oonder de dominantie vaan Wagner oet te koume, meh aanders es Debussy perbeert heer veural de lijne vaan Wagner wijer door te trèkke. Dit beteikent: 'n nog wijer goonde hermenie, die in de buurt vaan atonaliteit kump, 'n extreem diechheid vaan leidmotieve en 'n veurleefde veur extreem emotioneel thema's. Wijer vèlt op tot heer de ouvertuur aofdaank en, wie in e gewoen speul, direk mèt 't drama begint. <i>Salome</i> (1905) meh veural <i>Elektra</i> (1909) valle in dees categorie. Nao <i>Elektra</i> geit heer weer (väöl) traditioneler componere; <i>Der Rosenkavalier</i> (1911) rappeleert zelfs sterk aon de walse en operètte vaan ziene naomgenoet Johann Strauß (gein femilie). Ouch zien later opera's höbbe niks avant-gardistisch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interbellum">Interbellum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Interbellum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=30" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Interbellum"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In d'n tied tot Strauss mèt d'n <i>Elektra</i> kump, sjrijf <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg">Arnold Schönberg</a> (1874-1951) de ierste ech <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atonaole_meziek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atonaole meziek (nog neet aangemaak)">atonaol</a> werke. Echte opera's zien dao nog neet bij, meh 't <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monodrama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monodrama (nog neet aangemaak)">monodrama</a> <i>Erwartung</i> (ouch 1909) en 't symboolspeul <i>Die glückliche Hand</i> (1913) höbbe wel 'n operatisch karakter. 'nen Echten opera sjrijf wel ziene lierling <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alban_Berg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alban Berg (nog neet aangemaak)">Alban Berg</a> (1885-1935), dee in 1925 mèt <i>Wozzeck</i> kump. Typisch aon dezen opera is, boete de meziek, veural d'n opbouw vaan de akte en scènes, die is geïnspireerd op vörm oet d'n absolute meziek wie de symfonie, de variatie of de inventie. Oondaanks zien avant-gardistisch karakter weurt dezen opera e groet succes. Bij zienen doed is Berg nog bezeg aon 'nen twieden opera, <i>Lulu</i>. Dezen opera is al in 't <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelftoenssysteem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twelftoenssysteem (nog neet aangemaak)">twelftoenssysteem</a> gesjreve. Ouch Schönberg waog ziech nog aon 'nen echten opera in zien eige twelftoenssysteem, <i>Moses und Aron</i> (nao 1932 gooddeils oonvoltoejd achtergelaote). </p><p>Väöl populairder en väöl talrieker evels zien in 't <a href="/wiki/Interbellum" title="Interbellum">Interbellum</a> de <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicisme" title="Neoclassicisme">neoklassieke</a> componiste. Väöl vaan hun hele ziech bezeg mèt opera; dèks waore barokke en klassieke componiste daoveur de inspiratie. Vermeldensweerd zien veural de werke vaan <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinski" title="Igor Stravinski">Igor Stravinski</a> (1882-1971), de veurmaan vaan de neoklassieke beweging. Kinmerkend aon zien opera's is de relatief statische formuul, boebij heer 't dramatische oet de weeg geit en boebij e deil vaan de handeling weurt vervaange door veurdrach en/of dans. In 1918 geit zien <i>Histoire du soldat</i> in premièr. Mesjiens wel belaankrieker is 't oratorium-echteg <i>Oedipus Rex</i> (1927), op e Latiens libretto. 'nen Aandere groeten operacomponis oet de neoklassieken hook is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hindemith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Hindemith (nog neet aangemaak)">Paul Hindemith</a> (1895-1963), dee 't sterk historiserend werk <i>Mathis der Maler</i> (1935) sjreef. </p><p>Väöl positief aondach geit oet nao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Sjostakovitsj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Sjostakovitsj (nog neet aangemaak)">Dmitri Sjostakovitsj</a> (1906-1975) zienen opera <i>Lady Macbeth vaan Mtensk</i>, in <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a> in premièr gegaange. Es twie jaor later 't werk evels kritiek krijg in de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravda (nog neet aangemaak)">Pravda</a></i> (in 'n artikel mesjiens door <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Stalin" title="Jozef Stalin">Stalin</a> zelf gesjreve), moot heer 't tröktrèkke. 'n Saortgelieke censuur zal componiste in de Sovjet-Unie nog laank achtervolge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Avant-garde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=31" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Avant-garde"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'t Neoclassicisme blijf tot kort nao d'n oorlog in de belaankstèlling stoon, meh weurt in de jaore 1950 in hoeg tempo awwerwèts wienie de nao-oorlogse avant-garde doorbrik. De veurlui vaan 't <a href="/wiki/Serialisme" title="Serialisme">serialisme</a> en aander modernistische struiminge hawwe ziech aonvenkelek evels neet zoe mèt opera bezeg meh sjrieve ieder korte werke. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Nono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Nono (nog neet aangemaak)">Luigi Nono</a> (1924-1990) sjrijf wel 'ne seriëlen opera <i>Intolleranza 1960</i>, en weurt in 1965 in dit veurbeeld gevolg door <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Alois_Zimmermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernd Alois Zimmermann (nog neet aangemaak)">Bernd Alois Zimmermann</a> (1918-1970), dee zien <i>Die Soldaten</i> zeker nao vörm sterk rappeleert aon <i>Wozzeck</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinds_1970">Sinds 1970</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Sinds 1970" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=32" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Sinds 1970"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nao 1970 geit de nao-oorlogse avant-garde nao d'n achtergroond. Versjèllende stijle geassocieerd mèt <a href="/wiki/Postmodernisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernisme">postmodernisme</a> numme noe de aondacht in, beveurbeeld de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimal music (nog neet aangemaak)">minimal music</a>. Ouch dees struiming begint besjeie mèt korte werke, meh ind jaore zeveteg begint <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> (*1937) ziech veur opera te intrèssere. Zien ierste werk op dat gebeed, <i>Einstein on the Beach</i> oet 1975, is geinen echten opera: in plaots vaan traditioneel handeling is eder scène e statisch tableau boe-in de zaank ziech beperk tot solmisatiesyllabe en 't oettèlle vaan maote. Muzikaol huurt 't nog tot de echte minimal music, mèt extreem väöl herholinge en extreem wieneg muzikaol materiaol. <i>Einstein</i> is t ierste deil vaan e dreiluik euver bekinde persoene, meh de opvolgers <i>Satyagraha</i> (euver <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>) en <i>Akhnaten</i> zien väöl traditioneler, zoewel muzikaol (minder minimalistisch) es dramatisch (mier echte handeling). Glass blijf daonao opera's sjrieve. </p><p>Opzien baort ouch <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (1928-2007). Oondaanks tot heer de veurnaomste persoen vaan de nao-oorlogse avant-garde waor, heet heer ziech neet ieder aon opera's gewaog; vaanaof ind jaore zeveteg evels begint heer aon 'n heptalogie, <i><a href="/wiki/Licht_(Stockhausen)" title="Licht (Stockhausen)">Licht</a></i>, boevaan de opveuring zeve aovende in beslaag zouw mote numme. In 2003 kump dit opus magnum klaor. Licht is neet in de strikte seriële stijl vaan de maan zien awwer werk gesjreve meh gebruuk 't zoegenaomp formulaïsch princiep, wie al 't later werk vaan Stockhausen. Evezoe kump in <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a> 'nen aandere meister vaan dezelfde generatie, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (1925-2003), mèt zienen opera <i>Un re in ascolto</i>. </p><p>'t Veurbeeld vaan Glass vaan 'nen opera euver de recinte historie inspireerde <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(componis)" title="John Adams (componis)">John Adams</a> (*1947) tot <i>Nixon in China</i> (1987), 'nen opera euver 't staotsbezeuk vaan Richard Nixon aon 't China vaan Mao in 1972. Ouch de later opera's vaan Adams zien in dee geis gesjreve, beveurbeeld <i>Doctor Atomic</i> oet 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_de_popmeziek">In de popmeziek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Deilpagina bewirke: In de popmeziek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=33" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: In de popmeziek"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de <a href="/wiki/Popmeziek" title="Popmeziek">popmeziek</a> weurt soms vaan opera's gesproke; 't betröf daan albums mèt e samehaangend verhaol en in princiep versjèllende zengers die rolle op ziech numme. De ierste plaat die es <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rockopera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rockopera (nog neet aangemaak)">rockopera</a></i> bekind kaom te stoon waor <i>Tommy</i> (1969) vaan <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>, al weurt <i>S.F. Sorrow</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pretty_Things&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pretty Things (nog neet aangemaak)">The Pretty Things</a> (oet 1968) ouch geneump.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deze band maakde later nog zoe e werk, <i>Quadrophenia</i> (1973). In de jaore '70, wie de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressieve_rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progressieve rock (nog neet aangemaak)">progressieve rock</a>, dee toen in de mode waor, ziech sterk en eupelek op klassieke veurbeelder riechde, sloog 't genre aon. Neve The Who kaom ouch <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> mèt 'ne rockopera, <i>The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars</i> (1972). 't Genre waor wijer vaan invlood op de musical (<i>Jesus Christ Superstar</i> oet 1970, vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Lloyd_Webber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber (nog neet aangemaak)">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>, is e good veurbeeld). </p><p>Ouch boete de rock heet me inspiratie gezoch bij d'n opera. <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%26b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R&b (nog neet aangemaak)">R&b</a>-zenger <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Kelly (nog neet aangemaak)">R. Kelly</a> zien albumserie <i>Trapped in the closet</i> is ouch es opera umsjreve (<i>hip-hopera</i>, <i>urban operèt</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allewel tot 't ieder 'nen epische (vertèllende) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leedcyclus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leedcyclus (nog neet aangemaak)">leedcyclus</a> is es 'nen dramatischen (op rollespeul gebaseerden) opera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinesen_opera">Chinesen opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Chinesen opera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=34" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Chinesen opera"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neet allein in de Westerse meziek gief 't opera's, ouch in de Chinese cultuur koume <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinesen_opera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinesen opera (nog neet aangemaak)">zoe'n buunwerke</a> veur. Sterker nog: vaanajds weure alle Chinese speule gezoonge. Hei kint me dus gei versjèl tösse <i>opera</i> en <i>speul</i>. Opera's zien bekind vaanaof d'n <a href="/wiki/Daarden_iew" class="mw-redirect" title="Daarden iew">daarden iew</a> nao Christus. In de loup vaan de iewe höbbe ziech versjèllende regionaol stijle oontwikkeld; de Pekingopera is de bekindste, dewijl ouch de Kantonesen opera vaan groet cultureel belaank is. De handeling is mime-echteg en nao westerse begrippe statisch. De zaankpartije ligke hoeg: manslui zinge dèks in falsètstum, vrouwlui gebruke de hoegste toene vaan hun bereik. De begeleiing is ritmisch en contrasteert mèt de vleujende zaanklijne. Chinese opera's höbbe ziech ouch in d'n twintegsten iew vrij good kinne hawwe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rifferenties">Rifferenties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Deilpagina bewirke: Rifferenties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewirk</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=35" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Rifferenties"><span>brón bewèrke</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dink aon de werke vaan <a href="/wiki/Alphons_Olterdissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphons Olterdissen">Alphons</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guus_Olterdissen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guus Olterdissen (nog neet aangemaak)">Guus Olterdissen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beveurbeeld <i>Apollo et Hyacinthus</i> vaan Mozart en <i>Oedipus Rex</i> vaan <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinski" title="Igor Stravinski">Stravinski</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Satyagraha</i> vaan Glass</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Akhnaten</i> vaan Glass, neve Biebels <a href="/wiki/Hebreeuws" title="Hebreeuws">Hebreeuws</a> en <a href="/wiki/Egyptisch" title="Egyptisch">Egyptisch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>’u’</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eef_van_Breen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eef van Breen (nog neet aangemaak)">Eef van Breen</a>, op e libretto vaan Kees Ligtelijn en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Orkrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Orkrand (nog neet aangemaak)">Mark Orkrand</a> zelf: zuug de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526023310/http://www.u-theopera.org/">website vaan d'n opera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Apera</i> vaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huba_de_Graaff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huba de Graaff (nog neet aangemaak)">Huba de Graaff</a> op e libretto vaan Erik-Ward Geerlings. Zuug Guido van Oorschot, "Ze zingen als apen, die heren" in: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkskrant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkskrant (nog neet aangemaak)">Volkskrant</a></i> 10 oktober 2013: p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 22-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 25-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 26-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 50-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 187-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 199-202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 189-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 216-8; p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h232-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-h232_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-h232_16-1">16,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hill (2005): p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 233-41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 375-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 273-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hill (2005): pp. 277-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 312-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 313-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 382 vv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 387-9, 396-406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): p. 423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): p. 425-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 428-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2005): pp. 404, 414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 130-7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 137-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 299-323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 323-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 151-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 153-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 156-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 143-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 168-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantinga (1984): pp. 331-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lust for Life 049 (aprèl 2015): p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/us-news-blog/2012/oct/17/r-kelly-trapped-closet-hi-hopera-ifc">The Guardian - R Kelly 'hip-hopera' Trapped in the Closet returns to reward faithful fans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifc.com/fix/2011/02/trapped-in-the-closet-with-r-k">IFC.com - “Trapped In The Closet” With R. Kelly Forever</a></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Aafkomstig van Wikipedia, de Vriej Encyclopedie. 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