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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_Ceylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Ceylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dutch Ceylon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Ceylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kandyan_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandyan_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kandyan Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandyan_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kandyan_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandyan_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kandyan Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandyan_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Uva_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Uva_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Uva Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Uva_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>British rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Independence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Governors_of_Ceylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Governors_of_Ceylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>British Governors of Ceylon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Governors_of_Ceylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Armed forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Ceylon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سيلان البريطانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيلان البريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্রিটিশ সিলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ সিলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisch-Ceylon" title="Britisch-Ceylon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britisch-Ceylon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceil%C3%A1n_brit%C3%A1nico" title="Ceilán británico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ceilán británico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylan_britannique" title="Ceylan britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ceylan britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%EB%A0%B9_%EC%8B%A4%EB%A1%A0" title="영국령 실론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국령 실론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Britania" title="Ceylon Britania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ceylon Britania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_britannica" title="Ceylon britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ceylon britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ציילון הבריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציילון הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბრიტანული ცეილონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიტანული ცეილონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Британски Цејлон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Британски Цејлон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailan_British" title="Sailan British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sailan British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Ceylon" title="Brits-Ceylon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brits-Ceylon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E9%A0%98%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="イギリス領セイロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス領セイロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_Seyloni" title="Britaniya Seyloni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Britaniya Seyloni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceil%C3%A3o_brit%C3%A2nico" title="Ceilão britânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ceilão britânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Британский Цейлон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британский Цейлон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Ceylon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittil%C3%A4inen_Ceylon" title="Brittiläinen Ceylon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brittiläinen Ceylon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_Ceylon" title="Brittiska Ceylon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska Ceylon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="பிரித்தானிய இலங்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிய இலங்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="บริติชซีลอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริติชซีลอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_Seylan%C4%B1" title="Britanya Seylanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya Seylanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Британський Цейлон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британський Цейлон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="برطانوی سیلون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانوی سیلون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADch_Lan_thu%E1%BB%99c_Anh" title="Tích Lan thuộc Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tích Lan thuộc Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%8C%AB%E8%98%AD" title="英屬錫蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英屬錫蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%8C%AB%E8%98%AD" title="英屬錫蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英屬錫蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q918153#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=British_Ceylon&params=7_N_80_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°N</span> <span class="longitude">80°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7°N 80°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7; 80</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Crown colony (1796–1948); now Sri Lanka</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">British Settlements and Territories in the Island of Ceylon with its Dependencies<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1802–1833)</span></span><hr />Island of Ceylon and its Territories and Dependencies<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1833–1931)</span></span><hr />Island of Ceylon and its Dependencies<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1931–1948)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1796–1948</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ceylon_(1875%E2%80%931948).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ceylon"><img alt="Flag of Ceylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_British_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of British Ceylon">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_Ceylon_(1875%E2%80%931948).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ceylon"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ceylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Badge_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/85px-Badge_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Badge_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/128px-Badge_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Badge_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/170px-Badge_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Sri Lanka"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> (1796–1837; 1901–1948)<br /><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the Queen</a> (1837–1901)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceylon_(ca_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British Ceylon map, published in Leipzig, c. 1914"><img alt="British Ceylon map, published in Leipzig, c. 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ceylon_%28ca_1914%29.jpg/250px-Ceylon_%28ca_1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ceylon_%28ca_1914%29.jpg/375px-Ceylon_%28ca_1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ceylon_%28ca_1914%29.jpg/500px-Ceylon_%28ca_1914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1717" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">British Ceylon map, published in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1914</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon_(1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Ceylon (1795)">1795/96</a> – 12 October 1798)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a> & <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company</a> dual control<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(12 October 1798 – 1 January 1802)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">25 March 1802</a> – 4 February 1948)</span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815–1820 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1820–1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1830–1837 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1837–1901 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1901–1910 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910–1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1798–1805 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_5th_Earl_of_Guilford" title="Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford">Frederick North</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1944–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Monck-Mason_Moore" title="Henry Monck-Mason Moore">Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake" title="D. S. Senanayake">Don Stephen Senanayake</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Legislative Council of Ceylon">Legislative Council</a> <small>(1833–1931)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Ceylon" title="State Council of Ceylon">State Council</a> <small>(1931–47)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ceylon" title="Parliament of Ceylon">Parliament</a> <small>(1947–48)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Capture of Dutch Ceylon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 March 1796</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment of dual administration </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1798</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Proclamation of the Crown Colony</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Signing of Kandyan Convention</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1948</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1946<sup id="cite_ref-TheEmpirein1924_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEmpirein1924-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">65,993 km<sup>2</sup> (25,480 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1827<sup id="cite_ref-cicred_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicred-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">889,584<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1901<sup id="cite_ref-cicred_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicred-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,565,954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946<sup id="cite_ref-cicred_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicred-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,657,339</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceylonese_rixdollar" title="Ceylonese rixdollar">Ceylonese rixdollar</a> <small>(1815–28)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="British pound">British pound</a> <small>(1825–71)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Ceylonese rupee</a> <small>(1872–1948)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/20px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/30px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/40px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Pandara_Vanniyan.PNG/20px-Flag_of_Pandara_Vanniyan.PNG" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Pandara_Vanniyan.PNG/30px-Flag_of_Pandara_Vanniyan.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Pandara_Vanniyan.PNG/40px-Flag_of_Pandara_Vanniyan.PNG 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vanni_chieftaincies" title="Vanni chieftaincies">Vanni chieftaincies</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:History of Sri Lanka">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><small>Historical <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></small></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/150px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/225px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/300px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Kingdom of Tambapanni</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">543–437 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">437 BCE–1017 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura from Rohana</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1017–1055</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Kingdom of Polonnaruwa</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1055–1232</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Kingdom of Dambadeniya</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1232–1341</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Kingdom of Gampola</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1341–1371</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kingdom of Kotte</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1371–1597</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1232–1620</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Kingdom of Sitawaka</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1521–1594</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1469–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1597–1658</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1658–1796</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1815–1948</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka since 1948</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1948–1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Republic of Sri Lanka</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1972–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" 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states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_former_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan former states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>British Ceylon</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">Britānya Laṃkāva</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">பிரித்தானிய இலங்கை</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Biritthāṉiya Ilaṅkai</i></span>), officially <b>British Settlements and Territories in the Island of Ceylon with its Dependencies</b> from 1802 to 1833,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then the <b>Island of Ceylon and its Territories and Dependencies</b> from 1833 to 1931<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally the <b>Island of Ceylon and its Dependencies</b> from 1931 to 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> between 1796 and 4 February 1948. Initially, the area it covered did not include the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a>, which was a protectorate,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but from 1817 to 1948 the <a href="/wiki/British_possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="British possessions">British possessions</a> included the whole island of Ceylon, now the nation of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. </p><p>The <b>British Ceylon period</b> is the history of Sri Lanka between 1815 and 1948. It follows the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandyan Kingdom</a> into the hands of the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-serendib_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serendib-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ended over 2300 years of Sinhalese monarchy rule on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British rule on the island lasted until 1948 when the country regained <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">independence</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periodization of Sri Lanka history: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#ffefef;"> <th>Dates</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Span (years)</th> <th>Subperiod</th> <th>Span (years)</th> <th>Main government </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">300,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>–~1000 BC </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistoric Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Stone Age">Stone Age</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>  </td> <td rowspan="2">300,000 </td> <td rowspan="3">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Bronze Age</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>~1000 BC–543 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Iron Age">Iron Age</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td> <td>457 </td></tr> <tr> <td>543 BC–437 BC </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>  </td> <td>106 </td> <td rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>437 BC–463 AD </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">1454 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Early_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anuradhapura period">Early Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>463–691 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Anuradhapura period">Middle Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td>228 </td></tr> <tr> <td>691–1017 </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Late_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Anuradhapura period">Late Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td>326 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1017–1070 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">215 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest</a> </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1055–1232 </td> <td>  </td> <td>177 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1232–1341 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">365 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dambadeniya_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambadeniya period">Dambadeniya</a> </td> <td>109 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1341–1412 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gampola_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gampola period">Gampola</a> </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1412–1592 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early Modern Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotte_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotte period">Kotte</a> </td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1592–1739 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">223 </td> <td>  </td> <td>147 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1739–1815 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nayakkar_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nayakkar period (page does not exist)">Nayakkar</a> </td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1815–1833 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">133 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-Kandyan_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-Kandyan period (page does not exist)">Post-Kandyan</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Colonial monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1833–1948 </td> <td>  </td> <td>115 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948–1972 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka since 1948</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">77 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Constitutional monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)#Republic_(1972–2009)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Republic</a> </td> <td>53 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Europeans to visit Ceylon in modern times were the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a> arrived in 1505, finding the island divided into seven warring kingdoms and unable to fend off intruders. The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592 the Sinhalese moved their capital to the inland city of <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, a location more secure against attack from invaders. Intermittent warfare continued through the 16th century. Many <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Lowland Ceylonese</a> were forced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> while the coastal <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a> were religiously persecuted and forced to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central highlands</a> while some of them desired to leave the country. The Buddhist majority disliked Portuguese occupation and its influences and welcomed any power who might rescue them and defeat the Portuguese. In 1602, therefore, when the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Joris_van_Spilbergen" title="Joris van Spilbergen">Joris van Spilbergen</a> landed, the king of Kandy appealed to him for help. </p><p>In 1669, the British sea captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Robert Knox</a> landed by chance on Ceylon and was captured by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kandyan_monarchs" title="List of Kandyan monarchs">king of Kandy</a>. He escaped 19 years later and wrote an account of his stay. This helped to bring the island to the attention of the British. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dutch Ceylon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon_(1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Ceylon (1795)">Invasion of Ceylon (1795)</a></div> <p>The island attracted the attention of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> when they were invited by the Sinhalese King to fight the Portuguese. It was in 1639 that the Dutch attacked in earnest but ended with an agreement (which was disrespected by both parties), and not until 1656 that Colombo fell. By 1660 the Dutch controlled the whole island except the kingdom of Kandy. The Dutch (who were Protestants) persecuted the Catholics (the left-over Portuguese settlers) but left the Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims alone. However, they taxed the people far more heavily than the Portuguese had done. A mixed Dutch-Sri Lankan people known as <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a> are the legacy of Dutch rule. </p><p>In the late 18th century the Dutch, weakened by their wars against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic France</a>, and their leaders became refugees in London. No longer able to govern their part of the island effectively, the Dutch transferred the rule of it to the British, although this was against the wishes of the Dutch residing there. The capture of the island immediately yielded £300,000 of money in goods, as well as the acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> plantations, making this a valuable venture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kandyan_Wars">Kandyan Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kandyan Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></div> <p>In 1803, as soon as Great Britain gained the European-controlled parts of Ceylon from the Dutch, they wanted to expand their new sphere of influence by making the native <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a> a protectorate, an offer initially refused by the King of Kandy. Although the previous Dutch administration had not been powerful enough to threaten the reign of the Kandyan Kings, the British were much more powerful. The Kandyan refusal to accept a protectorate led eventually (1803) to the 1st <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan War</a>, but was repulsed. In 1815 Kandy was captured in the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Second Kandyan War</a>, ending Ceylonese independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kandyan_Convention">Kandyan Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kandyan Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></div> <p>The rule of King Sri Vikrama Rajasinghe was not favoured by his chieftains. The king, who was of South Indian ancestry, faced powerful chieftains and sought cruel measures to repress their popularity with the people. A successful coup was organised by the Sinhala chiefs in which they accepted the British Crown as their new sovereign. This ended the line of the kingdom of Kandy and King Rajasinghe was taken as a prisoner, ending his hope that the British would allow him to retain power. The Kandyan treaty which was signed in 1815 was called the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a> and stated the terms under which the Kandyans would live as a British protectorate. The Buddhist religion was to be given protection by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, and Christianity would not be imposed on the population, as had happened during Portuguese and Dutch rule. The Kandyan Convention is an important legal document because it specifies the conditions which the British promised for the Kandyan territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Uva_Rebellion">The Uva Rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Uva Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uva_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Rebellion">Uva Rebellion</a></div> <p>It took the ruling families of Kandy less than two years to realise that the authority of the British government was a fundamentally different one to that of the (deposed) Nayakkar dynasty. Soon the Kandyans rebelled against the British and waged a guerrilla war. Discontent with British activities soon boiled over into open rebellion, commencing in the duchy of Uva in 1817, so-called the <a href="/wiki/Uva_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Rebellion">Uva Rebellion</a>, also known as the Third Kandyan War. The main cause of the rebellion was the British authorities' failure to protect and uphold the customary Buddhist traditions, which were viewed by the islanders as an integral part of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebellion, which soon developed into a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> of the kind the Kandyans had fought against European powers for centuries, was centred on the Kandyan nobility and their unhappiness with developments under British rule since 1815. However it was the last uprising of this kind and in the <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva Province</a> a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched earth policy">scorched earth policy</a> was pursued, and all males between 15 and 60 years were driven out, exiled and killed. More than 10,000 Sinhalese were killed by British in the rebellion. The <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> annexed the Kingdom of Kandy to British Ceylon in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule">British rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG/220px-Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG/330px-Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG/440px-Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>A group of British appointed Kandyan chiefs, with John Penry Lewis, Government Agent, Central Province in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Uva_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Rebellion">Uva Rebellion</a>, the Kandyan peasantry was stripped of their lands by the Crown Lands (Encroachments) Ordinance No. 12 of 1840 (sometimes called the Crown Lands Ordinance or the Waste Lands Ordinance),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a modern <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> movement and reduced to penury. The British found that the uplands of Sri Lanka were very suited to <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> cultivation, and by the mid-19th century Ceylon tea had become a staple of the British market, bringing great wealth to a small class of European tea planters. To work the estates, the planters imported large numbers of Tamil workers as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured labourers</a> from south India, who soon made up 10% of the island's population. These workers lived in harsh conditions and were accommodated in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_rooms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Line rooms (page does not exist)">line rooms</a>, not very different from cattle sheds. </p><p>The British colonial government favoured the semi-European Burghers, certain high-<a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> Sinhalese and the Tamils who were mainly concentrated to the north of the country while ignoring the other ethnic groups on the island. Nevertheless, the British also introduced democratic elements to Sri Lanka for the first time in its history. The Burghers were given some degree of self-government as early as 1833. It was not until 1909 that constitutional development began with a partly elected assembly, and not until 1920 that elected members outnumbered official appointees. <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a> was introduced in 1931, over the protests of the Sinhalese, Tamil and Burgher elite who objected to the common people being allowed to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sujit_Sivasundaram" title="Sujit Sivasundaram">Sivasundaram</a> argues, reinforcing the analysis first made by famed local historian, G.C. Mendis in his book, <i>Ceylon Under the British</i>, that the British used geographical knowledge to defeat the Kandyan holdouts in the mountainous and jungle areas in the centre of Ceylon. They used local informants and British surveyors to map the island, and then built a network of roads to open the central region. This made possible export production of plantation agriculture, as well as tighter military control.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its trading ports of Trincomalee and Colombo, the colony was one of the very few sources of cinnamon in the world. The spice was extremely valuable, and the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> began to cultivate it in 1767, but Ceylon remained the main producer until the end of the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The laying of the railway was carried out during the Governorship of <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Ward" title="Henry George Ward">Sir Henry Ward</a>. Other major works of the British include road-building projects and the establishment of coffee and tea plantations, hospitals, and maternity homes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_movement">Independence movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_National_Congress" title="Ceylon National Congress">Ceylon National Congress</a> (CNC) was founded to agitate for greater autonomy. The party soon split along ethnic and caste lines. Prof. K. M. de Silva, the famous <a href="/wiki/Peradeniya" title="Peradeniya">Peradeniya</a> historian has pointed out that the refusal of the Ceylon Tamils to accept minority status to be one of the main causes which broke up the CNC.<sup id="cite_ref-UCHC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCHC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CNC did not seek independence or "Swaraj". What may be called the independence movement broke into two streams, viz., the "constitutionalists", who sought independence by gradual modification of the status of Ceylon, and the more radical groups associated with the Colombo Youth League, Labour movement of Goonasinghe, and the Jaffna Youth Congress. These organizations were the first to raise the cry of Swaraj, or outright independence, following the Indian example, when <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a> and other Indian leaders visited Ceylon in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-jane_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The efforts of the constitutionalists led to the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a> reforms (1931) and the <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> recommendations, which essentially upheld the 1944 draft constitution of the Board of ministers headed by <a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake" title="D. S. Senanayake">D. S. Senanayake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCHC_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCHC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jane_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marxist <a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a> (LSSP), which grew out of the Youth Leagues in 1935, made the demand for outright independence a cornerstone of their policy.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its deputies in the State Council, <a href="/wiki/N.M._Perera" class="mw-redirect" title="N.M. Perera">N.M. Perera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gunawardena" title="Philip Gunawardena">Philip Gunawardena</a>, were aided in this struggle by <a href="/wiki/Colvin_R._de_Silva" title="Colvin R. de Silva">Colvin R. de Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Goonewardena" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Goonewardena">Leslie Goonewardene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Goonewardena" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivienne Goonewardena">Vivienne Goonewardene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Samarakkody" title="Edmund Samarakkody">Edmund Samarakkody</a> and <a href="/wiki/K._Natesa_Iyer" title="K. Natesa Iyer">K. Natesa Iyer</a>. They also demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil. The Marxist groups were a tiny minority and yet their movement was viewed with grave suspicion by the British administration. The concerted (but ineffective) attempts to rouse the public against the British Raj in revolt would have led to certain bloodshed and a delay in independence. British state papers released in the 1950s show that the Marxist movement had a very negative impact on the policy makers at the Colonial office. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> was the most important result of the agitation for constitutional reform in the 1930s. The Tamil leadership had by then fallen into the hands of <a href="/wiki/G._G._Ponnambalam" title="G. G. Ponnambalam">G. G. Ponnambalam</a> who had rejected the "Ceylonese identity".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ponnamblam had declared himself a "proud Dravidian", and attempted to establish an independent identity for the Tamils. Ponnamblam was a politician who attacked the Sinhalese, and their historical chronicle known as the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>. One such inflamed attack in Navalapitiya led to the first Sinhala-Tamil riot in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-jane_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ponnambalam opposed <a href="/wiki/Universal_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal franchise">universal franchise</a>, supported the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, and claimed that the protection of Tamil rights requires the Tamils (45% of the population in 1931) having an equal number of seats in parliament to that of the Sinhalese (about 72% of the population). This "50-50" or "balanced representation" policy became the hallmark of Tamil politics of the time. Ponnambalam also accused the British of having established colonization in "traditional Tamil areas", and having favoured the Buddhists by the Buddhist temporalities act. The <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> rejected these submissions by Ponnambalam, and even noted their unacceptable communal character. Sinhalese writers pointed out the large immigration of Tamils to the southern urban centres, especially after the opening of the Jaffna-Colombo railway. Meanwhile, Senanayake, Baron Jayatilleke, Oliver Gunatilleke and others lobbied the Soulbury Commission without confronting them officially. The unofficial submissions contained what was to later become the draft constitution of 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-jane_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The close collaboration of the D. S. Senanayake government with the war-time British administration led to the support of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a>. His dispatches and a telegram to the Colonial office supporting Independence for Ceylon have been cited by historians as having helped the Senanayake government to secure the independence of Sri Lanka. The shrewd cooperation with the British as well as diverting the needs of the war market to Ceylonese markets as a supply point, managed by Oliver Goonatilleke, also led to a very favourable fiscal situation for the newly independent government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Sir_James_Somerville,_Commander-in-Chief_Eastern_Fleet,_inspecting_Wrens_in_Colombo,_Ceylon,_17_July_1944._A24959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Admiral_Sir_James_Somerville%2C_Commander-in-Chief_Eastern_Fleet%2C_inspecting_Wrens_in_Colombo%2C_Ceylon%2C_17_July_1944._A24959.jpg/220px-Admiral_Sir_James_Somerville%2C_Commander-in-Chief_Eastern_Fleet%2C_inspecting_Wrens_in_Colombo%2C_Ceylon%2C_17_July_1944._A24959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Admiral_Sir_James_Somerville%2C_Commander-in-Chief_Eastern_Fleet%2C_inspecting_Wrens_in_Colombo%2C_Ceylon%2C_17_July_1944._A24959.jpg/330px-Admiral_Sir_James_Somerville%2C_Commander-in-Chief_Eastern_Fleet%2C_inspecting_Wrens_in_Colombo%2C_Ceylon%2C_17_July_1944._A24959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Admiral_Sir_James_Somerville%2C_Commander-in-Chief_Eastern_Fleet%2C_inspecting_Wrens_in_Colombo%2C_Ceylon%2C_17_July_1944._A24959.jpg/440px-Admiral_Sir_James_Somerville%2C_Commander-in-Chief_Eastern_Fleet%2C_inspecting_Wrens_in_Colombo%2C_Ceylon%2C_17_July_1944._A24959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Somerville" title="James Somerville">James Somerville</a> inspecting a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Naval Service">Wrens</a> serving with the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies_Fleet" title="East Indies Fleet">East Indies Fleet</a> in Colombo, July 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_groundcrew_and_local_Singhalese_lowering_a_Consolidated_Catalina_of_No._240_Squadron_RAF_into_the_water_at_Red_Hills_Lake,_Ceylon,_after_undergoing_repairs,_4_August_1945._CI876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RAF_groundcrew_and_local_Singhalese_lowering_a_Consolidated_Catalina_of_No._240_Squadron_RAF_into_the_water_at_Red_Hills_Lake%2C_Ceylon%2C_after_undergoing_repairs%2C_4_August_1945._CI876.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RAF_groundcrew_and_local_Singhalese_lowering_a_Consolidated_Catalina_of_No._240_Squadron_RAF_into_the_water_at_Red_Hills_Lake%2C_Ceylon%2C_after_undergoing_repairs%2C_4_August_1945._CI876.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RAF_groundcrew_and_local_Singhalese_lowering_a_Consolidated_Catalina_of_No._240_Squadron_RAF_into_the_water_at_Red_Hills_Lake%2C_Ceylon%2C_after_undergoing_repairs%2C_4_August_1945._CI876.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> crew and local Sinhalese in August 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, Sri Lanka was a front-line British base against the Japanese. Opposition to the war in Sri Lanka was orchestrated by Marxist organizations. The leaders of the LSSP pro-independence agitation were arrested by the Colonial authorities. On 5 April 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese Navy</a> bombed Colombo, which led to the flight of Indian merchants, dominant in the Colombo commercial sector. This flight removed a major political problem facing the Senanayake government.<sup id="cite_ref-jane_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jane-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxist leaders also escaped, to India, where they participated in the independence struggle there. The movement in Ceylon was minuscule, limited to the English educated intelligentsia and trade unions, mainly in the urban centres. These groups were led by Robert Gunawardena, Philip's brother. In stark contrast to this "heroic" but ineffective approach to the war, the Senanayake government took advantage of the war to further its rapport with the commanding elite. Ceylon became crucial to the British Empire in the war, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a> using Colombo as his headquarters for the Eastern Theater. Oliver Goonatilleka successfully exploited the markets for the country's rubber and other agricultural products to replenish the treasury. Nonetheless, Sinhalese continued to agitate for independence and Sinhalese sovereignty, using the opportunities offered by the war to establish a special relationship with Britain. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Marxists, identifying the war as a sideshow between rival empires and desiring a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>, chose a path of agitation disproportionate to their negligible combat strength and diametrically opposed to the "constitutionalist" approach of Senanayake and other Ethnic Sinhalese leaders. A small garrison on the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Islands">Cocos Islands</a>, crewed by Ceylonese, attempted to expel the British. It has been claimed that the LSSP had some hand in the action, though this is far from clear. Three of the participants were the only British Subject Peoples to be shot for "mutiny" during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sri Lankans in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> formed the 'Lanka Regiment' of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>. </p><p>The constitutionalists, led by D. S. Senanayake, (the first prime minister) succeeded in winning independence. The Soulbury constitution was essentially what Senanayake's board of ministers had drafted in 1944. The promise of Dominion status, and independence itself, had been given by the Colonial office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sinhalese leader Don Stephen Senanayake left the CNC on the issue of independence, disagreeing with the revised aim of 'the achieving of freedom', although his real reasons were more subtle.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently formed the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a> (UNP) in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when a new constitution was agreed on, based on the behind-the-curtain lobbying of the Soulbury Commission. At the elections of 1947, the UNP won a minority of the seats in Parliament but cobbled together a coalition with the Sinhala Maha Sabha of Solomon Bandaranaike and the Tamil Congress of G.G. Ponnambalam. The successful inclusions of the Tamil-communalist leader Ponnambalam, and his Sinhala counterpart Bandaranaike were a remarkable political balancing act by Senanayake. However, the vacuum in Tamil Nationalist politics created by Ponnamblam's transition to a moderate opened the field for the Tamil Arasu Kachchi, a Tamil sovereignist party (rendered into English as the "Federal" party) led by S. J. V. Chelvanaykam, the lawyer son of a Christian minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics of Sri Lanka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,400,380</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,759,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,007,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,566,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,106,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,498,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,306,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,657,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The multiracial population of Ceylon was numerous enough to support the European colonists; the Portuguese and the Dutch offspring of the past 440 odd years of colonial history was large enough to run a stable government. Unlike the previous rulers, the British embarked on a plantation programme which initially brought coffee plantations to the island. These were later wiped out by <a href="/wiki/Coffee_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee rust">coffee rust</a>. Coffee plants were replaced by tea and rubber plantations. This made Ceylon one of the richest countries in Asia. </p><p>The British also brought Tamils from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> and made them indentured labourers in the Hill Country. This was in addition to the several hundred thousand Tamils already living in the Maritime provinces and another 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Muslims">Tamil Muslims</a>. The linguistically bipolar island needed a link language and English became universal in Ceylon.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Censuses in Ceylon began in 1871 and continued every ten years. The 1881 census shows a total population of 2.8 million, consisting of 1.8 million Sinhalese; 687,000 Ceylon and Indian Tamils; 185,000 Moors; as well as 4,800 Europeans; 17,900 Burghers and Eurasians; 8,900 Malays; 2,200 Veddhas; and 7,500 other.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Censuses of 1871, 1881, 1891 and 1901 had shown <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Tamils">Ceylon Tamils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a> grouped together. By 1911 Indian Tamils were shown as a separate category. The population statistics reveal that by 1911, Indian Tamils constituted 12.9%, whereas Sri Lankan Tamils formed 12.8% of the population of 4,106,400; in 1921, 13.4% and 11.5%; in 1931, 15.2% and 11.3%, and in 1946, 11.7% and 11.0% respectively. The censuses show that during a large period of time in the history of Ceylon, Indian Tamils outnumbered Ceylon Tamils until between 1971 and 1981 when more than 50 per cent of the Indian Tamil population were repatriated as Indian citizens back to India. However, many Indian Tamils were also granted Sri Lankan citizenship whereupon declared themselves as Sri Lankan Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_military">Government and military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government and military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Governors_of_Ceylon">British Governors of Ceylon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British Governors of Ceylon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_governors_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="British governors of Ceylon">British governors of Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Executive Council of Ceylon">Executive Council of Ceylon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Edward_Barnes_by_William_Salter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sir_Edward_Barnes_by_William_Salter.jpg/170px-Sir_Edward_Barnes_by_William_Salter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sir_Edward_Barnes_by_William_Salter.jpg/255px-Sir_Edward_Barnes_by_William_Salter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sir_Edward_Barnes_by_William_Salter.jpg/340px-Sir_Edward_Barnes_by_William_Salter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3028" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnes_(British_Army_officer)" title="Edward Barnes (British Army officer)">Edward Barnes</a> was Governor of Ceylon from 1824 to 1831</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1796 and 1948, Ceylon was a British Crown colony. Although the British monarch was the head of state, in practice his or her functions were exercised in the colony by the colonial Governor, who acted on instructions from the British government in London. </p><p>On the approach to self-government and independence, the <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a> recommended the <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore Constitution</a> of 1931–1947, one of a series of attempts to create a workable solution that would allow for inter-communal differences. This was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> proposals that led to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion#Ceylon" title="Dominion">Dominion of Ceylon</a> of 1948–1972, after which the Free, Sovereign and the Independent Republic of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> was established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Armed forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Defence_Force" title="Ceylon Defence Force">Ceylon Defence Force</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon in World War II</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Defence_Force" title="Ceylon Defence Force">Ceylon Defence Force</a> (CDF) was the military of British Ceylon. Established in 1881 as the Ceylon Volunteers, as the military reserve in the British Crown colony of Ceylon, by 1910 it grew into the Ceylon Defence Force, a regular force responsible for the defence of Ceylon. The CDF was under the command of the <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding,_Ceylon" title="General Officer Commanding, Ceylon">General Officer Commanding, Ceylon</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in Ceylon if mobilised. However, mobilisation could be carried out only under orders from the <a href="/wiki/British_governors_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="British governors of Ceylon">Governor</a>. The Ceylon Defence Force has seen action in a number of wars such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> and both <a href="/wiki/World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a>. It is the predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Army">Ceylon Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee_Harbour" title="Trincomalee Harbour">Trincomalee Harbour</a> was an important strategic base for the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> until 1948, primarily to control the sea lanes of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/48px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/64px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_malaria_outbreak_in_Ceylon" title="1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon">1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Administration based in India; a jurisdiction distinct from India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Administration based in India; a jurisdiction distinct from India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Non scientific census of the whole island.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TheEmpirein1924-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheEmpirein1924_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/timeline/colonies1924.htm">"The British Empire in 1924"</a>. <i>The British Empire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Empire&rft.atitle=The+British+Empire+in+1924&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Ftimeline%2Fcolonies1924.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cicred-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cicred_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cicred_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cicred_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c46.pdf"><i>The Population of Sri Lanka</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Population Growth: C.I.C.R.E.D. Series. 1974. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701070027/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c46.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Population+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Population+Growth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=C.I.C.R.E.D.+Series&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicred.org%2FEng%2FPublications%2Fpdf%2Fc-c46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sri_Lanka.html">"Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>www.worldstatesmen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldstatesmen.org&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FSri_Lanka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sri_Lanka.html">"Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>www.worldstatesmen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldstatesmen.org&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FSri_Lanka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sri_Lanka.html">"Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>www.worldstatesmen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldstatesmen.org&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FSri_Lanka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-serendib-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-serendib_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?id=1858&issue=80">"King Sri wickrama rajasinghe: Sri Lanka's last monarch"</a>. August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+POPULATION+I+OF+SRI+LANKA&rft.pub=CI.CR.%C3%89.D.+Series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicred.org%2FEng%2FPublications%2Fpdf%2Fc-c46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSURYANARAYAN" class="citation web cs1">SURYANARAYAN, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529221016/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm">"In search of a new identity"</a>. Frontline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm">the original</a> on 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+search+of+a+new+identity&rft.pub=Frontline&rft.aulast=SURYANARAYAN&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flonnet.com%2Ffl1816%2F18160950.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Langenberg" class="citation web cs1">van Langenberg, Cyril. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/24687123/The-Ceylon-Volunteer-Force">"The Volunteer Force"</a>. The Ceylon Army Journal Volume<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Volunteer+Force&rft.pub=The+Ceylon+Army+Journal+Volume&rft.aulast=van+Langenberg&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F24687123%2FThe-Ceylon-Volunteer-Force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Arsecularatne, S. N, <i>Sinhalese immigrants in Malaysia & Singapore, 1860–1990: History through recollections</i>, Colombo, KVG de Silva & Sons, 1991</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills,_Lennox_A.1933" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Lennox A. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyHG9ZKl3bwC&pg=PA246"><i>Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795–1932</i></a>. Oxford U.P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714620190" title="Special:BookSources/9780714620190"><bdi>9780714620190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceylon+Under+British+Rule%2C+1795%E2%80%931932&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=9780714620190&rft.au=Mills%2C+Lennox+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyHG9ZKl3bwC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalalgoda,_Kitsiri1976" class="citation book cs1">Malalgoda, Kitsiri (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055307/http://www.ucpress.edu/op.php?isbn=9780520028739"><i>Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750–1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change</i></a>. U. of California Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/op.php?isbn=9780520028739">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Sinhalese+Society%2C+1750%E2%80%931900%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Revival+and+Change&rft.pub=U.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Malalgoda%2C+Kitsiri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fop.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520028739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeebles,_Patrick2006" class="citation book cs1">Peebles, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxO0eISluqEC&pg=PA201"><i>The History of Sri Lanka</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313332050" title="Special:BookSources/9780313332050"><bdi>9780313332050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780313332050&rft.au=Peebles%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxO0eISluqEC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeebles,_Patrick2001" class="citation book cs1">Peebles, Patrick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYeoXrsn8lIC&pg=PA208"><i>The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon</i></a>. Continuum International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780718501549" title="Special:BookSources/9780718501549"><bdi>9780718501549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantation+Tamils+of+Ceylon&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780718501549&rft.au=Peebles%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYeoXrsn8lIC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrikker._Alicia2007" class="citation book cs1">Schrikker. Alicia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OnaC26k9KG8C&pg=PA221"><i>Dutch and British Colonial Intervention in Sri Lanka, 1780–1815: Expansion and Reform</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004156029" title="Special:BookSources/9789004156029"><bdi>9789004156029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+and+British+Colonial+Intervention+in+Sri+Lanka%2C+1780%E2%80%931815%3A+Expansion+and+Reform&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004156029&rft.au=Schrikker.+Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnaC26k9KG8C%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer,_Jonathan1990" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Jonathan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4b6xmZI_XoC"><i>Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203407417" title="Special:BookSources/9780203407417"><bdi>9780203407417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+History+and+the+Roots+of+Conflict&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780203407417&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4b6xmZI_XoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Silva, K.M. de. <i>History of Sri Lanka</i> (1982). pp. 239–488 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129124138/http://www.ucpress.edu/op.php?isbn=9780520043206">complete text online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivasundaram2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sujit_Sivasundaram" title="Sujit Sivasundaram">Sivasundaram, Sujit</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.2.428">"Ethnicity, Indigeneity, and Migration in the Advent of British Rule to Sri Lanka"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>115</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">428–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.2.428">10.1086/ahr.115.2.428</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Ethnicity%2C+Indigeneity%2C+and+Migration+in+the+Advent+of+British+Rule+to+Sri+Lanka&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E428-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.115.2.428&rft.aulast=Sivasundaram&rft.aufirst=Sujit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252Fahr.115.2.428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivasundaram2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sujit_Sivasundaram" title="Sujit Sivasundaram">Sivasundaram, Sujit</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/21723/1/Tales_of_the_land-British_geography_and_Kandyan_resistance_in_Sri_Lanka__c_1803-1850.pdf">"Tales of the Land: British Geography and Kandyan Resistance in Sri Lanka, c. 1803-1850"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>41</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">925–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X06002642">10.1017/S0026749X06002642</a> (inactive 19 December 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8099">1469-8099</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4499807">4499807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128631455">128631455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Tales+of+the+Land%3A+British+Geography+and+Kandyan+Resistance+in+Sri+Lanka%2C+c.+1803-1850&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E925-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1469-8099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128631455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4499807%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X06002642&rft.aulast=Sivasundaram&rft.aufirst=Sujit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F21723%2F1%2FTales_of_the_land-British_geography_and_Kandyan_resistance_in_Sri_Lanka__c_1803-1850.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_December_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenzlhuemer,_Roland2008" class="citation book cs1">Wenzlhuemer, Roland (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QauF4DDEJ20C&pg=PA80"><i>From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880–1900: An Economic and Social History</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004163614" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004163614"><bdi>978-9004163614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Coffee+to+Tea+Cultivation+in+Ceylon%2C+1880%E2%80%931900%3A+An+Economic+and+Social+History&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004163614&rft.au=Wenzlhuemer%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQauF4DDEJ20C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wenzlhuemer, Roland. "Indian Labour Immigration and British Labour Policy in Nineteenth-Century Ceylon," <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> (2007) 41:575–602</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickramasinghe,_Nira2006" class="citation book cs1">Wickramasinghe, Nira (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC&pg=PA170"><i>Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824830168" title="Special:BookSources/9780824830168"><bdi>9780824830168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+in+the+Modern+Age%3A+A+History+of+Contested+Indentities&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780824830168&rft.au=Wickramasinghe%2C+Nira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-xQ8qk9mgYC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Ceylon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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exist)">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Electoral districts of Sri Lanka">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of political parties in Sri Lanka">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Political_scandals_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Political scandals of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka">Divisional Secretariats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grama_Niladhari" title="Grama Niladhari">Grama Niladhari divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of towns in Sri Lanka">Towns</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ecoregions in Sri Lanka">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Environment of Sri Lanka">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Extreme points of Sri Lanka">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of islands of Sri Lanka">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mountains of Sri Lanka">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pidurutalagala" title="Pidurutalagala">Pidurutalagala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthana_Mountain_Range" title="Hanthana Mountain Range">Hanthana Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckles_Mountain_Range" title="Knuckles Mountain Range">Knuckles Mountain Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of national parks of Sri Lanka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Protected areas of Sri Lanka">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of rivers of Sri Lanka">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvathu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvathu River">Malvathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelani_River" title="Kelani River">Kelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Ganga" title="Kalu Ganga">Kalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Ganga" title="Gin Ganga">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Sri Lanka">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Wildlife of Sri Lanka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Agriculture in Sri Lanka">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Banking in Sri Lanka">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of companies of Sri Lanka">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Electricity sector in Sri Lanka">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Information technology in Sri Lanka">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka_public_debt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka public debt (page does not exist)">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Science and technology in Sri Lanka">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade of Sri Lanka">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unemployment in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Welfare in Sri Lanka">Welfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Industries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparel_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Apparel industry of Sri Lanka">Apparel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Beer in Sri Lanka">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cocoa production in Sri Lanka">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_mining_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Graphite mining in Sri Lanka">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rice production in Sri Lanka">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rubber production in Sri Lanka">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar production in Sri Lanka">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tourism in Sri Lanka">Tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Childbirth in Sri Lanka">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Health in Sri Lanka">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sri Lanka">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Mass media in Sri Lanka">Mass media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Sri Lanka">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Visual arts of Sri Lanka">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National symbols of Sri Lanka">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lankan philosophy (page does not exist)">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Radio in Sri Lanka">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sport in Sri Lanka">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Traditional games of Sri Lanka">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_di" title="Cheena di">Cheena di</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Television in Sri Lanka">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Theatre of Sri Lanka">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Crime in Sri Lanka">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Disability in Sri Lanka">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender inequality in Sri Lanka">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Sri_Lanka" title="International rankings of Sri Lanka">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Sri Lanka">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_British_Ceylon_period_topics_→645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Ceylon_period_topics" title="Template:British Ceylon period topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Ceylon_period_topics" title="Template talk:British Ceylon period topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Ceylon_period_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Ceylon period topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_British_Ceylon_period_topics_→645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kandyan_period_topics" title="Template:Kandyan period topics">←</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a> topics <a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template:Sri Lanka topics">→</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Ceylon</a> 1815 – 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon_(1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Ceylon (1795)">Invasion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Great Rebellion of 1817–18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Matale Rebellion">Matale Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Temperance movement in Sri Lanka">Temperance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_malaria_outbreak_in_Ceylon" title="1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon">1906 malaria outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 Ceylonese riots">1915 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriya-Mal_Movement" title="Suriya-Mal Movement">Suriya-Mal Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colebrooke%E2%80%93Cameron_Commission" title="Colebrooke–Cameron Commission">Colebrooke–Cameron Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soulbury Constitution">Soulbury Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Legislative Council of Ceylon">Legislative Council of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Ceylon" title="State Council of Ceylon">State Council of Ceylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Attorney General of Sri Lanka">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Solicitor General of Sri Lanka">Solicitor General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ceylon" title="Governor-General of Ceylon">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Civil_Service" title="Ceylon Civil Service">Ceylon Civil Service</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Executive Council of Ceylon">Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ceylonese_executive_councils" title="List of Ceylonese executive councils">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Ceylon" title="Chief Secretary of Ceylon">Colonial Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Attorney General of Sri Lanka">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Auditor General of Sri Lanka">Colonial Auditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasurer of Ceylon">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding,_Ceylon" title="General Officer Commanding, Ceylon">General Officer Commanding, Ceylon</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Ministers_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Ministers of Ceylon">Board of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ceylonese_executive_councils" title="List of Ceylonese executive councils">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Ceylon" title="Chief Secretary of Ceylon">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Secretary_of_Ceylon" title="Legal Secretary of Ceylon">Legal Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_of_Ceylon" title="Financial Secretary of Ceylon">Financial Secretary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Defence_Force" title="Ceylon Defence Force">Ceylon Defence Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Ceylon_Defence_Force" title="Commander of the Ceylon Defence Force">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li>British Military in Ceylon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ceylon" title="Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon">Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon</a> (Unified)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding,_Ceylon" title="General Officer Commanding, Ceylon">General Officer Commanding, Ceylon</a> (Army)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_National_Congress" title="Ceylon National Congress">Ceylon National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_headmen_of_Ceylon" title="Native headmen of Ceylon">Native headmen system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_nationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lankan nationalism (page does not exist)">Sri Lankan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Leagues_(Ceylon)" title="Youth Leagues (Ceylon)">Youth Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Commissioners_of_Currency_of_Ceylon" title="Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon">Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cocoa production in Sri Lanka">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rubber production in Sri Lanka">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangani_system" title="Kangani system">Kangani system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_architecture_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonial architecture of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_British_colonial_buildings_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of British colonial buildings in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">British buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_place_name_etymology" title="Sri Lankan place name etymology">Place names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_locations_in_Sri_Lanka_with_an_English_name" title="List of locations in Sri Lanka with an English name">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_in_Sri_Lanka_with_a_Scottish_name" title="Locations in Sri Lanka with a Scottish name">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_music_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western music in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_porcupine_quill_boxes" title="Sinhalese porcupine quill boxes">Sinhalese porcupine quill boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Social class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_people_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British people in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Moors" title="Indian Moors">Indian Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Malays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Creole Malay">Sri Lankan Creole Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_English_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of English origin">Sinhala words of English origin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Protestantism in Sri Lanka">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ceylon" title="Church of Ceylon">Church of Ceylon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Colombo" title="Anglican Bishop of Colombo">Bishop of Colombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Methodist Church in Sri Lanka">Methodist Church in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batticotta_Seminary" title="Batticotta Seminary">Batticotta Seminary</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanka Lutheran Church">Lanka Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Baptist_Sangamaya" title="Sri Lanka Baptist Sangamaya">Sri Lanka Baptist Sangamaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Sri_Lanka" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sri Lanka">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Sinhala" title="Bible translations into Sinhala">Bible translations into Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of the oldest schools in Sri Lanka">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Annual_Tribute" title="Maldivian Annual Tribute">Maldivian Annual Tribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylonese_recipients_of_British_titles" title="Ceylonese recipients of British titles">Ceylonese recipients of British titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations_of_Sri_Lanka#Former_decorations_&_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Military awards and decorations of Sri Lanka">Military awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:British_Ceylon_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:British Ceylon period (page does not exist)">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sri_Lanka" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sri Lanka">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia410" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Timor-Leste" title="History of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=British_Ceylon&params=7_N_80_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°N</span> <span class="longitude">80°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7°N 80°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7; 80</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&oldid=1270935932">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Ceylon&oldid=1270935932</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Ceylon" title="Category:British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1948" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948">States and territories disestablished in 1948</a></li><li><a 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