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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Life's work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_and_disappointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_and_disappointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publication and disappointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_and_disappointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ويليام سميث (عالم جيولوجيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام سميث (عالم جيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Smit" title="Vilyam Smit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Smit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_(%DA%98%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="ویلیام اسمیت (ژئولوژیست) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام اسمیت (ژئولوژیست)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Уилям Смит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Смит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(ge%C3%B2leg)" title="William Smith (geòleg) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Smith (geòleg)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geolog)" title="William Smith (geolog) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Smith (geolog)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith" title="William Smith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Smith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(Geologe)" title="William Smith (Geologe) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Smith (Geologe)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith" title="William Smith – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Smith" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(ge%C3%B3logo)" title="William Smith (geólogo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Smith (geólogo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_(%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3)" title="ویلیام اسمیت (زمین‌شناس) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام اسمیت (زمین‌شناس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(g%C3%A9ologue)" title="William Smith (géologue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Smith (géologue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)" title="윌리엄 스미스 (지질학자) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 스미스 (지질학자)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8D%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Ուիլյամ Սմիթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Սմիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geolog)" title="William Smith (geolog) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Smith (geolog)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geologo)" title="William Smith (geologo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Smith (geologo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ויליאם סמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם סמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ სმითი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ სმითი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_Smits" title="Viljams Smits – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Smits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith" title="William Smith – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William Smith" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geoloog)" title="William Smith (geoloog) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Smith (geoloog)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="ウィリアム・スミス (地質学者) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・スミス (地質学者)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(1769-1839)" title="William Smith (1769-1839) – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William Smith (1769-1839)" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(Geoloog)" title="William Smith (Geoloog) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="William Smith (Geoloog)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geolog)" title="William Smith (geolog) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Smith (geolog)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(ge%C3%B3logo)" title="William Smith (geólogo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Smith (geólogo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geolog)" title="William Smith (geolog) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Smith (geolog)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Смит, Уильям (геолог) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смит, Уильям (геолог)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Smith (geologist)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith" title="William Smith – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William Smith" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вилијам Смит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Смит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geolog)" title="William Smith (geolog) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Smith (geolog)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geologi)" title="William Smith (geologi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Smith (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(geolog)" title="William Smith (geolog) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Smith (geolog)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Вільям Сміт (геолог) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Сміт (геолог)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="威廉·史密斯 (地质学家) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·史密斯 (地质学家)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313533#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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searchaux" style="display:none">English geologist (1769 – 1839)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Smith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Smith_(geologist).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_Smith_%28geologist%29.jpg/220px-William_Smith_%28geologist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_Smith_%28geologist%29.jpg/330px-William_Smith_%28geologist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_Smith_%28geologist%29.jpg/440px-William_Smith_%28geologist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">William Smith in 1837</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1769-03-23</span>)</span>23 March 1769<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Oxfordshire" title="Churchill, Oxfordshire">Churchill, Oxfordshire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1839<span style="display:none">(1839-08-28)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Northampton, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological map">Geological map</a> of England and Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1831)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William 'Strata' Smith</b> (23 March 1769 – 28 August 1839) was an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>, credited with creating the first detailed, nationwide <a href="/wiki/Geological_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological map">geological map</a> of any country.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time his map was first published he was overlooked by the scientific community; his relatively humble education and family connections prevented him from mixing easily in learned society. Financially ruined, Smith spent time in <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' prison</a>. It was only late in his life that Smith received recognition for his accomplishments, and became known as the "Father of English <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith was born in the village of <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Oxfordshire" title="Churchill, Oxfordshire">Churchill, Oxfordshire</a>, the son of John Smith (1735–1777), the village <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a>, and his wife Ann (<i>née</i> Smith; 1745–1807).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died when Smith was eight years old, and he and his siblings were raised by his uncle, a farmer also named William Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely self-educated, Smith was intelligent and observant, read widely from an early age, and showed an aptitude for mathematics and drawing. In 1787, he met and found work as an assistant for Edward Webb of <a href="/wiki/Stow-on-the-Wold" title="Stow-on-the-Wold">Stow-on-the-Wold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, a surveyor. He was quick to learn and soon became proficient at the trade. </p><p>In 1791, Smith travelled to <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> to make a valuation survey of the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Court" title="Sutton Court">Sutton Court</a> estate, and building on earlier work in the same area by <a href="/wiki/John_Strachey_(geologist)" title="John Strachey (geologist)">John Strachey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stayed in the area for the next eight years, working first for Webb and later for the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Coal_Canal" title="Somerset Coal Canal">Somersetshire Coal Canal</a> Company, living at Rugborne Farm in <a href="/wiki/High_Littleton" title="High Littleton">High Littleton</a>. During this period, Smith inspected coal mines in the area, where he first observed and recorded the various layers of rock and coal exposed by the mining. Smith's coal mine studies, combined with his subsequent observations of the strata exposed by canal excavations, proved crucial to the formation of his theories of <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life's_work"><span id="Life.27s_work"></span>Life's work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life's work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Smiths_House,_Tucking_Mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_Smiths_House%2C_Tucking_Mill.jpg/220px-William_Smiths_House%2C_Tucking_Mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_Smiths_House%2C_Tucking_Mill.jpg/330px-William_Smiths_House%2C_Tucking_Mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_Smiths_House%2C_Tucking_Mill.jpg/440px-William_Smiths_House%2C_Tucking_Mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tucking_Mill" title="Tucking Mill">Tucking Mill</a> House, near <a href="/wiki/Monkton_Combe" title="Monkton Combe">Monkton Combe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. A plaque on the house next door to Tucking Mill House states incorrectly that it was the home of William Smith.</figcaption></figure> <p>Smith worked at one of the estate's older mines, the Mearns Pit at High Littleton, part of the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset coalfield">Somerset coalfield</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Coal_Canal" title="Somerset Coal Canal">Somerset Coal Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he observed the rock layers (or <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>) at the pit, he realised that they were arranged in a predictable pattern and that the various strata could always be found in the same relative positions. Additionally, each particular stratum could be identified by the <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> it contained, and the same succession of fossil groups from older to younger rocks could be found in many parts of England. Furthermore, he noticed an easterly dip of the beds of rock—low near the surface (about three <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>), then higher after the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> rocks. This gave Smith a testable hypothesis, which he termed <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_faunal_succession" title="Principle of faunal succession">The Principle of Faunal Succession</a>, and he began his search to determine if the relationships between the strata and their characteristics were consistent throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During subsequent travels, first as a surveyor (appointed by noted <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_(engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rennie (engineer)">John Rennie</a>) for the canal company until 1799 when he was dismissed, and later, he was continually taking samples and mapping the locations of the various strata, and displaying the vertical extent of the strata, and drawing cross-sections and tables of what he saw. This would earn him the name "Strata Smith".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a natural consequence, Smith amassed a large and valuable collection of fossils of the strata he had examined himself from exposures in <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Cutting" title="Cutting">cuttings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarries" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarries">quarries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> across the country. He also developed methods for the identification of deposits of <a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">Fuller's earth</a> to the south of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smith_fossils2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smith_fossils2.jpg/310px-Smith_fossils2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smith_fossils2.jpg/465px-Smith_fossils2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smith_fossils2.jpg/620px-Smith_fossils2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Engraving from William Smith's 1815 monograph on identifying strata by <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> showing an <i><a href="/wiki/Encrinus" title="Encrinus">Encrinus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>He published his findings with many pictures from his fossil collection, enabling others to investigate their distribution and test his theories. His collection is especially good on <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> fossils he collected from the <a href="/wiki/Cornbrash_Formation" title="Cornbrash Formation">Cornbrash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimmeridge_Clay" title="Kimmeridge Clay">Kimmeridge Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Clay" title="Oxford Clay">Oxford Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oolitic_limestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Oolitic limestone">Oolitic limestone</a> and other horizons in the sequence. They included many types of <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> characteristic of the shallow seas in which they were deposited. Some of the names he coined (like Cornbrash) are still used today for this formation. </p><p>It could be seen from Smith's findings that the deeper – and therefore older – the strata were, the more the fossilised species within them differed from living organisms. This gave great support and impetus to the hypothesis of biological <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> (which pre-dated the work of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_and_disappointment">Publication and disappointment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publication and disappointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_William_Smith,_Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bust_of_William_Smith%2C_Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/150px-Bust_of_William_Smith%2C_Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bust_of_William_Smith%2C_Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/225px-Bust_of_William_Smith%2C_Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bust_of_William_Smith%2C_Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/300px-Bust_of_William_Smith%2C_Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>Bust of W. Smith, in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1799 Smith produced the first large-scale <a href="/wiki/Geological_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological map">geological map</a> of the area around Bath. Previously, he only knew how to draw the <i>vertical</i> extent of the rocks, but not how to display them <i>horizontally</i>. However, in the Somerset <i>County Agricultural Society</i>, he found a map showing the types of soils and vegetation around Bath and their geographical extent. Importantly, the differing types were coloured. Using this technique, Smith could draw a geological map from his observations showing the outcrops of the rocks. He took a few rock types, each with its own colour. Then he estimated the boundaries of each of the outcrops of rock, filled them in with colour and ended up with a crude geological map. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_map_Britain_William_Smith_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Geological_map_Britain_William_Smith_1815.jpg/220px-Geological_map_Britain_William_Smith_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Geological_map_Britain_William_Smith_1815.jpg/330px-Geological_map_Britain_William_Smith_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Geological_map_Britain_William_Smith_1815.jpg/440px-Geological_map_Britain_William_Smith_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>William Smith's 1815 map <i>'A delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with part of Scotland.'</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1801, he drew a rough sketch of what would become the first geological map of most of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. Smith travelled extensively across Great Britain working as a <a href="/wiki/Mineral_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral exploration">mineral surveyor</a> allowing him to meet prominent people such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester_(seventh_creation)" title="Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (seventh creation)">Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bedford" title="Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoirs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1815 he published his geological map, coloured on an especially prepared base map by <a href="/wiki/John_Cary" title="John Cary">John Cary</a> at a scale of 5 miles to the inch and titled <i>'A delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with part of Scotland.'</i> While this was not the world's first geological map (a map of the United States by <a href="/wiki/William_Maclure" title="William Maclure">William Maclure</a> was published six years earlier),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith's was the first geological map covering such a large area in detail,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is one of the first stratigraphical analyses to utilize palaeontological indices.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional symbols were used to mark canals, tunnels, tramways and roads, collieries, lead, copper and tin mines, together with salt and alum works. The various geological strata were indicated by different colours, applied to the map by hand. Smith used a graded colouring method applying a bolder colour to the edge representing the base of each stratum, thus depicting its stratigraphical relations. The map is similar to modern geological maps of England (albeit today's maps use flat-colouring) reflecting its general accuracy in the eastern and south eastern regions of the country. However Smith's geology of western part of England and Wales was much less detailed and accurate. Smith included a '<i>Sketch of the succession of STRATA and their relative Altitudes</i>' on the map, showing the disposition of strata from London to the mountains of Snowdonia. This was not a new technique in itself, but its appearance on a map, with the clear intention of illustrating the relationship between relief and rocks and their structure, was novel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>Strata Identified by Organized Fossils</i> (London 1816–1819),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith recognised that strata contained distinct fossil assemblages which could be used to match rocks across regions.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1817 he drew a remarkable geological section from Snowdon to London, a development of the ‘sketch’ on his map, illustrating the three-dimensional relationship between geology and landscape via a perspective sketch of the landscape showing the topography. Effectively this was the first block diagram, now routinely used in geography textbooks and animations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1833-SmithW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1833-SmithW.png/150px-1833-SmithW.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1833-SmithW.png/225px-1833-SmithW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1833-SmithW.png/300px-1833-SmithW.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Silhouette of W. Smith, 1833</figcaption></figure><p> A common narrative in some recent accounts of Smith’s life and his map asserts that rivalry built up between Smith and the first President of the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Society">Geological Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bellas_Greenough" title="George Bellas Greenough">George Bellas Greenough</a>, who was also engaged in producing a geological map of England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Winchester_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winchester-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However original sources point to this narrative not being the case and indicate Smith was used by <a href="/wiki/John_Farey_Sr." title="John Farey Sr.">John Farey Sr.</a>, another 'practical man' (i.e. mineral surveyor), to prosecute Farey's own grievances against the Geological Society in an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philosophical Magazine">The Philosophical Magazine</a></i> by which he both started and fuelled the story that Smith was disrespected and there was ill-feeling towards him by the Geological Society men and Greenough in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following issue Greenough replied, publicly declaring his view as being non-antagonistic by stating:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Your correspondent considers me, in common with many other persons, actuated by feelings of hostility towards Mr. Smith. Now my feelings towards that gentleman are directly the reverse. I respect him for the important services he has rendered to geology, and I esteem him for the example of dignity, meekness, modesty, and candour, which he continually, though ineffectually, exhibits to his self-appointed champion.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another common but misleading narrative in some recent accounts of Smith’s map has Greenough's 1820 map undercutting the price and sales of Smith's map, thereby citing Greenough as a primary cause of landing Smith in <a href="/wiki/Debtor%27s_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Debtor's prison">debtor's prison</a>. However, Greenough's map could not have contributed to the debts for which Smith was consigned to prison as the Greenough map, although dated 1819 on the map, was not published until May 1820, after Smith's incarceration. In fact Smith's maps retailed at 5 guineas, which was the same price as that privileged to Geological Society members for purchase of the Greenough 1820 map. However the Greenough map retailed to public at 6 guineas, thereby being a more expensive purchase than Smith’s map.<sup id="cite_ref-Geological_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geological-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, although neither map sold well, the number of sales of Smith's map appears to have topped those of Greenough's map (only 196 copies recorded as sold) and there are only 15 names in common between Smith's subscribers' list and the list of those who bought the Geological Society's map.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith's various projects, starting with a mortgage taken to purchase his estate at Tucking Mill in Somerset in 1798, accrued financial commitments that ran into a series of difficulties which he managed to withstand by borrowing money from sympathetic creditors and mortgagors and funding repayments by taking on a relentless schedule of work commissions between 1801 and 1819. However a project to quarry Bath Stone near his property, for sale to the London property development market, failed to return the significant investment it had required due to poor quality stone and Smith found himself in default to co-investor Charles Conolly. Smith had used his Bath estate as security against Conolly's loan but there was excess to pay. In attempting to stave off his debt Smith sold his 'fossil collection' to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> for £700,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this proved insufficient and funds fell short of the sum owed to Conolly by £300 and as a consequence Smith was sent to debtors' prison in 1819. Through all this financial turmoil, Smith managed to publish his map and subsequent associated publications but in 1817 he remarked "My income is as yet not anywise improved by what has been done, the profits being required to liquidate the debt incurred by publication."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 August 1819 Smith was released from <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Prison" title="King's Bench Prison">King's Bench Prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, a debtor's prison.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to 15 Buckingham Street, his home since 1804, to find a <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a> at the door and his home and property seized. Smith then worked as an itinerant surveyor for many years until one of his employers, Sir John Johnstone, recognised his work and talent and took steps to gain for him the respect he deserved, appointing Smith as Land Steward to his estate in Hackness near <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a>. Between 1824 and 1834 Smith lived and was based in Hackness, then moving to Scarborough where he was responsible for the design of the <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_Museum" title="Rotunda Museum">Rotunda</a>, a geological museum devoted to the Yorkshire coast, creating the cylindrical layout and arrangement of fossil display on sloping shelves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_recognition">Later recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Smith_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/William_Smith_Grave.JPG/220px-William_Smith_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/William_Smith_Grave.JPG/330px-William_Smith_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/William_Smith_Grave.JPG/440px-William_Smith_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>William Smith's grave adjoining <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Northampton" title="St Peter's Church, Northampton">St Peter's Church, Northampton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It was not until February 1831 that the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a> conferred on Smith the first <a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> in recognition of his achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-ProceedingsGeoSoc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProceedingsGeoSoc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was on this occasion that the President, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>, referred to Smith as "the Father of English Geology". That year Smith was awarded a pension of £100 a year by King William IV.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835 Smith travelled to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> for the meeting of the British Association, and there unexpectedly received an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctorate of Laws</a> (LL.D.) from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College, Dublin">Trinity College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1838 Smith was appointed as one of the commissioners to select building-stone for the new <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>. He died in <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>, and is buried a few feet from the west tower of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Northampton" title="St Peter's Church, Northampton">St Peter's Church, Northampton</a>, now a redundant church. The inscription on the grave is badly worn but the name "William Smith" can just be seen. Inside St Peter’s Church is an impressive bust and inscription. </p><p>Subsequent modern geological maps have been based on Smith's original work, of which several copies have survived<sup id="cite_ref-Eyles_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyles-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one which has been put on display (alongside the Greenough map) at the Geological Society of London which can be visited by the public, free and without an appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossils_that_helped_develop_the_first_geological_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fossils_that_helped_develop_the_first_geological_map.jpg/220px-Fossils_that_helped_develop_the_first_geological_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fossils_that_helped_develop_the_first_geological_map.jpg/330px-Fossils_that_helped_develop_the_first_geological_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fossils_that_helped_develop_the_first_geological_map.jpg/440px-Fossils_that_helped_develop_the_first_geological_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>William Smith's fossil collection (right) that helped him produce the first <a href="/wiki/Geological_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological map">geological map</a>, on display in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The first geological map of most of Great Britain, much copied in his time, and the basis for all others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">Geological surveys</a> around the world owe a debt to his work.</li> <li>His nephew <a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(geologist)" title="John Phillips (geologist)">John Phillips</a> lived during his youth with William Smith and was his apprentice. John Phillips became a major figure in 19th century geology and paleontology—among other things he is credited as first to specify most of the table of geological eras that is used today (1841).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">crater</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> is named after him. (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_O-Z#S" class="mw-redirect" title="List of craters on Mars: O-Z">List of craters on Mars: O-Z#S</a>)</li> <li>The Geological Society of London presents an annual lecture in his honour.</li> <li>In 2005, a William Smith 'facsimile' was created at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> as a notable gallery character to patrol its displays; others were <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Bate" title="Dorothea Bate">Dorothea Bate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>His work was an important foundation for the work of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.</li> <li>The Rotunda Museum in Scarborough was re-opened as 'Rotunda – The William Smith Museum of Geology', on 9 May 2008 by Lord Oxburgh; however, the Prince of Wales visited the Rotunda as early as 14 September 2007 to view the progress of the refurbishment of this listed building.</li> <li>A building at <a href="/wiki/Keele_University" title="Keele University">Keele University</a> containing the Geography, Geology and the Environment department is named after two William Smiths, both influential in the development of mapping. The first William Smith (1546?–1618) laid the foundations of the conventions of county mapping and of urban cartography. The second William Smith commemorated in the building's name is William Smith the author of the first geological map of England and Wales and subject of this article.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Map_that_Changed_the_World" title="The Map that Changed the World">The Map that Changed the World</a></i>, a biography of Smith by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Simon Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology of Great Britain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Winchester, <i>The Map That Changed the World</i>, pp. xvi, 7, HarperCollins, 2001 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060193611" title="Special:BookSources/0060193611">0060193611</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_George_Bonney1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thomas George Bonney (1898). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Smith, William (1769-1839)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Smith,_William_(1769-1839)">"Smith, William (1769–1839)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 53. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smith%2C+William+%281769%E2%80%931839%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Thomas+George+Bonney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25932">"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/25932. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25932">10.1093/ref:odnb/25932</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=ref%3Aodnb%2F25932&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F25932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winchester (2001), <i>The Map That Changed the World</i>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310201732/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/features/page1017.html">"Smith's other debt"</a>. <i>Geoscientist 17.7 July 2007</i>. The Geological Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/features/page1017.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geoscientist+17.7+July+2007&rft.atitle=Smith%27s+other+debt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geolsoc.org.uk%2Fgsl%2Fgeoscientist%2Ffeatures%2Fpage1017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201164625/http://www.brlsi.org/node/18152">"William Smith 1769–1839 "The Father of English Geology"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Bath Royal Literary & Scientific Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brlsi.org/node/18152">the original</a> on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Smith+1769%E2%80%931839+%22The+Father+of+English+Geology%22&rft.pub=Bath+Royal+Literary+%26+Scientific+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brlsi.org%2Fnode%2F18152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/smith.html">"William Smith (1769–1839)"</a>. University of California Museum of Paleontology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Smith+%281769%E2%80%931839%29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fhistory%2Fsmith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/biographies/william-smith/index.html">"William Smith"</a>. Natural History Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Smith&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fnature-online%2Fscience-of-natural-history%2Fbiographies%2Fwilliam-smith%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillen2009" class="citation book cs1">Macmillen, Neil (2009). <i>A history of the Fuller's Earth mining industry around Bath</i>. Lydney: Lightmoor Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899889-32-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899889-32-7"><bdi>978-1-899889-32-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Fuller%27s+Earth+mining+industry+around+Bath&rft.place=Lydney&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Lightmoor+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-899889-32-7&rft.aulast=Macmillen&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asimov, I. (1982) <i>Exploring the Earth & the Cosmos</i>, Crown Publishers Inc., New York, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1844" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, John (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofwilliam00philrich#page/54/mode/2up"><i>Memoirs of William Smith</i></a> (First ed.). London: John Murray. p. 54<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+William+Smith&rft.place=London&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmemoirsofwilliam00philrich%23page%2F54%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Maclure,_William" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Maclure, William">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, J.C. and Burke, J.G. (1978) “The Science of Minerals in the Age of Jefferson”. <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>, New Series, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 1–113 [39]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8733">"William Smith's Geological Map of England"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i>. NASA. 10 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=William+Smith%27s+Geological+Map+of+England&rft.date=2008-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D8733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1960" class="citation book cs1">Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char"><i>The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"><bdi>0-691-02350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Objectivity%3A+An+Essay+in+the+History+of+Scientific+Ideas&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-691-02350-6&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofobjectivit00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hawley, Duncan (2016). "Spotlight on William Smith's 1815 geological map: 'A delineation of the strata of England and Wales with part of Scotland...'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Geography</i>. 101(part1): 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00167487.2016.12093981">10.1080/00167487.2016.12093981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geography&rft.atitle=Spotlight+on+William+Smith%27s+1815+geological+map%3A+%27A+delineation+of+the+strata+of+England+and+Wales+with+part+of+Scotland...%27&rft.volume=101%28part1%29&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00167487.2016.12093981&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_William1816" class="citation web cs1">Smith, William (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/strataidentifie00smit">"Strata identified by organized fossils"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Libraries_and_Archives" title="Smithsonian Libraries and Archives">Smithsonian Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strata+identified+by+organized+fossils&rft.date=1816&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.si.edu%2Fdigital-library%2Fbook%2Fstrataidentifie00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2005" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Douglas (2005). <i>Earth Time: Exploring the Deep Past from Victorian England to the Grand Canyon</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470022214" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470022214"><bdi>978-0470022214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Time%3A+Exploring+the+Deep+Past+from+Victorian+England+to+the+Grand+Canyon&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0470022214&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hawley, Duncan (2016). "Spotlight on William Smith's 1815 geological map: 'A delineation of the strata of England and Wales with part of Scotland ...'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Geography</i>. 101(part1): 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00167487.2016.12093981">10.1080/00167487.2016.12093981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geography&rft.atitle=Spotlight+on+William+Smith%27s+1815+geological+map%3A+%27A+delineation+of+the+strata+of+England+and+Wales+with+part+of+Scotland+...%27&rft.volume=101%28part1%29&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00167487.2016.12093981&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winchester-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winchester_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2001" class="citation book cs1">Winchester, Simon (2001). <i>The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology</i>. Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88407-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88407-0"><bdi>978-0-670-88407-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Map+That+Changed+the+World%3A+William+Smith+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Geology&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-670-88407-0&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/lapworth-museum/collections/maps/index.aspx">"Map Collections"</a>. <i>Lapworth Museum of Geology</i>. University of Birmingham<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lapworth+Museum+of+Geology&rft.atitle=Map+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Ffacilities%2Flapworth-museum%2Fcollections%2Fmaps%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/jammdesign/docs/dw_31_jan_2018_high_res?e=1975639/57537539">"Lot 121, Greenough (George Bellas), A Geological Map of England & Wales by G. B. Greenough Esq. F.R.S., President of the Geological Society, published by the Geological Society, 2nd edition, November 1st. 1839"</a>. <i>Dominic Winter Auctions Printed Books, Maps & Documents 31 January 2018</i>. Dominic Winter Auctions<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dominic+Winter+Auctions+Printed+Books%2C+Maps+%26+Documents+31+January+2018&rft.atitle=Lot+121%2C+Greenough+%28George+Bellas%29%2C+A+Geological+Map+of+England+%26+Wales+by+G.+B.+Greenough+Esq.+F.R.S.%2C+President+of+the+Geological+Society%2C+published+by+the+Geological+Society%2C+2nd+edition%2C+November+1st.+1839&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fjammdesign%2Fdocs%2Fdw_31_jan_2018_high_res%3Fe%3D1975639%2F57537539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarey1819" class="citation journal cs1">Farey, John Sen Mineral Surveyor (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430944">"Free remarks on the Geological work of Mr Greenough"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>54</b> (256): 127–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786441908652198">10.1080/14786441908652198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Free+remarks+on+the+Geological+work+of+Mr+Greenough&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=256&rft.pages=127-132&rft.date=1819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786441908652198&rft.aulast=Farey&rft.aufirst=John+Sen+Mineral+Surveyor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1430944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenough1819" class="citation journal cs1">Greenough, G.B. (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430946">"Observations on certain free remarks by Mr. Farey published in the last number of the Philosophical Magazine"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>54</b> (257): 205–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786441908652212">10.1080/14786441908652212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Observations+on+certain+free+remarks+by+Mr.+Farey+published+in+the+last+number+of+the+Philosophical+Magazine.&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=257&rft.pages=205-206&rft.date=1819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786441908652212&rft.aulast=Greenough&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1430946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geological-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geological_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Minutes of 7 January</i>. Geological Society. 1820.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+7+January&rft.pub=Geological+Society&rft.date=1820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sharpe, Tom (2016). "William Smith's 1815 Map, a delineation of the strata of England and Wales: its production, distribution, variants and survival". <i>Earth Sciences History</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 47–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17704%2F1944-6187-35.1.1">10.17704/1944-6187-35.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+Sciences+History&rft.atitle=William+Smith%27s+1815+Map%2C+a+delineation+of+the+strata+of+England+and+Wales%3A+its+production%2C+distribution%2C+variants+and+survival&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-61&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17704%2F1944-6187-35.1.1&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyles1967" class="citation journal cs1">Eyles, Joan (1967). "William Smith: The sale of his geological collection to the British museum". <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 177–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033796700203276">10.1080/00033796700203276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=William+Smith%3A+The+sale+of+his+geological+collection+to+the+British+museum&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=177-212&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033796700203276&rft.aulast=Eyles&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrens2016" class="citation journal cs1">Torrens, Hugh (2016). "William Smith (1769–1839): His struggles as a consultant, in both geology and engineering, to simultaneously earn a living and finance his scientific projects to 1820". <i>Earth Sciences History</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 1–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17704%2F1944-6187-35.1.1">10.17704/1944-6187-35.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+Sciences+History&rft.atitle=William+Smith+%281769%E2%80%931839%29%3A+His+struggles+as+a+consultant%2C+in+both+geology+and+engineering%2C+to+simultaneously+earn+a+living+and+finance+his+scientific+projects+to+1820&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-46&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17704%2F1944-6187-35.1.1&rft.aulast=Torrens&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randy Moore, Mark D. Decker, <i>More Than Darwin: An Encyclopedia of the People and Places of the Evolution-creationism Controversy</i>, p. 327, Greenwood Press, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313341557" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313341557">978-0313341557</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProceedingsGeoSoc-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProceedingsGeoSoc_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/105792#page/283/mode/1up">"November 1826 – June 1833"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Geological Society of London</i>. <b>I</b>: 271. 1834<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Geological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=November+1826+%E2%80%93+June+1833&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=271&rft.date=1834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F105792%23page%2F283%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, D. An unsung hero put on the map. Nature 412, 120 (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/35084114">https://doi.org/10.1038/35084114</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Association at Dublin in 1835. Nature 136, 232–233 (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/136232b0">https://doi.org/10.1038/136232b0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyles-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eyles_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEylesEyles1938" class="citation journal cs1">Eyles, V.A; Eyles, Joan M. (1938). "On the different issues of the first geological map of England and Wales". <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 190–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033793800200871">10.1080/00033793800200871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+different+issues+of+the+first+geological+map+of+England+and+Wales&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-212&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033793800200871&rft.aulast=Eyles&rft.aufirst=V.A&rft.au=Eyles%2C+Joan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/smith_map">"Visiting the William Smith Map"</a>. Geological Society of London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visiting+the+William+Smith+Map&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geolsoc.org.uk%2Fsmith_map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prehistoric/reviews/05_11_shindler.htm">Review by Miles Russell</a> of <i>Discovering Dorothea</i> by Karolyn Shindler at ucl.ac.uk (accessed 23 November 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/thekeeleoralhistoryproject/historyinkeelebuildings/">"William Smith Building"</a>. <i>History in Keele Buildings</i>. Keele University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+in+Keele+Buildings&rft.atitle=William+Smith+Building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keele.ac.uk%2Fthekeeleoralhistoryproject%2Fhistoryinkeelebuildings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Smith+%28geologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John Diemer (editor), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthscienceshistory.org/toc/eshi/35/1">Special Issue from the William Smith Map Bicentenary Meeting sponsored by the History of Geology Group and held at the Geological Society London, 23–24 April 2015.</a> Earth Sciences History, Volume 25, No. 1. Online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1944-6187">1944-6187</a></li> <li>John L. Morton, <i>Strata</i> (New Edition, 2004), Horsham: Brocken Spectre Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9546829-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9546829-1-2">0-9546829-1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Simon Winchester</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Map_that_Changed_the_World" title="The Map that Changed the World">The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology</a></i>, (2001), New York: HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028039-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028039-1">0-14-028039-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(geologist)" title="John Phillips (geologist)">John Phillips</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.odl.ox.ac.uk/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0munahi10--00-0-0-0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about---00001-001-1-1utfZz-8-0&a=d&c=munahi10&cl=CL3.5.4&d=munahi010-acd">Memoirs of William Smith</a></i> (1844, republished with additional material by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Torrens" title="Hugh Torrens">Hugh Torrens</a>, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9544941-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9544941-0-5">0-9544941-0-5</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Torrens" title="Hugh Torrens">Hugh Torrens</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annales.org/archives/cofrhigeo/william-smith.html">In Commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the death of William Smith (1769–1839)</a>"</li> <li>William Smith's Private Papers, Oxford University</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Smith_(geologist)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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(geologist)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.odl.ox.ac.uk/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0munahi10--00-0-0-0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about---00001-001-1-1utfZz-8-0&a=d&c=munahi10&cl=CL3.6.7">Works of William Smith at the Oxford Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strata-smith.com/">William Smith's Maps – Interactive</a> – different issues of the maps with authoritative background information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/23489"><i>Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with Part of Scotland</i></a> – full digital facsimile at <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical<br />antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (<i>De Natura Animalium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (<i>Pinax theatri botanici</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (<i>Avium Praecipuarum</i>, <i>New Herball</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (<i>Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (<i>The Naturalist's Library</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (<i>The Royal Natural History</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (<i>The Study of Instinct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (<i>The Dancing Bees</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (<i>Shearwaters</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/85px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/128px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/170px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313533#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313533#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313533#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108049667">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120733532">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/202927/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKddqjQCqHYwQvxw97HC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117635138">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86084756">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12566759k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12566759k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00967143">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Smith, William <1769-1839>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV293385">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0020968&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p300927444">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11025238">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429982205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19849136?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=4271">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117635138.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117635138">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/060578092">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qf97c2">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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