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<span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="يان زفامردام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يان زفامردام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="یان سوامردام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یان سوامردام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ян Свамердам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ян Свамердам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="یان سوامردام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یان سوامردام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%80_%EC%8A%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%B4" title="얀 스바메르담 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얀 스바메르담" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Յան Սվամմերդամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յան Սվամմերդամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9D" title="יאן סוואמרדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאן סוואמרדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ജാൻ സ്വാമ്മർഡാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാൻ സ്വാമ്മർഡാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="يان زفامردام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يان زفامردام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0" title="ヤン・スワンメルダム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤン・スワンメルダム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC,_%D0%AF%D0%BD" title="Сваммердам, Ян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сваммердам, Ян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ян Сваммердам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ян Сваммердам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jan Swammerdam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%BB%98%E4%B8%B9" title="扬·斯瓦默丹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="扬·斯瓦默丹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q336794#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch biologist and microscopist (1637–1680)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jan Swammerdam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Swammerdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jan_Swammerdam.jpg/150px-Jan_Swammerdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jan_Swammerdam.jpg/225px-Jan_Swammerdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jan_Swammerdam.jpg/300px-Jan_Swammerdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="487" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 19th-century fantasy portrait, based on the face of Hartman Hartmanzoon from Rembrandt's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr._Nicolaes_Tulp" title="The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp">The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp</a></i>. No genuine portrait is known.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1637-02-12</span>)</span>February 12, 1637<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 17, 1680<span style="display:none">(1680-02-17)</span> (aged 43)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Amsterdam, Dutch Republic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Describing <a href="/wiki/Erythrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocytes">erythrocytes</a>, work on <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">Entomology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jan</b> or <b>Johannes Swammerdam</b> (February 12, 1637 – February 17, 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> demonstrated that the various phases during the life of an insect—<a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>, and adult—are different forms of the same animal. As part of his anatomical research, he carried out experiments on <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">muscle contraction</a>. In 1658, he was the first to observe and describe <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. He was one of the first people to use the <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> in dissections, and his techniques remained useful for hundreds of years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijer,_Jan_de_(1703-1780),_Afb_010001000416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Beijer%2C_Jan_de_%281703-1780%29%2C_Afb_010001000416.jpg/220px-Beijer%2C_Jan_de_%281703-1780%29%2C_Afb_010001000416.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Beijer%2C_Jan_de_%281703-1780%29%2C_Afb_010001000416.jpg/330px-Beijer%2C_Jan_de_%281703-1780%29%2C_Afb_010001000416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Beijer%2C_Jan_de_%281703-1780%29%2C_Afb_010001000416.jpg/440px-Beijer%2C_Jan_de_%281703-1780%29%2C_Afb_010001000416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2214" /></a><figcaption>Oudeschans, drawing by <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Beijer" title="Jan de Beijer">Jan de Beijer</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Johannes Swammerdam was baptized on 15 February 1637 in the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Kerk_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oude Kerk (Amsterdam)">Oude Kerk</a> Amsterdam. His father Jan (or Johannes) Jacobsz (-1678) was an <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a> and an amateur collector of <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, coins, <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> from around the world. In 1632 he married Baartje Jans (-1660) in <a href="/wiki/Weesp" title="Weesp">Weesp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple lived across the <a href="/wiki/Montelbaanstoren" title="Montelbaanstoren">Montelbaanstoren</a>, near the harbour, the headquarter and the warehouses of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> where an uncle worked. Some of their children were buried in the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_church" title="Walloon church">Walloon church</a>, likewise Jan himself (who never married) and his father.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a youngster, Swammerdam had helped his father to take care of his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">curiosity collection</a>. Despite his father's wish that he should study <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> Swammerdam started to study medicine in 1661 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a>. He studied under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_van_Horne" title="Johannes van Horne">Johannes van Horne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Sylvius" title="Franciscus Sylvius">Franciscus Sylvius</a>. Among his fellow students were <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinier_de_Graaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinier de Graaf">Reinier de Graaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ole_Borch" title="Ole Borch">Ole Borch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kerckring" title="Theodor Kerckring">Theodor Kerckring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Blankaart" title="Steven Blankaart">Steven Blankaart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burchard_de_Volder" title="Burchard de Volder">Burchard de Volder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ehrenfried_Walther_von_Tschirnhaus" title="Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus">Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niels_Stensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niels Stensen">Niels Stensen</a>. While studying medicine Swammerdam started his own collection of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-BRILL_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRILL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1663 Swammerdam moved to France to continue his studies. It seems together with Steno.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied for one year at the Protestant <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saumur" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Saumur">University of Saumur</a>, under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Tanaquil_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanaquil Faber">Tanaquil Faber</a>. Subsequently, he studied in Paris at the scientific academy of <a href="/wiki/Melchis%C3%A9dech_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Melchisédech Thévenot">Melchisédech Thévenot</a>. 1665 he returned to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and joined a group of physicians who performed <a href="/wiki/Dissections" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissections">dissections</a> and published their findings. Between 1666 and 1667 Swammerdam concluded his study of medicine at the University of Leiden; he received his doctorate in medicine in 1667 under van Horne for his dissertation on the mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiration</a>, published under the title <i>De respiratione usuque pulmonum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BRILL_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRILL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with van Horne, he researched the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>. The result of this research was published under the title <i>Miraculum naturae sive uteri muliebris fabrica</i> in 1672. Swammerdam accused Reinier de Graaf of taking credit of discoveries he and Van Horne had made earlier regarding the importance of the ovary and its eggs. He used waxen injection techniques and a single-lens <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hudde" title="Johannes Hudde">Johannes Hudde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_into_insects">Research into insects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research into insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While studying medicine Swammerdam had started to dissect insects and after qualifying as a doctor, he focused on them. His father pressured him to earn a living, but Swammerdam persevered and in late 1669 published <i>Historia insectorum generalis ofte Algemeene verhandeling van de bloedeloose dierkens</i> (<i>The General History of Insects, or General Treatise on little Bloodless Animals</i>). The treatise summarised his study of insects he had collected in France and around Amsterdam. He countered the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> notion that insects were imperfect animals that lacked internal anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-BRILL_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRILL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the publication his father withdrew all financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Swammerdam was forced, at least occasionally, to practice medicine in order to finance his own research. He obtained leave at Amsterdam to dissect the bodies of those who died in the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_a_Mosquito_from_Historia_Insectorum_Generalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Illustration_of_a_Mosquito_from_Historia_Insectorum_Generalis.jpg/250px-Illustration_of_a_Mosquito_from_Historia_Insectorum_Generalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Illustration_of_a_Mosquito_from_Historia_Insectorum_Generalis.jpg/375px-Illustration_of_a_Mosquito_from_Historia_Insectorum_Generalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Illustration_of_a_Mosquito_from_Historia_Insectorum_Generalis.jpg/500px-Illustration_of_a_Mosquito_from_Historia_Insectorum_Generalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> from <i>Historia</i></figcaption></figure> <p>At university Swammerdam engaged deeply in the religious and philosophical ideas of his time. He categorically opposed the ideas behind <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a>, which held that God had created some creatures, but not insects. Swammerdam argued that this would blasphemously imply that parts of the universe were excluded from God's will. In his scientific study, Swammerdam tried to prove that God's creation happened time after time, and that it was uniform and stable. Swammerdam was much influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, whose natural philosophy had been widely adopted by Dutch intellectuals. In <i>Discours de la Methode</i> Descartes had argued that nature was orderly and obeyed fixed laws, thus nature could be explained rationally.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swammerdam was convinced that the creation, or generation, of all creatures obeyed the same laws. Having studied the reproductive organs of men and women at university he set out to study the generation of insects. He had devoted himself to studying insects after discovering that the <em>king</em> <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> was indeed a <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queen bee</a>. Swammerdam knew this because he had found eggs inside the creature. But he did not publish this finding. Swammerdam corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Slade" title="Matthew Slade">Matthew Slade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boccone" title="Paolo Boccone">Paolo Boccone</a> and was visited by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Piso" title="Willem Piso">Willem Piso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Tulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaas Tulp">Nicolaas Tulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Witsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaas Witsen">Nicolaas Witsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_III_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo III de' Medici</a>, accompanied by Thévenot, another revolutionary discovery. Inside a <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillar</a> the limbs and wings of the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> could be seen (now called the <a href="/wiki/Imaginal_disc" title="Imaginal disc">imaginal discs</a>). </p><p>When Swammerdam published <i>The General History of Insects, or General Treatise on little Bloodless Animals</i> later that year he not only did away with the idea that insects lacked internal anatomy but also attacked the Christian notion that insects originated from spontaneous generation and that their life cycle was a <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swammerdam maintained that all insects originated from eggs and their limbs grew and developed slowly. Thus there was no distinction between insects and so-called <i>higher animals</i>. Swammerdam declared war on "vulgar errors" and the symbolic interpretation of insects was, in his mind, incompatible with the power of God, the almighty architect.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swammerdam, therefore, dispelled the seventeenth-century notion of metamorphosis —the idea that different life stages of an insect (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a>) represent different individuals<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a sudden change from one type of animal to another.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miraculum_naturae_sive_uteri_muliebris_fabrica_V00115_00000006.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Miraculum_naturae_sive_uteri_muliebris_fabrica_V00115_00000006.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Miraculum_naturae_sive_uteri_muliebris_fabrica_V00115_00000006.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Miraculum_naturae_sive_uteri_muliebris_fabrica_V00115_00000006.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Miraculum_naturae_sive_uteri_muliebris_fabrica_V00115_00000006.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Miraculum_naturae_sive_uteri_muliebris_fabrica_V00115_00000006.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Miraculum_naturae_sive_uteri_muliebris_fabrica_V00115_00000006.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="3212" /></a><figcaption><i>Miraculum naturae sive uteri muliebris fabrica</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swammerdam suffered a crisis of conscience; his father repudiated the study of insects. Having believed that his scientific research was a tribute to the Creator, he started to fear that he may be worshipping the <a href="/wiki/Idol_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idol (philosophy)">idol</a> of curiosities. In 1673 Swammerdam briefly fell under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Bourignon" title="Antoinette Bourignon">Antoinette Bourignon</a>. His 1675 treatise on the <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayfly</a>, entitled <i>Ephemeri vita</i>, included devout poetry and documented his religious experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swammerdam found comfort in the arms of Bourignon's sect in <a href="/wiki/Nordstrand,_Germany" title="Nordstrand, Germany">Nordstrand, Germany</a>. Swammerdam traveled to Copenhagen to visit the mother of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Steno" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Steno">Nicolaus Steno</a>, but was back in Amsterdam in early 1676. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oldenburg" title="Henry Oldenburg">Henry Oldenburg</a>, he explained "I was never at any time busier than in these days, and the chief of all architects has blessed my endeavors".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bybel_der_natuure"><i>Bybel der natuure</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bybel der natuure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swammerdam,_Jan_%E2%80%93_Bybel_der_Natuure,_1693_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11959684.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Swammerdam%2C_Jan_%E2%80%93_Bybel_der_Natuure%2C_1693_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11959684.jpg/220px-Swammerdam%2C_Jan_%E2%80%93_Bybel_der_Natuure%2C_1693_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11959684.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Swammerdam%2C_Jan_%E2%80%93_Bybel_der_Natuure%2C_1693_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11959684.jpg/330px-Swammerdam%2C_Jan_%E2%80%93_Bybel_der_Natuure%2C_1693_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11959684.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Swammerdam%2C_Jan_%E2%80%93_Bybel_der_Natuure%2C_1693_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11959684.jpg/440px-Swammerdam%2C_Jan_%E2%80%93_Bybel_der_Natuure%2C_1693_%E2%80%93_BEIC_11959684.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption><i>Bybel der Natuure</i>, 1693</figcaption></figure> <p>His religious crisis only interrupted his scientific research briefly and until his premature death aged 43, he worked on what was to become his main work. It remained unpublished when he died in 1680 and was published as <i>Bybel der natuure</i> posthumously in 1737 by the Leiden University professor <a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that all insects were worth studying, Swammerdam had compiled an epic treatise on as many insects as he could, using the microscope and dissection. Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a>, in <i>De Bombyce</i> Swammerdam described the anatomy of <a href="/wiki/Silkworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworms">silkworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayflies">mayflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stag_beetle" title="Stag beetle">stag beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese_mite" title="Cheese mite">cheese mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a> and many other insects. His scientific observations were infused by his <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">belief in God</a>, the almighty creator.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swammerdam's praise of the <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">louse</a> went on to become a classic: </p> <blockquote><p>Herewith I offer you the Omnipotent Finger of God in the anatomy of a louse: wherein you will find miracle heaped on miracle and see the wisdom of God clearly manifested in a minute point.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_on_bees">Research on bees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research on bees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reproductive_organs_of_the_bee._Wellcome_L0000176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Reproductive_organs_of_the_bee._Wellcome_L0000176.jpg/220px-Reproductive_organs_of_the_bee._Wellcome_L0000176.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Reproductive_organs_of_the_bee._Wellcome_L0000176.jpg/330px-Reproductive_organs_of_the_bee._Wellcome_L0000176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Reproductive_organs_of_the_bee._Wellcome_L0000176.jpg/440px-Reproductive_organs_of_the_bee._Wellcome_L0000176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1798" /></a><figcaption>Swammerdam's drawing of the queen bee's reproductive organs, as observed through the microscope.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since ancient times it had been asserted that the queen bee was male, and ruled the hive. In 1586 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Mendez_de_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Mendez de Torres (page does not exist)">Luis Mendez de Torres</a> had first published the finding that the hive was ruled by a female, but Torres had maintained that she produced all other bees in the colony through a "seed". In 1609 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler_(beekeeper)" title="Charles Butler (beekeeper)">Charles Butler</a> had recorded the sex of drones as male, but he wrongly believed that they mated with worker bees. In <i>Biblia naturae</i> the first visual proof was published that his contemporaries had mistakenly identified the <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queen bee</a> as male.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swammerdam also provided evidence that the queen bee is the sole mother of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Crane_1999_569_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Crane_1999_569-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swammerdam had engaged in five intense years of <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a>. He had found that <a href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">drones</a> were masculine, and had no <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">stinger</a>. Swammerdam identified the worker bees as "natural <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuchs">eunuchs</a>" because he was unable to detect <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a> in them, but described them as nearer to the nature of the female. Swammerdam had produced a drawing of the queen bee's reproductive organs, as observed through the microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drawing Swammerdam produced of the internal anatomy of the queen bee was only published in 1737.<sup id="cite_ref-Eva_Crane_1999_569_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eva_Crane_1999_569-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycomb</a> geometry was first published in <i>Biblia naturae</i>, but had been referenced by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Filippo_Maraldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo Filippo Maraldi">Giacomo Filippo Maraldi</a> in his 1712 book.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Details of Swammerdam's research on bees had already been published elsewhere because he had shared his findings with other scientists in correspondence. Among others, Swammerdam's research had been referenced by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a> in 1688.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_on_muscles">Research on muscles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research on muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swammerdam_frog_thigh.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Swammerdam_frog_thigh.PNG/220px-Swammerdam_frog_thigh.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Swammerdam_frog_thigh.PNG/330px-Swammerdam_frog_thigh.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Swammerdam_frog_thigh.PNG 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Swammerdam's illustration of a nerve-muscle preparation. He placed a frog thigh muscle in a glass syringe with a nerve protruding from a hole in the side of the container. Irritating the nerve caused the muscle to contract, but the level of the water, and thus the volume of the muscle, did not increase.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>Biblia naturae</i> Swammerdam's research on muscles was published. Swammerdam played a key role in the debunking of the <a href="/wiki/Balloonist_theory" title="Balloonist theory">balloonist theory</a>, the idea that 'moving spirits' are responsible for muscle contractions. The idea, supported by the Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, held that nerves were hollow and the movement of spirits through them propelled muscle motion.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> furthered the idea by basing it on a model of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a>, suggesting that the spirits were analogous to fluids or gasses and calling them 'animal spirits'.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the model, which Descartes used to explain <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflexes</a>, the spirits would flow from the <a href="/wiki/Brain_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain ventricle">ventricles of the brain</a>, through the nerves, and to the muscles to animate the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this hypothesis, muscles would grow larger when they contract because of the animal spirits flowing into them. To test this idea, Swammerdam placed severed frog thigh muscle in an airtight syringe with a small amount of water in the tip.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could thus determine whether there was a change in the volume of the muscle when it contracted by observing a change in the level of the water (image at right).<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Swammerdam caused the muscle to contract by irritating the nerve, the water level did not rise but rather was lowered by a minute amount; this showed that no air or fluid could be flowing into the muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that nerve stimulation led to the movement had important implications for <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> by putting forward the idea that behavior is based on stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swammerdam's research had been referenced before its publication by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Steno" title="Nicolas Steno">Nicolas Steno</a>, who had visited Swammerdam in Amsterdam. Swammerdam's research concluded after Steno had published the second edition of <i>Elements of Myology</i> in 1669, which is referenced in <i>Biblia naturae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A letter from Steno to Malpighi from 1675 suggests that Swammerdam's findings on muscle contraction had caused his crisis of consciousness. Steno sent Malpighi the drawings Swammerdam had done of the experiments, saying "when he had written a treatise on this matter he destroyed it and he has only preserved these figures. He is seeking God, but not yet in the Church of God."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_detail.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_detail.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_detail.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Amsterdam Oudeschans 18 detail</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_top.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_top.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_top.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_Oudeschans_18_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Amsterdam Oudeschans 18 top</figcaption></figure> <p>Together with his father he collected 6,000 objects in 27 drawer cabinets. Swammerdam's <i>Historia insectorum generalis</i> was widely known and applauded before he died. Two years after his death in 1680 it was translated into French and in 1685 it was translated into Latin. <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a>, author of the 1705 <i>Historia insectorum</i>, praised Swammerdam' methods, they were "the best of all".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Swammerdam's work on insects and anatomy was significant, many current histories remember him as much for his methods and skill with microscopes as for his discoveries. He developed new techniques for examining, preserving, and dissecting specimens, including wax injection to make viewing blood vessels easier. A method he invented for the preparation of hollow human organs was later much employed in anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had corresponded with contemporaries across Europe and his friends <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a> used his microscopic research to substantiate their own natural and moral philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Swammerdam has also been credited with heralding the natural theology of the 18th century, were God's grand design was detected in the mechanics of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowflakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowflakes">snowflakes</a> and the anatomy of the human eye.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An English translation of his entomological works by T. Floyd was published in 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No authentic portrait of Jan Swammerdam is extant nowadays.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portrait shown in the header is derived from the painting <i>The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and represents the leading Amsterdam physician Hartman Hartmanzoon (1591–1659). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/46914">"Jan Jacobsz. Swammerdam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519050854/https://www.vondel.humanities.uva.nl/ecartico/persons/46914">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jan+Jacobsz.+Swammerdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vondel.humanities.uva.nl%2Fecartico%2Fpersons%2F46914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheltema1863" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheltema, Pieter (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kRSAAAAcAAJ&dq=Swammerdam+Indischeraven&pg=RA2-PA104"><i>Aemstel's oudheid of gedenkwaardigheden van Amsterdam</i></a> (in Dutch). Scheltema. pp. 103–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aemstel%27s+oudheid+of+gedenkwaardigheden+van+Amsterdam&rft.pages=103-107&rft.pub=Scheltema&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Scheltema&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kRSAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DSwammerdam%2BIndischeraven%26pg%3DRA2-PA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaas_Van_BerkelAlbert_Van_HeldenL._C._Palm1999" class="citation book cs1">Klaas Van Berkel; Albert Van Helden; L. C. Palm (1999). <i>The History of Science in the Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference</i>. BRILL. p. 570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004100060" title="Special:BookSources/9789004100060"><bdi>9789004100060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+in+the+Netherlands%3A+Survey%2C+Themes+and+Reference&rft.pages=570&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004100060&rft.au=Klaas+Van+Berkel&rft.au=Albert+Van+Helden&rft.au=L.+C.+Palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jori009boec01_01/jori009boec01_01_0005.php">"Het 'Boeck der Natuere' (2006) by Eric Jorink, p. 231"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520062517/https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jori009boec01_01/jori009boec01_01_0005.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Het+%27Boeck+der+Natuere%27+%282006%29+by+Eric+Jorink%2C+p.+231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fjori009boec01_01%2Fjori009boec01_01_0005.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaas_Van_BerkelAlbert_Van_HeldenL._C._Palm1999" class="citation book cs1">Klaas Van Berkel; Albert Van Helden; L. C. Palm (1999). <i>The History of Science in the Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference</i>. BRILL. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004100060" title="Special:BookSources/9789004100060"><bdi>9789004100060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+in+the+Netherlands%3A+Survey%2C+Themes+and+Reference&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004100060&rft.au=Klaas+Van+Berkel&rft.au=Albert+Van+Helden&rft.au=L.+C.+Palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ac-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ac_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipleyDana1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Swammerdam, Johannes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Swammerdam,_Johannes">"Swammerdam, Johannes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swammerdam%2C+Johannes&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_A._E._EnenkelMark_S._Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Karl A. E. Enenkel; Mark S. Smith (2007). <i>Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts</i>. BRILL. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047422365" title="Special:BookSources/9789047422365"><bdi>9789047422365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Zoology%3A+The+Construction+of+Animals+in+Science%2C+Literature+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789047422365&rft.au=Karl+A.+E.+Enenkel&rft.au=Mark+S.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jori009boec01_01/jori009boec01_01_0005.php">"Het 'Boeck der Natuere' (2006) by Eric Jorink"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520062517/https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jori009boec01_01/jori009boec01_01_0005.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Het+%27Boeck+der+Natuere%27+%282006%29+by+Eric+Jorink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fjori009boec01_01%2Fjori009boec01_01_0005.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_A._E._EnenkelMark_S._Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Karl A. E. Enenkel; Mark S. Smith (2007). <i>Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts</i>. BRILL. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047422365" title="Special:BookSources/9789047422365"><bdi>9789047422365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Zoology%3A+The+Construction+of+Animals+in+Science%2C+Literature+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789047422365&rft.au=Karl+A.+E.+Enenkel&rft.au=Mark+S.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_A._E._EnenkelMark_S._Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Karl A. E. Enenkel; Mark S. Smith (2007). <i>Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts</i>. BRILL. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047422365" title="Special:BookSources/9789047422365"><bdi>9789047422365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Zoology%3A+The+Construction+of+Animals+in+Science%2C+Literature+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789047422365&rft.au=Karl+A.+E.+Enenkel&rft.au=Mark+S.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...whereas modern biologists speak of the grub, the pupa and the adult as stages in the life cycle of one individual butterfly, <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">Harvey</a> and his contemporaries always regarded the grub as one individual and the butterfly as another."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_B._Gasking1966" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth B. Gasking (1966). <i>Investigations Into Generation 1651–1828</i>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigations+Into+Generation+1651%E2%80%931828&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Elizabeth+B.+Gasking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span> page 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cobb" title="Matthew Cobb">Cobb, Matthew</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generationsevent0000cobb/page/132/mode/2up"><i>Generation: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex, Life, and Growth</i></a>. New York and London: Bloomsbury. pp. 132–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59691-036-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59691-036-4"><bdi>1-59691-036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation%3A+The+Seventeenth-Century+Scientists+Who+Unraveled+the+Secrets+of+Sex%2C+Life%2C+and+Growth&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=132-141&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59691-036-4&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenerationsevent0000cobb%2Fpage%2F132%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_A._E._EnenkelMark_S._Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Karl A. E. Enenkel; Mark S. Smith (2007). <i>Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts</i>. BRILL. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047422365" title="Special:BookSources/9789047422365"><bdi>9789047422365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Zoology%3A+The+Construction+of+Animals+in+Science%2C+Literature+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789047422365&rft.au=Karl+A.+E.+Enenkel&rft.au=Mark+S.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swammerdam, Jan. 1737-1758. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209892#page/1165/mode/1up">Bybel der natuure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209230238/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209892#page/1165/mode/1up">Archived</a> 2020-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Amsteldammer. Of Historie der insecten</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaas_Van_BerkelAlbert_Van_HeldenL._C._Palm1999" class="citation book cs1">Klaas Van Berkel; Albert Van Helden; L. C. Palm (1999). <i>The History of Science in the Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference</i>. BRILL. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004100060" title="Special:BookSources/9789004100060"><bdi>9789004100060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+in+the+Netherlands%3A+Survey%2C+Themes+and+Reference&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004100060&rft.au=Klaas+Van+Berkel&rft.au=Albert+Van+Helden&rft.au=L.+C.+Palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_A._E._EnenkelMark_S._Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Karl A. E. Enenkel; Mark S. Smith (2007). <i>Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts</i>. BRILL. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047422365" title="Special:BookSources/9789047422365"><bdi>9789047422365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Zoology%3A+The+Construction+of+Animals+in+Science%2C+Literature+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789047422365&rft.au=Karl+A.+E.+Enenkel&rft.au=Mark+S.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTania_Munz2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tania_Munz" title="Tania Munz">Tania Munz</a> (2016). <i>The Dancing Bees: Karl Von Frisch and the Discovery of the Honeybee Language</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226020860" title="Special:BookSources/9780226020860"><bdi>9780226020860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dancing+Bees%3A+Karl+Von+Frisch+and+the+Discovery+of+the+Honeybee+Language&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780226020860&rft.au=Tania+Munz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eva_Crane_1999_569-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Crane_1999_569_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eva_Crane_1999_569_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEva_Crane1999" class="citation book cs1">Eva Crane (1999). <i>The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415924672" title="Special:BookSources/9780415924672"><bdi>9780415924672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+History+of+Beekeeping+and+Honey+Hunting&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415924672&rft.au=Eva+Crane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTania_Munz2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tania_Munz" title="Tania Munz">Tania Munz</a> (2016). <i>The Dancing Bees: Karl Von Frisch and the Discovery of the Honeybee Language</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226020860" title="Special:BookSources/9780226020860"><bdi>9780226020860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dancing+Bees%3A+Karl+Von+Frisch+and+the+Discovery+of+the+Honeybee+Language&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780226020860&rft.au=Tania+Munz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEva_Crane1999" class="citation book cs1">Eva Crane (1999). <i>The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415924672" title="Special:BookSources/9780415924672"><bdi>9780415924672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+History+of+Beekeeping+and+Honey+Hunting&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415924672&rft.au=Eva+Crane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cobb-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cobb_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobb_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobb_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobb_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobb_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobb_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cobb_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb_M2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cobb M (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515053936/http://janswammerdam.net/NRN.pdf">"Timeline: Exorcizing the animal spirits: Jan Swammerdam on nerve function"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 395–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn806">10.1038/nrn806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11988778">11988778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5259824">5259824</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janswammerdam.net/NRN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2005-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Exorcizing+the+animal+spirits%3A+Jan+Swammerdam+on+nerve+function&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=395-400&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5259824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11988778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn806&rft.au=Cobb+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janswammerdam.net%2FNRN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroels_Kardel1994" class="citation book cs1">Troels Kardel (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stenoonmusclesin0000unse/page/16"><i>Steno on Muscles</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stenoonmusclesin0000unse/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871698414" title="Special:BookSources/9780871698414"><bdi>9780871698414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steno+on+Muscles&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780871698414&rft.au=Troels+Kardel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstenoonmusclesin0000unse%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroels_Kardel1994" class="citation book cs1">Troels Kardel (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stenoonmusclesin0000unse/page/17"><i>Steno on Muscles</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stenoonmusclesin0000unse/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871698414" title="Special:BookSources/9780871698414"><bdi>9780871698414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steno+on+Muscles&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780871698414&rft.au=Troels+Kardel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstenoonmusclesin0000unse%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022020307/http://janswammerdam.org.seanic11.net/portrait.html">"Jan Swammerdam's "portrait"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janswammerdam.org.seanic11.net/portrait.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jan+Swammerdam%27s+%22portrait%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanswammerdam.org.seanic11.net%2Fportrait.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=11959684"><i>Bybel der Natuure</i></a> (in German). Utrecht: Otto de Vries. 1693.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bybel+der+Natuure&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pub=Otto+de+Vries&rft.date=1693&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D11959684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cobb M. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515053936/http://janswammerdam.net/NRN.pdf">Exorcizing the animal spirits: John Swammerdam on nerve function</a>. <i>Nature Reviews</i>, Volume 3, Pages 395–400.</li> <li>Winsor, Mary P. "Swammerdam, Jan." <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a>.</i> 1976</li> <li>Cobb, Matthew. "Reading and writing <i>The Book of Nature</i>: Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680)." <i>Endeavour.</i> Vol. 24(3). 2000.</li> <li>O'Connell, Sanjida. "A silk road to biology." <i>The Times.</i> May 27, 2002.</li> <li>Hall, Rupert A. <i>From Galileo to Newton 1630–1720</i>R. &R. Clark, Ltd., Edinburgh: 1963.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jorink, Eric. "'Outside God there is Nothing': Swammerdam, Spinoza, and the Janus-Face of the Early Dutch Enlightenment." <i>The Early Enlightenment in the Dutch Republic, 1650–1750: Selected Papers of a Conference, Held at the Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel, 22–23 March 2001.</i> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Wiep_Van_Bunge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiep Van Bunge">Wiep Van Bunge</a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. 81–108.</li> <li>Fearing, Franklin. "Jan Swammerdam: A Study in the History of Comparative and Physiological Psychology of the 17th Century." <i>The American Journal of Psychology</i> 41.3 (1929): 442–455</li> <li>Ruestow, Edward G. <i>The Microscope in the Dutch Republic: The Shaping of Discovery</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.</li> <li>Ruestow, Edward G. "Piety and the defense of natural order: Swammerdam on generation." <i>Religion Science and Worldview: Essays in Honor of Richard S. Westfall.</i> Eds. Margaret Osler and Paul Lawrence Farber. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. 217–241.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article about "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Swammerdam,_Jan" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Swammerdam, Jan">Jan Swammerdam</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Swammerdam, John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Swammerdam,_John">"Swammerdam, John" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XXII (9th ed.). 1887.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swammerdam%2C+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Swammerdam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janswammerdam.org">Site devoted to Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strangescience.net/swammerdam.htm">Short biography from a website that chronicles the "rocky road to modern paleontology and biology"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/swammerdam.html">Biography written by Matthew Cobb, a professor at Laboratoire d'Ecologie in Paris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/History_sci/id/375/rec/1">An English Edition of Swammerdam's "The Book of Nature, or, The History of Insects" From the History of Science Digital Collection</a>: Utah State University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8335">Works by Jan Swammerdam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Swammerdam%2C%20Jan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jan%20Swammerdam%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Swammerdam%2C%20Jan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jan%20Swammerdam%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Swammerdam%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jan%20Swammerdam%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Swammerdam%2C%20Jan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jan%20Swammerdam%22%29%20OR%20%28%221637-1680%22%20AND%20Swammerdam%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Jan Swammerdam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1172117A">Works by Jan Swammerdam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blog/?catalogue=jan-swammerdam">The Correspondence of Jan Swammerdam</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/home">EMLO</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (<i>De Natura Animalium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (<i>Pinax theatri botanici</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (<i>Avium Praecipuarum</i>, <i>New Herball</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (<i>Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (<i>The Naturalist's Library</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (<i>The Royal Natural History</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (<i>The Study of Instinct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (<i>The Dancing Bees</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (<i>Shearwaters</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/85px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/128px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/170px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336794#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336794#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336794#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083665200">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27109595">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3436/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmPtdkCccbP6h9xthmBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119475308">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011527">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12179831q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12179831q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Swammerdam, Jan <1637-1680>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV071699">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000091743&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1374065">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068258909">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=253745">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nrwrsv2cp7rx8">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810563030805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/276127">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463612905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528234406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14428114">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11572108?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=115617">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/364936">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=2193">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/43821399">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1046298">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119475308.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119475308">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/068528590">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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