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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_to_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_to_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages to 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_to_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>On ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>On land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction,_types,_and_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction,_types,_and_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction, types, and sizes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction,_types,_and_sizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction, types, and sizes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction,_types,_and_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_coopering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_coopering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Types of coopering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_coopering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cask_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cask_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cask sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cask_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Construction process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper" title="Kuiper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84" title="صانع البراميل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صانع البراميل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubero" title="Cubero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cubero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C9%99ll%C9%99k%C3%A7i" title="Çəlləkçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çəlləkçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Бондар (прафесія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бондар (прафесія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бъчварство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бъчварство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffla" title="Schaffla – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schaffla" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boter" title="Boter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedn%C3%A1%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Bednářství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bednářství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwper" title="Cwper – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwper" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8dker" title="Bødker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bødker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCfer" title="Küfer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Küfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelero" title="Tonelero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tonelero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelfaristo" title="Barelfaristo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barelfaristo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnelier" title="Tonnelier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tonnelier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAip%C3%A9ir" title="Cúipéir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cúipéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dvarstvo" title="Bačvarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bačvarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beykir" title="Beykir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beykir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottaio" title="Bottaio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bottaio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9F" title="חבתן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבתן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9ifer" title="Kéifer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kéifer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubilius" title="Kubilius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kubilius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuper" title="Kuper – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kuper" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodn%C3%A1r_(foglalkoz%C3%A1s)" title="Bodnár (foglalkozás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bodnár (foglalkozás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бочварство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бочварство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperij" title="Kuiperij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kuiperij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8kker" title="Bøkker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bøkker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8kkar" title="Bøkkar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bøkkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoeiro" title="Tanoeiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tanoeiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Бондарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бондарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бачвар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бачвар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnbindare" title="Tunnbindare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tunnbindare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E6%A1%B6" title="制桶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="制桶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38883#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Maker of staved vessels such as barrels</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cooperage" redirects here. For 1976 documentary film, see <a href="/wiki/Cooperage_(film)" title="Cooperage (film)">Cooperage (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cooperage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cooperage (disambiguation)">Cooperage (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooper1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooper1.jpg/220px-Cooper1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooper1.jpg/330px-Cooper1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooper1.jpg/440px-Cooper1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Cooper readies or rounds off the end of a barrel using a cooper's <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">hand adze</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparando_una_Barrica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Preparando_una_Barrica.jpg/170px-Preparando_una_Barrica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Preparando_una_Barrica.jpg/255px-Preparando_una_Barrica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Preparando_una_Barrica.jpg/340px-Preparando_una_Barrica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Assembly of a barrel, called <i>mise en rose</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cooper</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsman</a> who produces wooden casks, <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrels</a>, vats, buckets, <a href="/wiki/Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">tubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watering_trough" title="Watering trough">troughs</a>, and other similar containers from timber staves that were usually heated or steamed to make them pliable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Journeymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Journeymen">Journeymen</a> coopers also traditionally made wooden implements, such as rakes and wooden-bladed shovels. In addition to wood, other materials, such as iron, were used in the manufacturing process. The trade is the origin of the surname <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(surname)" title="Cooper (surname)">Cooper</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "cooper" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> <i>kūper</i> 'cooper' from <i>kūpe</i> 'cask', in turn from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>cupa</i> 'tun, barrel'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ancestry_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was adopted in England as an <a href="/wiki/Surname#Occupational_surname" title="Surname">occupational surname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(surname)" title="Cooper (surname)">Cooper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The art and skill of <i>coopering</i> refers to the manufacture of wooden casks, or barrels. The facility in which casks are made is referred to as a cooperage.<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archibald2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archibald2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-margaretriver_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margaretriver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stranger2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stranger2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, a cooper is someone who makes wooden, <a href="/wiki/Stave_(wood)" title="Stave (wood)">staved</a> vessels, held together with wooden or metal hoops and possessing flat ends or heads. Examples of a cooper's work include <a href="/wiki/Cask" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask">casks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucket" title="Bucket">buckets</a>, tubs, <a href="/wiki/Butter_churn" title="Butter churn">butter churns</a>, vats, <a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">hogsheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_brewery_cask_units#Firkin" title="English brewery cask units">firkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tierce_(unit)" title="Tierce (unit)">tierces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rundlet" title="Rundlet">rundlets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puncheon_(unit)" title="Puncheon (unit)">puncheons</a>, pipes, <a href="/wiki/Tun_(unit)" title="Tun (unit)">tuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butt_(unit)" title="Butt (unit)">butts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watering_trough" title="Watering trough">troughs</a>, pins and breakers. </p><p>A <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hooper" class="extiw" title="wikt:hooper">hooper</a></i> was the man who fitted the wooden or metal hoops around the barrels or buckets that the cooper had made, essentially an assistant to the cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hooper_(surname)" title="Hooper (surname)">English name Hooper</a> is derived from that profession.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, coopers took on the role of the hooper themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoscheiderHof-waldmuseum-kueferwerkstatt-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/RoscheiderHof-waldmuseum-kueferwerkstatt-2009.jpg/220px-RoscheiderHof-waldmuseum-kueferwerkstatt-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/RoscheiderHof-waldmuseum-kueferwerkstatt-2009.jpg/330px-RoscheiderHof-waldmuseum-kueferwerkstatt-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/RoscheiderHof-waldmuseum-kueferwerkstatt-2009.jpg/440px-RoscheiderHof-waldmuseum-kueferwerkstatt-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Cooper's workshop, <a href="/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum">Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian wall-painting</a> in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Hesy-Ra" title="Hesy-Ra">Hesy-Ra</a>, dating to 2600 BC, shows a wooden tub made of staves, bound together with wooden hoops, and used to measure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Egyptian tomb painting dating to 1900 BC shows a cooper and tubs made of staves in use at the grape harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palm-wood casks were reported in use in ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. In Europe, buckets and casks dating to 200 BC have been found preserved in the mud of lake villages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lake village near <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a> dating to the late <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> has yielded one complete tub and a number of wooden staves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> reports that cooperage in Europe originated with the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> in Alpine villages where they stored their beverages in wooden casks bound with hoops.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny identified three types of coopers: ordinary coopers, wine coopers and coopers who made large casks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large casks contained more and longer staves and were correspondingly more difficult to assemble. Roman coopers tended to be independent tradesmen, passing their skills on to their sons. The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> records wooden <a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos"><i>pithoi</i></a> (casks) were lined with pitch to stop leakage and preserve the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrels were sometimes used for military purposes. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> used <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapults</a> to hurl barrels of burning tar into towns under siege to start fires.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Empty casks were used to line the walls of shallow wells from at least Roman times. Such casks were found in 1897 during archaeological excavation of Roman <a href="/wiki/Silchester" title="Silchester">Silchester</a> in Britain. They were made of <a href="/wiki/Abies_alba" title="Abies alba">Pyrenean silver fir</a> and the staves were one and a half inches thick and featured grooves where the heads fitted. They had Roman numerals scratched on the surface of each stave to help with reassembly.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> Britain, wooden barrels were used to store ale, butter, honey, and <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>. Drinking vessels were also made from small staves of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yew" title="Yew">yew</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>. These items required considerable craftsmanship to hold liquids and might be bound with finely worked precious metals. They were highly valued items and were sometimes buried with the dead as <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> in 1066, when the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> started settling in England, much wine was shipped over the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> from France.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wherever and whatever goods were traded, casks were used, in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Cardboard_box" title="Cardboard box">cardboard boxes</a> later became common storage containers.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_to_20th_century">Middle Ages to 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages to 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HS_140_fol_64v_Fassbinder_1518_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HS_140_fol_64v_Fassbinder_1518_%282%29.jpg/170px-HS_140_fol_64v_Fassbinder_1518_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HS_140_fol_64v_Fassbinder_1518_%282%29.jpg/255px-HS_140_fol_64v_Fassbinder_1518_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HS_140_fol_64v_Fassbinder_1518_%282%29.jpg/340px-HS_140_fol_64v_Fassbinder_1518_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Cooper's brands from 1518 as recorded in a civic register from <a href="/wiki/Bozen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bozen">Bozen</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_36328_Coopering_-_Before_the_voyage_the_casks_to_hold_the_oil_are_put_together_on_the_docks,_stowed_with_the_provisions_of_the_voyage.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FMIB_36328_Coopering_-_Before_the_voyage_the_casks_to_hold_the_oil_are_put_together_on_the_docks%2C_stowed_with_the_provisions_of_the_voyage.jpeg/220px-FMIB_36328_Coopering_-_Before_the_voyage_the_casks_to_hold_the_oil_are_put_together_on_the_docks%2C_stowed_with_the_provisions_of_the_voyage.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FMIB_36328_Coopering_-_Before_the_voyage_the_casks_to_hold_the_oil_are_put_together_on_the_docks%2C_stowed_with_the_provisions_of_the_voyage.jpeg/330px-FMIB_36328_Coopering_-_Before_the_voyage_the_casks_to_hold_the_oil_are_put_together_on_the_docks%2C_stowed_with_the_provisions_of_the_voyage.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FMIB_36328_Coopering_-_Before_the_voyage_the_casks_to_hold_the_oil_are_put_together_on_the_docks%2C_stowed_with_the_provisions_of_the_voyage.jpeg/440px-FMIB_36328_Coopering_-_Before_the_voyage_the_casks_to_hold_the_oil_are_put_together_on_the_docks%2C_stowed_with_the_provisions_of_the_voyage.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3889" data-file-height="2505" /></a><figcaption>Coopering of casks on a dock for a <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whaler</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_ships">On ships</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: On ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ships, in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">age of sail</a>, provided much work for coopers. They made water and provision casks, the contents of which sustained crew and passengers on long voyages. They also made barrels to contain high-value commodities, such as wine and sugar. The proper stowage of casks on ships about to sail was an important <a href="/wiki/Stevedoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedoring">stevedoring</a> skill. Casks of various sizes were used to accommodate the sloping walls of the hull and make maximum use of limited space. Casks also had to be tightly packed, to ensure they did not move during the voyage and endanger the ship, crew and cask contents.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whaling ships in particular, featuring long voyages and large crews, needed many casks – for <a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-cured meat">salted meat</a>, other provisions and water – and to store the whale oil. <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whale</a> oil was a particularly difficult substance to contain, due to its highly viscous nature, and oil coopers were perhaps the most skilled tradesmen in pre-industrial cooperage.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whaling ships usually carried a cooper on board, to assemble shooks (disassembled barrels) and maintain casks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, coopers who crafted barrels on ships were often called groggers (or jolly <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tar" title="Jack Tar">jack tars</a>), as when a barrel of rum had been emptied, they would fill it up with boiling water and roll it around, creating a drink which was called grog.<sup id="cite_ref-finney2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_land">On land</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: On land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coopers in Britain started to organise as early as 1298. The <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Coopers" title="Worshipful Company of Coopers">Worshipful Company of Coopers</a> is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Livery_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery Company">Livery Companies</a> in London. It still survives today although it is now largely a charitable organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, the company won the right for coopers to be independent from breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-finney2015_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many coopers worked for breweries, making the large wooden vats in which beer was brewed, such as <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Brewery" title="Guinness Brewery">Guinness</a> in Ireland. They also made the wooden kegs in which the beer was shipped to liquor retailers. Beer kegs had to be particularly strong in order to contain the pressure of the fermenting liquid, and the rough handling they received when transported, sometime over long distances, to pubs where they were rolled into <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">tap-rooms</a> or were lowered into cellars.<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the mid-20th century, the cooper's trade flourished in the United States; a dedicated trade journal was published, the <i>National Cooper's Journal</i>, with advertisements from firms that supplied everything from barrel staves to purpose-built machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> at the turn of the 19th century and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition in the United States</a> in the early 20th century, there was less demand for barrels, and over time, various other containers were manufactured for shipping goods, including <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping containers</a>, metal drums, and <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_cardboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated cardboard">corrugated cardboard</a>. Storing, shipping, and fermenting alcohol became the main uses for wooden barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early days, Guinness employed its own team of up to 300 highly-paid coopers in the brewery, making barrels which would be shipped around the world, and wooden casks were used by the brewery for nearly two centuries. In 1946 <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> kegs were introduced, and over time gradually replaced the wooden barrels, until these in turn were replaced by stainless steel in the late 1980s. By 1961 there were only 70 coopers still employed by Guinness, and the last wooden cask was used in March 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction,_types,_and_sizes"><span id="Construction.2C_types.2C_and_sizes"></span>Construction, types, and sizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Construction, types, and sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrels intended for wine storage are made predominantly with either French <a href="/wiki/Common_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Common oak">common oak</a> (<i>Quercus robur</i>), French white oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_petraea" title="Quercus petraea">Quercus petraea</a></i>) or American white oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_alba" title="Quercus alba">Quercus alba</a></i>), or <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_sessilifolia" title="Quercus sessilifolia">Quercus sessilifolia</a></i>, an Asian species that grows in Japan, Taiwan, and much of <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern China">south-eastern China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-margaretriver_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margaretriver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_coopering">Types of coopering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types of coopering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three main categories of coopering:<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>White coopering, creating pails, <a href="/wiki/Butter_churn" title="Butter churn">butter churns</a>, tubs,<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoons, ladles, and other household equipment<sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dry, or "slack" (U.S.), coopering, making casks for holding dry goods, like flour, tobacco and vegetables,<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed to keep moisture out<sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wet, or "tight" (U.S.) coopering, making casks for holding liquids, including water, wine, whiskey, milk, oil, and paint<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cask_sizes">Cask sizes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cask sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_brewery_cask_units" title="English brewery cask units">English brewery cask units</a></div> <p>In wet coopering, wooden casks were traditionally made in several sizes in England and Ireland, including:<sup id="cite_ref-guinness_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firkin_(unit)" title="Firkin (unit)">Firkin</a>, containing 8 imp gal (36 L; 9.6 US gal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilderkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilderkin">Kilderkin</a>, containing 16 imp gal (73 L; 19 US gal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Barrel</a>, containing 32 imp gal (150 L; 38 US gal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">Hogshead</a>, containing 52 imp gal (240 L; 62 US gal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_(unit)" title="Butt (unit)">Butt</a>, containing 104 imp gal (470 L; 125 US gal)</li></ul> <p>The firkin is the most common size for an ale cask.<sup id="cite_ref-finney2015_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_process">Construction process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Construction process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Barrel_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel construction">Barrel construction</a></div> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Barrel#Barrel_shape,_construction_and_parts" title="Barrel">barrel-making process</a>, the cask needs to be steamed to soften and loosen <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> in the wood, and it is then toasted. Toasting develops the flavours of the sugars in the wood, that is the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>. Then the barrel is charred, which involves exposing it to 1,300 °F (704 °C) for 45 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wine barrel is toasted for around 35 minutes with a low fire, while for whiskey it is usual to toast for just 45 seconds on a high fire, to burn the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-imbibe_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imbibe-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, coopers mostly operate barrel-making machinery and assemble casks for the wine and spirits industry. Traditionally, the staves were heated to make them easier to bend. This is still done, but now because the slightly toasted interior of the staves imparts a certain flavour over time to the wine or spirit contents that is much admired by experts. </p><p>In the 1960s, breweries started using metal casks because of cost and simplicity; since then, the trade of master cooper in England has been dwindling.<sup id="cite_ref-finney2015_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 there were only four breweries left in England employing coopers, and only one was a master cooper: Alastair Simms at <a href="/wiki/Wadworth_Brewery" title="Wadworth Brewery">Wadworth Brewery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devizes" title="Devizes">Devizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he appealed for apprentices, there were many applications, but the government's insistence that trainees should attend a university killed off a lot of the interest. Subsequently, there has been a resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Craft_beer" title="Craft beer">craft breweries</a> and English winemakers employing coopers.<sup id="cite_ref-finney2015_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 Simms was at <a href="/wiki/Theakston_Brewery" title="Theakston Brewery">Theakston Brewery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Masham" title="Masham">Masham</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-finney2015_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simms had an apprentice by November 2015. He still uses the traditional tools, including a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/croze" class="extiw" title="wikt:croze">croze</a> which he estimates is over 250 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, there are also few master coopers left. Ramiro Herrera, Master Cooper for Caldwell Vineyard in the <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">Napa Valley</a>, was sent to France to learn his trade, where only two out of 40 starters completed the four-year training course. It takes him around 11 hours to build a barrel, before it is ready to be toasted.<sup id="cite_ref-imbibe_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imbibe-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recycling casks is common in the trade, and wine casks may be converted to contain beer. Centuries-old tools remain the preferred tool of the master cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-finney2015_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2021, very few of the 30-odd coopers left in the United States still used traditional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of coopers has declined in Australia. A 1959 photograph held in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a> is captioned "The cooper Harry Mahlo (one of the last coopers) Yalumba wineries, Angaston, Barossa Valley, South Australia, 1959".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several cooperages have closed in the 21st century, and, while there is a need for new coopers, there has been no pathway to the trade via apprenticeships since 1996, when the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> reformed the apprenticeship scheme to focus particularly on construction, food and hospitality, and <a href="/wiki/Hairdressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hairdressing">hairdressing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2024, it was reported that there was only one <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">winery</a> left in Australia still making its own barrels for storing wine, and there were fewer than 100 people still making barrels at small cooperages for other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cooperages, such as the Margaret River Cooperage in <a href="/wiki/Margaret_River,_Western_Australia" title="Margaret River, Western Australia">Margaret River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, do not make new barrels, but recooper imported barrels for use by small wineries.<sup id="cite_ref-margaretriver_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margaretriver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2015 film <a href="/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Sea_(film)" title="In the Heart of the Sea (film)"><i>In the Heart of the Sea</i></a> featured master cooper Alastair Simms, who made 200 barrels for the film.<sup id="cite_ref-finney2015_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coopers%27_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Coopers' Dance">Coopers' Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Preservation_of_Beers_from_the_Wood" title="Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood">Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.</i> 2002. 5th ed. Vol. 1, A–M. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancestry-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.co.uk/name-origin?surname=cooper">"Cooper Name Meaning & Cooper Family History at Ancestry.co.uk"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i>. 15 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry&rft.atitle=Cooper+Name+Meaning+%26+Cooper+Family+History+at+Ancestry.co.uk&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.co.uk%2Fname-origin%3Fsurname%3Dcooper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guinness-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guinness_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guinness_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guinness_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guinness_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guinness_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guinness_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guinness_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guinness_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinntiques.com/coopers.aspx">"Guinness Collectors Club"</a>. <i>The Guinness Coopers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guinness+Coopers&rft.atitle=Guinness+Collectors+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinntiques.com%2Fcoopers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archibald2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archibald2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchibald2020" class="citation web cs1">Archibald, Anna (8 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wineenthusiast.com/culture/spirits/cooper-wine-whiskey-career-tips/">"How to Quit Your Desk Job and Become a Cooper"</a>. <i>Wine Enthusiast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=How+to+Quit+Your+Desk+Job+and+Become+a+Cooper&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineenthusiast.com%2Fculture%2Fspirits%2Fcooper-wine-whiskey-career-tips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-margaretriver-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-margaretriver_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-margaretriver_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-margaretriver_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.margaretriver.com/things-to-do/eat-drink/wineries/the-ancient-craft-of-barrel-making/">"The Ancient Craft of Barrel Making"</a>. <i>The Margaret River Region</i>. 16 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Margaret+River+Region&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Craft+of+Barrel+Making&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.margaretriver.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Feat-drink%2Fwineries%2Fthe-ancient-craft-of-barrel-making%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stranger2023-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stranger2023_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStranger2023" class="citation web cs1">Stranger, Grace (12 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-12/endangered-trades-and-skills-at-risk-of-dying-out-in-australia/102721256">"Bottom of the barrel: Australia's endangered trades cry out for support"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=Bottom+of+the+barrel%3A+Australia%27s+endangered+trades+cry+out+for+support&rft.date=2023-08-12&rft.aulast=Stranger&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-08-12%2Fendangered-trades-and-skills-at-risk-of-dying-out-in-australia%2F102721256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doot.spub.co.uk/code.php?value=477">"DOOT: 477.—Coopers, Hoop Makers and Benders"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Occupational Terms Based on the Classification of Occupations used in the Census of Population, 1921</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+Occupational+Terms+Based+on+the+Classification+of+Occupations+used+in+the+Census+of+Population%2C+1921.&rft.atitle=DOOT%3A+477.%E2%80%94Coopers%2C+Hoop+Makers+and+Benders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoot.spub.co.uk%2Fcode.php%3Fvalue%3D477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.igenea.com/en/surnames/h/hooper">"Surname Hooper: Meaning Origin Variants"</a>. <i>iGENEA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iGENEA&rft.atitle=Surname+Hooper%3A+Meaning+Origin+Variants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.igenea.com%2Fen%2Fsurnames%2Fh%2Fhooper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilby1989" class="citation book cs1">Kilby, K. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_abWAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Cooper and His Trade</i></a>. Linden Publishing Company. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941936-16-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941936-16-3"><bdi>978-0-941936-16-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cooper+and+His+Trade&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Linden+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-941936-16-3&rft.aulast=Kilby&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_abWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diane Twede, “The cask age: the technology and history of wooden barrels,” Packaging Technology and Science, 2005, 18, p. 253 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pts.696">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilby, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D14">Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XIV, Chap. 27</a>, translated by John Bostock, H.T. Riley, Ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilby, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilby, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilby, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilby, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilby, p.102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ice-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ice_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ice.edu/blog/what-is-a-cooper">"The Art of the Cooper"</a>. <i>Institute of Culinary Education</i>. 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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War Trade Board (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75MUAAAAYAAJ"><i>Stowage of Ship Cargoes</i></a>. [United States.] Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Miscellaneous series. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Association. p. 75<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+the+Early+American+Industries+Association%2C+Inc&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=The+Association&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Early+American+Industries+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjLXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finney2015-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finney2015_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finney2015_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finney2015_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finney2015_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finney2015_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finney2015_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finney2015_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finney2015_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinney2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Finney, Words Clare (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.port-magazine.com/food-drink/the-last-master-cooper/">"The Last Master Cooper"</a>. <i>Port Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Port+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Last+Master+Cooper&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=Words+Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.port-magazine.com%2Ffood-drink%2Fthe-last-master-cooper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coopers-hall.co.uk/history">"History of the Coopers Livery Company"</a>. <i>The Worshipful Company of Coopers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imbibe+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Craft+of+the+Master+Cooper&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimbibemagazine.com%2Fthe-craft-of-the-master-cooper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/roll-out-the-barrel-for-the-last-cooper-1.790250">"Roll out the barrel for the last cooper"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. 22 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Roll+out+the+barrel+for+the+last+cooper&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Froll-out-the-barrel-for-the-last-cooper-1.790250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/society/11810950/Englands-last-master-cooper-seeks-apprentice.html">"England's last master cooper seeks apprentice"</a>. The Telegraph. 18 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322142909/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/society/11810950/Englands-last-master-cooper-seeks-apprentice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=England%27s+last+master+cooper+seeks+apprentice&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsociety%2F11810950%2FEnglands-last-master-cooper-seeks-apprentice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28209518">"Are these England's last traditional craftsmen and women?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708035857/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28209518">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Are+these+England%27s+last+traditional+craftsmen+and+women%3F&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-28209518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2015" class="citation news cs1">Barker, Vicki (28 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/11/28/457672599/number-of-beer-barrel-builders-in-england-are-declining">"Number Of Beer Barrel Builders In England Are Declining"</a>. <i>NPR News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR+News&rft.atitle=Number+Of+Beer+Barrel+Builders+In+England+Are+Declining&rft.date=2015-11-28&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F11%2F28%2F457672599%2Fnumber-of-beer-barrel-builders-in-england-are-declining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-143337385/view">"The cooper Harry Mahlo (one of the last coopers) Yalumba wineries, Angaston, Barossa Valley, South Australia, 1959 [picture]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trove&rft.atitle=The+cooper+Harry+Mahlo+%28one+of+the+last+coopers%29+Yalumba+wineries%2C+Angaston%2C+Barossa+Valley%2C+South+Australia%2C+1959+%5Bpicture%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-143337385%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStranger2023" class="citation news cs1">Stranger, Grace (12 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-12/endangered-trades-and-skills-at-risk-of-dying-out-in-australia/102721256">"Bottom of the barrel: Australia's endangered trades cry out for support"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Bottom+of+the+barrel%3A+Australia%27s+endangered+trades+cry+out+for+support&rft.date=2023-08-12&rft.aulast=Stranger&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-08-12%2Fendangered-trades-and-skills-at-risk-of-dying-out-in-australia%2F102721256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-09/only-one-winery-in-australia-still-makes-its-own/103297618">"Only one winery in Australia still makes its own barrels for wine storage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a></i>. 9 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=Only+one+winery+in+Australia+still+makes+its+own+barrels+for+wine+storage&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-01-09%2Fonly-one-winery-in-australia-still-makes-its-own%2F103297618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_(profession)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoyne1941" class="citation book cs1">Coyne, Franklin E. (1941). <i>The development of the cooperage industry in the United States, 1620-1940</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+development+of+the+cooperage+industry+in+the+United+States%2C+1620-1940&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Franklin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilby1971" class="citation book cs1">Kilby, Kenneth (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cooperhistrade00kilb"><i>The cooper and his trade</i></a></span>. J. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780212983995" title="Special:BookSources/9780212983995"><bdi>9780212983995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cooper+and+his+trade&rft.pub=J.+Baker&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780212983995&rft.aulast=Kilby&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcooperhistrade00kilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner1910" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, J.B. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cooperagetreatis00wagn"><i>Cooperage; a treatise on modern shop practice and methods; from the tree to the finished article</i></a>. Yonkers, NY: Yonkers, N.Y., J. B. Wagner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperage%3B+a+treatise+on+modern+shop+practice+and+methods%3B+from+the+tree+to+the+finished+article&rft.place=Yonkers%2C+NY&rft.pub=Yonkers%2C+N.Y.%2C+J.+B.+Wagner&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcooperagetreatis00wagn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cooperage"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cooperage">"Cooperage" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cooperage&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooper+%28profession%29" class="Z3988"></span> (1922/1923)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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