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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_American_mahogany_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_American_mahogany_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History of American mahogany trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_American_mahogany_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahogany_as_an_invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahogany_as_an_invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mahogany as an invasive species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahogany_as_an_invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahogany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ماهوجني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماهوجني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoba" title="Caoba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caoba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="মেহগনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেহগনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Махагон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Махагон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoba" title="Caoba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caoba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahagon" title="Mahagon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mahagon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogni_(t%C3%B8mmer)" title="Mahogni (tømmer) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mahogni (tømmer)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Μαόνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαόνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoba" title="Caoba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caoba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoba_(zura)" title="Kaoba (zura) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaoba (zura)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="ماهون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acajou" title="Acajou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acajou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahagaine" title="Mahagaine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mahagaine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoba" title="Caoba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caoba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%98%B8%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88" title="마호가니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마호가니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="महोगनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महोगनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahagonij" title="Mahagonij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mahagonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahagono" title="Mahagono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mahagono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogano_(legno)" title="Mogano (legno) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mogano (legno)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94" title="ამერიკული წითელი ხე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკული წითელი ხე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akajou" title="Akajou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akajou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaj%C3%BA" title="Akajú – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Akajú" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahag%C3%B3ni" title="Mahagóni – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mahagóni" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="မဟော်ဂနီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဟော်ဂနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahonie_(hout)" title="Mahonie (hout) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mahonie (hout)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%9B%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="マホガニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マホガニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogni" title="Mahogni – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mahogni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogni" title="Mahogni – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mahogni" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਹੋਗਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹੋਗਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مہوگنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مہوگنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rcajou" title="Àrcajou – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Àrcajou" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maho%C5%84" title="Mahoń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahoń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogno" title="Mogno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mogno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Махагони – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махагони" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mahogany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahag%C3%B3n" title="Mahagón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mahagón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahagonij" title="Mahagonij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mahagonij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahonki" title="Mahonki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mahonki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogny" title="Mahogny – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mahogny" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_(kahoy)" title="Nara (kahoy) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nara (kahoy)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maun" title="Maun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Махагоні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Махагоні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مہوگنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مہوگنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Timber of tropical hardwood species in the genus Swietenia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the timber. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mahogany (disambiguation)">Mahogany (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swietenia_macrophylla_(30680883066).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Swietenia_macrophylla_%2830680883066%29.jpg/220px-Swietenia_macrophylla_%2830680883066%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Swietenia_macrophylla_%2830680883066%29.jpg/330px-Swietenia_macrophylla_%2830680883066%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Swietenia_macrophylla_%2830680883066%29.jpg/440px-Swietenia_macrophylla_%2830680883066%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Honduran mahogany tree, <i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">Swietenia macrophylla</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swietenia_macrophylla_wood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Swietenia_macrophylla_wood.jpg/220px-Swietenia_macrophylla_wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Swietenia_macrophylla_wood.jpg/330px-Swietenia_macrophylla_wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Swietenia_macrophylla_wood.jpg/440px-Swietenia_macrophylla_wood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Wood from Honduran mahogany</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mahogany</b> is a straight-<a href="/wiki/Wood_grain" title="Wood grain">grained</a>, reddish-brown <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> of three <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia" title="Swietenia">Swietenia</a></i>, indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and part of the pantropical chinaberry <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a>. Mahogany is used commercially for a wide variety of goods, due to its coloring and durable nature. It is naturally found within the Americas, but has also been imported to plantations across <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. The mahogany trade may have begun as early as the 16th century and flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries. In certain countries, mahogany is considered an invasive species. </p><p>Mahogany is wood from any of three tree species: Honduran or big-leaf mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">Swietenia macrophylla</a></i>), West Indian or Cuban mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_mahagoni" title="Swietenia mahagoni">Swietenia mahagoni</a></i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_humilis" title="Swietenia humilis">Swietenia humilis</a></i>. Honduran mahogany is the most widespread and the only genuine mahogany species commercially grown today. Mahogany is a valuable lumber used for paneling, furniture, boats, musical instruments, and other items. The United States is the leading importer of mahogany, while Peru is the largest exporter. Mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic and Belize. </p><p><i>Swietenia</i> species have been introduced in various countries outside the Americas since the 1800s, with many plantings becoming naturalized forests. All species of <i>Swietenia</i> are now listed by <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> and protected due to concerns over illegal logging and mismanagement. Mahogany species can crossbreed when they grow in proximity, and the hybrid between <i>S. mahagoni</i> and <i>S. macrophylla</i> is widely planted for timber. </p><p>The history of the American mahogany trade dates back to the 17th century when the wood was first noticed by Europeans during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Mahogany became more popular in the 18th century when the British Parliament removed import duties on timber from <a href="/wiki/British_possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="British possessions">British possessions</a>, leading to increased exports to Europe and North America. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, mahogany from various regions was imported into Europe and North America, with Britain being the largest consumer. </p><p>By the late 19th century, African mahogany began to dominate the market, and by the early 20th century, the supply of American mahogany became scarcer. In response to concerns about the sustainability of mahogany, several species have been placed on CITES Appendices to regulate the trade. </p><p>Mahogany is known for its straight, fine grain and durability, making it a popular choice for fine furniture, boat construction, and musical instruments. However, the over-harvesting of mahogany and environmental concerns have led to a decrease in its use. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymology of <i>mahogany</i> is uncertain and a subject of debate. The term first appeared in <a href="/wiki/John_Ogilby" title="John Ogilby">John Ogilby</a>'s "America" (1671), referring to a "curious and rich wood" from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. Initial mentions of the mahogany tree (as opposed to wood) date to 1731, with its first detailed description in 1743, attributed to <i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_mahagoni" title="Swietenia mahagoni">Swietenia mahagoni</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kemp_Malone" title="Kemp Malone">Kemp Malone</a> in 1940. Malone suggested that <i>mahogany</i> originated as a generic term for 'wood' in a native Bahamian language.<sup id="cite_ref-Malone-1965_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone-1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F. Bruce Lamb disagreed, pointing out that the <a href="/wiki/Arawak_language" title="Arawak language">Arawak language</a>'s word for wood is <i>caoba</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb-1968_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamb identified a West African origin for the word in the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> <i>oganwo</i>, collectively <i>m'oganwo</i> (meaning <i>one which is the tallest or most high</i>) used for the <a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">Khaya</a> genus of trees, whose timber is today called African mahogany. Lamb proposes that <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> people brought to Jamaica as slaves identified the local trees of the <i>Swietenia</i> genus as <i>m'oganwo</i>, which developed into the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> term <i>mogano</i>, which first appeared in print as the name of a river in 1661, before finally developing into the English <i>mahogany</i> in Jamaica between 1655 and 1670.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb-1963_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-1963-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malone criticized this etymology, arguing that the proposed metamorphosis from the Yoruba <i>m'oganwo</i> to the Portuguese <i>mogano</i> to the English <i>mahogany</i> was a logical and linguistic stretch relying on the conversion of the singular <i>oganwo</i> to the collective <i>m'oganwo</i>, which Malone finds unlikely considering the tree's generally solitary nature. He also argues that Lamb's earliest identified use of the Portuguese <i>mog(a)no</i>, which is for a river that Lamb asserts must have been so named for the mahogany <i>oganwo</i> trees on its banks, could just as well have been named for any tall tree, since <i>oganwo</i> only means <i>tall</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malone-1965_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone-1965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamb, in turn, criticized Malone's methodology and perceived bias, and maintained that there is no evidence for <i>mahogany</i> as a generic word.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb-1968_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caoba_(Swietenia_macrophilla)_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caoba_%28Swietenia_macrophilla%29_07.jpg/220px-Caoba_%28Swietenia_macrophilla%29_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caoba_%28Swietenia_macrophilla%29_07.jpg/330px-Caoba_%28Swietenia_macrophilla%29_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caoba_%28Swietenia_macrophilla%29_07.jpg/440px-Caoba_%28Swietenia_macrophilla%29_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">Swietenia macrophylla</a></i> tree in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mahogany is a commercially important lumber prized for its beauty, durability, and color, and used for <a href="/wiki/Paneling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paneling">paneling</a> and to make <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boat-building" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat-building">boats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> and other items. The leading importer of mahogany is the United States, followed by Britain;<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the largest exporter today is <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, which surpassed Brazil after that country banned mahogany exports in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that some 80 or 90 percent of Peruvian mahogany exported to the United States is <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegally harvested</a>, with the economic cost of illegal logging in Peru placed conservatively at $40–70 million USD annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozloff-2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozloff-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated that in 2000, some 57,000 mahogany trees were harvested to supply the U.S. furniture trade alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahogany is the <a href="/wiki/National_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="National tree">national tree</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Day-Wilson-2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day-Wilson-2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mahogany tree with two <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">woodcutters</a> bearing an <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a> and a paddle also appears on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Belize" title="Coat of arms of Belize">Belizean national coat of arms</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_mottos" title="List of national mottos">national motto</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sub umbra floreo</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "under the shade I flourish."<sup id="cite_ref-Day-Wilson-2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day-Wilson-2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific density of mahogany is 0.55.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahogany, African: (500–850 kg/m<sup>3</sup>); Mahogany, Cuban: 660 kg/m<sup>3</sup>; Mahogany, Honduras: 650 kg/m<sup>3</sup>; Mahogany, Spanish: 850 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruit_with_leaves_at_Branch_Canopy_I_IMG_8673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fruit_with_leaves_at_Branch_Canopy_I_IMG_8673.jpg/220px-Fruit_with_leaves_at_Branch_Canopy_I_IMG_8673.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fruit_with_leaves_at_Branch_Canopy_I_IMG_8673.jpg/330px-Fruit_with_leaves_at_Branch_Canopy_I_IMG_8673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fruit_with_leaves_at_Branch_Canopy_I_IMG_8673.jpg/440px-Fruit_with_leaves_at_Branch_Canopy_I_IMG_8673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Honduran mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">Swietenia macrophylla</a></i>) leaves and fruit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swietenia_mahagoni_Boynton_Beach_starr-090924-5920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Swietenia_mahagoni_Boynton_Beach_starr-090924-5920.jpg/220px-Swietenia_mahagoni_Boynton_Beach_starr-090924-5920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Swietenia_mahagoni_Boynton_Beach_starr-090924-5920.jpg/330px-Swietenia_mahagoni_Boynton_Beach_starr-090924-5920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Swietenia_mahagoni_Boynton_Beach_starr-090924-5920.jpg/440px-Swietenia_mahagoni_Boynton_Beach_starr-090924-5920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Cuban mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_mahagoni" title="Swietenia mahagoni">Swietenia mahagoni</a></i>) leaves and fruit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swietenia_humilis_pods_(25258438815).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Swietenia_humilis_pods_%2825258438815%29.jpg/220px-Swietenia_humilis_pods_%2825258438815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Swietenia_humilis_pods_%2825258438815%29.jpg/330px-Swietenia_humilis_pods_%2825258438815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Swietenia_humilis_pods_%2825258438815%29.jpg/440px-Swietenia_humilis_pods_%2825258438815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Pacific Coast mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_humilis" title="Swietenia humilis">Swietenia humilis</a></i>) leaves and fruit</figcaption></figure> <p>The three species are: </p> <ul><li>Honduran or big-leaf mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">Swietenia macrophylla</a></i>), with a range from Mexico to southern <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the most widespread species of mahogany and the only genuine mahogany species commercially grown today.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal logging of <i>S. macrophylla</i>, and its highly destructive environmental effects,<sup id="cite_ref-Mahogany-2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahogany-2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to the species' placement in 2003 on Appendix II of <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES), the first time that a high-volume, high-value tree was listed on Appendix II.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indian</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_mahagoni" title="Swietenia mahagoni">Swietenia mahagoni</a></i>), native to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Florida">southern Florida</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, formerly dominant in the mahogany trade, but not in widespread commercial use since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_humilis" title="Swietenia humilis">Swietenia humilis</a></i>, a small and often twisted mahogany tree limited to seasonally <a href="/wiki/Dry_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry forest">dry forests</a> in Pacific Central America that is of limited commercial utility.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanists</a> believe that <i>S. humilis</i> is a mere variant of <i>S. macrophylla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_species">Other species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While only the three <i>Swietenia</i> species are classified officially as "genuine mahogany", the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> allows certain species of trees other than <i>Swietenia</i> to be sold as "mahoganies" in the U.S. timber trade. This is due to the long-standing usage of the terms. But it must be prefixed with another descriptor, and they are not allowed to be sold under the name "mahogany" alone.<sup id="cite_ref-USFTC-1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFTC-1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khaya_anthotheca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Khaya_anthotheca.jpg/220px-Khaya_anthotheca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Khaya_anthotheca.jpg/330px-Khaya_anthotheca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Khaya_anthotheca.jpg/440px-Khaya_anthotheca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>African mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Khaya_anthotheca" title="Khaya anthotheca">Khaya anthotheca</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Two names are allowed. The first is "African mahogany" for the five species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">Khaya</a></i> (which also belong to the mahogany family), namely: <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya_anthotheca" title="Khaya anthotheca">K. anthotheca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya_grandifoliola" title="Khaya grandifoliola">K. grandifoliola</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya_ivorensis" title="Khaya ivorensis">K. ivorensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya_madagascariensis" title="Khaya madagascariensis">K. madagascariensis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya_senegalensis" title="Khaya senegalensis">K. senegalensis</a></i>. All of them are native to native to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. The second is the name "Philippine mahogany" for seven species (all native to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>) in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Shorea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Parashorea" title="Parashorea">Parashorea</a></i> (which are unrelated <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipterocarp">dipterocarps</a>, more commonly known as "lauan" or "meranti"), namely:<i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_polysperma" title="Shorea polysperma">S. polysperma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_negrosensis" title="Shorea negrosensis">S. negrosensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_contorta" title="Shorea contorta">S. contorta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_ovata" title="Shorea ovata">S. ovata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_almon" title="Shorea almon">S. almon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_palosapis" title="Shorea palosapis">S. palosapis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Parashorea_malaanonan" title="Parashorea malaanonan">P. malaanonan</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-USFTC-1998_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFTC-1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timber from both "African mahoganies" and "Philippine mahoganies" as defined by the FTC, are very close in terms of appearance and properties to true mahoganies.<sup id="cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other species are allowed to be sold in the United States under the name "mahogany", aside from the three <i>Swietenia</i> species and the aforementioned exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-USFTC-1998_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFTC-1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the mahogany family, other closely-related members of other genera which also resemble mahoganies in terms of appearance and properties are also sometimes known as "mahoganies", though they can not be sold as such in the US timber trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes some members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Toona" title="Toona">Toona</a></i>, namely: "Philippine mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Toona_calantas" title="Toona calantas">Toona calantas</a></i>, different from the above usage);<sup id="cite_ref-ASEAN_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASEAN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Indian mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Toona_ciliata" title="Toona ciliata">Toona ciliata</a></i>);<sup id="cite_ref-India_Biodiversity_Portal_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Biodiversity_Portal-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Chinese mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Toona_sinensis" title="Toona sinensis">Toona sinensis</a></i>);<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Indonesian mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Toona_sureni" title="Toona sureni">Toona sureni</a></i>);.<sup id="cite_ref-Porcher-2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porcher-2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However members of this genus are more usually known as "toons" or "red cedars."<sup id="cite_ref-ASEAN_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASEAN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have similar properties to true mahoganies but differ in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species in the same family sometimes known as "mahoganies" include "Indian mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Chukrasia_velutina" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukrasia velutina">Chukrasia velutina</a></i>, different from <i>T. ciliata</i>); "sipo mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma_utile" title="Entandrophragma utile">Entandrophragma utile</a></i>); "sapele mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma_cylindricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Entandrophragma cylindricum">Entandrophragma cylindricum</a></i>);<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "royal mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Carapa guianensis</a></i>); "white mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Turraeanthus africanus</a></i>);<sup id="cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Dysoxylum_spectabile" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysoxylum spectabile">Dysoxylum spectabile</a></i>);<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "pink mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Guarea" title="Guarea">Guarea</a></i> spp.); and "demerara mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Carapa guianensis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple other unrelated species are also known as "mahogany". These include the aforementioned <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Shorea</a></i> species which does actually come close to true mahogany in terms of appearance and properties. But it also includes other species which do not resemble true mahogany at all and have very different wood properties, like the "Santos mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Myroxylon_balsamum" title="Myroxylon balsamum">Myroxylon balsamum</a></i>), "mountain mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Cercocarpus" title="Cercocarpus">Cercocarpus</a></i> spp.), and "swamp mahogany" (<i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_robusta" title="Eucalyptus robusta">Eucalyptus robusta</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The natural distribution of these species within the Americas is geographically distinct. <i>S. mahagoni</i> grows on the West Indian islands as far north as the Bahamas, the Florida Keys and parts of Florida; <i>S. humilis</i> grows in the dry regions of the Pacific coast of Central America from south-western Mexico to Costa Rica; <i>S. macrophylla</i> grows in Central America from Yucatan southwards and into South America, extending as far as Peru, Bolivia and extreme western Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century various botanists attempted to further define <i>S. macrophylla</i> in South America as a new species, such as <i>S. candollei</i> Pittier and <i>S. tessmannii</i> Harms., but many authorities consider these spurious. According to Record and Hess, all of the mahogany of continental North and South America can be considered as one botanical species, <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i> King.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both major species of <i>Swietenia</i> were introduced in several countries outside of the Americas during the 1800s and early 1900s using seeds from South America and the Caribbean. Many of these plantings became naturalized forests over time. </p><p>India had both <i>S. macrophylla</i> and <i>S. mahagoni</i> introduced in 1865 using seeds from West Indies. Both eventually became naturalized forests. Bangladesh had Honduran <i>S. macrophylla</i> introduced in 1872 and as with India it became naturalized in some areas. <i>S. mahagoni</i> and <i>S. macrophylla</i> were introduced in Indonesia in 1870 using seeds from India. <i>S. macrophylla</i> was included in plantation forests planted in Indonesia from the 1920s to the 1940s. Philippines had <i>S. macrophylla</i> introduced in 1907 and in 1913 as well as <i>S. mahagoni</i> in 1911, 1913, 1914, 1920 and 1922. Planting resumed in the late 1980s. It was planted with many other exotic tree species for the purpose of reforestation. <i>S. macrophylla</i> was planted in Sri Lanka in 1897 but it was left unmanaged until the 1950s when reforestation efforts initiated by the Sri Lankan government led to plantations being consciously developed. In the early 1900s <i>S. mahagoni</i> was planted on the islands of O'ahu and Maui in Hawaii but was neglected and became naturalized forests. Additionally, <i>S. macrophylla</i> was planted in 1922 on O'ahu and is now naturalized. Fiji had <i>S. macrophylla</i> introduced originally in 1911 as an ornamental species using seeds from Honduras and Belize. Fiji has become a major producer of mahogany in the 21st Century due to a robust plantation program spanning over 50 years. Harvesting began in 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>mahogany</i> was initially associated only with those islands in the West Indies under British control (French colonists used the term <i>acajou</i>, while in the Spanish territories it was called <i>caoba</i>). The origin of the name is uncertain, but it could be a corruption of 'm'oganwo', the name used by the Yoruba and Ibo people of West Africa to describe trees of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">Khaya</a></i>, which is closely related to <i>Swietenia</i>. When transported to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> as slaves, they gave the same name to the similar trees they saw there.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though this interpretation has been disputed, no one has suggested a more plausible origin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> name for the tree is not known. In 1671 the word mahogany appeared in print for the first time, in <a href="/wiki/John_Ogilby" title="John Ogilby">John Ogilby</a>'s <i>America</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among botanists and naturalists, however, the tree was considered a type of cedar, and in 1759 was classified by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (1707–1778) as <i>Cedrela mahagoni</i>. The following year it was assigned to a new genus by Nicholas Joseph Jacquin (1727–1817), and named <i>Swietenia mahagoni</i>. </p><p>Until the 19th century all of the mahogany was regarded as one species, although varying in quality and character according to soil and climate. In 1836 the German botanist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gerhard_Zuccarini" title="Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini">Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini</a> (1797–1848) identified a second species while working on specimens collected on the Pacific coast of Mexico, and named it <i>Swietenia humilis</i>. In 1886 a third species, <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>, was named by <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George King">Sir George King</a> (1840–1909) after studying specimens of Honduras mahogany planted in the Botanic Gardens in Calcutta, India. </p><p>Today, all species of <i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia" title="Swietenia">Swietenia</a></i> grown in their native locations are listed by <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, and are therefore protected. After <i>S. mahogani</i> and <i>S. macrophylla</i> were added to CITES appendixes in 1992 and 1995 respectively international conservation programs began in earnest aided by a 1993 <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> report entitled "Tropical Hardwood Marketing Strategies for Southeast Asia". Efforts to repopulate mahogany largely failed in its native locations due to attacks from the <a href="/wiki/Shoot_borer" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoot borer">shoot borer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hypsipyla_grandella" title="Hypsipyla grandella">Hypsipyla grandella</a></i> and similarly failed in Africa due to the attacks by the equivalent <i><a href="/wiki/Hypsipyla_robusta" title="Hypsipyla robusta">Hypsipyla robusta</a></i>. After so many years of mismanagement and illegal logging, <i>Swietenia</i> also suffered from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_loss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic loss (page does not exist)">genetic loss</a> thus mutating and weakening the seeds. Additionally <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> in its native locations meant seeds could no longer even be planted. However, both species grew well in Asia and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a> due to the absence of these shoot borers and absence of other limitations. Plantation management progressed throughout the 1990s and 2000s in Asia and the South Pacific. Global supply of genuine mahogany has been increasing from these plantations, notably Fiji, and Philippines. For <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>, the trees in these plantations are still relatively young compared to the trees being harvested from old growth forests in South America. Thus, the illegal trade of bigleaf mahogany continues apace.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainforest_Relief_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainforest_Relief-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_American_mahogany_trade">History of American mahogany trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History of American mahogany trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squaring_mahogany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Squaring_mahogany.jpg/290px-Squaring_mahogany.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Squaring_mahogany.jpg/435px-Squaring_mahogany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Squaring_mahogany.jpg/580px-Squaring_mahogany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption>Mahogany loggers in Belize, around 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 17th century, the buccaneer <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a> recorded the use of mahogany or Caoba (Cedrela being the Spanish name) on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> for making canoes: "The Indians make these canoes without the use of any iron instruments, by only burning the trees at the bottom near the root, and afterwards governing the fire with such industry that nothing is burnt more than what they would have..."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wood first came to the notice of Europeans with the beginning of Spanish colonisation in the Americas. A cross in the Cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, bearing the date 1514, is said to be mahogany, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> apparently used the wood for the interior joinery of the palace <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, begun in 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>caoba</i>, as the Taino Natives called the wood, was principally reserved for shipbuilding, and it was declared a royal monopoly at Havana in 1622. Hence very little of the mahogany growing in Spanish controlled territory found its way to Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the French established a colony in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>), some mahogany from that island probably found its way to France, where joiners in the port cities of Saint-Malo, Nantes, La Rochelle and Bordeaux used the wood to a limited extent from about 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the English-controlled islands, especially <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, mahogany was abundant but not exported in any quantity before 1700.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the trade in mahogany from the Spanish and French territories in America remained moribund for most of the 18th century, this was not true for those islands under British control. In 1721 the British Parliament removed all import duties from timber imported into Britain from British possessions in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This immediately stimulated the trade in West Indian timbers including, most importantly, mahogany. Importations of mahogany into England (and excluding those to Scotland, which were recorded separately) reached 525 tons per annum by 1740, 3,688 tons by 1750, and more than 30,000 tons in 1788, the peak year of the 18th century trade.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the 1721 Act had the effect of substantially increasing exports of mahogany from the West Indies to the British colonies in North America. Although initially regarded as a joinery wood, mahogany rapidly became the timber of choice for makers of high quality furniture in both the British Isles and the 13 colonies of North America. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahagoni_Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mahagoni_Tree.jpg/170px-Mahagoni_Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mahagoni_Tree.jpg/255px-Mahagoni_Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mahagoni_Tree.jpg/340px-Mahagoni_Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mahogany tree at Kannavam Forest, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 1760s over 90 per cent of the mahogany imported into Britain came from Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of this was re-exported to continental Europe, but most was used by British furniture makers. Quantities of Jamaican mahogany also went to the North American colonies, but most of the wood used in American furniture came from the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>. This was sometimes called Providence wood, after the main port of the islands, but more often <i>madera</i> or <i>madeira</i>, which was the West Indian name for mahogany.<sup id="cite_ref-Rauschenberg-1975_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rauschenberg-1975-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Jamaica and Bahamas, all the British controlled islands exported some mahogany at various times, but the quantities were not large. The most significant third source was Black River and adjacent areas on the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Honduras">Republic of Honduras</a>), from where quantities of mahogany were shipped from the 1740s onwards. This mahogany was known as 'Rattan mahogany', after the island of <a href="/wiki/Ruatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruatan">Ruatan</a>, which was the main offshore <a href="/wiki/Entrepot" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepot">entrepot</a> for the British settlers in the area. </p><p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63), the mahogany trade began to change significantly. During the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> by British forces between August 1762 and July 1763, quantities of Cuban or Havanna mahogany were sent to Britain, and after the city was restored to Spain in 1763, Cuba continued to export small quantities, mostly to ports on the north coast of Jamaica, from where it went to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this mahogany was regarded as inferior to the Jamaican variety, and the trade remained sporadic until the 19th century. </p><p>Another variety new to the market was Hispaniola mahogany, also called 'Spanish' and 'St Domingo' mahogany. This was the result of the Free Ports Act of 1766, which opened Kingston and other designated Jamaican ports to foreign vessels for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowett-2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowett-2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object was primarily to encourage importations of cotton from French plantations in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a>, but quantities of high quality mahogany were also shipped. These were then forwarded to Britain, where they entered the market in the late 1760s. </p><p>In terms of quantity, the most significant new addition to the mahogany trade was Honduras mahogany, also called 'baywood', after the Bay of Honduras. British settlers had been active in southern <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a> since the beginning of the 18th century, despite the opposition of the Spanish, who claimed sovereignty over all of Central America. </p><p>Their main occupation was cutting <a href="/wiki/Logwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Logwood">logwood</a>, a dyewood in high demand in Europe. The center of their activity and the primary point of export was <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>. Under Article XVII of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, British cutters were for the first time given the right to cut logwood in Yucatan unmolested, within agreed limits. Such was the enthusiasm of the cutters that within a few years the European market was glutted, and the price of logwood collapsed. </p><p>However, the price of mahogany was still high after the war, and so the cutters turned to cutting mahogany. The first Honduras mahogany arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, in November 1763, and the first shipments arrived in Britain the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1790s most of the viable stocks of mahogany in Jamaica had been cut, and the market was divided between two principal sources or types of mahogany. Honduras mahogany was relatively cheap, plentiful, but rarely of the best quality. Hispaniola (also called Spanish or Santo Domingo) mahogany was the wood of choice for high quality work. </p><p>Data are lacking, but it is likely that the newly independent United States now received a good proportion of its mahogany from Cuba. In the last quarter of the 18th century France began to use mahogany more widely;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they had ample supplies of high quality wood from Saint Domingue. The rest of Europe, where the wood was increasingly fashionable, obtained most of their wood from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Archives_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Archives-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789 and the wars that followed radically changed the mahogany trade, primarily due to the progressive collapse of the French and Spanish colonial empires, which allowed British traders into areas previously closed to them. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a> became the independent republic of Haiti, and from 1808, Spanish controlled Santo Domingo and Cuba were both open to British vessels for the first time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the 1820s mahogany from all these areas was imported into Europe and North America, with the majority of them going to Britain. In Central America British loggers moved northwest towards Mexico and south into Guatemala. Other areas of Central America as far south as Panama also began to be exploited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most important new development was the beginning of large scale logging in Mexico from the 1860s. Most mahogany was cut in the province of <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> and exported from a number of ports on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Campeche" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Campeche">Gulf of Campeche</a>, from Vera Cruz eastwards to Campeche and Sisal.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 19th century there was scarcely any part of Central America within reach of the coast untouched by logging, and activity also extended into Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Archives_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Archives-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade in American mahogany probably reached a peak in the last quarter of the 19th century. Figures are not available for all countries, but Britain alone imported more than 80,000 tons in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure was not matched again. From the 1880s, African mahogany (<i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">Khaya</a></i> spp.), a related genus, began to be exported in increasing quantities from West Africa, and by the early 20th century it dominated the market. </p><p>In 1907 the total of mahogany from all sources imported into Europe was 159,830 tons, of which 121,743 tons were from West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time mahogany from Cuba, Haiti and other West Indian sources had become increasingly difficult to obtain in commercial sizes, and by the late 20th century Central American and even South American mahogany was heading in a similar direction. In 1975 <i>S. humilis</i> was placed on <a href="/wiki/CITES_Appendix_II" class="mw-redirect" title="CITES Appendix II">CITES Appendix II</a> (a list of species that would be in danger of extinction without strict regulation) followed by <i>S. mahagoni</i> in 1992. The most abundant species, <i>S. macrophylla</i>, was placed on Appendix III in 1995 and moved to Appendix II in 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_Chair_with_Baluster_Splat_and_Tassel-Carved_Crest_Rail_LACMA_M.2006.51.45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Side_Chair_with_Baluster_Splat_and_Tassel-Carved_Crest_Rail_LACMA_M.2006.51.45.jpg/170px-Side_Chair_with_Baluster_Splat_and_Tassel-Carved_Crest_Rail_LACMA_M.2006.51.45.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Side_Chair_with_Baluster_Splat_and_Tassel-Carved_Crest_Rail_LACMA_M.2006.51.45.jpg/255px-Side_Chair_with_Baluster_Splat_and_Tassel-Carved_Crest_Rail_LACMA_M.2006.51.45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Side_Chair_with_Baluster_Splat_and_Tassel-Carved_Crest_Rail_LACMA_M.2006.51.45.jpg/340px-Side_Chair_with_Baluster_Splat_and_Tassel-Carved_Crest_Rail_LACMA_M.2006.51.45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Mahogany chair</figcaption></figure> <p>Mahogany has a straight, fine, and even grain, and is relatively free of voids and pockets. Its reddish-brown color darkens over time, and displays a reddish sheen when polished. It has excellent workability, and is very durable. Historically, the tree's girth allowed for wide boards from traditional mahogany species. These properties make it a favorable wood for crafting cabinets and furniture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorian_Mahogany_Sideboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mahogany has a straight, fine wood good for the quality furniture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Victorian_Mahogany_Sideboard.jpg/220px-Victorian_Mahogany_Sideboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Victorian_Mahogany_Sideboard.jpg/330px-Victorian_Mahogany_Sideboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Victorian_Mahogany_Sideboard.jpg/440px-Victorian_Mahogany_Sideboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Mahogany sideboard</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the first-quality furniture made in the American colonies from the mid 18th century was made of mahogany, when the wood first became available to American craftsmen. Mahogany is still widely used for fine furniture; however, the rarity of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> mahogany, the over-harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> mahogany, and the protests by indigenous peoples and environmental organizations from the 1980s into the 2000s,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rainforest_Relief_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainforest_Relief-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have diminished their use. Recent mahogany production from Mexico and Fiji has a lighter color and density than South American production from the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahogany also resists wood rot, making it attractive in boat construction and outdoor decking. It is a <a href="/wiki/Tonewood" title="Tonewood">tonewood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often used for musical instruments, particularly the backs, sides and necks of acoustic guitars, electric guitar bodies,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and drum shells because of its ability to produce a very deep, warm tone compared to other commonly used woods, such as <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, ash <i>(<a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">Fraxinus</a>)</i> or <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruck-2005_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruck-2005-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hirst-2003_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirst-2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guitars featuring mahogany in their construction include many acoustic guitars from <a href="/wiki/C._F._Martin_%26_Company" title="C. F. Martin & Company">Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Guitars" title="Taylor Guitars">Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Guitar Corporation">Gibson</a>, and Gibson electric guitars such as the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Les_Paul" title="Gibson Les Paul">Les Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibson_SG" title="Gibson SG">SG</a>. In the 1930s Gibson used the wood to make banjo necks as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mahogany_as_an_invasive_species">Mahogany as an invasive species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mahogany as an invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilar_man-made_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bilar_man-made_Forest.jpg/220px-Bilar_man-made_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bilar_man-made_Forest.jpg/330px-Bilar_man-made_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bilar_man-made_Forest.jpg/440px-Bilar_man-made_Forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="2719" /></a><figcaption>Human-made mahogany forest in <a href="/wiki/Bilar,_Bohol" title="Bilar, Bohol">Bilar, Bohol</a>, Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Philippines, environmentalists are calling for an end to the planting of mahogany because of its negative impact on the environment and wildlife, including possibly causing soil acidification and no net benefit to wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacho-2016_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacho-2016-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKenzie-2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzie-2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bridgewater-2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgewater-2012_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bridgewater, Samuel (2012). <i>A Natural History of Belize: Inside the Maya Forest</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 164–165. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292726710" title="Special:BookSources/9780292726710">9780292726710</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malone-1965-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malone-1965_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malone-1965_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1965" class="citation journal cs1">Malone, Kemp (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252611">"Notes on the Word Mahogany"</a>. <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 286–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02914316">10.1007/BF02914316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001">0013-0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252611">4252611</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220194609/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252611">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Word+Mahogany&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=286-292&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0013-0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4252611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02914316&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Kemp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4252611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb-1968-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamb-1968_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamb-1968_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1968" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, F. Bruce (January 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02897748">"Mahogany name controversy"</a>. <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 84–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02897748">10.1007/BF02897748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001">0013-0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Mahogany+name+controversy&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-86&rft.date=1968-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02897748&rft.issn=0013-0001&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=F.+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF02897748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb-1963-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamb-1963_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1963" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, F. Bruce (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252447">"On Further Defining Mahogany"</a>. <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 217–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02859439">10.1007/BF02859439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001">0013-0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252447">4252447</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220194609/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252447">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=On+Further+Defining+Mahogany&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=217-232&rft.date=1963&rft.issn=0013-0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4252447%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02859439&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=F.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4252447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald R. Liddick, <i>Crimes Against Nature: Illegal Industries and the Global Environment</i> (ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozloff-2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kozloff-2010_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolas Kozloff, <i>Rain in the Amazon: How South America's Climate Change Affects the Entire Planet</i> (Macmillan, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcelo M. Giugale & Vicente Fretes Cibils, <i>An Opportunity for a Different Peru: Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable</i> (World Bank Publications, 2007), p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Cambeira, <i>Quisqueya La Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective</i> (M.E. Sharpe, 1997), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day-Wilson-2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Day-Wilson-2012_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day-Wilson-2012_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Victoria Day-Wilson, <i>Living Abroad in Belize</i> (Avalon Travel 2012), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoaveni2015" class="citation book cs1">Moaveni, Saeed (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rqOaBAAAQBAJ&q=specific+gravity+fundamentals+definition&pg=PA272"><i>Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, By Saeed Moaveni, pg 273</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781305537880" title="Special:BookSources/9781305537880"><bdi>9781305537880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Fundamentals%3A+An+Introduction+to+Engineering%2C+By+Saeed+Moaveni%2C+pg+273.&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015-01&rft.isbn=9781305537880&rft.aulast=Moaveni&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrqOaBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dspecific%2Bgravity%2Bfundamentals%2Bdefinition%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html">"Wood Species - Densities"</a>. <i>www.engineeringtoolbox.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927223719/https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.engineeringtoolbox.com&rft.atitle=Wood+Species+-+Densities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtoolbox.com%2Fwood-density-d_40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahogany-2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahogany-2000_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mahogany," <i>Encyclopedia of Environmental Science</i> (University of Rochester Press, 2000, ed. John F. Mongillo), p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Humphreys, <i>Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance</i> (Routledge, 2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B84407%2B301%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/1+84407+301+7">1 84407 301 7</a> p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. Heritage Trees of Penang. Penang: Areca Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-57190-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-57190-6-6">978-967-57190-6-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USFTC-1998-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USFTC-1998_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USFTC-1998_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USFTC-1998_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Trade_Commission1998" class="citation book cs1">Federal Trade Commission (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-1998-title16-vol1/pdf/CFR-1998-title16-vol1-sec243-2.pdf"><i>Code of Federal Regulations Title 16 - Commercial Practices</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1. U.S. Government Publishing Office. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations+Title+16+-+Commercial+Practices&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.au=Federal+Trade+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCFR-1998-title16-vol1%2Fpdf%2FCFR-1998-title16-vol1-sec243-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wood-database.com/african-mahogany/">"African Mahogany"</a>. <i>The Wood Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wood+Database&rft.atitle=African+Mahogany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wood-database.com%2Fafrican-mahogany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meier-2008-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier-2008_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier" class="citation web cs1">Meier, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/mahogany-mixups-the-lowdown/">"Mahogany Mixups: the Lowdown"</a>. <i>The Wood Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wood+Database&rft.atitle=Mahogany+Mixups%3A+the+Lowdown&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wood-database.com%2Fwood-articles%2Fmahogany-mixups-the-lowdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASEAN-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASEAN_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASEAN_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASEAN_Tropical_Plant_Database" class="citation web cs1">ASEAN Tropical Plant Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131211195714/http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=193">"<i>Toona calantas</i> Merr. & Rolfe"</a>. National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=193">the original</a> on December 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toona+calantas+Merr.+%26+Rolfe&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Environmental+Research%2C+Republic+of+Korea&rft.au=ASEAN+Tropical+Plant+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F211.114.21.20%2Ftropicalplant%2Fhtml%2Fprint.jsp%3Frno%3D193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_Biodiversity_Portal-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India_Biodiversity_Portal_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019125853/http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/31866">"<i>Toona ciliata</i> Roem"</a>. India Biodiversity Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/31866">the original</a> on October 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toona+ciliata+Roem.&rft.pub=India+Biodiversity+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiabiodiversity.org%2Fspecies%2Fshow%2F31866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christophe Wiart, <i>Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific</i> (CRC Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429125263" title="Special:BookSources/9780429125263">9780429125263</a> p. 203; Zhuge Ren & Clem Tisdell, <i>China's Economic Growth and Transition: Macroeconomic, Environmental and Social-Regional Dimensions</i> (Nova Publishers 1997, eds. C. Clement Allan Tisdell & Joseph C. H. Chai), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-530-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-530-5">978-1-56072-530-5</a> p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porcher-2005-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Porcher-2005_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_H._Porcher2005" class="citation web cs1">Michel H. Porcher (October 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Toona.html">"Sorting <i>Toona</i> names"</a>. <i>Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database</i>. The University of Melbourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604004819/https://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Toona.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Searchable+World+Wide+Web+Multilingual+Multiscript+Plant+Name+Database&rft.atitle=Sorting+Toona+names&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft.au=Michel+H.+Porcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au%2FSorting%2FToona.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075504/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12192">"GRIN Species Records of <i>Toona</i>"</a>. <i>Germplasm Resources Information Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12192">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=GRIN+Species+Records+of+Toona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnpgs%2Fhtml%2Fsplist.pl%3F12192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Matthews, <i>Trees in New Zealand</i> (Lansdowne Press, 1983), p. 72; Eion Scarrow, <i>New Zealand Native Trees and Shrubs</i> (TVNZ, 1986), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868660745" title="Special:BookSources/9780868660745">9780868660745</a> p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2784">"<i>Carapa guianensis</i> Aubl"</a>. <i>Flora and Fauna Web</i>. National Parks Singapore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+and+Fauna+Web&rft.atitle=Carapa+guianensis+Aubl.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nparks.gov.sg%2Fflorafaunaweb%2Fflora%2F2%2F7%2F2784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lydia White & Peter Gasson, <i>Mahogany</i> (2008), pp. 2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Record & Hess, Timbers of the New World (1972), p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Bruce Lamb, 'On Further defining Mahogany', <i>Economic Botany</i>, 17 (1963), pp. 217-239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kemp Malone, 'Notes on the Word Mahogany', <i>Economic Botany</i>, 19 (1965), pp. 286-292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ogilby, <i>America, Being the Latest and Most Accurate Description of the New World</i>, London (1671).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainforest_Relief-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rainforest_Relief_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rainforest_Relief_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainforestrelief.org/What_to_Avoid_and_Alternatives/Rainforest_Wood/What_to_Avoid_What_to_Choose/By_Tree_Species/Tropical_Woods/M/Mahogany.html">"What to Avoid/What to Choose - Mahogany (Sweitenia sp., Khaya sp.)"</a>. <i>Rainforest Relief</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928165445/http://www.rainforestrelief.org/What_to_Avoid_and_Alternatives/Rainforest_Wood/What_to_Avoid_What_to_Choose/By_Tree_Species/Tropical_Woods/M/Mahogany.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rainforest+Relief&rft.atitle=What+to+Avoid%2FWhat+to+Choose+-+Mahogany+%28Sweitenia+sp.%2C+Khaya+sp.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rainforestrelief.org%2FWhat_to_Avoid_and_Alternatives%2FRainforest_Wood%2FWhat_to_Avoid_What_to_Choose%2FBy_Tree_Species%2FTropical_Woods%2FM%2FMahogany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Esquemeling, <i>The Buccanneers of America</i>, translated from the Dutch 1684, reprinted London (1893), p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Latham, <i>Timber, Its Development and Distribution</i>, London (1957), p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacqueline Viaux-Locquin, <i>Les bois d'ebenisterie dans le mobilier francais</i>, Paris (1997), pp. 2-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was the Act 8 Geo. 1. c. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Bowett, 'The 1721 Naval Stores Act and the Commercial Introduction of Mahogany', <i>Furniture History</i>, XXX (1994), pp. 42-56; The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rauschenberg-1975-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rauschenberg-1975_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauschenberg1975" class="citation journal cs1">Rauschenberg, Bradford L. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofearlyso2021994muse/page/68">"Timber Available in Charleston, 1660-1820"</a>. <i>Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts</i>. <b>20</b> (2). Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts: 69–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Southern+Decorative+Arts&rft.atitle=Timber+Available+in+Charleston%2C+1660-1820&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-72&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Rauschenberg&rft.aufirst=Bradford+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofearlyso2021994muse%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3; Shipping returns, CO 142 (Jamaica).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowett-2011-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowett-2011_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowett2011" class="citation web cs1">Bowett, Adam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288218482.pdf">"The Jamaica Trade: Gillow and the Use of Mahogany in the Eighteenth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jamaica+Trade%3A+Gillow+and+the+Use+of+Mahogany+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bowett&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F288218482.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Archives (United Kingdom), Shipping register, CO 142 (Jamaica); Cust 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viaux-Locquin (1997), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Archives-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Archives_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Archives_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Laslett, Timber and Timber Trees, London (1875), p.178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Archives (United Kingdom), Cust. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Baterden, <i>Timber</i>, London (1908), p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Monbiot1992" class="citation book cs1">George Monbiot (1992). <i>Mahogany is Murder: Mahogany Extraction from Indian Reserves in Brazil</i>. Friends of the Earth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8575-0160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8575-0160-5"><bdi>978-1-8575-0160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahogany+is+Murder%3A+Mahogany+Extraction+from+Indian+Reserves+in+Brazil&rft.pub=Friends+of+the+Earth&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-8575-0160-5&rft.au=George+Monbiot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122164606/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/greenpeace-curbs-mahogany-logging-brazil-1999-2004">"Greenpeace Curbs Mahogany Logging in Brazil, 1999-2004"</a>. <i>Global Nonviolent Action Database</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/greenpeace-curbs-mahogany-logging-brazil-1999-2004">the original</a> on 2018-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Nonviolent+Action+Database&rft.atitle=Greenpeace+Curbs+Mahogany+Logging+in+Brazil%2C+1999-2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvdatabase.swarthmore.edu%2Fcontent%2Fgreenpeace-curbs-mahogany-logging-brazil-1999-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/report/2010/2/partners-in-mahogany-crime.pdf">"Partners in mahogany crime"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Greenpeace</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923163146/https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/report/2010/2/partners-in-mahogany-crime.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenpeace&rft.atitle=Partners+in+mahogany+crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Fusa%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Flegacy%2FGlobal%2Fusa%2Freport%2F2010%2F2%2Fpartners-in-mahogany-crime.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialforestproducts.com/what-happened-to-the-good-mahogany/">"Good Genuine Mahogany?Where is It?Commercial Forest Products 2020"</a>. 15 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105043041/http://www.commercialforestproducts.com/what-happened-to-the-good-mahogany/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Genuine+Mahogany%3FWhere+is+It%3FCommercial+Forest+Products+2020&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialforestproducts.com%2Fwhat-happened-to-the-good-mahogany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeberman" class="citation web cs1">Beberman, Norman L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207020423/http://www.guitarnation.com/articles/koa.htm">"Koa: Beautiful Looking, Beautiful Sounding Tonewood"</a>. GuitarNation.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guitarnation.com/articles/koa.htm">the original</a> on 2009-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Koa%3A+Beautiful+Looking%2C+Beautiful+Sounding+Tonewood&rft.pub=GuitarNation.com&rft.aulast=Beberman&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarnation.com%2Farticles%2Fkoa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefthandguitars.net/post/tonewoods-for-electric-guitars">"Tonewoods | Gaskell Guitars - Custom left handed guitars"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonewoods+%26%23124%3B+Gaskell+Guitars+-+Custom+left+handed+guitars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefthandguitars.net%2Fpost%2Ftonewoods-for-electric-guitars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruck-2005-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruck-2005_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Bruck2005" class="citation book cs1">Matt Bruck (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcerNc4EC_UC&pg=PA6"><i>Guitar World Presents Guitar Gear 411</i></a>. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7579-4061-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7579-4061-3"><bdi>978-0-7579-4061-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602224317/https://books.google.com/books?id=EcerNc4EC_UC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitar+World+Presents+Guitar+Gear+411&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Alfred+Music+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7579-4061-3&rft.au=Matt+Bruck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcerNc4EC_UC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirst-2003-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirst-2003_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Hirst2003" class="citation book cs1">Tom Hirst (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fV1hFdkEHVkC&pg=PA11"><i>Electric Guitar Construction</i></a>. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57424-125-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57424-125-9"><bdi>978-1-57424-125-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602224329/https://books.google.com/books?id=fV1hFdkEHVkC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Guitar+Construction&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57424-125-9&rft.au=Tom+Hirst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfV1hFdkEHVkC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pacho-2016-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pacho-2016_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgustin_A._PinolE._A._PerinoM._T._PolliscoH._O._San_Valentin2016" class="citation web cs1">Agustin A. Pinol; E. A. Perino; M. T. Pollisco; H. O. San Valentin; M. V. Pacho (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111155731/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae944e/ae944e09.htm">"Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN) A Report on the Stocktaking of National Forest Invasive Species (FIS) Activities in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Apfisn.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae944e/ae944e09.htm">the original</a> on January 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apfisn.net&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+Forest+Invasive+Species+Network+%28APFISN%29+A+Report+on+the+Stocktaking+of+National+Forest+Invasive+Species+%28FIS%29+Activities+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2016-02&rft.au=Agustin+A.+Pinol&rft.au=E.+A.+Perino&rft.au=M.+T.+Pollisco&rft.au=H.+O.+San+Valentin&rft.au=M.+V.+Pacho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F008%2Fae944e%2Fae944e09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKenzie-2005-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKenzie-2005_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_McKenzie2005" class="citation book cs1">Philip McKenzie (2005). "Country report on forest invasive species in the Philippines". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae944e/ae944e09.htm"><i>The unwelcome guests: proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Conference : Kunming, China 17-23 August 2003</i></a>. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-7946-77-7" title="Special:BookSources/974-7946-77-7"><bdi>974-7946-77-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111155731/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae944e/ae944e09.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Country+report+on+forest+invasive+species+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=The+unwelcome+guests%3A+proceedings+of+the+Asia-Pacific+Forest+Invasive+Species+Conference+%3A+Kunming%2C+China+17-23+August+2003&rft.pub=FAO+Regional+Office+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific%2C+Regional+Office+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=974-7946-77-7&rft.au=Philip+McKenzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F008%2Fae944e%2Fae944e09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahogany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahogany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" 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