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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools_and_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_and_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Schools and programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_and_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apprenticeships_and_journeyperson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apprenticeships_and_journeyperson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Apprenticeships and journeyperson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apprenticeships_and_journeyperson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Master_carpenter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master_carpenter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Master carpenter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Master_carpenter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health and safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carpentry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نجارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܢܓܪܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܓܪܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinter%C3%ADa" title="Carpintería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carpintería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дърводелство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дърводелство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Tesařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tesařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaith_saer" title="Gwaith saer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwaith saer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerei" title="Zimmerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zimmerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinter%C3%ADa" title="Carpintería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carpintería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88arpentado" title="Ĉarpentado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉarpentado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurgintza" title="Zurgintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zurgintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نجاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نجاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cearpant%C3%B3ireacht" title="Cearpantóireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cearpantóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpintar%C3%ADa" title="Carpintaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carpintaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="સુથારી કામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સુથારી કામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%AA%A9%EC%9E%A5" title="대목장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대목장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ատաղձագործություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատաղձագործություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="काष्ठकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काष्ठकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sm%C3%AD%C3%B0i" title="Trésmíði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trésmíði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenteria" title="Carpenteria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carpenteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="נגרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נגרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8" title="ಮರಗೆಲಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರಗೆಲಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Балташы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балташы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useremala" title="Useremala – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Useremala" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necar%C3%AE" title="Necarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Necarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatuka" title="Fatuka – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fatuka" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5" title="大工 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大工" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਤਰਖਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਖਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%DD%A8" title="ترکھاݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکھاݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpintaria" title="Carpintaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carpintaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Плотничные работы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плотничные работы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangozi" title="Marangozi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marangozi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%8D%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE" title="واڍائپ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واڍائپ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesarstvo" title="Tesarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தச்சர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தச்சர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Дуредгарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дуредгарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangozluk" title="Marangozluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marangozluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Теслярство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теслярство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%AD%E6%9C%A8" title="鬭木 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鬭木" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necarey" title="Necarey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Necarey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%A8%E4%BD%9C" title="大木作 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大木作" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Skilled trade</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carpenters" and "Carpenter" redirect here. For the American pop duo, see <a href="/wiki/The_Carpenters" title="The Carpenters">The Carpenters</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carpenter (disambiguation)">Carpenter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Carpentry</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiacarpenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Indiacarpenter.jpg/220px-Indiacarpenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Indiacarpenter.jpg/330px-Indiacarpenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Indiacarpenter.jpg/440px-Indiacarpenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Professional</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooper1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooper1.jpg/220px-Cooper1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooper1.jpg/330px-Cooper1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooper1.jpg/440px-Cooper1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Carpentry includes such specialties as <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">barrelmaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinetmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinetmaker">cabinetmaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Framer" title="Framer">framer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">luthier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">ship's carpenter</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Carpenter handling a plank used in <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervo100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cervo100.jpg/220px-Cervo100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cervo100.jpg/330px-Cervo100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cervo100.jpg/440px-Cervo100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Exhibit of traditional European carpenter's tools in Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiacarpenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Indiacarpenter.jpg/220px-Indiacarpenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Indiacarpenter.jpg/330px-Indiacarpenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Indiacarpenter.jpg/440px-Indiacarpenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Carpenters in an Indian village working with hand tools</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Carpentry</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Skilled_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Skilled trade">skilled trade</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of <a href="/wiki/Building_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building materials">building materials</a> during the construction of <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timber_bridge" title="Timber bridge">timber bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">formwork</a>, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In 2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th century; now this old-fashioned carpentry is called <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber framing</a>. Carpenters learn this trade by being employed through an apprenticeship training—normally four years—and qualify by successfully completing that country's competence test in places such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places. </p><p>Carpentry covers various services, such as furniture design and construction, door and window installation or repair, flooring installation, trim and molding installation, custom woodworking, stair construction, structural framing, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> structure and furniture repair, and restoration. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "carpenter" is the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> rendering of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Old French</a> word <i>carpentier</i> (later, <i>charpentier</i>) which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>carpentarius [artifex]</i>, "(maker) of a <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> word (in the sense of "builder") was <i>wright</i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <i>wryhta</i>, cognate with <i>work</i>), which could be used in compound forms such as <i>wheelwright</i> or <i>boatwright</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, carpentry is used to describe the skill involved in <i>first fixing</i> of timber items such as construction of roofs, floors and <a href="/wiki/Timber_framed_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber framed buildings">timber framed buildings</a>, i.e. those areas of construction that are normally hidden in a finished building. An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place. The second fix is done after plastering takes place. <i>Second fix</i> work, the installation of items such as skirting boards, architraves, doors, and windows are generally regarded as carpentry, however, the off-site manufacture and pre-finishing of the items is regarded as <a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joinery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of structures such as roads and highway overpasses. In the UK, the skill of making timber formwork for poured or in situ concrete is referred to as <i>shuttering</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carpentry in the United States is historically defined similarly to the United Kingdom as the "heavier and stronger"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> work distinguished from a joiner "...who does lighter and more ornamental work than that of a carpenter..." although the "...work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joiner is less common than the terms <i>finish carpenter</i> or <i>cabinetmaker</i>. The terms <i>housewright</i> and <i>barnwright</i> were used historically and are now occasionally used by carpenters who work using traditional methods and <a href="/wiki/Materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials">materials</a>. Someone who builds custom concrete formwork is a <i>form carpenter</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kizhi_churches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kizhi_churches.jpg/220px-Kizhi_churches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kizhi_churches.jpg/330px-Kizhi_churches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kizhi_churches.jpg/440px-Kizhi_churches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Log church building in Russia reached considerable heights such as this 17th century example</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with stone, wood is among the oldest building materials. The ability to shape it into tools, shelter, and weapons improved with technological advances from the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry are water well casings. These include an oak and hazel structure dating from 5256 BC, found in Ostrov, Czech Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one built using split oak timbers with <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> and notched corners excavated in eastern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, dating from about 7,000 years ago in the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatively little history of carpentry was preserved before written language. Knowledge and skills were simply passed down over the generations. Even the advent of cave painting and writing recorded little. The oldest surviving complete architectural text is <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>' ten books collectively titled <a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a>, which discuss some carpentry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was only with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century that this began to change, albeit slowly, with builders finally beginning to regularly publish guides and pattern books in the 18th and 19th centuries. </p><p>Some of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are temples in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Nanchan_Temple_(Wutai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchan Temple (Wutai)">Nanchan Temple</a> built-in 782, <a href="/wiki/Greensted_Church" title="Greensted Church">Greensted Church</a> in England, parts of which are from the 11th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">stave churches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> from the 12th and 13th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> By the 16th century, sawmills were coming into use in Europe. The founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century part of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> was the invention of the steam engine and <a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)#Cut_nails" title="Nail (fastener)">cut nails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These technologies combined with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">circular saw</a> led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Balloon_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon framing">balloon framing</a> which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1911_Carpentry_Fig._36_-_Balloon_Frame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EB1911_Carpentry_Fig._36_-_Balloon_Frame.jpg/170px-EB1911_Carpentry_Fig._36_-_Balloon_Frame.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EB1911_Carpentry_Fig._36_-_Balloon_Frame.jpg/255px-EB1911_Carpentry_Fig._36_-_Balloon_Frame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EB1911_Carpentry_Fig._36_-_Balloon_Frame.jpg/340px-EB1911_Carpentry_Fig._36_-_Balloon_Frame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Axonometric diagram of <a href="/wiki/Balloon_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon framing">balloon framing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 19th century saw the development of electrical engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand-held power tools, wire nails, and machines to mass-produce <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screws</a>. In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">portland cement</a> came into common use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills. Also, drywall (plasterboard) came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath. Plywood, engineered lumber, and chemically treated lumber also came into use.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopez_de_Arenas_-_Breve_compendio_de_la_carpinteria_de_lo_blanco_y_tratado_de_alarifes,_1727_-_1427289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lopez_de_Arenas_-_Breve_compendio_de_la_carpinteria_de_lo_blanco_y_tratado_de_alarifes%2C_1727_-_1427289.jpg/170px-Lopez_de_Arenas_-_Breve_compendio_de_la_carpinteria_de_lo_blanco_y_tratado_de_alarifes%2C_1727_-_1427289.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lopez_de_Arenas_-_Breve_compendio_de_la_carpinteria_de_lo_blanco_y_tratado_de_alarifes%2C_1727_-_1427289.jpg/255px-Lopez_de_Arenas_-_Breve_compendio_de_la_carpinteria_de_lo_blanco_y_tratado_de_alarifes%2C_1727_-_1427289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lopez_de_Arenas_-_Breve_compendio_de_la_carpinteria_de_lo_blanco_y_tratado_de_alarifes%2C_1727_-_1427289.jpg/340px-Lopez_de_Arenas_-_Breve_compendio_de_la_carpinteria_de_lo_blanco_y_tratado_de_alarifes%2C_1727_-_1427289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption><i>Breve compendio de la carpinteria de lo blanco y tratado de alarifes</i> (1727)</figcaption></figure> <p>For types of carpentry used in America see <a href="/wiki/American_historic_carpentry" title="American historic carpentry">American historic carpentry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Pompidou-Metz_chantier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Centre_Pompidou-Metz_chantier.JPG/220px-Centre_Pompidou-Metz_chantier.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Centre_Pompidou-Metz_chantier.JPG/330px-Centre_Pompidou-Metz_chantier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Centre_Pompidou-Metz_chantier.JPG/440px-Centre_Pompidou-Metz_chantier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou-Metz" title="Centre Pompidou-Metz">Centre Pompidou-Metz</a> museum under construction in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 2009. The building possesses one of the most complex examples of carpentry built to date and is composed of 16 kilometers of glued laminated timber for a surface area of 8,000 m<sup>2</sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carpentry requires <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a> which involves both acquiring knowledge and physical practice. In formal training a carpenter begins as an <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship"> apprentice</a>, then becomes a <a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyman</a>, and with enough experience and competency can eventually attain the status of a <a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">master</a> carpenter. Today pre-apprenticeship training may be gained through non-union vocational programs such as high school shop classes and community colleges. </p><p>Informally a laborer may simply work alongside carpenters for years learning skills by observation and peripheral assistance. While such an individual may obtain journeyperson status by paying the union entry fee and obtaining a journeyperson's card (which provides the right to work on a union carpentry crew) the carpenter foreperson will, by necessity, dismiss any worker who presents the card but does not demonstrate the expected skill level. </p><p>Carpenters may work for an employer or be self-employed. No matter what kind of training a carpenter has had, some U.S. states require contractors to be licensed which requires passing a written test and having minimum levels of insurance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_and_programs">Schools and programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Schools and programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars, certificate programs, high-school programs, online classes, in the new construction, restoration, and preservation carpentry fields.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes these programs are called pre-<a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> training. </p><p>In the modern British <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> industry, carpenters are trained through <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> schemes where <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">general certificates of secondary education</a> (GCSE) in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, English, and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> help but are not essential. However, this is deemed the preferred route, as young people can earn and gain field experience whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification. </p><p>There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and cabinetmaking. During pre-apprenticeship, trainees in each of these divisions spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning mathematics, trade terminology, and skill in the use of hand and power tools. Construction-carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the physical aspect of the work. </p><p>Upon completion of pre-apprenticeship, trainees who have passed the graded curriculum (taught by highly experienced journeyperson carpenters) are assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over the next four years, as they progress in status to Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year Apprentice, apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a week of more detailed training in specific aspects of the trade. </p><p>In the United States, fewer than 5% of carpenters identify as female. A number of schools in the U.S. appeal to non-traditional tradespeople by offering carpentry classes for and taught by women, including Hammerstone: Carpentry for Women in Ithaca, NY, Yestermorrow in Waitsfield, VT and Oregon Tradeswomen in Portland, OR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apprenticeships_and_journeyperson">Apprenticeships and journeyperson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Apprenticeships and journeyperson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tradesmen in countries such as Germany and Australia are required to fulfill formal <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a> (usually three to four years) to work as professional carpenters. Upon graduation from the apprenticeship, they are known as <a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyperson</a> carpenters. </p><p>Up through the 19th and even the early 20th century, the journeyperson traveled to another region of the country to learn the building styles and techniques of that area before (usually) returning home. In modern times, journeypeople are not required to travel, and the term now refers to a level of proficiency and skill. Union carpenters in the United States, that is, members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Brotherhood_of_Carpenters_and_Joiners_of_America" title="United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America">United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America</a>, are required to pass a skills test to be granted official journeyperson status, but uncertified professional carpenters may also be known as journeypersons based on their skill level, years of experience, or simply because they support themselves in the trade and not due to any certification or formal <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a> education. </p><p>Professional status as a journeyperson carpenter in the United States may be obtained in a number of ways. Formal training is acquired in a four-year apprenticeship program administered by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, in which journeyperson status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre-apprenticeship training, followed by four years of on-the-job field training working alongside journeyperson carpenters. The <a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a> also has a formal apprenticeship program for traditional <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber framing</a>. Training is also available in groups like the <a href="/wiki/Kim_B%E1%BB%93ng_woodworking_village" title="Kim Bồng woodworking village">Kim Bồng woodworking village</a> in Vietnam where apprentices live and work to learn woodworking and carpentry skills. </p><p>In Canada, each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship. The average length of time is four years and includes a minimum number of hours of both on-the-job training and technical instruction at a college or other institution. Depending on the number of hours of instruction an apprentice receives, they can earn a Certificate of Proficiency, making them a journeyperson, or a Certificate of Qualification, which allows them to practice a more limited amount of carpentry. Canadian carpenters also have the option of acquiring an additional <a href="/wiki/Interprovincial_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Interprovincial Standards">Interprovincial Red Seal</a> that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada. The Red Seal requires the completion of an apprenticeship and an additional examination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Master_carpenter">Master carpenter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Master carpenter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After working as a journeyperson for a while, a carpenter may go on to study or test as a <a href="/wiki/Master_craftsperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Master craftsperson">master</a> carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, this is an arduous and expensive process, requiring extensive knowledge (including economic and legal knowledge) and skill to achieve master certification; these countries generally require master status for anyone employing and teaching apprentices in the craft. In others, like the United States, 'master carpenter' can be a loosely used term to describe any skilled carpenter. </p><p>Fully trained carpenters and <a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joiners</a> will often move into related trades such as <a href="/wiki/Shop_fitting" title="Shop fitting">shop fitting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a>, bench <a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance, repair and operations">maintenance</a> and system installation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood which has been prepared by <a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">splitting</a> (riving), <a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">hewing</a>, or sawing with a <a href="/wiki/Pit_saw" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit saw">pit saw</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> called <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> (American English) or timber (British English). Today natural and <a href="/wiki/Engineered_lumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineered lumber">engineered lumber</a> and many other <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a> carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and delivered to the job site. In 2013 the carpenters union in America used the term carpenter for a catch-all position. Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing "...flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid surface, roofing, framing, siding, flooring, insulation, ...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both custom or factory-produced materials, ...trim and molding,... ceiling treatments, ... exposed columns and beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs, metal lath, and drywall..."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Health and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carpentry is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include: machine hazards, flying materials, tool projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise, vibration, dust, and chemicals. In the United States the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) tries to prevent illness, injury, and fire through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At the same time, U.S. employment has almost doubled."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading cause of overall fatalities, called the "fatal four," are falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution, and caught-in/between. In general construction "employers must provide working conditions that are free of known dangers. Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of how to prevent falls includes placing railings and toe-boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines, safety nets, stair railings, and handrails. </p><p>Safety is not just about the workers on the job site. Carpenters' work needs to meet the requirements in the <a href="/wiki/Life_Safety_Code" title="Life Safety Code">Life Safety Code</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">stair</a> building and building codes to promote long-term quality and safety for the building occupants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabinetmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinetmaker">Cabinetmaker</a></i> is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing in the making of cabinets made from wood, <a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">wardrobes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_of_drawers" title="Chest of drawers">dressers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_(furniture)" title="Chest (furniture)">storage chests</a>, and other furniture designed for storage.</li> <li><i>Carpenter and joiner</i> has broad skill sets ranging from joinery, finish carpentry, framing, and formwork.</li> <li><i>Conservation carpenter</i> works in <a href="/wiki/Architectural_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural conservation">architectural conservation</a>, known in the U.S. as a "preservation" or "restoration"; a carpenter who works in <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a>, maintaining structures as they were built or restoring them to that condition.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">Cooper</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrel</a> maker.</li> <li><i>Finish carpenter</i> (North America), also <i>trim carpenter</i>, specializes in installing molding and trim, such as <a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">door</a> and <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">window</a> <a href="/wiki/Neck_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck molding">casings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">mantels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_moulding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown moulding">crown mouldings</a>, baseboards, and other types of ornamental work. Finish carpenters pick up where framing ends off, including hanging doors and installing cabinets.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">Formwork</a> carpenter</i> creates the shuttering and <a href="/wiki/Falsework" title="Falsework">falsework</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> construction, and reshores as necessary.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framer" title="Framer">Framer</a></i> is a carpenter who builds the skeletal structure or wooden framework of buildings, most often in the <a href="/wiki/Platform_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform framing">platform framing</a> method. A framer who specializes in building with timbers and traditional joints rather than studs is known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber framer</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log builder</a></i> builds structures of stacked horizontal logs with limited joints.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">Joiner</a></i> (a traditional name now rare in North America), is one who does <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinetry</a>, furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">instrument</a> making, <a href="/wiki/Parquetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Parquetry">parquetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodworking_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodworking joints">joinery</a>, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of error are important.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></i> is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word for lute, "luth".</li> <li><i>Restoration carpenter</i> (see conservation carpenter)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_(theatre)" title="Carpenter (theatre)">Set carpenter</a></i> builds and dismantles temporary <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_scenery" title="Theatrical scenery">scenery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">sets</a> in film-making, television, and the theater.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_carpenter" title="Ship's carpenter">Ship's carpenter</a></i> specializes in maintenance, repair techniques, and carpentry specific to vessels afloat. Such a carpenter patrols the vessel's <a href="/wiki/Carpenter%27s_walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter's walk">carpenter's walk</a> to examine the hull for leaks.</li> <li><i> Shipwright</i> builds wooden ships on land.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a>, <i>daiku</i> is the simple term for carpenter, a <i>Miya-daiku</i> (temple carpenter) performs the work of both architect and builder of shrines and temples, and a <i>sukiya-daiku</i> works on teahouse construction and houses. <i>Sashimono-shi</i> build furniture and <i>tateguya</i> do interior finishing work.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Green carpentry</i> specializes in the use of environmentally friendly,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> energy-efficient<sup id="cite_ref-star_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sustainable<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sources of building materials for use in construction projects. They also practice building methods that require using less material and material that has the same structural soundness.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Recycled</i> (<i>reclaimed</i>, <i>repurposed</i>) carpentry is carpentry that uses scrap wood and parts of discarded or broken furniture to build new wood products.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a> – Distinctive woodworking style</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_carpenter" title="Ship's carpenter">Ship's carpenter</a> – Ship crewman responsible for maintaining wooden structures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_trades" title="Traditional trades">Traditional trades</a> – Category of building trades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> – Process of making objects from wood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Carpenters" title="Worshipful Company of Carpenters">Worshipful Company of Carpenters</a> – Livery company of the City of London</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roza, Greg. <i>A career as a </i>. New York: Rosen Pub., 2011. 6. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogt, Floyd, and Gaspar J. Lewis. <i>Carpentry</i>. 4th ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006.xvi Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.careersinconstruction.ca/en/career/carpenter">"Carpenter | Careers in Construction"</a>. <i>www.careersinconstruction.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.careersinconstruction.ca&rft.atitle=Carpenter+%26%23124%3B+Careers+in+Construction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.careersinconstruction.ca%2Fen%2Fcareer%2Fcarpenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/C0123600.html">The American heritage dictionary of the English language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607144019/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/C0123600.html">Archived</a> June 7, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Etymology of the word "carpenter"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationaltimber.com/uncategorised/whats-the-difference-between-a-carpenter-and-a-joiner/">"What's the Difference Between a Carpenter and a Joiner?"</a> (30 April 2015). <i>InternationalTimber.com</i>. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstraininguk.co.uk/news/post/2019/05/27/joiner-vs-carpenter">"Joiner vs Carpenter - What's the Difference?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joiner+vs+Carpenter+-+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstraininguk.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpost%2F2019%2F05%2F27%2Fjoiner-vs-carpenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carpenter." Def. 1. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, William D., ed. "Carpenter." Def, 1. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Century_Dictionary" title="Century Dictionary">Century Dictionary</a>: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language</i> vol. 1. New York. The Century Co. 1895. 830. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybníčekKočárMuiggPeška2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rybníček, Michal; Kočár, Petr; Muigg, Bernhard; Peška, Jaroslav; Sedláček, Radko; Tegel, Willy; Kolář, Tomáš (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440320300066">"World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>115</b>: 105082. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JArSc.115j5082R">2020JArSc.115j5082R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2020.105082">10.1016/j.jas.2020.105082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213707193">213707193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+dendrochronologically+dated+archaeological+wood+construction&rft.volume=115&rft.pages=105082&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213707193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2020.105082&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JArSc.115j5082R&rft.aulast=Rybn%C3%AD%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Ko%C4%8D%C3%A1r%2C+Petr&rft.au=Muigg%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Pe%C5%A1ka%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=Sedl%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%2C+Radko&rft.au=Tegel%2C+Willy&rft.au=Kol%C3%A1%C5%99%2C+Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305440320300066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProstak2012" class="citation news cs1">Prostak, Sergio (24 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/article00788.html">"German Archaeologists Discover World's Oldest Wooden Wells"</a>. <i>sci-news.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sci-news.com&rft.atitle=German+Archaeologists+Discover+World%27s+Oldest+Wooden+Wells&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft.aulast=Prostak&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Farchaeology%2Farticle00788.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveday, Amos John. <i>The cut nail industry, 1776–1890: technology, cost accounting, and the upper Ohio Valley</i>. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1979. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jester, Thomas C.. <i>Twentieth-century building materials: history and conservation</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.preservationnation.org/resources/faq/information-sheets/career-and-education.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428134522/http://www.preservationnation.org/resources/faq/information-sheets/career-and-education.html">Archived</a> April 28, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carpenters.org/UBC_Crafts_top-nav/Our_Varied_Trade.aspx">"United Brotherhood Of Carpenters"</a>. <i>carpenters.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carpenters.org&rft.atitle=United+Brotherhood+Of+Carpenters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carpenters.org%2FUBC_Crafts_top-nav%2FOur_Varied_Trade.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/workers.html">"Workers' Rights"</a>. <i>osha.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osha.gov&rft.atitle=Workers%27+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Fworkers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/oshstats/commonstats.html">"Commonly Used Statistics"</a>. <i>osha.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osha.gov&rft.atitle=Commonly+Used+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Foshstats%2Fcommonstats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/fallprotection/index.html">"Safety and Health Topics - Fall Protection"</a>. <i>osha.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osha.gov&rft.atitle=Safety+and+Health+Topics+-+Fall+Protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FSLTC%2Ffallprotection%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Butler, "Patronage and the Building Arts in Tokugawa Japan", Early Modern Japan. Fall-Winter 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/5820/V12N2Butler.pdf;jsessionid=6104A29BFC3D655AA6BCD1605C6DDE80?sequence=1">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628115147/http://www.mcmullencarpentersandjoiners.co.uk/environmentally-friendly-building-materials/">"Environmentally Friendly Building Materials"</a>. McMullen Carpenters And Joiners. 2009-04-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcmullencarpentersandjoiners.co.uk/environmentally-friendly-building-materials/">the original</a> on 2013-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmentally+Friendly+Building+Materials&rft.pub=McMullen+Carpenters+And+Joiners&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcmullencarpentersandjoiners.co.uk%2Fenvironmentally-friendly-building-materials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-star-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-star_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energystar.gov/ia/new_homes/Green_Begins_with_ENERGYSTAR_Blue.pdf">"A Green Home Begins with ENERGY STAR Blue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Energystar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Green+Home+Begins+with+ENERGY+STAR+Blue&rft.pub=Energystar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energystar.gov%2Fia%2Fnew_homes%2FGreen_Begins_with_ENERGYSTAR_Blue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091210230712/http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/Basics.htm">"Green Building Basics"</a>. Ciwmb.ca.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/Basics.htm">the original</a> on 2009-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Building+Basics&rft.pub=Ciwmb.ca.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciwmb.ca.gov%2FGreenBuilding%2FBasics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927075222/http://www.uwex.edu/CES/cced/communities/documents/GreenCollar.pdf">"Defining Green-Collar Jobs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwex.edu/CES/cced/communities/documents/GreenCollar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-07</span></span>. <q>There is no consensus on how to define green-collar jobs. A very broad interpretation of green jobs would include all existing and new jobs that contribute to environmental quality through improved efficiencies, better resource management, and other technologies that successfully address the environmental challenges facing society. Probably the most concise, general definition is "well-paid, career-track jobs that contribute directly to preserving or enhancing environmental quality" (Apollo Alliance 2008, 3). This definition suggests that green-collar jobs directly contribute to improving environmental quality, but would not include low-wage jobs that provide little mobility. Most discussion of green-collar jobs does not refer to positions that require a college degree, but they typically do involve training beyond high school. Many of the positions are similar to skilled, blue-collar jobs, such as electricians, welders, carpenters, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defining+Green-Collar+Jobs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwex.edu%2FCES%2Fcced%2Fcommunities%2Fdocuments%2FGreenCollar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carpentry" class="extiw" title="q:Carpentry">Carpentry</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carpentry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carpentry">Carpentry</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, 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Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carpentry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarpentry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513011155/https://instituteofcarpenters.com/">The Institute of Carpenters</a> (England)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/carpenters.htm">Carpenters</a> entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook" title="Occupational Outlook Handbook">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20763">Carpentry for Boys</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/635">James Slough Zerbe</a>, The New York Book Company</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wood_products" title="Category:Wood products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wood_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wood products">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Construction_overview" title="Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Construction_overview" title="Template talk:Construction overview"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Construction_overview" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Construction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_methods" title="List of construction methods">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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