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"2023-08-02T16:52:09.500-04:00" ,"dateModified": "2023-08-02T16:52:09.500-04:00" ,"author": [ {"@type": "Person" ,"name": "Rachael Green" ,"url": "https://www.verywellmind.com/rachael-green-5211216" } ] ,"description": "Learn why Social Darwinism is discredited and what evolutionary psychology actually has to say about the origins of human thought, behavior, and social relationships." ,"image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/HSfEoTa7padCrl4M-qRRAh1dXRk=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-650160957-35468f0e41f643d9b20f695170d00189.jpg", "height": 1125, "width": 1500 } ,"publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Verywell Mind", "url": "https://www.verywellmind.com", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/hQHz8pFIrIEDYpsxjryb2PhVJ8Q=/112x112/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/verywellmind_logo_schema-172b241aa8534ea39d09864add2d51a0.png", "width": 112, 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https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/_PPoeh39iA0On-DH9kvsrQzFg3w=/76x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/RachaelGreenProfilePicture1-a3b8368ef3bb47ccbac92c5cc088e24d.jpg 76w, https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/miQe2Whb5W5pBnSXVWke8XWoOQU=/94x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/RachaelGreenProfilePicture1-a3b8368ef3bb47ccbac92c5cc088e24d.jpg 94w, https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/1Frh8XlwAZOhh59OvL0FbIJkT4k=/112x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/RachaelGreenProfilePicture1-a3b8368ef3bb47ccbac92c5cc088e24d.jpg 112w" alt="Rachael Green" width="200" height="200" class="img--noscript mntl-author-tooltip__image" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/rachael-green-5211216" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Rachael Green</a> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> <p>Rachael is a New York-based writer and freelance writer for Verywell Mind, where she leverages her decades of personal experience with and research on mental illness—particularly ADHD and depression—to help readers better understand how their mind works and how to manage their mental health.</p> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our </span> <a href="/our-editorial-process-4778006" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >editorial process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Published on August 02, 2023</div></div> <div id="mntl-bylines__group_2-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--wellness_reviewer "><div id="mntl-bylines__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item "><svg class="icon reviewer-icon mntl-attribution__item-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#reviewer-icon" 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Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. <a class="review-descriptor-tooltip__learn-more" href="/review-board-4796494">Learn more</a>." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <span class="review-descriptor-override__descriptor mntl-attribution__item-name">Reviewed</span> <div id="review-type-tooltip_2-0" class="comp review-type-tooltip review-descriptor-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group"><div id="tooltip_2-0" class="comp tooltip mntl-text-block">Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by mental health professionals. Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. 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height="200" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/fZ_tk7yoILxKtKtadDqryfeRKaE=/200x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/steven-gans-1000-51582b7f23b6462f8713961deb74959f.jpg" srcset="https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/ZZSik1m-ZF8wY9201oxPExMgh4s=/40x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/steven-gans-1000-51582b7f23b6462f8713961deb74959f.jpg 40w, https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/aGlLTr_-TrMf5UlN0rq9B8zXDdI=/58x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/steven-gans-1000-51582b7f23b6462f8713961deb74959f.jpg 58w, https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/p_AeTQT5v8FiKJiVPBJkA-ntc20=/76x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/steven-gans-1000-51582b7f23b6462f8713961deb74959f.jpg 76w, https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/tCxNLNRzFRG4ayI4lHlw1oV_R_4=/94x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/steven-gans-1000-51582b7f23b6462f8713961deb74959f.jpg 94w, https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/JwMFwWvj_htN7WGHxQsvjBNl5Rw=/112x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/steven-gans-1000-51582b7f23b6462f8713961deb74959f.jpg 112w" alt="Steven Gans" width="200" height="200" class="img--noscript mntl-author-tooltip__image" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "><svg class="icon reviewer-icon mntl-attribution__item-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#reviewer-icon" href="#reviewer-icon"></use> </svg> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">Reviewed by</span> <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/steven-gans-md-4779222" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Steven Gans, MD</a> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> <p>Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital.</p> </div> </div> <div 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clinic" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="primary-image__figcap_1-0" class="comp primary-image__figcap mntl-figure-caption figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Andrew Brookes / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure></div></figure> </div><div class="loc article-left-rail"><div id="sticky-toc-wrapper_1-0" class="comp sticky-toc-wrapper mntl-block js-sticky-container"><div id="sticky-toc_1-0" class="comp sticky-toc mntl-sticky-toc mntl-block sticky-toc-widget" data-desktop-bp="70em"><div id="toc-wrapper_1-0" class="comp toc-wrapper mntl-toc mntl-block" data-chop-mobile="false" data-desktop-bp="70em" data-offset="60" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-toc__inner_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__inner mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__heading mntl-block js-toc-toggle" data-click-tracked="true" data-desktop-bp="70em"><span id="mntl-toc__heading-text_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__heading-text mntl-text-block">Table of Contents</span> <div id="mntl-toc-toggle_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc-toggle mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc-toggle__btn_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc-toggle__btn mntl-text-block js-mntl-toc-toggle" data-click-tracked="true" data-desktop-bp="70em" data-collapsed-text="View All" data-expanded-text="View All">View All</div> <svg class="icon icon-circle-arrow icon-circle-arrow" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-circle-arrow" href="#icon-circle-arrow"></use> </svg></div> <svg class="icon icon-arrow " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow" href="#icon-arrow"></use> </svg></div> <div id="mntl-toc__mobile-toggle_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__mobile-toggle mntl-block js-sticky-toggle"><span id="mntl-toc__heading-text_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__heading-text mntl-text-block">Table of Contents</span> <svg class="icon icon-arrow " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow" href="#icon-arrow"></use> </svg></div> <ul id="mntl-toc__list_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list mntl-toc__list-heading expert-content"><li id="mntl-toc__list-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-what-is-the-concept-of-social-darwinism" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_1-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">What Is the Concept of Social Darwinism?</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-why-is-social-darwinism-discredited" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_2-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Why Is Social Darwinism Discredited?</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-emotions-help-keep-humans-safe-and-in-check" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_3-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Emotions Help Keep Humans Safe and in Check</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-what-does-darwinian-aka-evolutionary-psychology-say-about-mental-health-conditions" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_4-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">What Does Darwinian (aka Evolutionary) Psychology Say About Mental Health Conditions?</span></a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article__broad-video-jw_1-0" class="comp article__broad-video-jw mntl-jwplayer-broad mntl-block is-hidden" data-pixel-depth="100"><div id="mntl-jwplayer-broad__video_1-0" class="comp mntl-jwplayer-broad__video mntl-jwplayer mm-video lazyload" data-bgset data-sizes="auto"></div> <div id="mntl-jwplayer-broad__title_1-0" class="comp mntl-jwplayer-broad__title mntl-block"><div id="mntl-jwplayer-broad__title--text_1-0" class="comp mntl-jwplayer-broad__title--text mntl-text-block type--mouse"></div> <button id="mntl-jwplayer-broad__title-icon--close_1-0" class="comp mntl-jwplayer-broad__title-icon--close mntl-block type--shrew-bold" data-click-tracked="false"><span id="mntl-text-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-text-block">Close</span> <svg class="icon close-icon " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#close-icon" href="#close-icon"></use> </svg></button></div></div> <div id="wellness-sc-page_1-0" class="comp wellness-sc-page mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content article-content expert-content right-rail__offset lock-journey" data-sc-sticky-offset="60" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="4" data-sc-content-positions="[400, 1400, 1400, 1700, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Social Darwinism refers to a now-discredited theory that societies evolve according to the same process of natural selection that organisms do. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Herbert Spencer and other early proponents of this belief used Charles Darwin’s principles of evolution to justify everything from racial inequality and eugenics to imperialism and laissez-faire capitalism.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="1"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--pullquote_1-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--pullquote wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-pullquote theme-pullquote" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Rebecca Heiss, PhD</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>It has been used to justify eugenics and discrimination based upon genetic determinism, the idea that human behavior or success is solely determined by genetic factors.</p></div> <div id="theme-pullquote__author_1-0" class="comp theme-pullquote__author mntl-text-block">— Rebecca Heiss, PhD</div></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Keep reading to learn why this theory is discredited and what evolutionary <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/psychology-4157187" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">psychology</a> actually has to say about the origins of human thought, behavior, and social relationships.<br> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-is-the-concept-of-social-darwinism"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block wellness-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> What Is the Concept of Social Darwinism? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Social Darwinism has been used and defined in many ways which often contradict each other. But generally, it uses the idea of natural selection as the “survival of the fittest” to argue that the rich and powerful in society are inherently or biologically superior to those who aren’t as wealthy or powerful—and that their political, economic, or social success is proof of that innate superiority. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “It has been used to justify eugenics and discrimination based upon genetic determinism, the idea that human behavior or success is solely determined by genetic factors,” said <a href="https://rebeccaheiss.com/meet-rebecca/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Rebecca Heiss</a>, PhD, an evolutionary biologist, and <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/tips-to-reduce-stress-3145195" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">stress</a> physiologist. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway_1-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-takeaway theme-takeaway" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Social Darwinism Was Used to Justify Genocide</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>Under the Nazi regime, for example, Social Darwinism was used as a justification for genocide. The regime dubbed Aryan Germans the superior race and implemented a brutal ethnic cleansing campaign to eradicate “inferior” races.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="2"></span></p></div></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In the United States, meanwhile, more than 30 states had passed sterilization laws around the same time period that the Nazi regime was carrying out its genocidal campaign. These laws were based on the same pseudo-scientific Social Darwinist beliefs and led to the forced sterilization of approximately 70,000 people deemed genetically inferior under the laws. Those targeted included people with <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/intellectual-disability-definition-symptoms-traits-causes-treatment-5220629" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">disabilities</a>, <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/impact-of-poverty-on-mental-health-5199556" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">poor people</a>, and women who had children out of wedlock.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="3"></span><br> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-why-is-social-darwinism-discredited"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block wellness-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Why Is Social Darwinism Discredited? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> While its use as a justification for eugenics and oppression is reason enough to discount Social Darwinism, the belief has also been criticized for fundamentally misunderstanding how evolution works. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <h3 id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-subheading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-subheading__text"> Social Darwinism Misunderstands How Evolution Really Works </span> </h3> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> To start, Social Darwinism conflates “survival of the fittest” with genetic superiority. In fact, a common misconception about evolution is that only the most advantageous traits continue. But that’s not necessarily the case according to <a href="https://www.drshrand.com/about" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="nofollow">Joseph Shrand</a>, MD, Chief Medical Officer of Riverside Community Care, and psychiatry lecturer at Harvard Medical School. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “Many psychiatric conditions such as <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/schizophrenia-4157221#:~:text=Schizophrenia%20is%20a%20mental%20illness,%25%20to%200.7%25%20of%20people." data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">schizophrenia</a> do not emerge until late teens or early twenties,” Dr. Shrand said. “Hundreds of thousands of years ago many of those humans already had procreated. The genetic material would in essence hide until after the individual already had babies.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway_2-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-takeaway theme-takeaway" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Any Trait Can Be Passed Down</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>All that needs to happen for a trait to persist is that it doesn’t negatively impact your odds of survival or your fertility so much that you aren’t capable of living long enough to reproduce. That means a whole host of traits ranging from helpful to harmful continue to be passed down. Rather than the survival of the fittest, then, it’s probably more useful to think of it as “survival of the good enough.”</p></div></div> <h3 id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-subheading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-subheading__text"> Superior Traits Are Subjective </span> </h3> <p id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> These pseudo-scientific policies also ignore just how relative “superior traits” are. There are no objectively superior genes or universally advantageous traits. Moreover, the traits that are most beneficial to us now might be harmful or at least useless to us later. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway_3-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-takeaway theme-takeaway" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>In fact, we’ve already witnessed that with our biological tendency to crave fats and sugars. Thousands of years ago, those nutrients were scarce so an intense craving for them was important in motivating people to keep foraging for them even though it was difficult.</p></div></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> But now, Dr. Heiss said, “they are actually highly detrimental in the modern environment where fats and sugars aren't scarce resources, and we can get 5,000 calories in under 5 minutes by stopping at our local fast-food restaurant.” That same intense craving that helped us overcome the odds to find nutritious, calorie-dense foods thousands of years ago is now making us prone to diabetes, heart disease, and other debilitating conditions today. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In other cases, genes can be both beneficial and harmful depending on how they present. “For example, sickle cell anemia (a recessive disorder) is protective against malaria,” said Dr. Heiss. With two copies of the recessive gene for sickle cell anemia, the harmful effects of the disease outweigh the protective advantage against malaria. But people with just one copy of the recessive gene are both resistant to malaria and free of the painful, life-threatening symptoms of sickle cell anemia. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--explainer_1-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--explainer wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-explainer theme-explainer" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Genetic Diversity Ensures Survival</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>Instead of pursuing some ideal notion of genetic superiority, then, it’s more important for a population’s long-term survival to maintain genetic diversity. A wide and diverse gene pool filled with diverse traits, including those that might seem non-adaptive, is essential to maintaining the variety of traits needed to adapt to changing environments.</p></div></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-featuredlink--related_1-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-featuredlink--related wellness-sc-block-featuredlink-base mntl-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-block related-link related-link theme-related"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/awareness-of-epigenetics-and-generational-trauma-can-inform-therapy-and-empower-those-struggling-with-their-mental-health-5218280" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link_1-0" class="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link mntl-text-link " data-tracking-container="true" data-tracking-id="featured-link" ><span class="link__wrapper">How Awareness of Epigenetics and Generational Trauma Can Inform Therapy</span></a></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-emotions-help-keep-humans-safe-and-in-check"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block wellness-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Emotions Help Keep Humans Safe and in Check </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Charles Darwin is most widely known for his concepts of natural and sexual selection, but the naturalist also wrote extensively about psychology and human behavior, chiefly in his third book, "<br/>The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals<em>."</em> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--pullquote_2-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--pullquote wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-pullquote theme-pullquote" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Rebecca Heiss, PhD</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>In moderate amounts, anxiety might have increased vigilance and preparedness for danger.</p></div> <div id="theme-pullquote__author_2-0" class="comp theme-pullquote__author mntl-text-block">— Rebecca Heiss, PhD</div></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_42-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> This work laid the foundation for later research on the adaptive value of emotions and emotional expression, including the fundamental role they play in guiding behavior and promoting cooperation in a social species like human beings. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_43-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_44-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “<a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/the-purpose-of-emotions-2795181" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Emotions</a> are incredibly adaptive,” Dr. Heiss said. For example, “in moderate amounts, anxiety might have increased vigilance and preparedness for danger.” Meanwhile, <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/anger-management-strategies-4178870" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">anger</a> can motivate us to fight back or change things that are harmful to us. While emotions like these can be overwhelming, their fundamental role in guiding behavior and <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/habits-for-better-decision-making-4153045" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">decision-making</a> has played a key role in human survival. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_45-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway-large_1-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway-large wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-takeaway-large theme-takeaway-large" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/the-dangers-of-bottling-up-our-emotions-5207825" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Emotional expression</a> helps us signal to others not only that we need help, but the specific kind of help we might need.</p></div></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_47-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> For Darwin, the ability to express emotions may have been even more important than the emotions themselves. “Because humans are such a social species, we needed to be able to communicate honestly and effectively in order to be able to cooperate and rely on one another for survival,” Dr. Heiss said. Emotional expression helps us signal to others not only that we need help, but the specific kind of help we might need. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_48-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway_4-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-takeaway theme-takeaway" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>For example, “<a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/ways-crying-can-improve-your-mental-health-6745650" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Crying</a> releases cortisol, shedding it from our body and signals to others that we are under distress which allows them to offer us aid,” Dr. Heiss said. “Anger signals a betrayal and that outward expression helped keep others in check and "playing by the rules."</p></div></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-does-darwinian-aka-evolutionary-psychology-say-about-mental-health-conditions"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_50-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block wellness-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> What Does Darwinian (aka Evolutionary) Psychology Say About Mental Health Conditions? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_51-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The field of evolutionary psychology was inspired by Darwin’s work on evolution and emotional expression attempts to understand how emotions become dysregulated and when they transition from adaptive to maladaptive. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_52-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--pullquote_3-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--pullquote wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-pullquote theme-pullquote" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Rebecca Heiss, PhD</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>Recognizing that certain traits associated with psychiatric disorders might have had adaptive value in the past might help reduce stigma and promote empathy and understanding.</p></div> <div id="theme-pullquote__author_3-0" class="comp theme-pullquote__author mntl-text-block">— Rebecca Heiss, PhD</div></div> <h3 id="mntl-sc-block_55-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-subheading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-subheading__text"> Mild Anxiety Can Make People More Cautious </span> </h3> <p id="mntl-sc-block_56-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> One hypothesis is that psychiatric disorders persist for the same reason that diseases like sickle cell anemia persist. In extreme cases, for example, anxiety disorders can be debilitating. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_57-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_58-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> However, mild cases of anxiety can make a person more cautious and prevent them from taking dangerous risks. That could, in turn, make them more likely to survive—and pass on their genes—compared to their more reckless peers. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_59-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway-large_2-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--takeaway-large wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-takeaway-large theme-takeaway-large" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>The tendency to seek novelty would have made someone with ADHD more likely to discover new food sources and generally be more readily adaptable to the ever-changing demands of their environment.<br/></p></div></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-featuredlink--related_2-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-featuredlink--related wellness-sc-block-featuredlink-base mntl-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-block related-link related-link theme-related"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/is-it-normal-anxiety-or-an-anxiety-disorder-2584401" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link_2-0" class="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link mntl-text-link " data-tracking-container="true" data-tracking-id="featured-link" ><span class="link__wrapper">Nervous vs. Anxious: What's the Difference?</span></a></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_62-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <h3 id="mntl-sc-block_64-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-subheading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-subheading__text"> Traits of ADHD May Have Been Beneficial in the Past </span> </h3> <p id="mntl-sc-block_65-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Another hypothesis is that, like our craving for fats and sugar, traits that are currently non-adaptive were once beneficial in the past. ADHD is one of the more common examples of this hypothesis. “The traits associated with ADHD, such as impulsivity and hyperactivity, might have been beneficial in ancestral environments where quick responses and exploration were crucial for survival,” said Dr. Heiss. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_66-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_67-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The tendency to seek novelty would have made someone with ADHD more likely to discover new food sources and generally be more readily adaptable to the ever-changing demands of their environment. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_68-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_69-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Dr. Shrand added, “It paid to have a scanner, alert and easily distracted by a movement in a bush, quickly detecting a potential predator.” In an environment where it was important to be constantly aware of your surroundings and ready to respond at a moment’s notice, what’s now called “distractibility” would have been more advantageous than the ability to sustain focus on one task for a prolonged period of time. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_70-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <h3 id="mntl-sc-block_72-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-subheading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-subheading__text"> Certain Traits Can Become Unhelpful in New Environments </span> </h3> <p id="mntl-sc-block_73-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> But now, those same traits that were once advantageous can end up being maladaptive in the modern world, where survival depends on consistency and routine (e.g., adhering to a standard 40-hour work week). Jobs like these require <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/things-you-can-do-to-improve-your-mental-focus-4115389" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">sustained focus</a> on the same set of tasks.  </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_74-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_75-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “Recognizing that certain traits associated with psychiatric disorders might have had adaptive value in the past might help reduce stigma and promote empathy and understanding,” Dr. Heiss said. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_76-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-callout--exclamation_1-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-callout--exclamation wellness-sc-block-callout-base mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-exclamation theme-exclamation" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">What This Means For You</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block expert-content"><p>A greater understanding of how or why these traits might have evolved can reduce the stigma that people with ADHD are just lazy or that people with <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-clinical-depression-1067309" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">depression</a> just need to look at the bright side. While the traits may no longer be adaptive, they are as biologically rooted in a person as the once adaptive trait of craving fats and sugar. That increased understanding and empathy can, in turn, lead to more holistic and effective treatment plans.</p> <p>Understanding the adaptive function that these emotions and behaviors serve can point to potential underlying causes or better treatment approaches that can serve that adaptive function in a more constructive, beneficial way. </p></div> <svg class="icon icon-exclamation " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-exclamation" href="#icon-exclamation"></use> </svg></div> <div id="wellness-sc-block-featuredlink--readnext_1-0" class="comp wellness-sc-block-featuredlink--readnext wellness-sc-block-featuredlink-base mntl-sc-block-featuredlink mntl-block readnext-link readnext-link theme-readnext"><a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/theories-of-emotion-2795717" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link_3-0" class="mntl-sc-block-featuredlink__link mntl-text-link " data-tracking-container="true" data-tracking-id="featured-link" ><span class="link__wrapper">The 6 Major Theories of Emotion</span></a></div></div> <div id="post-article_1-0" class="comp post-article mntl-block"><div id="sources_1-0" class="comp sources mntl-block"><div id="mntl-article-sources_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources mntl-expandable-block" data-scroll-offset="70"><div class="loc toggle-content"><div id="mntl-article-sources__wrapper_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__wrapper mntl-block" data-click-tracked="true" tabindex="0"><span id="mntl-article-sources__heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__heading mntl-text-block">3 Sources</span> <svg class="icon show-icon " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#show-icon" href="#show-icon"></use> </svg> <svg class="icon hide-icon " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#hide-icon" href="#hide-icon"></use> </svg></div> </div><div class="loc expandable-content"><div id="source-guidelines_1-0" class="comp source-guidelines mntl-text-block">Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our <a href=/our-editorial-process-4778006>editorial process</a> to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.</div> <div id="mntl-article-sources__citation-sources_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__citation-sources mntl-citation-sources mntl-sources" data-tracking-container="true"> <ol class="mntl-sources__content"> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-1"><p>American Psychological Association. <a href="https://dictionary.apa.org/social-darwinism" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Dictionary of Psychology</a>.</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-2"><p>Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. <a href="https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/nazi-persecution/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Nazi Persecution of Other Groups: 1933 ‑ 1945</a>.</p></li> <li 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