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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_years_(1933–1936)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_years_(1933–1936)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First years (1933–1936)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_years_(1933–1936)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_Carneiro_Pacheco_(1936–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_Carneiro_Pacheco_(1936–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ministry of Carneiro Pacheco (1936–1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_Carneiro_Pacheco_(1936–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Carneiro_Pacheco_and_Veiga_Simão_(1940–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Carneiro_Pacheco_and_Veiga_Simão_(1940–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Between Carneiro Pacheco and Veiga Simão (1940–1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Carneiro_Pacheco_and_Veiga_Simão_(1940–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veiga_Simão_Reforms_(1970–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veiga_Simão_Reforms_(1970–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Veiga Simão Reforms (1970–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veiga_Simão_Reforms_(1970–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>End of the regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Estado Novo</i> (Portugal)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="إستادو نوفو (البرتغال) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إستادو نوفو (البرتغال)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_Nou_(Portugal)" title="Estat Nou (Portugal) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat Nou (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo" title="Estado Novo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Estado Novo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo" title="Estado Novo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Estado Novo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Νέο Κράτος (Πορτογαλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέο Κράτος (Πορτογαλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Nuevo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Nuevo (Portugal) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado Nuevo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalgo_Bigarren_Errepublika" title="Portugalgo Bigarren Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugalgo Bigarren Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="استادو نوو (پرتغال) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استادو نوو (پرتغال)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo" title="Estado Novo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado Novo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88_%EC%A0%9C2%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="포르투갈 제2공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈 제2공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portogallo)" title="Estado Novo (Portogallo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estado Novo (Portogallo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ესტადო-ნოვო (პორტუგალია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესტადო-ნოვო (პორტუგალია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo" title="Estado Novo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Estado Novo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Нова Држава (Португалија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нова Држава (Португалија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Portugal_Kedua" title="Republik Portugal Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Portugal Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado_Nuobo_(Pertual)" title="Stado Nuobo (Pertual) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stado Nuobo (Pertual)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9" title="エスタド・ノヴォ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エスタド・ノヴォ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowe_Pa%C5%84stwo_(Portugalia)" title="Nowe Państwo (Portugalia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowe Państwo (Portugalia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugalia)" title="Estado Novo (Portugalia) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugalia)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Новое государство (Португалия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новое государство (Португалия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo" title="Estado Novo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Estado Novo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Estado Novo (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B9_(%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA)" title="อึชตาดูโนวู (โปรตุเกส) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อึชตาดูโนวู (โปรตุเกส)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portekiz)" title="Estado Novo (Portekiz) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Estado Novo (Portekiz)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нова Держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нова Держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_M%E1%BB%9Bi_(B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha)" title="Nhà nước Mới (Bồ Đào Nha) – 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&params=38_42_46_N_9_9_19_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°42′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°9′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.71278°N 9.15528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.71278; -9.15528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1933–1974 authoritarian regime in Portugal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Second Portuguese Republic" redirects here. For the period of military dictatorship that immediately preceded the Estado Novo, see <a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Portuguese Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">República Portuguesa</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1933–1974</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Estado Novo (Portugal)"><img alt="Flag of Estado Novo (Portugal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/125px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/188px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/250px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal" title="Coat of arms of Portugal">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i>Deus, Pátria e Familia</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">("God, Fatherland and Family")</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher198360,_99_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher198360,_99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Portuguesa" title="A Portuguesa">A Portuguesa</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">("The Portuguese")</span> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Portuguese Empire during the 20th century"><img alt="Map of the Portuguese Empire during the 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/250px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/375px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/500px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> during the 20th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&params=38_42_46_N_9_9_19_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°42′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°9′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.71278°N 9.15528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.71278; -9.15528</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Portugal">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1926–1951 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Carmona" title="Óscar Carmona">Óscar Carmona</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1951–1958 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Craveiro_Lopes" title="Francisco Craveiro Lopes">Francisco Craveiro Lopes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1958–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Américo Tomás">Américo Tomás</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Portugal">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1932–1968 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><wbr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <span class="nowrap">Consultative chamber</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corporative_Chamber" title="Corporative Chamber">Corporative Chamber</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Legislative chamber</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Portugal">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1933_Portuguese_constitutional_referendum" title="1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1933</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal#Constitution_of_1933" title="Constitution of Portugal">Established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1933</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_109" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 109">admission</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1955</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 April 1974</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">92,212 km<sup>2</sup> (35,603 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,796,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1970 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span class="nowrap">$15.888 billion</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $616</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1970)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.653<br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Junta" title="National Salvation Junta">National Salvation Junta</a> </td> <td 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #002E79;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#002E79; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliveira_Salazar,_retratado_por_San_Payo_(Arquivo_Municipal_de_Lisboa,_MNV001514).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oliveira_Salazar%2C_retratado_por_San_Payo_%28Arquivo_Municipal_de_Lisboa%2C_MNV001514%29.png/75px-Oliveira_Salazar%2C_retratado_por_San_Payo_%28Arquivo_Municipal_de_Lisboa%2C_MNV001514%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oliveira_Salazar%2C_retratado_por_San_Payo_%28Arquivo_Municipal_de_Lisboa%2C_MNV001514%29.png/113px-Oliveira_Salazar%2C_retratado_por_San_Payo_%28Arquivo_Municipal_de_Lisboa%2C_MNV001514%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oliveira_Salazar%2C_retratado_por_San_Payo_%28Arquivo_Municipal_de_Lisboa%2C_MNV001514%29.png/150px-Oliveira_Salazar%2C_retratado_por_San_Payo_%28Arquivo_Municipal_de_Lisboa%2C_MNV001514%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="3160" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#002E79; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;"><span style="font-size:0.75em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">This article is part of a series about</span></span><br /><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><span style="font-size:0.95em;"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">António de<br />Oliveira Salazar</span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1934 Portuguese legislative election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1938 Portuguese legislative election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1942 Portuguese legislative election">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1945 Portuguese legislative election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1949 Portuguese legislative election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1953 Portuguese legislative election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1957 Portuguese legislative election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1961 Portuguese legislative election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1965 Portuguese legislative election">1965</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Prime Minister of Portugal</b> </p> <small><div class="center"><b>1932–1968</b></div></small> <hr /> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Estado Novo</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal#Constitution_of_1933" title="Constitution of Portugal">1933 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Portuguese_constitutional_referendum" title="1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum">1933 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1940" title="Concordat of 1940">Concordat of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_Chamber" title="Corporative Chamber">Corporative Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Surveillance_and_Defense_Police" title="State Surveillance and Defense Police">PVDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIDE" title="PIDE">PIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance#Second_World_War" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Pact" title="Iberian Pact">Iberian Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_Act" title="Portuguese Colonial Act">Portuguese Colonial Act</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire#Decolonization_(1954–1999)" title="Portuguese Empire">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Portugal-Rhodesian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25_de_Abril_Bridge" title="25 de Abril Bridge">Salazar Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Machava" title="Estádio da Machava">Salazar Stadium</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="510" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Flag.svg/60px-Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Flag.svg/90px-Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Flag.svg/120px-Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_sidebar" title="Template:António de Oliveira Salazar sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:António de Oliveira Salazar sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:António de Oliveira Salazar sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Estado Novo</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ɨʃˈta.ðu<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈno.vu]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">New State</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) was the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">corporatist</a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> state installed in 1933. It evolved from the <i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i> ("National Dictatorship") formed after the <a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état"><i>coup d'état</i> of 28 May 1926</a> against the unstable <a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a>. Together, the <i>Ditadura Nacional</i> and the <i>Estado Novo</i> are recognised by historians as the <b>Second Portuguese Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Segunda República Portuguesa</i>). The <i>Estado Novo</i>, greatly inspired by <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> ideologies, was developed by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">President of the Council of Ministers</a> from 1932 until illness forced him out of office in 1968. </p><p>Opposed to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialism">anti-colonialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the regime was conservative <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> in nature, defending <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal's traditional Catholicism</a>. Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricontinental">pluricontinental</a> nation under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">lusotropicalism</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese territories</a> as extensions of Portugal itself, it being a supposed <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">source of civilization and stability</a> to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions. Under the <i>Estado Novo</i>, Portugal <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">tried to perpetuate</a> a vast, centuries-old empire with a total area of 2,168,071 square kilometres (837,097 sq mi), while other former colonial powers had, by this time, largely acceded to global calls for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and independence of their overseas colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Portugal was a dictatorial country, it pursued economic policies aligned with those of democratic and developed nations. The first steps toward economic integration began in 1948 when Portugal joined the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, and subsequently became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_European_Economic_Co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for European Economic Co-operation">Organisation for European Economic Co-operation</a> (OEEC). In 1960, Portugal joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA), which allowed the country to integrate its industries with European markets while protecting its agriculture and fisheries, where it could not compete with Northern European nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Coppolaro_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coppolaro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portugal also expanded its economic ties globally by joining the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) in 1962. Under <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a>, who replaced an aging <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a> as prime minister in 1968, the country continued to liberalize its economy and advance European integration. This effort culminated in the signing of a free trade agreement with the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Coppolaro_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coppolaro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When after Portugal, under the Third Portugese Republic, finally joined the EEC in 1986, most trade barriers with the rest of Western Europe had already been dismantled by the Estado Novo, with the exception of those relating to agricultural goods and fisheries and, more importantly, trade with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Coppolaro_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coppolaro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the political front, Portugal was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) in 1949, and joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) in 1955. </p><p>From 1950 until Salazar's death in 1970, Portugal saw its GDP per capita increase at an annual average rate of 5.7 per cent, leading to significant economic convergence with wealthier Western European nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Estampa_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estampa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this remarkable economic growth, by the fall of the <i>Estado Novo</i> in 1974, Portugal still had the lowest per capita income and the lowest literacy rate in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this economic convergence slowed or even reversed after the end of the Estado Novo, as political and economic instability in the post-1974 period hampered further progress.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 April 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, a military coup organized by left-wing Portuguese military officers – the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Armed Forces Movement">Armed Forces Movement</a> (MFA) – led to the end of the <i>Estado Novo</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Portuguese Republic</a></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I of Portugal</a> confirmed colonial treaties of the 19th century that stabilized the situation in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese Africa</a>. These agreements were, however, unpopular in Portugal, where they were seen as being to the disadvantage of the country. In addition, Portugal was declared bankrupt twice – first on 14 June 1892 and again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism, and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Franco" title="João Franco">João Franco</a> as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution. In 1908, Carlos I was <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">assassinated in Lisbon</a> by anti-monarchists. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese monarchy">Portuguese monarchy</a> lasted until 1910 when, through the <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October revolution</a>, it was overthrown and Portugal was proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. The overthrow of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910 led to a 16-year struggle to sustain parliamentary democracy under republicanism – the Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926). </p><p>The 28 May 1926 <i>coup d'état</i> or, during the period of <i>Estado Novo</i>, the National Revolution (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Revolução Nacional</i>), was a military action that put an end to the chaotic Portuguese First Republic and initiated the <i>Ditadura Militar</i> (Military Dictatorship) which in 1928 transitioned into the <i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i> (National Dictatorship). Salazar became prime minister in 1932, and in 1933 renamed it the <i>Estado Novo</i> (New State), defining Portugal as a corporative, single-party and multi-continental country. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> organizations being popular and widely supported across many countries (like <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>) as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">antagonist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> ideologies, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> developed the <i>Estado Novo</i> as an alternative; <i>Estado Novo</i> a conservative authoritarian regime that was neither fascist nor totalitarian.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salazar's regime can be described as a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">syncretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">corporatist</a> government;<sup id="cite_ref-leal_148_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leal_148-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese historian Ernesto C. Leal described the ideology of Salazar and his state as a combination of anti-liberalism, conservatism and authoritarian nationalism that featured <a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">social corporatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Catholic corporatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leal_148_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leal_148-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis of Salazar's regime was a platform of stability, in direct contrast to the unstable environment of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese First Republic">First Republic</a>. </p><p>According to some Portuguese scholars like <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Nogueira_Pinto" title="Jaime Nogueira Pinto">Jaime Nogueira Pinto</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rui Ramos,<sup id="cite_ref-ionline.pt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ionline.pt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his early reforms and policies changed the whole nation by permitting political and financial stability and therefore a calm <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, after the politically unstable and financially chaotic years of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese First Republic">Portuguese First Republic</a> (1910–1926). Following the First Republic, when not even public order had been achieved, this looked like an impressive breakthrough to most of the population; at this point, Salazar achieved the height of his popularity. This transformation of Portugal was then known as <i>A Lição de Salazar</i> – "Salazar's Lesson". Salazar's program was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. It was pro-<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a>. Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricontinental">pluricontinental</a> empire, financially autonomous and politically independent from the dominating <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">source of civilization and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions</a>. </p><p>To support his colonial policies, Salazar eventually adopted Brazilian historian <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Gilberto Freyre</a>'s notion of <a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">lusotropicalism</a> by asserting that, since Portugal had been a multicultural, multiracial, and <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinentalism" title="Pluricontinentalism">pluricontinental</a> nation since the 15th century, losing its overseas territories in Africa and Asia would dismember the country and end Portuguese independence. In geopolitical terms, losing these territories would decrease the Portuguese state's self-sufficiency. </p><p>Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Salazar had strongly resisted Freyre's ideas, partly because Freyre claimed the Portuguese were more prone than other European nations to <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>. Salazar adopted lusotropicalism only after sponsoring Freyre on a visit to Portugal and some of its overseas territories in 1951 and 1952. Freyre's work, <i>Aventura e Rotina</i> (<i>Adventure and Routine</i>) resulted from this visit. </p><p>Under the <i>Estado Novo</i> regime, Portugal's most notable sports star, <a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_da_Silva_Ferreira" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusébio da Silva Ferreira">Eusébio da Silva Ferreira</a>, and the most decorated military officer of the Portuguese Armed Forces, <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_da_Mata" title="Marcelino da Mata">Marcelino da Mata</a>, were both black Portuguese citizens born and raised in Portugal's African territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regime">Regime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal" title="Category:History of Portugal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of <span class="fn org label">Portugal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/80px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/120px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/160px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Portugal" title="Ancient Portugal">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1383–1385 Crisis">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)" title="History of Portugal">Age of Discovery</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Imperial expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Bragantine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Great Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Imperial decline, war, and revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">1910 Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)" title="History of Portugal">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)" title="History of Portugal">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_Third_Republic_(1974–)" title="History of Portugal">Third Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">Financial crisis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010–2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Topic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archives_in_Portugal" title="Category:Archives in Portugal">Archives</a> - <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a> - <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" title="LGBT history in Portugal">LGBT</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Judaism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a> - <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azores" title="History of the Azores">Azorean history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeiran history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>Estado Novo</i> based its political philosophy around a close interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic social doctrine">Catholic social doctrine</a>, much like the contemporary regime of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeneses2009162_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeneses2009162-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic system, known as <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, was based on similar interpretations of the papal encyclicals <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>, 1891)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197063_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197063-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a>, 1931),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197063_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197063-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were meant to prevent class struggle and transform economic concerns secondary to social values. <i>Rerum novarum</i> argued that labour associations were part of the natural order, like the family. The right of men to organize into trade unions and to engage in labour activities was thus inherent and could not be denied by employers or the state. <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> provided the <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprint</a> for the erection of the corporatist system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197797_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197797-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new constitution was drafted by a group of lawyers, businessmen, clerics, and university professors, with Salazar as the leading spirit and <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a> also playing a major role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197798_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197798-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution created the <i>Estado Novo</i> ('New State'), in theory a corporatist state representing interest groups rather than individuals. The leaders wanted a system in which the people would be represented through corporations, rather than through divisive parties, and where national interest was given priority over sectional claims. Salazar thought that the party system had failed irretrievably in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197053_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197053-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slazar_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Slazar_1939.jpg/200px-Slazar_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Slazar_1939.jpg/300px-Slazar_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Slazar_1939.jpg/400px-Slazar_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>, aged 50, in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike Mussolini or <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>, Salazar never had the intention to create a party-state. Salazar was against the whole-party concept, he rejected the concept of a mass-mobilizing party that sought to control all aspects of life, as seen in fascist regimes and in 1930 he created the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union</a>, a single-party, but he created it as a non-ideological, non-party, a passive institution, serving more as a facade of political order rather than a power-holding organization in its own right. The National Union was set up to control and restrain public opinion rather than to mobilize it; the goal was to strengthen and preserve traditional values rather than to induce a new social order. Ministers, diplomats, and civil servants were never compelled to join the National Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1990167_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1990167-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislature, called the National Assembly, was restricted to members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union</a>. It could initiate legislation, but only concerning matters that did not require government expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197055_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197055-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parallel <a href="/wiki/Corporative_Chamber" title="Corporative Chamber">Corporative Chamber</a> included representatives of municipalities, religious, cultural, and professional groups, and of the official workers' syndicates that replaced free trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197055_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197055-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Howard Wiarda, "The men who came to power in the <i>Estado Novo</i> were genuinely concerned with the poverty and backwardness of their nation, divorcing themselves from Anglo-American political influences while developing a new indigenous political model and alleviating the miserable living conditions of both rural and urban poor."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197788_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197788-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new constitution introduced by Salazar established an anti-parliamentarian and authoritarian government that would last until 1974. The president was to be elected by popular vote for a period of seven years. On paper, the new document vested sweeping, almost dictatorial powers in the hands of the president, including the power to appoint and dismiss the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president was elevated to a position of preeminence as the "balance wheel", the defender and ultimate arbiter of national politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Carmona, however, had allowed Salazar more or less a free hand since appointing him prime minister and continued to do so. Carmona and his successors would largely be figureheads as Salazar wielded the true power. Wiarda argues that Salazar achieved his position of power not just because of constitutional stipulations, but also because of his character: domineering, absolutist, ambitious, hardworking, and intellectually brilliant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977101_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977101-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The corporatist constitution was approved in the national <a href="/wiki/1933_Portuguese_constitutional_referendum" title="1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum">Portuguese constitutional referendum</a> of 19 March 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197049-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A draft had been published one year before, and the public was invited to state any objections in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197049-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tended to stay in the realm of generalities and only a handful of people, less than 6,000, voted against the new constitution. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197049-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new constitution was approved with 99.5% of the vote, but with 488,840 abstentions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197049-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in a registered electorate of 1,330,258) counting as "yes".<sup id="cite_ref-NS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugh Kay points out that the large number of abstentions might be attributable to the fact that voters were presented with a package deal to which they had to say "yes" or "no" with no opportunity to accept one clause and reject another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197049-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this referendum, women were allowed to vote for the first time in Portugal. Their right to vote had not been obtained during the First Republic, despite feminist efforts, and even in the referendum vote, secondary education was a requirement for female voters, whereas males only needed to be able to read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right for women to vote was later broadened twice under the Estado Novo. The first time was in 1946 and the second time in 1968 under Marcelo Caetano, law 2137 proclaimed the equality of men and women for electoral purposes. The 1968 electoral law did not make any distinction between men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1933 marked a watershed of legislation in Portuguese history. Under Salazar's supervision, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teot%C3%B3nio_Pereira" title="Pedro Teotónio Pereira">Teotónio Pereira</a>, the Sub-Secretary of State of Corporations and Social Welfare, reporting directly to Salazar, enacted extensive legislation that shaped the corporatist structure and initiated a comprehensive social welfare system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977109_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977109-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was equally anti-capitalist and anti-socialist. The corporatization of the working class was accompanied by strict legislation regulating business. Workers' organizations were subordinated to state control but granted a legitimacy that they had never before enjoyed and were made beneficiaries of a variety of new social programs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977132_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977132-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it is important to note that even in the enthusiastic early years, corporatist agencies were not at the center of power and therefore corporatism was not the true base of the whole system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977155_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977155-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, Portugal crushed the Portuguese Fascist Movement<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exiled <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Francisco Rolão Preto</a> as a part of a purge of the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">Portuguese National Syndicalists</a>, also known as the <i>camisas azuis</i> ("Blue Shirts"). Salazar denounced the National Syndicalists as "inspired by certain foreign models" and condemned their "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, [and] the propensity for organizing masses behind a single leader" as fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the <i>Estado Novo</i>. Salazar's own party, the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union</a>, was formed as a subservient umbrella organization to support the regime itself, and therefore did not have its own philosophy. At the time, many European countries feared the destructive potential of communism. Many members of the National Syndicalist Movement eventually joined the National Union. One overriding criticism of his regime is that stability was bought and maintained at the expense of suppression of human rights and liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197055_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197055-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The corporatist state had some similarities to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s Italian fascism, but considerable differences in its moral approach to governing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197050–51_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197050–51-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Salazar admired Mussolini and was influenced by his <a href="/wiki/Labour_Charter_of_1927" title="Labour Charter of 1927">Labour Charter of 1927</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197798_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197798-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salazar distanced himself from fascist dictatorship, which he considered a pagan <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarist</a> political system that recognized neither legal nor moral limits.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_Florestal_de_Monsanto_1938_Foto_n%C3%A3o_identificada_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Parque_Florestal_de_Monsanto_1938_Foto_n%C3%A3o_identificada_1.jpg/300px-Parque_Florestal_de_Monsanto_1938_Foto_n%C3%A3o_identificada_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Parque_Florestal_de_Monsanto_1938_Foto_n%C3%A3o_identificada_1.jpg/450px-Parque_Florestal_de_Monsanto_1938_Foto_n%C3%A3o_identificada_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Parque_Florestal_de_Monsanto_1938_Foto_n%C3%A3o_identificada_1.jpg/600px-Parque_Florestal_de_Monsanto_1938_Foto_n%C3%A3o_identificada_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></i> (Portuguese Youth) members working in the <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Forest_Park" title="Monsanto Forest Park">Monsanto Forest Park</a>, Lisbon, circa 1938</figcaption></figure><p> Salazar also viewed German Nazism as espousing pagan elements that he considered repugnant. Just before World War II, Salazar made this declaration: "We are opposed to all forms of Internationalism, Communism, Socialism, Syndicalism and everything that may divide or minimize, or break up the family. We are against class warfare, irreligion and disloyalty to one's country; against serfdom, a materialistic conception of life, and might over right."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197068_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197068-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the Estado Novo adopted many fascist characteristics with the <a href="/wiki/Legi%C3%A3o_Portuguesa_(Estado_Novo)" title="Legião Portuguesa (Estado Novo)">Legião Portuguesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> being the most prominent examples; after the end of World War II, Salazar distanced his regime from fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/220px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/330px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/440px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Portugal was officially neutral in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939), but quietly furnished help to the nationalists of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. During World War II, 1939–1945, <a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal remained officially neutral</a>, giving its highest priority to avoiding a Nazi invasion of the sort that was so devastating in most other European countries. The regime at first showed some pro-<a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> sympathies; Salazar for example expressed approval for the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of the Soviet Union">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. From 1943 onward, Portugal favoured the Allies, leasing air bases in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>. Portugal reluctantly leased the Azores as a direct result of being threatened with invasion should Portugal not cater to the requests of the Allies. As an official neutral, Portugal traded with both sides. It cut off vital shipments of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and rubber to Germany in 1944, after heavy pressure from the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lisbon was the base for International Red Cross operations aiding Allied POWs and was the main air transit point between Britain and the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, Australian troops briefly occupied <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>, but were soon overwhelmed by invading Japanese. Salazar worked to regain control of East Timor, which came about after the Japanese surrender in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Portugal declared two days of mourning for the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">death of Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg/300px-Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg/450px-Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg/600px-Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="President Truman">President Truman</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> with Portuguese ambassador <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teot%C3%B3nio_Pereira" title="Pedro Teotónio Pereira">Teotónio Pereira</a> standing behind</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II (1939–1945), however, the corporatist economic model was less and less applicable. And after <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> in the 1950s and 1960s, the Portuguese regime became also a source of criticism and dissent by most of the international community. Nevertheless, Salazar clung to it, thereby slowing the nation's long-term economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salazar's postwar policy allowed some liberalization in politics, in terms of organized opposition with more freedom of the press. Opposition parties were tolerated to an extent, but they were also controlled, limited, and manipulated, with the result that they split into factions and never formed a united opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He permitted the formation of <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Democratic_Unity" title="Movement of Democratic Unity">Movement of Democratic Unity</a> (<i>Movimento de Unidade Democrática</i>) in 1945. It boycotted the <a href="/wiki/1945_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1945 Portuguese legislative election">election</a> and Salazar won handily on 18 November 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Jessup_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessup-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949 Portugal became a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">founding member of NATO</a>. </p><p> President <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Carmona" title="Óscar Carmona">Óscar Carmona</a> died in 1951 after 25 years in office and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Craveiro_Lopes" title="Francisco Craveiro Lopes">Francisco Craveiro Lopes</a>. However, Lopes was not willing to give Salazar the free hand that Carmona had given him, and was forced to resign just before the end of his term in 1958.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusebio_(1963_version2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg/200px-Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg/300px-Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg/400px-Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_da_Silva_Ferreira" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusébio da Silva Ferreira">Eusébio da Silva Ferreira</a>, a man born in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a> who graduated as a footballer and played for <a href="/wiki/CD_Maxaquene" title="CD Maxaquene">Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques</a> at both youth level and the main squad between the ages of 15 and 18, became the most famous Portuguese sports star during the <i>Estado Novo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Naval Minister <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Américo Tomás">Américo Tomás</a>, a staunch conservative, ran in the <a href="/wiki/1958_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1958 Portuguese presidential election">1958 elections</a> as the official candidate. General <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Delgado" title="Humberto Delgado">Humberto Delgado</a> was the opposition candidate—the only time in both incarnations of the Second Republic that an opposition candidate was still in the race on election day. Delgado was credited with only around 25% of the votes with 52.6% in favour of Tomás.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election had initially been seen as little better than a pantomime of democracy before a reporter asked Delgado whether he would retain Salazar if elected. Delgado famously replied, "<i>Obviamente, demito-o!</i>" ("Obviously, I'll sack him!") He was well aware that the president's ability to dismiss the prime minister was, on paper, the only check on Salazar's power. Delgado's rallies subsequently attracted vast crowds. Evidence later surfaced that the PIDE had stuffed the ballot boxes with votes for Tomás, leading many neutral observers to conclude that Delgado would have won had Salazar allowed an honest election. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luanda,desfilemilitar_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Luanda%2Cdesfilemilitar_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Luanda%2Cdesfilemilitar_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Luanda%2Cdesfilemilitar_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Luanda%2Cdesfilemilitar_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Luanda%2Cdesfilemilitar_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Portuguese Armed Forces</a> marching in Luanda, at the time the capital city of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Angola">Overseas Province of Angola</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> (1961–1974)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the elections, Delgado was expelled from the Portuguese military and took refuge in the Brazilian embassy before going into exile, spending much of it in Brazil and later in Algeria. Even though the electoral system was so heavily rigged in favour of the National Union that Tomás could not have possibly been defeated, Salazar was not willing to leave anything to chance. He abolished the direct election of presidents in favour of indirect election by the National Assembly—which was firmly controlled by the regime—serving as an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ec_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 January 1961, military officer and politician <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Henrique Galvão">Henrique Galvão</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_hijacking" title="Santa Maria hijacking">hijacking of the Portuguese passenger ship <i>Santa Maria</i></a>. The terrorist operation was successful as anti-regime propaganda but killed one man in the process. Galvão claimed that his intentions were to sail to the <a href="/wiki/Angola_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angola (Portugal)">Overseas Province of Angola</a> to set up a renegade Portuguese government in opposition to Salazar in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>. Galvão released the passengers in negotiation with Brazilian officials in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a> in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year hijackers forced an aircraft to circle <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to drop leaflets against the dictatorship. After that, the six hijackers forced the crew to fly them back to Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcelino_da_Mata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marcelino_da_Mata.jpg/200px-Marcelino_da_Mata.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Marcelino_da_Mata.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_da_Mata" title="Marcelino da Mata">Marcelino da Mata</a>, 1969. He became the most decorated Portuguese military officer in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Army" title="Portuguese Army">Portuguese Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Crisis" title="Academic Crisis">Academic Crisis</a> occurred. The regime, fearing the growing popularity of both purely democratic and communist ideas among the students, carried out the boycott and closure of several student associations and organizations, including the important National Secretariat of Portuguese Students. Most members of this organization were opposition militants, among them many communists. Anti-regime political activists were investigated and persecuted by <a href="/wiki/PIDE-DGS" class="mw-redirect" title="PIDE-DGS">PIDE-DGS</a> (the secret police), and according to the gravity of the offence, were usually sent to jail or transferred from one university to another in order to destabilize oppositionist networks and their hierarchical organization. The students, with strong support from the clandestine <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a>, responded with demonstrations which culminated on 24 March with a huge student demonstration in Lisbon, which was vigorously suppressed by the riot police. <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a>, a distinguished member of the regime and the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">University of Lisbon</a>, resigned. </p><p>The reluctance of many young men to embrace the hardships of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> resulted in tens of thousands of Portuguese citizens each year leaving to seek economic opportunities abroad in order to escape conscription. In over 15 years, nearly one million emigrated to France, another million to the United States, many hundreds of thousands to Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Venezuela, or Brazil. Political parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">Socialist Party</a>, persecuted at home, were established in exile. The only party which managed to continue (illegally) operating in Portugal during all the dictatorship was the Portuguese Communist Party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1964, Delgado founded the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_National_Liberation_Front" title="Portuguese National Liberation Front">Portuguese National Liberation Front</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, stating in public that the only way to end the <i>Estado Novo</i> would be by a <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a>, while many others advocated a "national uprising" approach.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delgado and his Brazilian secretary, Arajaryr Moreira de Campos, were murdered on 13 February 1965 in Spain in an ambush by PIDE. </p><p>According to some Portuguese right-wing scholars like <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Nogueira_Pinto" title="Jaime Nogueira Pinto">Jaime Nogueira Pinto</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rui_Ramos_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rui Ramos (academic) (page does not exist)">Rui Ramos</a>, Salazar's early reforms and policies allowed political and financial stability and therefore social order and economic growth, after the politically unstable and financially chaotic years of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese First Republic">Portuguese First Republic</a> (1910–1926).<sup id="cite_ref-ionline.pt_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ionline.pt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians, like left-wing politician <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rosas" title="Fernando Rosas">Fernando Rosas</a>, point out that Salazar's policies from the 1930s to the 1950s, led to economic and social stagnation and rampant emigration, turning Portugal into one of the poorest countries in Europe, that was also thwarted by scoring lower on literacy than its peers of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcello_caetano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcello_caetano.jpg/175px-Marcello_caetano.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcello_caetano.jpg/263px-Marcello_caetano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcello_caetano.jpg/350px-Marcello_caetano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>After Salazar's resignation due to illness in 1968, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a> became the leader of the country and its <i>Estado Novo</i> regime</figcaption></figure> <p>Salazar suffered a stroke in 1968. As it was thought that he did not have long to live, Tomás replaced him with Marcelo Caetano, former rector of the University of Lisbon and prominent scholar of its law school, and despite his protest resignation in 1962, a supporter of the regime. Salazar was never informed of this decision, and reportedly died in 1970 still believing he was prime minister. Most of the people hoped Caetano would soften the edges of Salazar's authoritarian regime and modernize the already growing economy. Caetano moved on to foster economic growth and made important social improvements, such as the awarding of a monthly pension to rural workers who had never had the chance to pay <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>. Some large-scale investments were made at the national level, such as the building of a major oil processing center in <a href="/wiki/Sines,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sines, Portugal">Sines</a>. The economy reacted very well at first, but into the 1970s some serious problems began to show, due in part to two-digit inflation (from 1970 and on) and to the effects of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. </p><p>However, the 1973 oil crisis had a potentially beneficial effect on Portugal because the largely unexploited oil reserves that Portugal had in its overseas territories of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> were being developed at a fast pace. Although Caetano was fundamentally authoritarian, he did make some efforts to open up the regime. Soon after taking power, he rebranded the regime as the "Social State", and slightly increased freedom of speech and the press. These measures did not go nearly far enough for a significant element of the population who had no memory of the instability which preceded Salazar. The people were also disappointed that Caetano was unwilling to open up the electoral system. The conduct of the <a href="/wiki/1969_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1969 Portuguese legislative election">1969</a> and <a href="/wiki/1973_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1973 Portuguese legislative election">1973 elections</a> was little different from past elections over the previous four decades. The National Union—renamed People's National Action—swept every seat, as before. Also as before, the opposition was still barely tolerated; opposition candidates were subjected to harsh repression. However, Caetano had to expend all of his political capital to wring even these meager reforms out of the hardliners in the regime—most notably Tomás, who was not nearly as willing to give Caetano the free rein that he gave Salazar. Caetano was thus in no position to resist when Tomás and the other hardliners forced the end of the reform experiment in 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history of Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_3_Visita_Salazar_obras_Ponte_Coimbra015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Foto_3_Visita_Salazar_obras_Ponte_Coimbra015.jpg/300px-Foto_3_Visita_Salazar_obras_Ponte_Coimbra015.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Foto_3_Visita_Salazar_obras_Ponte_Coimbra015.jpg/450px-Foto_3_Visita_Salazar_obras_Ponte_Coimbra015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Foto_3_Visita_Salazar_obras_Ponte_Coimbra015.jpg/600px-Foto_3_Visita_Salazar_obras_Ponte_Coimbra015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a> observing <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cardoso_(engineer)" title="Edgar Cardoso (engineer)">Edgar Cardoso's</a> <a href="/wiki/Ponte_de_Santa_Clara" title="Ponte de Santa Clara">Santa Clara Bridge</a> maquette in <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Portugal's overriding problem in 1926 was its enormous public debt. Several times between 1926 and 1928, Salazar turned down appointments to the finance ministry. He pleaded ill-health, devotion to his aged parents and a preference for the academic cloisters. In 1927, under the ministry of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_Sinel_de_Cordes" title="João José Sinel de Cordes">Sinel de Cordes</a>, the public deficit kept on growing. The government tried to obtain loans from <a href="/wiki/Barings_Bank" title="Barings Bank">Baring Brothers</a> under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, but the conditions were considered unacceptable. With Portugal under the threat of an imminent financial collapse, Salazar finally agreed to become its 81st finance minister on 26 April 1928 after the republican and <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Carmona" title="Óscar Carmona">Óscar Carmona</a> was elected president. However, before accepting the position, he personally secured from Carmona a categorical assurance that as finance minister he would have a free hand to veto expenditure in all government departments, not just his own.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Salazar was the financial czar virtually from the day he took office.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Within one year, armed with special powers, Salazar balanced the budget and stabilized Portugal's currency. Restoring order to the national accounts, enforcing austerity, and red-penciling waste, Salazar produced the first of many budgetary surpluses, an unparalleled novelty in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197794_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197794-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1940, the American <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i></a> magazine featured an article on Portugal, and, referring to its recent chaotic history, asserted that "anyone who saw Portugal 15 years ago might well have said it deserved to die. It was atrociously governed, bankrupt, squalid, ridden with disease and poverty. It was such a mess that the League of Nations coined a word to describe the absolute low in national welfare: 'Portuguese'. Then the Army overthrew the Republic which had brought the country to this sorry pass". <i>Life</i> added that ruling Portugal was difficult and explained how Salazar "found a country in chaos and poverty" and then reformed it".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EFTA_AELE_countries-1995.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/EFTA_AELE_countries-1995.svg/220px-EFTA_AELE_countries-1995.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/EFTA_AELE_countries-1995.svg/330px-EFTA_AELE_countries-1995.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/EFTA_AELE_countries-1995.svg/440px-EFTA_AELE_countries-1995.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#276d3a; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a> member states since 1995</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3d9b4; color:black;"> </span> Former member states, now mostly <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> member states. Portugal joined the then <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a> in 1986 (now the EU), leaving the EFTA where it was a founding member in 1960.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Under Salazar, Estado Novo featured a mixed economy that was neither capitalist nor communist, and was instead organized along quasi-traditional framework of corporatism. There was extensive state regulation as well as dominance of private ownership of the means of production. Major industrialists of Portugal accepted extensive control in return for a guarantee of minimal public ownership, along with restrictions on economic competition. Salazar's economy organized employers and workers into guilds and syndicates, divided into industries such as transport, commerce and banking; guilds were also organized for farmers and rural workers, fishermen, and skilled professions. Within this framework, the state exercised extensive authority regarding private investment decisions and the level of wages. A relocation or constructions of an industrial plan, as well as investments into machinery or equipment to increase the capacity of already existing enterprises, required government approval.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Howard_J._Wiarda" title="Howard J. Wiarda">Howard J. Wiarda</a>, "in reality both labor and capital and indeed the entire corporate institutional network were subordinate to the central state apparatus". In regards to trade, the Estado Novo was extensively protectionist.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1950 until Salazar's death in 1970, Portugal saw its GDP per capita increase at an annual average rate of 5.7 per cent. The rise of new technocrats in the early 1960s with a background in economics and technical-industrial expertise led to a new period of economic fostering, with Portugal as an attractive country for international investment. Industrial development and economic growth continued throughout the 1960s. During Salazar's tenure, Portugal participated in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA) in 1960 and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) in 1961. In the early 1960s, Portugal also added its membership in the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT), the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. This marked the initiation of Salazar's more outward-looking economic policy. Portuguese foreign trade increased by 52 per cent in exports and 40 per cent in imports. The economic growth and levels of capital formation from 1960 to 1973 were characterized by unparalleled robust annual growth rates of GDP (6.9 per cent), industrial production (9 per cent), private consumption (6.5 per cent), and gross fixed capital formation (7.8 per cent).<sup id="cite_ref-Estampa_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estampa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pra%C3%A7a_de_D._Pedro_IV_(Rossio),_Lisbon,_Portugal,_April_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pra%C3%A7a_de_D._Pedro_IV_%28Rossio%29%2C_Lisbon%2C_Portugal%2C_April_1964.jpg/400px-Pra%C3%A7a_de_D._Pedro_IV_%28Rossio%29%2C_Lisbon%2C_Portugal%2C_April_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pra%C3%A7a_de_D._Pedro_IV_%28Rossio%29%2C_Lisbon%2C_Portugal%2C_April_1964.jpg/600px-Pra%C3%A7a_de_D._Pedro_IV_%28Rossio%29%2C_Lisbon%2C_Portugal%2C_April_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pra%C3%A7a_de_D._Pedro_IV_%28Rossio%29%2C_Lisbon%2C_Portugal%2C_April_1964.jpg/800px-Pra%C3%A7a_de_D._Pedro_IV_%28Rossio%29%2C_Lisbon%2C_Portugal%2C_April_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>King Pedro IV Square (<a href="/wiki/Rossio,_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossio, Lisbon">Rossio</a>), Lisbon, Portugal, April 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1960, at the initiation of Salazar's more outward-looking economic policy after the beginning of the end of a period of deep economically illiberal corporativism and protectionism,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal's per capita GDP was only 38 per cent of the European Community (EC-12) average; by the end of the Salazar period, in 1968, it had risen to 48 per cent; and in 1973, under the leadership of Marcelo Caetano, Portugal's per capita GDP had reached 56.4 per cent of the EC-12 average.<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_Press_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_Press-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a long term analysis, after a long period of economic divergence before 1914, and a period of chaos during the First Republic, the Portuguese economy recovered slightly until 1950, entering thereafter on a path of strong economic convergence with the wealthiest economies of Western Europe, until the Carnation Revolution in April 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-sedes.pt_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedes.pt-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese economic growth in the period 1960 to 1973 under the <i>Estado Novo</i> regime (and even with the effects of an expensive war effort in African territories against independentist guerrilla groups supported by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Bloc">Communist Bloc</a> and others), created an opportunity for real integration with the developed economies of Western Europe. Through emigration, trade, tourism and foreign investment, individuals and firms changed their patterns of production and consumption, bringing about a structural transformation. Simultaneously, the increasing complexity of a growing economy raised new technical and organizational challenges, stimulating the formation of modern professional and management teams.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nt-DE_das_FA_e_Estado.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nt-DE_das_FA_e_Estado.png/300px-Nt-DE_das_FA_e_Estado.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nt-DE_das_FA_e_Estado.png/450px-Nt-DE_das_FA_e_Estado.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nt-DE_das_FA_e_Estado.png/600px-Nt-DE_das_FA_e_Estado.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese military expenses during the Colonial War: OFMEU – National Budget for Overseas Military Expenses; *conto – popular expression for "$1000 (PTE)"</figcaption></figure><p> Regarding the overseas territories, beyond military measures, the official Portuguese response to the "<a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">winds of change</a>" in the African colonies was to integrate them administratively and economically more closely with the mainland. This was accomplished through the population and capital transfers, trade liberalization, and the creation of a common currency, the so-called "Escudo Area". The integration program established in 1961 provided for the removal of Portugal's duties on imports from its overseas territories by January 1964.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The latter, on the other hand, were permitted to continue to levy duties on goods imported from Portugal but at a preferential rate, in most cases, 50 per cent of the normal duties levied by the territories on goods originating outside the Escudo Area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The effect of this two-tier tariff system was to give Portugal's exports preferential access to its colonial markets. The economies of the overseas provinces, especially those of both the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Angola">Overseas Province of Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, boomed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg/220px-Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg/330px-Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg/440px-Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese overseas territories in Africa during the <i>Estado Novo</i> regime: <a href="/wiki/Angola_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angola (Portugal)">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozambique (Portugal)">Mozambique</a> were by far the two largest of those territories.</figcaption></figure> <p>The very late and excruciatingly slow liberalization of the Portuguese economy gained a new impetus under Salazar's successor, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Jos%C3%A9_das_Neves_Caetano" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcello José das Neves Caetano">Marcello José das Neves Caetano</a> (1968–1974), whose administration abolished industrial licensing requirements for firms in most sectors and in 1972 signed a free trade agreement with the newly enlarged <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>. Under the agreement, which took effect at the beginning of 1973, Portugal was given until 1980 to abolish its restrictions on most community goods and until 1985 on certain sensitive products amounting to some 10 per cent of the EC's total exports to Portugal. Starting in 1960, <a href="/wiki/EFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EFTA">EFTA</a> membership and a growing foreign investor presence contributed to Portugal's industrial modernization and export diversification between 1960 and 1973. Caetano moved on to foster economic growth and some social improvements, such as the awarding of a monthly pension to rural workers who had never had the chance to pay social security. Some large-scale investments were made at the national level, such as the building of a major oil processing center in <a href="/wiki/Sines,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sines, Portugal">Sines</a>. </p><p>Notwithstanding the concentration of the means of production in the hands of a small number of family-based financial-industrial groups, Portuguese business culture permitted a surprising upward mobility of university-educated individuals with middle-class backgrounds into professional management careers. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon_-_Rossio_at_Night_(2678755642).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lisbon_-_Rossio_at_Night_%282678755642%29.jpg/250px-Lisbon_-_Rossio_at_Night_%282678755642%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lisbon_-_Rossio_at_Night_%282678755642%29.jpg/375px-Lisbon_-_Rossio_at_Night_%282678755642%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lisbon_-_Rossio_at_Night_%282678755642%29.jpg/500px-Lisbon_-_Rossio_at_Night_%282678755642%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rossio_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossio Square">Rossio Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, in June 1968, showing a <a href="/wiki/Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Portugueses" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportes Aéreos Portugueses">TAP airline</a> commercial in the background at night</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, the largest, most technologically advanced (and most recently organized) firms offered the greatest opportunity for management careers based on merit rather than by accident of birth. </p><p>By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing <a href="/wiki/Mass_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass consumption">consumption</a> and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Portugal">transportation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brisa_%E2%80%93_Autoestradas_de_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisa – Autoestradas de Portugal">Brisa – Autoestradas de Portugal</a> was founded in 1972 and the state granted the company a 30-year concession to design, build, manage, and maintain a modern network of express motorways. </p><p>The economy of Portugal and its overseas territories on the eve of the Carnation Revolution (a military coup on 25 April 1974) was growing well above the European average. Average family purchasing power was rising together with new consumption patterns and trends and this was promoting both investments in new <a href="/wiki/Capital_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital equipment">capital equipment</a> and consumption expenditure for durable and nondurable <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer goods">consumer goods</a>. </p><p>The <i>Estado Novo</i> regime's economic policy encouraged and created conditions for the formation of large and successful business conglomerates. Economically, the <i>Estado Novo</i> regime maintained a policy of <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a> that resulted in the placement of a big part of the Portuguese economy in the hands of a number of strong <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerates</a>, including those founded by the families of <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Champalimaud" title="António Champalimaud">António Champalimaud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banco_Pinto_%26_Sotto_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Banco Pinto & Sotto Mayor">Banco Pinto & Sotto Mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimpor" title="Cimpor">Cimpor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_Mello" title="José Manuel de Mello">José Manuel de Mello</a> (CUF – <a href="/wiki/Companhia_Uni%C3%A3o_Fabril" title="Companhia União Fabril">Companhia União Fabril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banco_Totta_%26_A%C3%A7ores" class="mw-redirect" title="Banco Totta & Açores">Banco Totta & Açores</a>), <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Amorim" title="Américo Amorim">Américo Amorim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticeira_Amorim" title="Corticeira Amorim">Corticeira Amorim</a>) and the dos Santos family (<a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Martins" title="Jerónimo Martins">Jerónimo Martins</a>). Those Portuguese conglomerates had business models with similarities to Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsus</a></i> or the South Korean <i><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">chaebols</a></i> in terms of vision, mission and purpose. The Companhia União Fabril (CUF) was one of the largest and most diversified Portuguese conglomerates with its <a href="/wiki/Core_business" title="Core business">core businesses</a> (cement, chemicals, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, textiles, beer, beverages, metallurgy, naval engineering, electrical engineering, insurance, banking, paper, tourism, mining, etc.) and corporate headquarters located in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Portugal">mainland Portugal</a>, but also with branches, plants and several developing business projects all around the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, especially in the Portuguese territories of Angola and Mozambique. Other medium-sized family companies specialized in textiles (for instance those located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Covilh%C3%A3" title="Covilhã">Covilhã</a> and the northwest), ceramics, porcelain, glass and crystal (like those of <a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcobaça Municipality">Alcobaça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldas_da_Rainha" title="Caldas da Rainha">Caldas da Rainha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marinha_Grande" title="Marinha Grande">Marinha Grande</a>), engineered wood (like <a href="/wiki/SONAE" class="mw-redirect" title="SONAE">SONAE</a> near <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>), motorcycle manufacturing (like <a href="/wiki/Casal" title="Casal">Casal</a> and <a href="/wiki/FAMEL" title="FAMEL">FAMEL</a> in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Aveiro" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Aveiro">District of Aveiro</a>), canned fish (like those of <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> and the northwest which included <a href="/wiki/Conservas_Ramirez" title="Conservas Ramirez">one of the oldest canned fish companies in continuous operation in the world</a>), fishing, food and beverages (alcoholic beverages, from liqueurs like <a href="/wiki/Licor_Beir%C3%A3o" title="Licor Beirão">Licor Beirão</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ginjinha" title="Ginjinha">Ginjinha</a>, to beer like <a href="/wiki/Sagres_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagres (beer)">Sagres</a>, were produced across the entire country, but <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port wine</a> was one of its most reputed and exported alcoholic beverages), tourism (well established in <a href="/wiki/Estoril" title="Estoril">Estoril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascais" title="Cascais">Cascais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Riviera" title="Portuguese Riviera">Portuguese Riviera</a>) and growing as an international attraction in the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> since the 1960s) and in agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> (like the ones scattered around <a href="/wiki/Ribatejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribatejo">Ribatejo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> – known as the "breadbasket of Portugal", as well as the notorious Cachão Agroindustrial Complex<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established in <a href="/wiki/Mirandela" title="Mirandela">Mirandela</a>, Northern Portugal, in 1963) completed the panorama of the national economy by the early 1970s and included export-orienteed <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>-funded businesses such as <a href="/wiki/Stellantis_Mangualde_Plant" title="Stellantis Mangualde Plant">an automotive assembly plant</a> founded in 1962 by <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> which began operations in 1964 in <a href="/wiki/Mangualde" title="Mangualde">Mangualde</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> factory established in 1973 in <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Famalic%C3%A3o" title="Vila Nova de Famalicão">Vila Nova de Famalicão</a>. In addition, the rural population was committed to <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a>—greatly important for a majority of the total population, with many families living exclusively from agriculture or complementing their salaries with farming, husbandry and forestry yields. </p><p> Besides that, the overseas territories were also displaying impressive economic growth and development rates from the 1920s onwards. Even during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> (1961–1974), a <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> war against independentist guerrillas and terrorism, the overseas territories of Angola<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mozambique<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Portuguese overseas territories at the time) had continuous economic growth rates and several sectors of their local economies were booming. They were internationally notable centres of production of oil, coffee, cotton, cashew, coconut, timber, minerals (like diamonds), metals (like iron and aluminium), banana, citrus, tea, sisal, beer (<a href="/wiki/Cuca_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuca beer">Cuca</a> (Angola) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentina_(Beer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurentina (Beer) (page does not exist)">Laurentina</a> (Mozambique) were successful beer brands produced locally), cement, fish and other sea products, beef and textiles. Tourism was also a fast developing activity in Portuguese Africa both by the growing development of and demand for beach resorts and wildlife reserves. While the counterinsurgency war was won in Angola, it was less than satisfactorily contained in Mozambique and dangerously stalemated in Portuguese Guinea from the Portuguese point of view, so the Portuguese government decided to create <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> policies in order to allow continuous sources of financing for the war effort in the long run.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autocarro_2a_verde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Autocarro_2a_verde.jpg/400px-Autocarro_2a_verde.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Autocarro_2a_verde.jpg/600px-Autocarro_2a_verde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Autocarro_2a_verde.jpg/800px-Autocarro_2a_verde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Bus in the city of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, 1972</figcaption></figure><p> On 13 November 1972, a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a> (<i>Fundo do Ultramar</i> - the Overseas Fund) was enacted through the Decree Law <i>Decreto-Lei No. 448/ /72</i> and the Ministry of Defense ordinance <i>Portaria 696/72</i>, in order to finance the counterinsurgency effort in the Portuguese overseas territories.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, new decree laws (Decree Law: <i>Decretos-Leis Nos. 353, de 13 de Julho de 1973, e 409, de 20 de Agosto</i>) were enforced in order to cut down military expenses and increase the number of officers by incorporating irregular militia as if they were regular military academy officers.<sup id="cite_ref-infopedia_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infopedia-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Labour_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour union">Labour unions</a> were not allowed and a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> policy was not enforced. However, in a context of an expanding economy, bringing better living conditions for the Portuguese population in the 1960s, the outbreak of the colonial wars in Africa set off significant social changes, among them the rapid incorporation of more and more women into the labour market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Marcelo Caetano moved on to foster economic growth and some social improvements, such as the awarding of a monthly pension to rural workers who had never had the chance to pay social security. The objectives of Caetano's pension reform were threefold: enhancing equity, reducing fiscal and actuarial imbalance, and achieving more efficiency for the economy as a whole, for example, by establishing contributions less distortive to labour markets or by allowing the savings generated by pension funds to increase the investments in the economy. In 1969, with the replacement of Salazar by Marcelo Caetano, the <i>Estado Novo</i>-controlled nation got indeed a very slight taste of democracy and Caetano allowed the formation of the first democratic labour union movement since the 1920s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_years_(1933–1936)"><span id="First_years_.281933.E2.80.931936.29"></span>First years (1933–1936)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First years (1933–1936)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elementos_da_escola_salazarista.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elementos_da_escola_salazarista.JPG/220px-Elementos_da_escola_salazarista.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elementos_da_escola_salazarista.JPG/330px-Elementos_da_escola_salazarista.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elementos_da_escola_salazarista.JPG/440px-Elementos_da_escola_salazarista.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Required elements of primary schools during the <i>Estado Novo</i>: a crucifix and portraits of Salazar and Américo Tomás</figcaption></figure> <p>With its founding 1933 political constitution, the <i>Estado Novo</i> established <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> at three years. Compulsory education was first introduced in Portugal during the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">monarchy</a> (in 1844) with the duration of three years, then increased to five years during the First Republic, but it was never really enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-AdãoRemédios2012_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdãoRemédios2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political constitution defines public education as aiming for: "in addition to the physical reinvigoration and the improvement of intellectual faculties, the formation of character, professional value and all civic and moral virtues" (Constituição de 1933, Artigo 43).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assafora_Escola_Prim%C3%A1ria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assafora_Escola_Prim%C3%A1ria.jpg/220px-Assafora_Escola_Prim%C3%A1ria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assafora_Escola_Prim%C3%A1ria.jpg/330px-Assafora_Escola_Prim%C3%A1ria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assafora_Escola_Prim%C3%A1ria.jpg/440px-Assafora_Escola_Prim%C3%A1ria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Example of a primary school built during the Estado Novo's <i>Plano dos Centenários</i>, with its distinctive Portuguese shield over the entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first three years of the Estado Novo, the then Ministry of Public Instruction, had a total of four different ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-Braga2010_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braga2010-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visita_de_Baltazar_Rebelo_de_Sousa_%C3%A0_vila_de_Figueir%C3%B3_dos_Vinhos_(3541997813).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Visita_de_Baltazar_Rebelo_de_Sousa_%C3%A0_vila_de_Figueir%C3%B3_dos_Vinhos_%283541997813%29.jpg/220px-Visita_de_Baltazar_Rebelo_de_Sousa_%C3%A0_vila_de_Figueir%C3%B3_dos_Vinhos_%283541997813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Visita_de_Baltazar_Rebelo_de_Sousa_%C3%A0_vila_de_Figueir%C3%B3_dos_Vinhos_%283541997813%29.jpg/330px-Visita_de_Baltazar_Rebelo_de_Sousa_%C3%A0_vila_de_Figueir%C3%B3_dos_Vinhos_%283541997813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Visita_de_Baltazar_Rebelo_de_Sousa_%C3%A0_vila_de_Figueir%C3%B3_dos_Vinhos_%283541997813%29.jpg/440px-Visita_de_Baltazar_Rebelo_de_Sousa_%C3%A0_vila_de_Figueir%C3%B3_dos_Vinhos_%283541997813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Children in Mocidade Portuguesa's uniform on the right, 1956</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministry_of_Carneiro_Pacheco_(1936–1940)"><span id="Ministry_of_Carneiro_Pacheco_.281936.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Ministry of Carneiro Pacheco (1936–1940)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ministry of Carneiro Pacheco (1936–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, António Carneiro Pacheco (then rector of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">University of Lisbon</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Braga2010_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braga2010-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was nominated as the minister of the public instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, his ministry issued a law that altered the ministry's name to Ministry of National Education, and included a National Board of Education (<i>Junta Nacional da Educação</i>). This National Board of Education aimed to study and inform the minister in all matters of both education and culture. Parents and educators were to be represented in all sections of this board, except for the cultural relations and scientific research section.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This board replaced the Superior Council for Public Instruction, which had existed since 1835,<sup id="cite_ref-REP_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REP-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with other consulting boards, such as the National Board of Excavations and Antiques.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further events of note during Pacheco's mandate were the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a>, the Plan of the Centennials (<i>Plano dos Centenários</i>), and the adoption of a single, national textbook for each grade.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mocidade Portuguesa was established in 1936, defined as a "national and pre-military organization that is able to stimulate the integral development of [the youth's] physical capacities, the formation of [their] character and devotion to the Fatherland and put [them] in conditions to be able to compete effectively for its defense" (Law 1941, Base XI).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Plan of the Centennials aimed to build a network of schools, uniformed by region, that would obey the pedagogical and hygienic criteria of the time. The buildings would be adapted to reflect the differences in climate, material resources, and processes of construction of each region. The plan was officially approved in 1939, but due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, only started its first phase in 1944. It extended well beyond Pacheco's mandate, with its VI phase in 1959. It was replaced in 1961 by the "New Plan of Constructions".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1930 and 1940, the number of primary schools grew from 27,000 to 40,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Carneiro_Pacheco_and_Veiga_Simão_(1940–1970)"><span id="Between_Carneiro_Pacheco_and_Veiga_Sim.C3.A3o_.281940.E2.80.931970.29"></span>Between Carneiro Pacheco and Veiga Simão (1940–1970)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Between Carneiro Pacheco and Veiga Simão (1940–1970)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavilh%C3%A3o_central_do_IST.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pavilh%C3%A3o_central_do_IST.JPG/220px-Pavilh%C3%A3o_central_do_IST.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pavilh%C3%A3o_central_do_IST.JPG/330px-Pavilh%C3%A3o_central_do_IST.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pavilh%C3%A3o_central_do_IST.JPG/440px-Pavilh%C3%A3o_central_do_IST.JPG 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Superior_T%C3%A9cnico" title="Instituto Superior Técnico">Instituto Superior Técnico</a>, the largest and most prestigious school of engineering in Portugal, built in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1952, while 81.4% of the children aged 10 to 11 were literate, only 6.3% of them had finished the three years of compulsory education.<sup id="cite_ref-AdãoRemédios2012_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdãoRemédios2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this same year, a vast multi-pronged Plan for Popular Education was launched with the intent of reducing adolescent and adult illiteracy and put into school every child of school age.<sup id="cite_ref-AdãoRemédios2012_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdãoRemédios2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan included fines for parents who did not comply, and these were strictly enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmaReis201817_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmaReis201817-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, compulsory education for boys (and girls in 1960) was raised from three to four years.<sup id="cite_ref-AdãoRemédios2012_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdãoRemédios2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1950s, Portugal had succeeded in pulling itself out of the educational abyss in which it had long found itself: illiteracy among children of school age virtually disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UC-GeneralLibrary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UC-GeneralLibrary.jpg/220px-UC-GeneralLibrary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UC-GeneralLibrary.jpg/330px-UC-GeneralLibrary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UC-GeneralLibrary.jpg/440px-UC-GeneralLibrary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra_General_Library" title="University of Coimbra General Library">University of Coimbra General Library</a> main building – <i>Edifício Novo</i> (New Building, 1962) in the <i>Alta Universitária</i>, Coimbra</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1959, the education minister, Leite Pinto, promoted the first conversations between Portugal and <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, that led to Portugal being included in an OECD project (DEEB, Development and Economy in Educational Building) to help mediterranean countries in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Ministry_(Portugal)" title="Overseas Ministry (Portugal)">Overseas Ministry</a>, then headed by <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Moreira" title="Adriano Moreira">Adriano Moreira</a>, founded universities in the overseas provinces of Angola (<a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto_University" title="Agostinho Neto University">University of Luanda</a>) and Mozambique (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lourenço Marques">University of Lourenço Marques</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the long established Lisbon and Coimbra universities had been highly expanded and modernized by this decade. New buildings and campuses were constructed. Great works of expansion and modernization of the University of Lisbon in the 1950s and 1960s and of the University of Coimbra from 1943 onwards, developed entire new areas in those two cities known as <i>Cidade Universitária</i> (Lisbon) and <i>Alta Universitária</i> (Coimbra).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, compulsory education was raised from four to six years.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, an <a href="/wiki/Instructional_television" title="Instructional television">instructional television</a> program was created (<i>Telescola</i>), filmed in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">Rádio e Televisão de Portugal</a>'s studios in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> to support isolated rural areas and overcrowded suburban schools.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veiga_Simão_Reforms_(1970–1974)"><span id="Veiga_Sim.C3.A3o_Reforms_.281970.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Veiga Simão Reforms (1970–1974)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Veiga Simão Reforms (1970–1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, during the <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelist Spring</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Veiga_Sim%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Veiga Simão (page does not exist)">José Veiga Simão</a> (1929 - 2014) (then rector of <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Lourenço Marques">Universidade de Lourenço Marques</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Braga2010_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braga2010-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the last minister of education of the <i>Estado Novo</i>. In 1971, Veiga Simão went on TV to present two projects, one aimed at reforming the school system, the other aimed at reforming higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoer1983_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoer1983-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same year, his ministry would recognize the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Catholic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Catholic University">Portuguese Catholic University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1973, after ample social discussion of his projects,<sup id="cite_ref-Stoer1983_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoer1983-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veiga Simão launched a "Basic Law of Education",<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which aimed to democratize education in Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in August of that year, also launched a decree that would create the <a href="/wiki/Universidade_NOVA_de_Lisboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade NOVA de Lisboa">Nova de Lisboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aveiro" title="University of Aveiro">Aveiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minho" title="University of Minho">Minho</a> universities, <a href="/wiki/University_of_%C3%89vora" title="University of Évora">the Instituto Universitário de Évora</a>, several politechnical schools (e.g., Covilhã, Faro, Leiria, Setúbal, Tomar, Vila Real) and superior schools (e.g., Beja, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Funchal, Ponta Delgada).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a year later, the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> took place, ending the <i>Estado Novo</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_regime">End of the regime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of the regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Movimento_das_For%C3%A7as_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimento das Forças Armadas">Movimento das Forças Armadas</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_(1951%E2%80%931961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Angola_(1935%E2%80%931975,_lesser).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Angola_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Angola_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Angola_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Angola_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Angola_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Angola_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Angola">Overseas Province of Angola</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vag%C3%B4_-_memorial_no_Cemit%C3%A9rio_dos_Prazeres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vag%C3%B4_-_memorial_no_Cemit%C3%A9rio_dos_Prazeres.jpg/200px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vag%C3%B4_-_memorial_no_Cemit%C3%A9rio_dos_Prazeres.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vag%C3%B4_-_memorial_no_Cemit%C3%A9rio_dos_Prazeres.jpg/300px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vag%C3%B4_-_memorial_no_Cemit%C3%A9rio_dos_Prazeres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vag%C3%B4_-_memorial_no_Cemit%C3%A9rio_dos_Prazeres.jpg/400px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vag%C3%B4_-_memorial_no_Cemit%C3%A9rio_dos_Prazeres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1165" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at the churchyard Cemitério dos Prazeres in Lisbon for one of the many actions against the regime of Salazar; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Vag%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Vagô (page does not exist)">Operation Vagô</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vag%C3%B4" class="extiw" title="pt:Operação Vagô">pt</a>]</sup> where leaflets were spread over several Portuguese cities from a <a href="/wiki/TAP_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="TAP Portugal">TAP</a> plane in 1961. The text says: "When the dictatorship is a reality, the revolution is a right."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Guinea_(1935%E2%80%931974,_lesser).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Guinea_%281935%E2%80%931974%2C_lesser%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Guinea_%281935%E2%80%931974%2C_lesser%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Guinea_%281935%E2%80%931974%2C_lesser%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Guinea_%281935%E2%80%931974%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Guinea_%281935%E2%80%931974%2C_lesser%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Guinea_%281935%E2%80%931974%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Guinea">Overseas Province of Guinea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_(1935%E2%80%931975,_lesser).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Mozambique">Overseas Province of Mozambique</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Timor_(1935%E2%80%931975,_lesser).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Timor_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Timor_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Timor_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Timor_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Timor_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Timor_%281935%E2%80%931975%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flags_of_the_World_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flags_of_the_World-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> achieved independence in 1947 under the <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a> government, pro-Indian residents of the Portuguese overseas territory of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>, with the support of the Indian government and the help of pro-independence organizations, <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">liberated</a> Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portuguese rule in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-lele_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lele-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá</a>'s annexation by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a> was the start of a process that led to the final dissolution of the centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. According to the census of 1921 São João Baptista de Ajudá had 5 inhabitants and, at the moment of the ultimatum by the Dahomey Government, it had only 2 inhabitants representing Portuguese sovereignty. Another forcible retreat from overseas territories occurred in December 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish the territories of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a>. As a result, the Portuguese army and navy were involved in armed conflict in its colony of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vijay_(1961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vijay (1961)">operations</a> resulted in the defeat of the limited Portuguese defensive garrison, which was forced to surrender to a much larger military force. The outcome was the loss of the remaining Portuguese territories in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The Portuguese regime refused to recognize Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories, which continued to be represented in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portugal's National Assembly</a>. The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">Winds of Change</a>" concerning historical colonization in Europe-ruled overseas territories, started to have influence over the centuries-old empire. The end of the Estado Novo effectively began with the uprisings in the overseas territories in Africa during the 1960s. The independence movements active in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> were supported by both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which both wanted to end all colonial empires and expand their own spheres of influence. </p><p>For the Portuguese ruling regime, the centuries-old overseas empire was a matter of <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a>. The criticism against some kinds of racial discrimination in the Portuguese African territories were refuted on the grounds that all Portuguese Africans would be <a href="/wiki/Westernized" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernized">Westernized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> in due time, through a process called the <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a>. The wars had the same effects in Portugal as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in the United States, or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghanistan War</a> in the Soviet Union; they were unpopular and expensive lengthy wars which were isolating Portugal diplomatically, leading many to question the continuation of the war and, by extension, the government. Although Portugal was able to maintain some superiority in the colonies by its use of elite paratroopers and special operations troops, the foreign support to the guerrillas, including arms embargoes and other sanctions against the Portuguese, made them more manoeuvrable, allowing them to inflict losses on the Portuguese army. The international community isolated Portugal due to the long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Colonial War</a>. The situation was aggravated by the illness of Salazar, the strong man of the regime, in 1968. His replacement was one of his closest advisors, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a>, who tried to slowly democratize the country, but could not hide the obvious dictatorship that oppressed Portugal. Salazar died in 1970. </p><p>After spending the early years of his priesthood in Africa, the British priest <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hastings" title="Adrian Hastings">Adrian Hastings</a> created a storm in 1973 with an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> about the "<a href="/wiki/Wiriyamu_Massacre" title="Wiriyamu Massacre">Wiriyamu Massacre</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Mozambique, revealing that the Portuguese Army had massacred some 400 villagers at the village of Wiriyamu, near <a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a>, in December 1972. His report was printed a week before the Portuguese prime minister, Marcelo Caetano, was due to visit Britain to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a>. Portugal's growing isolation following Hastings's claims has often been cited as a factor that helped to bring about the "carnation revolution" coup which deposed the Caetano regime in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The various conflicts forced the Salazar and subsequent Caetano governments to spend more of the country's budget on colonial administration and military expenditures, and Portugal soon found itself increasingly isolated from the rest of the world. After Caetano succeeded to the prime ministership, the colonial war became a major cause of dissent and a focus for anti-government forces in Portuguese society. Many young dissidents, such as left-wing students and anti-war activists, were forced to leave the country so they could escape imprisonment or conscription. However, between 1945 and 1974, there were also three generations of militants of the radical right at the Portuguese universities and schools, guided by a revolutionary nationalism partly influenced by the political sub-culture of European neofascism. The core of the struggle of these radical students lay in an uncompromising defence of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in the days of the authoritarian regime.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> continued to rage on, requiring a steadily increasing budget. The Portuguese military was overstretched and there was no political solution or end in sight. While the human losses were relatively small, the war as a whole had already entered its second decade. The Portuguese ruling regime of Estado Novo faced criticism from the international community and was becoming increasingly isolated. It had a profound impact on Portugal – thousands of young men avoided <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> by emigrating illegally, mainly to France and the US. </p><p>The war in the colonies was increasingly unpopular in Portugal itself as the people became weary of war and balked at its ever-rising expense. Many ethnic Portuguese of the African overseas territories were also increasingly willing to accept independence if their economic status could be preserved. However, despite the guerrillas' unpredictable and sporadic attacks against targets all over the countryside of the Portuguese African territories, the economies of both Portuguese Angola and Mozambique were booming, cities and towns were expanding and prospering steadily over time, new transportation networks were being opened to link the well-developed and highly urbanized coastal strip with the more remote inland regions, and the number of ethnic European Portuguese migrants from mainland Portugal (the <i><a href="/wiki/Metr%C3%B3pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrópole">metrópole</a></i>) increased rapidly since the 1950s (although always as a small minority of each territory's total population).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suddenly, after some failed attempts of military rebellion, in April 1974 the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, organized by left-wing Portuguese military officers – the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Armed Forces Movement">Armed Forces Movement</a> (MFA), overthrew the Estado Novo regime. The military-led coup can be described as the necessary means of bringing back democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Colonial War</a> where thousands of Portuguese soldiers had been commissioned, and replacing the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <i>Estado Novo</i> (New State) regime and its secret police which repressed elemental <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedoms</a>. However, the military coup's organization started as a professional class<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protest of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Portuguese Armed Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captains</a> against a decree law: the <i>Dec. Lei nº 353/73</i> of 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger military academy graduates resented a program introduced by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Caetano" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcello Caetano">Marcello Caetano</a> whereby militia officers who completed a brief training program and had served in the overseas territories' defensive campaigns, could be commissioned at the same rank as military academy graduates. Caetano's <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Government">Portuguese Government</a> had begun the program (which included several other reforms) in order to increase the number of officials employed against the African insurgencies, and at the same time cut down military costs to alleviate an already overburdened <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">government budget</a>. After the coup, the <a href="/wiki/Movimento_das_For%C3%A7as_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimento das Forças Armadas">MFA</a>-led <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Junta" title="National Salvation Junta">National Salvation Junta</a>, a military junta, took power. Caetano resigned, and was flown under custody to the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira Islands">Madeira Islands</a> where he stayed for a few days. He then flew to exile in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> had all but collapsed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <i>Estado Novo</i> the country would then experience a turbulent period of provisional governments and a nearly disintegrated state reminiscent of the First Republic, a condition that the <i>Estado Novo</i> had with great care and perseverance attempted to avoid. These provisional governments also briefly censored newspapers and detained oppositionists. Historian <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Maxwell" title="Kenneth Maxwell">Kenneth Maxwell</a> considers that, for many reasons, Portugal, in its transition from authoritarian rule to a more democratic government, resembled Nicaragua more than any other among the South American nations.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the final months of the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist State">Francoist State</a>, which had survived to this point, Spain considered invading Portugal to check the perceived threat of communism caused by the Carnation Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a period of social unrest, factionalism, and uncertainty in Portuguese politics, between 1974 and 1976, neither far left nor far right radicalism prevailed. However, pro-communist and socialist elements retained control of the country for several months before elections. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Cunhal" title="Álvaro Cunhal">Álvaro Cunhal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a> (PCP) remained Stalinist in outlook and unsympathetic to the sort of reforms that were emerging as "Euro-Communism" in other countries in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreat from the colonies and the acceptance of its independence terms which would create newly independent communist states in 1975 (most notably the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">People's Republic of Angola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a>) prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating over a million destitute Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> — the <i><a href="/wiki/White_African#Portuguese_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="White African">retornados</a></i>. By 1975, all the Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held its first <a href="/wiki/1975_Portuguese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election">democratic elections</a> in 50 years. However, the country continued to be governed by a <a href="/wiki/Junta_de_Salva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Junta de Salvação Nacional">military-civilian provisional administration</a> until the <a href="/wiki/1976_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1976 Portuguese legislative election">Portuguese legislative election of 1976</a>. </p><p>For the Portuguese and their former colonies, this was a very difficult period, but many felt that the short-term effects of the Carnation Revolution were well worth the trouble when civil rights and political freedoms were achieved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Portuguese celebrate <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Day_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Day (Portugal)">Freedom Day</a> on 25 April every year, and the day is a national holiday in Portugal. By refusing to grant independence to its overseas territories in Africa, the Portuguese ruling regime of Estado Novo was criticized by most of the international community, and its leaders <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a> were accused of being blind to the "<a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">Winds of Change</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnation revolution">Carnation revolution</a> in 1974 and the fall of the incumbent Portuguese authoritarian regime, almost all the Portugal-ruled territories outside Europe became independent. For the regime, the retention of those overseas possessions had been a matter of <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many previously successful Portuguese exporters (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Companhia_Uni%C3%A3o_Fabril" title="Companhia União Fabril">CUF</a> and others) didn't survive the <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>-inspired <a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">PREC</a> (1975) and its influence over the Portuguese economy, society and government policies, including the newly written <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Constitution">Portuguese Constitution</a> adopted in 1976.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the following decades, Portugal remained a net beneficiary of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Structural_and_Cohesion_Funds" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds">European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds</a> and didn't avoid three <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Portugal" title="Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal">bailouts</a> between the late 1970s and the early 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, during the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9314_Portuguese_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–14 Portuguese financial crisis">Portuguese financial crisis</a> when the country was nearing the end of the center-left government of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Socrates" class="mw-redirect" title="José Socrates">José Socrates</a> and had to request international financial assistance, <a href="/wiki/Otelo_Saraiva_de_Carvalho" title="Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho">Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho</a>, the Portuguese military officer who was the chief strategist of the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in Lisbon, stated that he wouldn't have started the revolution if he had known what the country would become after it.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that the country would need a man as honest as <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a> to deal with the crisis, but from a non-<a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Estado_Novo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Estado Novo">Estado Novo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ploncard" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Ploncard">Jacques Ploncard</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Petainist</a>, counsellor of Salazar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Legion_(Estado_Novo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Legion (Estado Novo)">Portuguese Legion (Estado Novo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Gu%C3%A9rin-S%C3%A9rac" title="Yves Guérin-Sérac">Yves Guérin-Sérac</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The regime closely aligned itself with the Catholic Church, but never officially reversed the first republic's <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1983125–126_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1983125–126-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though Salazar controlled the country as Prime Minister by <a href="/wiki/Convention_(political_norm)" title="Convention (political norm)">convention</a>, he was technically subordinated to the President under the constitution of 1933, which gave the President sweeping executive powers and allowed them to sack the Prime Minister at will. From 1959 onwards, the president was elected by the National Assembly instead of by popular vote,<sup id="cite_ref-ec_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus making the regime a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">assembly-independent republic</a>; however, no change to the 1933 constitution seems to have been made, meaning that, <i>de jure</i>, the country continued to operate under a presidential system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before WWII, Salazar declared: "We are opposed to all forms of Internationalism, Communism, Socialism, Syndicalism and everything that may divide or minimize, or break up the family. We are against class warfare, irreligion, and disloyalty to one's country; against serfdom, a materialistic conception of life, and might over right". Salazar criticized Fascist dictatorship that according to his opinion, was leaning towards pagan <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a> and towards a new state which recognized no limitations of legal moral order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197068_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197068-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a dispatch from the British Embassy in Lisbon of that time: "Generally speaking, this novel constitution is receiving the marked approval which it deserves. It has a certain Fascist quality in its theory of 'corporations', which is a reversion to medieval from the 18th-century doctrines. But this quality, unsuited to our Anglo-Saxon tradition, is not out of place in a country which has hitherto founded its democracy on French philosophy and found it unsuited to the national temperament." The British Embassy also pointed out that Portugal's illiteracy made elections difficult and illusory.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher198360,_99-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher198360,_99_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher1983">Gallagher 1983</a>, pp. 60, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1983125–126-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1983125–126_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher1983">Gallagher 1983</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ec_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ec_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223032924/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/history-of-portugal.htm/printable">"History"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks</i>. 27 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/history-of-portugal.htm/printable">the original</a> on 23 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.howstuffworks.com%2Feuropean-history%2Fhistory-of-portugal.htm%2Fprintable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badie" title="Bertrand Badie">Badie, Bertrand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser" title="Dirk Berg-Schlosser">Berg-Schlosser, Dirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino" title="Leonardo Morlino">Morlino, Leonardo</a>, eds. (7 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn2iCQAAQBAJ"><i>International Encyclopedia of Political Science</i></a>. SAGE Publications (published 2011). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483305394" title="Special:BookSources/9781483305394"><bdi>9781483305394</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>[...] fascist Italy [...] developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were <i>Estado Novo</i> in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian <i>Standestaat</i> (1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft.isbn=9781483305394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVn2iCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeneses2002" class="citation journal cs1">Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/11494/1/FRDM_Origins_2002.pdf">"Review: The Origins and Nature of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal, 1919–1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 153–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS096077730200108X">10.1017/S096077730200108X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20081821">20081821</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162411841">162411841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Origins+and+Nature+of+Authoritarian+Rule+in+Portugal%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-163&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162411841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20081821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS096077730200108X&rft.aulast=Meneses&rft.aufirst=Filipe+Ribeiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmural.maynoothuniversity.ie%2F11494%2F1%2FFRDM_Origins_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181343/https://app.parlamento.pt/upload/Comunicar/Anexos/2015/N11/Estado.pdf">"Estado Novo - Presidentes da Assembleia Nacional e da Câmara Corporativa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Assembleia da República</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.parlamento.pt/upload/Comunicar/Anexos/2015/N11/Estado.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembleia+da+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Estado+Novo+-+Presidentes+da+Assembleia+Nacional+e+da+C%C3%A2mara+Corporativa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.parlamento.pt%2Fupload%2FComunicar%2FAnexos%2F2015%2FN11%2FEstado.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Estado_Novo_Presidentes_Assembleias">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197068-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197068_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197068_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKay1970">Kay 1970</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052605/http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html">"Portugal não é um país pequeno: superfície do império colonial português comparada com a dos principais países da Europa, Penafiel, [ca 1935] - Biblioteca Nacional Digital"</a>. <i>purl.pt</i>. 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Lisbon: Estampa. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9723310863" title="Special:BookSources/978-9723310863"><bdi>978-9723310863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal%3A+o+Estado+Novo&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Estampa&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9723310863&rft.aulast=Mattoso&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Rosas%2C+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerreira_GomesAmorimCorreiraMenezes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Perreira Gomes, Isabel; Amorim, José Pedro; Correira, José Alberto; Menezes, Isabel (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ1101128">"The Portuguese literacy campaigns after the Carnation Revolution (1974-1977)"</a>. <i>Journal of Social Science Education</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 69–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4119%2Fjsse-747">10.4119/jsse-747</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1618-5293">1618-5293</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Science+Education&rft.atitle=The+Portuguese+literacy+campaigns+after+the+Carnation+Revolution+%281974-1977%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-80&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4119%2Fjsse-747&rft.issn=1618-5293&rft.aulast=Perreira+Gomes&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft.au=Amorim%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Pedro&rft.au=Correira%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Alberto&rft.au=Menezes%2C+Isabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eric.ed.gov%2Fcontentdelivery%2Fservlet%2FERICServlet%3Faccno%3DEJ1101128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeaveAmaral2011" class="citation book cs1">Neave, Guy; Amaral, Alberto (21 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vElS1E_-9h0C&q=infant%20mortality%20rate%20portugal%201974&pg=PA102"><i>Higher Education in Portugal 1974-2009: A Nation, a Generation</i></a> (2012 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 95, 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9400721340" title="Special:BookSources/978-9400721340"><bdi>978-9400721340</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Higher+Education+in+Portugal+1974-2009%3A+A+Nation%2C+a+Generation&rft.pages=95%2C+102&rft.edition=2012&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.isbn=978-9400721340&rft.aulast=Neave&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=Amaral%2C+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvElS1E_-9h0C%26q%3Dinfant%2520mortality%2520rate%2520portugal%25201974%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLains2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lains, Pedro (29 July 2019). 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London: The London School of Economics and Political Science: 254. <q>However, Salazar's and Franco's were not fascist totalitarian but authoritarian conservative regimes in which a series of different ideologies coexisted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LSE+Theses&rft.atitle=Civilian+Control+of+the+Military+in+Portugal+and+Spain%3A+a+Policy+Instruments+Approach&rft.issue=371&rft.pages=254&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Osuna&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Javier+Olivas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F371%2F1%2FOlivas-Osuna_Civilian%2520Control%2520of%2520the%2520Military%2520in%2520Portugal%2520and%2520Spain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leal_148-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leal_148_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leal_148_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeal2016" class="citation journal cs1">Leal, Ernesto Castro (2016). 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Modern Humanities Research Association: 148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fportstudies.32.2.0128">10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portuguese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Ideological+Origins+of+the+Estado+Novo+in+Portugal&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5699%2Fportstudies.32.2.0128&rft.aulast=Leal&rft.aufirst=Ernesto+Castro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDBtgA-81D4">O Maior Português de Sempre – Oliveira Salazar (1ª Parte)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Nogueira_Pinto" title="Jaime Nogueira Pinto">Jaime Nogueira Pinto</a> presents Salazar in <a href="/wiki/O_maior_portugu%C3%AAs_de_sempre" class="mw-redirect" title="O maior português de sempre">O maior português de sempre</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">RTP</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ionline.pt-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ionline.pt_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ionline.pt_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108131236/http://www.ionline.pt/conteudo/31720-historia-portugal-luta-faccoes-os-salazaristas">"História de Portugal. A luta de facções entre os salazaristas"</a>. <i>ionline.pt</i> (in Portuguese). 7 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ionline.pt/conteudo/31720-historia-portugal-luta-faccoes-os-salazaristas">the original</a> on 8 November 2009. <q>Até os americanos já o tinham abandonado, temendo 'recriar o caos que existia em Portugal antes de Salazar tomar o poder.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q> [Even the Americans had already abandoned it, fearing that it would 'recreate the chaos that existed in Portugal before Salazar took power'.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ionline.pt&rft.atitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal.+A+luta+de+fac%C3%A7%C3%B5es+entre+os+salazaristas&rft.date=2009-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ionline.pt%2Fconteudo%2F31720-historia-portugal-luta-faccoes-os-salazaristas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeneses2009162-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeneses2009162_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeneses2009">Meneses 2009</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197063-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197063_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197063_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKay1970">Kay 1970</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197797-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197797_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197798-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197798_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197798_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197053-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197053_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKay1970">Kay 1970</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1990167-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1990167_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher1990">Gallagher 1990</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197055-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197055_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197055_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197055_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKay1970">Kay 1970</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197788-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197788_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977100_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054411/http://www.cphrc.org/index.php/documents/docnesta/203-1932-07-09-british-embassy-in-lisbon-despatch-on-draft-constitution">"British Embassy in Lisbon despatch on draft constitution"</a>. <i>Contemporary Portuguese History Online</i>. The Contemporary Portuguese History Research Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cphrc.org/index.php/documents/docnesta/203-1932-07-09-british-embassy-in-lisbon-despatch-on-draft-constitution">the original</a> on 18 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Portuguese+History+Online&rft.atitle=British+Embassy+in+Lisbon+despatch+on+draft+constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cphrc.org%2Findex.php%2Fdocuments%2Fdocnesta%2F203-1932-07-09-british-embassy-in-lisbon-despatch-on-draft-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977101-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977101_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197049-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197049_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKay1970">Kay 1970</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NS_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNohlenStöver2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, Dieter</a>; Stöver, Philip, eds. (2010). <i>Elections in Europe: a data handbook</i>. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. p. 1542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7"><bdi>978-3-8329-5609-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+in+Europe%3A+a+data+handbook&rft.place=Baden-Baden&rft.pages=1542&rft.pub=Nomos+Verl.-Ges&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdãoRemédios2006" class="citation journal cs1">Adão, Áurea; Remédios, Maria José (23 May 2006). "The educational narrativity in the first period of Oliveira Salazar's government. Women's voices in the National Assembly (1935–1945)". <i>History of Education</i>. <b>34</b> (5): 547–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00467600500221315">10.1080/00467600500221315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-760X">0046-760X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144480521">144480521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education&rft.atitle=The+educational+narrativity+in+the+first+period+of+Oliveira+Salazar%27s+government.+Women%27s+voices+in+the+National+Assembly+%281935%E2%80%931945%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=547-559&rft.date=2006-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144480521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0046-760X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00467600500221315&rft.aulast=Ad%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=%C3%81urea&rft.au=Rem%C3%A9dios%2C+Maria+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda2006" class="citation book cs1">Miranda, Jorge (2006). <i>Escritos vários sobre direitos fundamentais</i> (1.a ed.). Monte Estoril: Principia, publicações universitárias e científicas. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8818-62-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-8818-62-3"><bdi>978-972-8818-62-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escritos+v%C3%A1rios+sobre+direitos+fundamentais&rft.place=Monte+Estoril&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=1.a&rft.pub=Principia%2C+publica%C3%A7%C3%B5es+universit%C3%A1rias+e+cient%C3%ADficas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-972-8818-62-3&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the original <i>"São eleitores da Assembleia Nacional todos os cidadãos portugueses, maiores ou emancipados, que saibam ler e escrever português e não estejam abrangidos por qualquer das incapacidades previstas na lei; e os que, embora não saibam ler nem escrever português tenham já sido alguma vez recenseados ao abrigo da Lei n.º 2015, de 28 de Maio de 1946, desde que satisfaçam os requisitos nela fixados."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrCosta_Pinto2012" class="citation book cs1">Herr, Richard; Costa Pinto, António (14 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vp517x1"><i>The Portuguese Republic at One Hundred</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9819336-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9819336-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9819336-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Republic+at+One+Hundred&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft.isbn=978-0-9819336-2-7&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Costa+Pinto%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1vp517x1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977109-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977109_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977132-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977132_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977155-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda1977155_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1998" class="citation journal cs1">Paxton, Robert O. (March 1998). "The Five Stages of Fascism". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a></i>. <b>70</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235001">10.1086/235001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/235001">10.1086/235001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Five+Stages+of+Fascism&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1998-03&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F235001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F235001&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span> Quotes at pp 3, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197050–51-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197050–51_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKay1970">Kay 1970</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Paul H. (30 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5by1Najj4C&q=salazar+mussolini+influence&pg=PA143"><i>Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313013348" title="Special:BookSources/9780313013348"><bdi>9780313013348</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Fascist+Elites%3A+The+Mussolini%2C+Franco%2C+and+Salazar+Regimes%3A+The+Mussolini%2C+Franco%2C+and+Salazar+Regimes&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002-12-30&rft.isbn=9780313013348&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm5by1Najj4C%26q%3Dsalazar%2Bmussolini%2Binfluence%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Paul H. (30 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5by1Najj4C&dq=salazar+mussolini+influence&pg=PA143"><i>Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313013348" title="Special:BookSources/9780313013348"><bdi>9780313013348</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Fascist+Elites%3A+The+Mussolini%2C+Franco%2C+and+Salazar+Regimes%3A+The+Mussolini%2C+Franco%2C+and+Salazar+Regimes&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002-12-30&rft.isbn=9780313013348&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm5by1Najj4C%26dq%3Dsalazar%2Bmussolini%2Binfluence%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorgal2009" class="citation book cs1">Torgal, Luís Reis (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyy5CwAAQBAJ&dq=estado+novo+salazar+n%C3%A3o+se+afastou+de+todo+das+posi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+nazistas&pg=PT515"><i>Estados novos, estado novo: ensaios de história política e cultural vol. I</i></a>. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. p. 514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-26-0009-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-26-0009-3"><bdi>978-989-26-0009-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estados+novos%2C+estado+novo%3A+ensaios+de+hist%C3%B3ria+pol%C3%ADtica+e+cultural+vol.+I&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Imprensa+da+Universidade+de+Coimbra&rft.date=2009-09&rft.isbn=978-989-26-0009-3&rft.aulast=Torgal&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs+Reis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqyy5CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Destado%2Bnovo%2Bsalazar%2Bn%25C3%25A3o%2Bse%2Bafastou%2Bde%2Btodo%2Bdas%2Bposi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es%2Bnazistas%26pg%3DPT515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, Douglas L. (Summer 1986). 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Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230337831" title="Special:BookSources/9780230337831"><bdi>9780230337831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola%3A+A+Modern+Military+History%2C+1961-2002&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230337831&rft.au=Stephen+L.+Weigert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdzJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosasMartinsAmaralRollo1994" class="citation book cs1">Rosas, Fernando; Martins, Fernando; Amaral, Luciano do; Rollo, Maria Fernanda (1994). Mattoso, José (ed.). <i>História de Portugal</i>. Lisboa: Círculo de Leitores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-42-0916-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-42-0916-6"><bdi>978-972-42-0916-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468505378">468505378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Leitores&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468505378&rft.isbn=978-972-42-0916-6&rft.aulast=Rosas&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Martins%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Amaral%2C+Luciano+do&rft.au=Rollo%2C+Maria+Fernanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiarda197794-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiarda197794_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiarda1977">Wiarda 1977</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65">"Portugal: The War Has Made It Europe's Front Door"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>. 29 July 1940<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Portugal%3A+The+War+Has+Made+It+Europe%27s+Front+Door&rft.date=1940-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxz8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaklanoff1992" class="citation journal cs1">Baklanoff, Eric N. (1992). "The Political Economy of Portugal's Later "Estado Novo": A Critique of the Stagnation Thesis". <i>Luso-Brazilian Review</i>. <b>29</b> (1). University of Wisconsin Press: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3513163">3513163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Luso-Brazilian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Portugal%27s+Later+%22Estado+Novo%22%3A+A+Critique+of+the+Stagnation+Thesis&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3513163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baklanoff&rft.aufirst=Eric+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiarda1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_J._Wiarda" title="Howard J. Wiarda">Wiarda, Howard J.</a> (1974). <i>Corporatism and Development in the Iberic-Latin World: Persistent Strains and New Variations</i>. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporatism+and+Development+in+the+Iberic-Latin+World%3A+Persistent+Strains+and+New+Variations&rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Wiarda&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabado.pt/portugal/detalhe/andre-ventura-salazar-atrasou-nos-muitissimo">"André Ventura: "Salazar atrasou-nos muitíssimo"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.sabado.pt</i> (in European Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sabado.pt&rft.atitle=Andr%C3%A9+Ventura%3A+%22Salazar+atrasou-nos+muit%C3%ADssimo%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabado.pt%2Fportugal%2Fdetalhe%2Fandre-ventura-salazar-atrasou-nos-muitissimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JHU_Press-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JHU_Press_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinzLinzStepanStepan1996" class="citation book cs1">Linz, Juan J.; Linz, Professor Juan J.; Stepan, Alfred; Stepan, Wallace Sayre Professor Alfred (16 August 1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/problemsofdemocr00linz"><i>Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe</i></a></span>. JHU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/problemsofdemocr00linz/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801851582" title="Special:BookSources/9780801851582"><bdi>9780801851582</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive. <q>Financial crisis 1974 Portugal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Democratic+Transition+and+Consolidation%3A+Southern+Europe%2C+South+America%2C+and+Post-Communist+Europe&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1996-08-16&rft.isbn=9780801851582&rft.aulast=Linz&rft.aufirst=Juan+J.&rft.au=Linz%2C+Professor+Juan+J.&rft.au=Stepan%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Stepan%2C+Wallace+Sayre+Professor+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproblemsofdemocr00linz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sedes.pt-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sedes.pt_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sedes.pt/historia/">"Fundação da SEDES – As primeiras motivações"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SEDES" title="SEDES">SEDES</a></i> (in European Portuguese). 16 November 2022. <q>Nos anos 60 e até 1973 teve lugar, provavelmente, o mais rápido período de crescimento económico da nossa História, traduzido na industrialização, na expansão do turismo, no comércio com a EFTA, no desenvolvimento dos sectores financeiros, investimento estrangeiro e grandes projectos de infra-estruturas. Em consequência, os indicadores de rendimentos e consumo acompanham essa evolução, reforçados ainda pelas remessas de emigrantes.</q> [The 1960s and up to 1973 saw probably the fastest period of economic growth in our history, reflected in industrialization, the expansion of tourism, trade with EFTA, the development of the financial sectors, foreign investment and major infrastructure projects. As a result, income and consumption indicators kept pace with this development, further reinforced by emigrant remittances.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEDES&rft.atitle=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+SEDES+%E2%80%93+As+primeiras+motiva%C3%A7%C3%B5es&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsedes.pt%2Fhistoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeite2006" class="citation journal cs1">Leite, Joaquim da Costa (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/ave/wpaper/382006.html">"Instituições, Gestão e Crescimento Económico: Portugal, 1950-1973"</a>. <i>Working Papers de Economia</i> (38). Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial, <a href="/wiki/Aveiro_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Aveiro University">Universidade de Aveiro</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Papers+de+Economia&rft.atitle=Institui%C3%A7%C3%B5es%2C+Gest%C3%A3o+e+Crescimento+Econ%C3%B3mico%3A+Portugal%2C+1950-1973&rft.issue=38&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=Leite&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+da+Costa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fave%2Fwpaper%2F382006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViseu2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viseu, Albano Augusto Veiga (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4864352">"Memórias do Complexo Agro-Industrial do Cachão"</a>. <i>CIPHS (Centro de Estudo e Promoção da Investigação Histórica e Social)</i> (in Portuguese) (2). Coimbra, Portugal: 117–130. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2182-0252">2182-0252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CIPHS+%28Centro+de+Estudo+e+Promo%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+Investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Hist%C3%B3rica+e+Social%29&rft.atitle=Mem%C3%B3rias+do+Complexo+Agro-Industrial+do+Cach%C3%A3o&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-130&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=2182-0252&rft.aulast=Viseu&rft.aufirst=Albano+Augusto+Veiga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4864352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Angola no outro lado do tempo, Angola - O Outro Lado do Tempo <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33x7u7Ijm7Y">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33x7u7Ijm7Y</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Do outro lado do tempo: Moçambique antes de 1975 VERSÂO COMPLETA <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igQEvBShfu0">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igQEvBShfu0</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEanes2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eanes, António Ramalho (29 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408222902/http://www.dn.pt/opiniao/opiniao-dn/convidados/interior/a-verdade-sobre-o-fundo-do-ultramar-1722768.html?id=1722768">"A verdade sobre o Fundo do Ultramar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_de_Not%C3%ADcias" title="Diário de Notícias">Diário de Notícias</a></i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.pt/opiniao/opiniao-dn/convidados/interior/a-verdade-sobre-o-fundo-do-ultramar-1722768.html?id=1722768">the original</a> on 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Di%C3%A1rio+de+Not%C3%ADcias&rft.atitle=A+verdade+sobre+o+Fundo+do+Ultramar&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft.aulast=Eanes&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Ramalho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.pt%2Fopiniao%2Fopiniao-dn%2Fconvidados%2Finterior%2Fa-verdade-sobre-o-fundo-do-ultramar-1722768.html%3Fid%3D1722768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infopedia-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infopedia_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$movimento-das-forcas-armadas-(mfa)">"Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA)"</a>. <i>Infopédia</i> (in Portuguese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Movimento+das+For%C3%A7as+Armadas+%28MFA%29&rft.btitle=Infop%C3%A9dia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infopedia.pt%2Fartigos%2F%24movimento-das-forcas-armadas-%28mfa%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltez2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adelino_Maltez" title="Adelino Maltez">Maltez, José Adelino</a> (3 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maltez.info/respublica/portugalpolitico/grupospoliticos/movimento_das_forcas_armadas.htm">"Movimento das Forçaas Armadas"</a>. <i>Centro de Estudos em Relações Internacionais, Ciência Política e Estratégia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centro+de+Estudos+em+Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Internacionais%2C+Ci%C3%AAncia+Pol%C3%ADtica+e+Estrat%C3%A9gia&rft.atitle=Movimento+das+For%C3%A7aas+Armadas&rft.date=2007-05-03&rft.aulast=Maltez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Adelino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaltez.info%2Frespublica%2Fportugalpolitico%2Fgrupospoliticos%2Fmovimento_das_forcas_armadas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJH2U8jmKmI">A Guerra Colonial na Guine/Bissau (07 de 07)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otelo_Saraiva_de_Carvalho" title="Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho">Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho</a> on the decree law, <a href="/wiki/RTP_2" class="mw-redirect" title="RTP 2">RTP 2</a> television, <a href="/wiki/Youtube.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Youtube.com">youtube.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Matta2008" class="citation news cs1">da Matta, João Bravo (14 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultramar.terraweb.biz/Noticia_joaobravodamatta_Diabo_guerradoultramar.htm">"A Guerra do Ultramar"</a>. <i>O Diabo</i>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=O+Diabo&rft.atitle=A+Guerra+do+Ultramar&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft.aulast=da+Matta&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+Bravo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fultramar.terraweb.biz%2FNoticia_joaobravodamatta_Diabo_guerradoultramar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdãoRemédios2012-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdãoRemédios2012_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdãoRemédios2012_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdãoRemédios2012_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdãoRemédios2012_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdãoRemédios2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adão, Áurea; Remédios, Maria José (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/histedbr/article/view/8639636">"O alargamento da escolaridade obrigatória para as meninas portuguesas (1960), uma medida legislativa envergonhada: sua representação nos jornais"</a>. <i>Revista HISTEDBR On-Line</i> (in Portuguese). <b>9</b> (36): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Frho.v9i36.8639636">10.20396/rho.v9i36.8639636</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10451%2F7791">10451/7791</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1676-2584">1676-2584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+HISTEDBR+On-Line&rft.atitle=O+alargamento+da+escolaridade+obrigat%C3%B3ria+para+as+meninas+portuguesas+%281960%29%2C+uma+medida+legislativa+envergonhada%3A+sua+representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+nos+jornais&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10451%2F7791&rft.issn=1676-2584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20396%2Frho.v9i36.8639636&rft.aulast=Ad%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=%C3%81urea&rft.au=Rem%C3%A9dios%2C+Maria+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiodicos.sbu.unicamp.br%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fhistedbr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8639636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Documents/CRP-1933.pdf">"Constituição de 1933"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlamento.pt%2FParlamento%2FDocuments%2FCRP-1933.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braga2010-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braga2010_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braga2010_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braga2010_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (March 2024)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REP-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-REP_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PORTUGAL; Secretaria-Geral do Ministério da Educação. <i>Reformas do Ensino em Portugal: 1835-1869</i>, Tomo I, Volume I. Lisboa, Secretaria-Geral do Ministério da Educação, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavares2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Tavares, Adriana Maria Martin Tenreiro (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/handle/10437/1319"><i>Dois tempos, dois espaços: a educação retratada no plano dos centenários (1940/50) e no projecto DEEB (1960/70)</i></a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10437%2F1319">10437/1319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Dois+tempos%2C+dois+espa%C3%A7os%3A+a+educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+retratada+no+plano+dos+centen%C3%A1rios+%281940%2F50%29+e+no+projecto+DEEB+%281960%2F70%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10437%2F1319&rft.aulast=Tavares&rft.aufirst=Adriana+Maria+Martin+Tenreiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecil.grupolusofona.pt%2Fhandle%2F10437%2F1319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmaReis201817-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmaReis201817_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmaReis2018">Palma & Reis 2018</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandeiasSimoes,_Eduarda1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Candeias, António; Simoes, Eduarda (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225829/http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0870-82311999000100017&lng=pt&nrm=iso">"Alfabetização e escola em Portugal no século XX: Censos Nacionais e estudos de caso"</a>. <i>Análise Psicológica</i> (in Portuguese). <b>17</b> (1): 163–194. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-8231">0870-8231</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0870-82311999000100017&lng=pt&nrm=iso">the original</a> on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An%C3%A1lise+Psicol%C3%B3gica&rft.atitle=Alfabetiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+escola+em+Portugal+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX%3A+Censos+Nacionais+e+estudos+de+caso.&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-194&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0870-8231&rft.aulast=Candeias&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft.au=Simoes%2C+Eduarda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0870-82311999000100017%26lng%3Dpt%26nrm%3Diso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/application/file/163697">"Decreto-lei 44530"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decreto-lei+44530&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdre.pt%2Fapplication%2Ffile%2F163697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=14821">"Cidade Universitária de Lisboa"</a>. <i>monumentos.gov.pt</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monumentos.gov.pt&rft.atitle=Cidade+Universit%C3%A1ria+de+Lisboa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monumentos.gov.pt%2FSite%2FAPP_PagesUser%2FSIPA.aspx%3Fid%3D14821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantino2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constantino, Susana (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.uniandes.edu.co/index.php/dearq/article/view/3333">"Coimbra e o valor identitário da retórica do Estado Novo"</a>. <i>Dearq</i> (in Portuguese) (21): 64–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18389%2Fdearq21.2017.06">10.18389/dearq21.2017.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2011-3188">2011-3188</a>. <q>A Cidade Universitária de Coimbra (1943-1975) foi a mais longa obra de promoção do Estado Novo, construída a partir de uma enorme operação de demolição do tecido urbano existente, impondo uma escala e linguagem monumental sobre um território criado quase de raiz. Apesar da ausência de espaços de representação coletiva, o novo conjunto monumental acabou por ser aceite, anos mais tarde, como símbolo identitário da cidade. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2684-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-2684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regime+Overthrow+and+the+Prospects+for+Democratic+Transition+in+Portugal&rft.btitle=Transitions+from+authoritarian+rule.+Comparative+perspectives&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2684-9&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F22063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovan2008" class="citation news cs1">Govan, Fiona (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/3373194/Gen-Franco-wanted-to-declare-war-on-Portugal.html">"Gen Franco wanted to declare war on Portugal"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Di%C3%A1rio+de+Not%C3%ADcias&rft.atitle=Otelo%3A+precisamos+de+um+homem+honesto+como+Salazar&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.pt%2Fdossiers%2Ftv-e-media%2Frevistas-de-imprensa%2Fnoticias%2Finterior%2Fotelo-precisamos-de-um-homem-honesto-como-salazar-1835446.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Carvalho2018" class="citation journal cs1">de Carvalho, Rita Almeida (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22116257-00702002">"Ideology and Architecture in the Portuguese 'Estado Novo': Cultural Innovation within a Para-Fascist State (1932–1945)"</a>. <i>Fascism</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 141–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22116257-00702002">10.1163/22116257-00702002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10451%2F35277">10451/35277</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-6257">2211-6257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fascism&rft.atitle=Ideology+and+Architecture+in+the+Portuguese+%27Estado+Novo%27%3A+Cultural+Innovation+within+a+Para-Fascist+State+%281932%E2%80%931945%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-174&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10451%2F35277&rft.issn=2211-6257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22116257-00702002&rft.aulast=de+Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Rita+Almeida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22116257-00702002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrickStove1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Derrick" title="Michael Derrick">Derrick, Michael</a>; Stove, R.J. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugalofsalaza011716mbp"><i>The Portugal of Salazar</i></a>. New York: Campion Books, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portugal+of+Salazar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Campion+Books%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Derrick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stove%2C+R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugalofsalaza011716mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1983" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Tom (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xu8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 60, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719008764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719008764"><bdi>978-0719008764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal%3A+A+Twentieth-century+Interpretation&rft.pages=60%2C+99&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0719008764&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xu8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1990" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Tom (1990). "Chapter 9: Conservatism, dictatorship and fascism in Portugal, 1914–45". In Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.). <i>Fascists and conservatives: the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Unwin_Hyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwin Hyman">Unwin Hyman</a>. pp. 157–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940086-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940086-3"><bdi>978-0-04-940086-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Conservatism%2C+dictatorship+and+fascism+in+Portugal%2C+1914%E2%80%9345&rft.btitle=Fascists+and+conservatives%3A+the+radical+right+and+the+establishment+in+twentieth-century+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=157-173&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-04-940086-3&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay1970" class="citation book cs1">Kay, Hugh (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/salazarmodernpor0000kayh"><i>Salazar and modern Portugal</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+University+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Neutrality+by+Agreement%3A+Portugal+and+the+British+Alliance+in+World+War+II&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-199&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Leite&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+da+Costa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wcl.american.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1305%26context%3Dauilr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeneses2009" class="citation book cs1">Meneses, Filipe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hewsI4PU6sMC"><i>Salazar: A Political Biography</i></a>. Enigma Books. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1929631902" title="Special:BookSources/978-1929631902"><bdi>978-1929631902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1929631902&rft.aulast=Meneses&rft.aufirst=Filipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhewsI4PU6sMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Fascism" title="The Anatomy of Fascism">The Anatomy of Fascism</a></i>. Alfred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmaReis2018" class="citation web cs1">Palma, Nuno; Reis, Jaime (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-bin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=EEAMannheim2015&paper_id=1929">"A tale of two regimes: Educational Achievement and Institutions in Portugal, 1910–1950"</a>. <i>CEPR Centre for Economic Policy Research</i>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131028377">131028377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEPR+Centre+for+Economic+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+regimes%3A+Educational+Achievement+and+Institutions+in+Portugal%2C+1910%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131028377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Palma&rft.aufirst=Nuno&rft.au=Reis%2C+Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feditorialexpress.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fconference%2Fdownload.cgi%3Fdb_name%3DEEAMannheim2015%26paper_id%3D1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1983" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, Douglas L. (1983). "In the Service of Order: The Portuguese Political Police and the British, German and Spanish Intelligence, 1932–1945". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948301800101">10.1177/002200948301800101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260478">260478</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153719176">153719176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=In+the+Service+of+Order%3A+The+Portuguese+Political+Police+and+the+British%2C+German+and+Spanish+Intelligence%2C+1932%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153719176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260478%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948301800101&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiarda1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_J._Wiarda" title="Howard J. Wiarda">Wiarda, Howard J.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHFaAAAAIAAJ"><i>Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience</i></a>. Univ of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870232213" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870232213"><bdi>978-0870232213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporatism+and+Development%3A+The+Portuguese+Experience&rft.pub=Univ+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0870232213&rft.aulast=Wiarda&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHFaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaklanoff1992" class="citation journal cs1">Baklanoff, Eric N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3513163">"The Political Economy of Portugal's Later "Estado Novo": A Critique of the Stagnation Thesis"</a>. <i>Luso-Brazilian Review</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-7413">0024-7413</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3513163">3513163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Luso-Brazilian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Portugal%27s+Later+%22Estado+Novo%22%3A+A+Critique+of+the+Stagnation+Thesis&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3513163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0024-7413&rft.aulast=Baklanoff&rft.aufirst=Eric+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3513163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMaklerLinz1979" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence S.; Makler, Harry M.; Linz, Juan J., eds. (1979). <i>Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents</i>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2F710474">10.7560/710474</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77304-2"><bdi>978-0-292-77304-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Portugal%3A+The+Revolution+and+Its+Antecedents&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2F710474&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77304-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamannChristopher_Manuel1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hamann, Kerstin; Christopher Manuel, Paul (1999). "Regime changes and civil society in twentieth-century Portugal". <i>South European Society and Politics</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 71–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13608740408539560">10.1080/13608740408539560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+European+Society+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Regime+changes+and+civil+society+in+twentieth-century+Portugal&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-96&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13608740408539560&rft.aulast=Hamann&rft.aufirst=Kerstin&rft.au=Christopher+Manuel%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeneses2010" class="citation book cs1">Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro de (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtmJAwAAQBAJ"><i>Salazar: a political biography</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-98-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-98-8"><bdi>978-1-929631-98-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar%3A+a+political+biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-98-8&rft.aulast=Meneses&rft.aufirst=Filipe+Ribeiro+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtmJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1976" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/index.htm">"Portugal under the Salazar Regime"</a>. <i>A history of Spain and Portugal</i>. Vol. 2. Madison, Wis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. pp. 663–683. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-06284-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-06284-2"><bdi>978-0-299-06284-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Portugal+under+the+Salazar+Regime&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wis&rft.pages=663-683&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-299-06284-2&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne2%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimentel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pimentel, Irene (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41105184">"Women's Organizations and Imperial Ideology under the Estado Novo"</a>. <i>Portuguese Studies</i>. <b>18</b>: 121–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fport.2002.0014">10.1353/port.2002.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0267-5315">0267-5315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41105184">41105184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245843740">245843740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portuguese+Studies&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Organizations+and+Imperial+Ideology+under+the+Estado+Novo&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=121-131&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0267-5315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245843740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41105184%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fport.2002.0014&rft.aulast=Pimentel&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41105184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitcher1993" class="citation book cs1">Pitcher, M. Anne (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsinportug0000pitc"><i>Politics in the Portuguese Empire: the State, industry, and cotton, 1926-1974</i></a>. Oxford : New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827373-8"><bdi>978-0-19-827373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Portuguese+Empire%3A+the+State%2C+industry%2C+and+cotton%2C+1926-1974&rft.place=Oxford+%3A+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827373-8&rft.aulast=Pitcher&rft.aufirst=M.+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsinportug0000pitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardica2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sardica, José Miguel (Summer 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue17/pdf/v9n1a04.pdf">"The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>e-Journal of Portuguese History'<span></span></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10316.2%2F25296">10316.2/25296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1645-6432">1645-6432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=e-Journal+of+Portuguese+History%27&rft.atitle=The+Memory+of+the+Portuguese+First+Republic+throughout+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10316.2%2F25296&rft.issn=1645-6432&rft.aulast=Sardica&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Miguel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FDepartments%2FPortuguese_Brazilian_Studies%2Fejph%2Fhtml%2Fissue17%2Fpdf%2Fv9n1a04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoerDale1987" class="citation journal cs1">Stoer, Stephen R.; Dale, Roger (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1188572">"Education, State, and Society in Portugal, 1926–1981"</a>. <i>Comparative Education Review</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 400–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F446698">10.1086/446698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4086">0010-4086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1188572">1188572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143456417">143456417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Education+Review&rft.atitle=Education%2C+State%2C+and+Society+in+Portugal%2C+1926%E2%80%931981&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=400-418&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0010-4086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143456417%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1188572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F446698&rft.aulast=Stoer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft.au=Dale%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1188572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1938" class="citation journal cs1">West, S. George (1938). "The Present Situation in Portugal". <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 211–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2602248">10.2307/2602248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2346">1468-2346</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2602248">2602248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Present+Situation+in+Portugal&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-232&rft.date=1938&rft.issn=1468-2346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2602248%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2602248&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=S.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstado+Novo+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portugal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portugal_topics" title="Template talk:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portugal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1761 Lisbon earthquake">1761 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 de Maio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Overseas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/80px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/120px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/160px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Portugal" title="List of lakes of Portugal">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Portugal" title="List of earthquakes in Portugal">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Portugal" title="List of volcanoes in Portugal">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Portugal">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal" title="Agriculture in Portugal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Portugal" title="Exclusive economic zone of Portugal">Exclusive Economic Zone <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEZ)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Portugal" title="Mining in Portugal">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal" title="Tourism in Portugal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Portugal" title="Category:Society of Portugal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal" title="Crime in Portugal">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Portugal" title="Homelessness in Portugal">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Portugal" title="Naturism in Portugal">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Portugal" title="Time in Portugal">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal" title="Mass media in Portugal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Portugal" title="List of national monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Portugal" title="National symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal" title="Outline of Portugal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" title="Category:Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&oldid=1257965217">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estado_Novo_(Portugal)&oldid=1257965217</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Category:Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo (Portugal)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal_by_polity" title="Category:History of Portugal by polity">History of Portugal by polity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_on_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Category:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula">Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Modern history of Portugal">Modern history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Political history of Portugal">Political history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Portugal" title="Category:Republicanism in Portugal">Republicanism in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-anarchism" title="Category:Anti-anarchism">Anti-anarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism_in_Portugal" title="Category:Anti-communism in Portugal">Anti-communism in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:One-party_states" title="Category:One-party states">One-party states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Integralism" title="Category:Integralism">Integralism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1930s in Portugal">1930s in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1940s in Portugal">1940s in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1950s in Portugal">1950s in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1960s in Portugal">1960s in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1970s in Portugal">1970s in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1933" title="Category:States and territories established in 1933">States and territories established in 1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1974" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1974">States and territories disestablished in 1974</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_establishments_in_Portugal" title="Category:1933 establishments in Portugal">1933 establishments in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1974_disestablishments_in_Portugal" title="Category:1974 disestablishments in Portugal">1974 disestablishments in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Portugal" title="Category:20th century in Portugal">20th century in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Republic" title="Category:Portuguese Republic">Portuguese Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_in_Portugal" title="Category:1933 in Portugal">1933 in Portugal</a></li><li><a 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