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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Trade unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labour_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Labour festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Racial equality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_an_international_labour_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_an_international_labour_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Development of an international labour movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_an_international_labour_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Labour movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة عمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة عمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimientu_obreru" title="Movimientu obreru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Movimientu obreru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99hl%C9%99_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Fəhlə hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəhlə hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-kang_%C5%ABn-t%C5%8Dng" title="Lô-kang ūn-tōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-kang ūn-tōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85" title="Рабочы рух – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабочы рух" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Работническо движение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Работническо движение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_obrer" title="Moviment obrer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment obrer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%8E%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Кĕрĕшевçĕсен юхăмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕрĕшевçĕсен юхăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Blnick%C3%A9_hnut%C3%AD" title="Dělnické hnutí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dělnické hnutí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbejderbev%C3%A6gelsen" title="Arbejderbevægelsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arbejderbevægelsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeiterbewegung" title="Arbeiterbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arbeiterbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6lisliikumine" title="Töölisliikumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Töölisliikumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Εργατικό κίνημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εργατικό κίνημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_obrero" title="Movimiento obrero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento obrero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborista_movado" title="Laborista movado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laborista movado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langileen_mugimendu" title="Langileen mugimendu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Langileen mugimendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جنبش کارگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش کارگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_ouvrier" title="Mouvement ouvrier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement ouvrier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movemento_obreiro" title="Movemento obreiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Movemento obreiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="노동운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노동운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բանվորական շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանվորական շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="श्रम आंदोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रम आंदोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_buruh" title="Gerakan buruh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan buruh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_operaio" title="Movimento operaio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento operaio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תנועת הפועלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועת הפועלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C4%81dnieku_kust%C4%ABba" title="Strādnieku kustība – Latvian" lang="lv" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="order-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Labor" title="Category:Labor"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organized labour</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_activism5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/80px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/120px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/160px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Labour movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation of labor">Exploitation of labour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of labor issues and events">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_unionism" title="New unionism">New unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National-syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National-syndicalism">National-syndicalism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_protection_legislation" title="Employment protection legislation">Employment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade unions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">Trade unions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unions" title="List of federations of trade unions">Trade union federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_trade_unions" title="International comparisons of trade unions">International comparisons</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">ITUC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strikes" title="List of strikes">Chronological list of strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">Labour parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Labour_Party" title="Fiji Labour Party">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Labour_Party" title="Georgian Labour Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(New_Caledonia)" title="Labour Party (New Caledonia)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Labour_Party" title="Portuguese Labour Party">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Labor Party (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labor" title="Template:Labor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labor" title="Template talk:Labor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>labour movement</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the collective organisation of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working people</a> to further their shared political and economic interests. It consists of the <b>trade union</b> or <b>labour union movement</b>, as well as political parties of labour. It can be considered an instance of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, workers campaign for higher wages, better working conditions and fair treatment from their employers, and through the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labour laws</a>, from their governments. They do this through <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">sectoral bargaining</a>, and when needed, <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a>. In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">co-determination</a> gives representatives of workers seats on the board of directors of their employers.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a> representing the interests of workers campaign for <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labour rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social security</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. They are usually called a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Labour Party (disambiguation)">labour party</a> (in English-speaking countries), a <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party" title="Social Democratic Party">social democratic party</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> countries), a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">socialist party</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> countries), or sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' party">workers' party</a>.</li> <li>Though historically less prominent, the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative movement">cooperative movement</a> campaigns to replace <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist ownership</a> of the economy with <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">consumer cooperatives</a>, and other types of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative ownership</a>. This is related to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a>.</li></ul> <p>The labour movement developed as a response to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, at about the same time as <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early goals of the movement were the <a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">right to unionise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">right to vote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/40-hour_week" class="mw-redirect" title="40-hour week">40-hour week</a>. As these were achieved in many of the advanced economies of western Europe and north America in the early decades of the 20th century, the labour movement expanded to issues of welfare and social insurance, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">wealth distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a> like <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">health care</a> and education, <a href="/wiki/Social_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social housing">social housing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, December 3, 1861<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_the_United_Kingdom">Origins in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of trade unions in the United Kingdom">History of trade unions in the United Kingdom</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider summarizing the material.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The labour movement has its origins in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">cottage industry</a> jobs disappeared and were replaced as <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> moved employment to more industrial areas like <a href="/wiki/Factory_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory towns">factory towns</a> causing an influx of low-skilled labour and a concomitant decline in real wages and living standards for workers in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole1925_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole1925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the industrial revolution, economies in Europe were dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Guild_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Guild system">guild system</a> which had originated in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195211-12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195211-12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guilds were expected to protect the interests of the owners, labourers, and consumers through regulation of wages, prices, and standard business practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Webb1902_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb1902-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the increasingly unequal and oligarchic guild system deteriorated in the 16th and 17th centuries, spontaneous formations of <a href="/wiki/Journeymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Journeymen">journeymen</a> within the guilds would occasionally act together to demand better wage rates and conditions, and these ad hoc groupings can be considered the forerunners of the modern labour movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195213_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195213-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These formations were succeeded by trade unions forming in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. Nevertheless, without the continuous technological and international trade pressures during the Industrial Revolution, these trade unions remained sporadic and localised only to certain regions and professions, and there was not yet enough impetus for the formation of a widespread and comprehensive labour movement. Therefore, the labour movement is usually marked as beginning concurrently with the Industrial Revolution in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, roughly around 1760-1830.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole19529_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19529-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th and 17th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> the guild system was usurped in its regulation of wages by <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> in the 16th century with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Era">Elizabethan Era</a> apprentice laws such as the 1562 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Artificers_1562" title="Statute of Artificers 1562">Statute of Artificers</a> which placed the power to regulate wages and employment in the hands of local officials in each parish.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelling2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelling2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190241-42_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190241-42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament had been responding to petitions made by English <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weavers</a> in 1555 who asserted that the owners were "giving much less wages and hire for weaving of clothes than they did in the past."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190240-41_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190240-41-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legislation was intended to ensure just compensation for workers throughout the country so they could maintain a "competent livelihood". This doctrine of parliamentary involvement remained in place until about 1700 at which point the practice of wage regulation began to decline, and in 1757 parliament outright rescinded the Weavers Act of 1756, abandoning its power of wage regulation and signaling its newfound dedication to <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelling2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelling2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190243-45_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190243-45-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Elizabethan Apprentice Laws lasted in England until the early 19th century, but were becoming increasingly <a href="/wiki/Legislation#Dead_letter" title="Legislation">dead letter</a> by the mid 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195239-40_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195239-40-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, from 1760 on, real wages began to fall and food prices began to rise giving increased motivation for political and social agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-MortonTate1975_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MortonTate1975-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the guild system became increasingly obsolete and parliament abolished the old medieval labour protections, forswearing responsibility for maintaining living standards, the workers began to form the earliest versions of trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190235-37_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190235-37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The workers on the lowest rungs found it necessary to organise in new ways to protect their wages and other interests such as living standards and working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190219-20_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190219-20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_century">18th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no record of enduring trade unions existing prior to the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190220-21_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190220-21-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning from 1700 onward there are records of complaints in the United Kingdom, which increase through the century, that show instances of labourers "combining" together to raise wages had become a phenomenon in various regions and professions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190221_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190221-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early trade unions were fairly small and limited in scope and were separated from unions in other geographical areas or unions in other professions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195235_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195235-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unions would strike, collectively bargain with employers, and, if that did not suffice, petition parliament for the enforcement of the Elizabethan statues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195235_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195235-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first groups in England to practice early trade unionism were the <a href="/wiki/West_of_England" title="West of England">West of England</a> wool workers and the framework knitters in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190239-40_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190239-40-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1718 a royal proclamation was given in opposition to the formation of any unsanctioned bodies of journeymen attempting to affect wages and employment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201612-13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201612-13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the presumption that unionising was illegal, it continued throughout the 18th century. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201612-13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201612-13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strikes and riots by miners and framework knitters occurred throughout England over the course of the 18th century, often resorting to machine breaking and sabotage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1751 wool-combers in <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a> formed a union which both disallowed hiring non-members and provided aid for out-of-work members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a> area of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, weavers went on strike and rioted in 1765, 1769, and 1773 until parliament relented and allowed justices in the area to fix wage rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190248_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190248-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artisans and workers would also create small craft clubs or trade clubs in each town or locality and these groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Hatters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatters">hatters</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/Shipwrights" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipwrights">shipwrights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutlers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> could use their clubs to unionize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers could also use the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly societies</a>, which had increasingly cropped up British society since 1700, as cover for union activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201610-11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201610-11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In politics, the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">John Wilkes</a> used mass appeal to workers through public meetings, <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteering" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphleteering">pamphleteering</a>, and the popular press, in order to gain their support as he advocated for an increase in the voting franchise, popular rights, and an end to corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197512-13_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197512-13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was imprisoned for criticizing <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>, his followers protested and were fired upon by the government at the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_St_George%27s_Fields" title="Massacre of St George's Fields">Massacre of St George's Fields</a> in 1768, which resulted in a round of strikes and riots throughout England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197512-13_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197512-13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable radicals at the time included <a href="/wiki/John_Jebb_(reformer)" title="John Jebb (reformer)">John Jebb</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cartwright_(political_reformer)" title="John Cartwright (political reformer)">Major Cartwright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Horne_Tooke" title="John Horne Tooke">John Horne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197514_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197514-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handbill_advertising_a_petition_to_the_House_of_Commons_for_Parliamentary_Reform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Handbill_advertising_a_petition_to_the_House_of_Commons_for_Parliamentary_Reform.jpg/200px-Handbill_advertising_a_petition_to_the_House_of_Commons_for_Parliamentary_Reform.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Handbill_advertising_a_petition_to_the_House_of_Commons_for_Parliamentary_Reform.jpg/300px-Handbill_advertising_a_petition_to_the_House_of_Commons_for_Parliamentary_Reform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Handbill_advertising_a_petition_to_the_House_of_Commons_for_Parliamentary_Reform.jpg/400px-Handbill_advertising_a_petition_to_the_House_of_Commons_for_Parliamentary_Reform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>A handbill for the <a href="/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">London Corresponding Society</a>, the first political society in the United Kingdom focused on working-class politics</figcaption></figure> <p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, radicalism became even more prominent in English politics with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Man">The Rights of Man</a> in 1791 and the foundation of the working-class focused <a href="/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">London Corresponding Society</a> in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197522-23_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197522-23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in the society increased rapidly and by the end of the year it may have had as many as three thousand chapters in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197523_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197523-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fearful of this new English <a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a>, the government responded with wide-scale political repression spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195238_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195238-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197523-24_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197523-24-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paine was forced to flee the country after his work was deemed to be <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">seditious</a>, booksellers selling Paine's or other radical works were arrested, the Scottish reformers <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muir_of_Huntershill" title="Thomas Muir of Huntershill">Thomas Muir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fyshe_Palmer" title="Thomas Fyshe Palmer">Rev. Thomas Fyshe Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gerrald" title="Joseph Gerrald">Joseph Gerrald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Margarot" title="Maurice Margarot">Maurice Margarot</a> were <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transported</a>, and, in 1794, the leadership of the L.C.S was arrested and tried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195230_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195230-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197525-27_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197525-27-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speech and public gatherings were tightly restricted by the <a href="/wiki/Seditious_Meetings_Act_1795" title="Seditious Meetings Act 1795">Two Acts</a> of 1795 which made certain words acts of treason, limited public gatherings to fifty people or fewer, and enforced licensing for anyone who wanted to speak in a public debate or lecture hall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197529_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197529-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1797 the L.C.S was outlawed by parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197531_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197531-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> temporarily crushing the British labour movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195232_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195232-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, forming unions or combinations was made illegal under legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/Combination_Act_1799" title="Combination Act 1799">1799 Combination Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201616_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201616-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197533-35_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197533-35-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade unionism in the United Kingdom illegally continued into the 19th century despite increasing hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195239_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195239-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197538_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197538-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determined workers refused to allow the law to entirely eradicate trade unionism. Some employers chose to forgo legal prosecution and instead bargained and cooperated with workers' demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197533-35_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197533-35-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Scottish weavers of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> went on strike around 1805, demanding enforcement of the old Elizabethan laws empowering magistrates to fix wages to meet the costs of living; however, after three weeks the strike was ended when the police arrested the strike leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197535_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197535-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A renewed stimulus to organised labour in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> can be traced back to the 1808 failure of the 'Minimum Wage Bill' in parliament which supporters had seen as a needed countermeasure for the endemic poverty among the working classes of industrial United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves1939_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves1939-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of the Minimum Wage Bill displayed the government's commitment to laissez-faire policy, labourers expressed their discontent in the form of the first large scale strikes in the new factory districts.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves1939_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves1939-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195240-41_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195240-41-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agitation did not end until it was agreed that weavers would receive a 20% increase in wages.<sup id="cite_ref-Burwick2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burwick2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1813 and 1814 Parliament would repeal the last of the apprentice laws which had been intended to protect wage rates and employment, but which had also fallen into serious disuse many decades before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195240_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195240-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190253-55_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190253-55-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom saw an increasing number of large-scale strikes, mainly in the north. In 1811 in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, a new movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a>, or machine-breaker, movement, began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197536_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197536-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to declining living standards, workers all over the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> started to sabotage and destroy the machinery used in textile production. As the industry was still decentralized at the time and the movement was secretive, none of the leadership was ever caught and employers in the Midlands textile industry were forced to raise wages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195241-42_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195241-42-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1812 the first radical, socialist, pro-labour society, the 'Society of Spencean Philanthropists', named after the radical social agitator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spence" title="Thomas Spence">Thomas Spence</a>, was formed. Spence, a pamphleteer in London since 1776, believed in the socialized distribution of land and changing England into a federalized government based on democratically elected parish communes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195244-45_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195244-45-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society was small and had only a limited presence in English politics. Other leaders such <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Henry Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbet" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cobbet">William Cobbet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Cochrane</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a>, rose to the head of the labour movement demanding the lowering of taxes, the abolition of pensions and sinecures, and an end to payments of the war debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195245-46_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195245-46-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This radicalism increased in the aftermath of the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, as a general economic downturn in 1815 led to a revival in pro-labour politics. During this time, half of each worker's wages was taxed away, unemployment greatly increased, and food prices would not drop from their war time highs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197540-41_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197540-41-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190282-83_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190282-83-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> there was mass rioting throughout United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197540-41_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197540-41-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many working-class papers started being published and received by a wide audience, including Cobbet's "<i><a href="/wiki/Political_Register" title="Political Register">Weekly Political Register</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jonathan_Wooler" title="Thomas Jonathan Wooler">Thomas Wooler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Dwarf_(journal)" title="The Black Dwarf (journal)">The Black Dwarf</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Hone" title="William Hone">William Hone</a>'s <i>Reformists's Register</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195245-46_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195245-46-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, new political clubs focused on reform, called <a href="/wiki/Hampden_Clubs" title="Hampden Clubs">Hampden Clubs</a>, were formed after a model suggested by Major Cartwright. During a speech by Henry Hunt, a group of Spenceans initiated the <a href="/wiki/Spa_Fields_riots" title="Spa Fields riots">Spa Fields riots</a>. This outbreak of lawlessness led to a government crackdown on agitation in 1817 known as the <a href="/wiki/Gagging_Acts" title="Gagging Acts">Gagging Acts</a>, which included the suppression of the Spencean society, a suspension of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, and an extension of power to magistrates which gave them the ability to ban public gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197542-43_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197542-43-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In protest of the Gagging Acts, as well as the poor working conditions in the textile industry, workers in Manchester attempted to march on London to deliver petitions in a demonstration known as the <a href="/wiki/Blanketeers" title="Blanketeers">Blanketeers</a> march, which ultimately failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197543_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197543-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this point onward the British government also began using hired spies and <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agent provocateurs</a> to disrupt the labour movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195247-49_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195247-49-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most infamous early case of government anti-labour espionage was that of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_the_Spy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver the Spy">Oliver the Spy</a> who, in 1817, incited and encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Pentrich_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentrich Rising">Pentrich Rising</a>, which led to the leadership being indicted on treason charges and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195247-49_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195247-49-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreadful_Scene_at_Peterloo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dreadful_Scene_at_Peterloo.png/350px-Dreadful_Scene_at_Peterloo.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dreadful_Scene_at_Peterloo.png/525px-Dreadful_Scene_at_Peterloo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dreadful_Scene_at_Peterloo.png/700px-Dreadful_Scene_at_Peterloo.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> which occurred on 16 August 1819</figcaption></figure> <p>In spite of government suppression, the labour movement in the United Kingdom continued, and 1818 marked a new round of strikes as well as the first attempt at establishing a single national union that encompassed all trades, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Gast_(activist)" title="John Gast (activist)">John Gast</a> and named the "Philanthropic Hercules".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195247-49_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195247-49-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this enterprise quickly folded, pro-labour political agitation and demonstrations increased in popularity throughout industrial United Kingdom culminating in 1819 with an incident in St. Peter's field, Manchester, known as the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a>. The British government responded with another round of draconian measures aimed at putting down the labour movement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Six_Acts" title="Six Acts">Six Acts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195249-50_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195249-50-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1819 the social reformer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Place" title="Francis Place">Francis Place</a> initiated a reform movement aimed at lobbying parliament into abolishing the anti-union Combination Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190285-86_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190285-86-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unions were legalised in the Combination Acts of 1824 and 1825, however some union actions, such as anti-<a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">scab</a> activities were restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201622-23_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201622-23-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a> was possibly the first mass working-class labour movement in the world, originating in England during the mid-19th century between 1838 and 1848. It takes its name from the People's Charter of 1838, which stipulated the six main aims of the movement as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> for all men age 21 and over</li> <li>Voting by secret ballot</li> <li>Equal-sized <a href="/wiki/Constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituencies">constituencies</a></li> <li>Pay for Members of Parliament</li> <li>An end to the need for a <a href="/wiki/Property_qualification" title="Property qualification">property qualification</a> for Parliament</li> <li>Annual election of Parliament</li></ul> <p>Eventually, after Chartism died out, the United Kingdom adopted the first five reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chartist movement had a lasting impact in the development of the political labour movement.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the term "<a href="/wiki/New_unionism" title="New unionism">new unionism</a>" was used in the 1880s to describe an innovative form of trade unionism. The new unions were generally less exclusive than <a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">craft unions</a> and attempted to recruit a wide range of unskilled and semi-skilled workers, such as dockers, seamen, gasworkers and general labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a>, the first attempt at international coordination, was founded in London in 1864. The major issues included the right of the workers to organize themselves, and the right to an 8-hour working day. In 1871 workers in France rebelled and the Paris Commune was formed. From the mid-19th century onward the labour movement became increasingly globalised: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Labour has been central to the modern globalization process. From issues of the embodied movement of workers to the emergence of a global division of labour, and organized responses to capitalist relations of production, the relevance of labour to globalization is not new, and it is far more significant in shaping the world than is usually recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The movement gained major impetus during the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Social_Teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Social Teaching">Catholic Social Teaching</a> tradition which began in 1891 with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s foundational document, <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i>, also known as "On the Condition of the Working Classes," in which he advocated a series of reforms including limits on the length of the work day, a living wage, the elimination of child labour, the rights of labour to organise, and the duty of the state to regulate labour conditions. </p><p>Throughout the world, action by labourists has resulted in reforms and <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">workers' rights</a>, such as the two-day <a href="/wiki/Workweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Workweek">weekend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, paid <a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">holidays</a>, and the achievement of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a> for many workers. There have been many important labour activists in modern history who have caused changes that were revolutionary at the time and are now regarded as basic. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Harris_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Harris Jones">Mary Harris Jones</a>, better known as "Mother Jones", and the <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Welfare_Council" title="National Catholic Welfare Council">National Catholic Welfare Council</a> were important in the campaign to end <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the early 20th century. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Labour_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Labour movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labour markets</a> have often been constrained by national borders that have restricted movement of workers. Labour laws are also primarily determined by individual nations or states within those nations. While there have been some efforts to adopt a set of international labour standards through the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organisation</a> (ILO), international sanctions for failing to meet such standards are very limited. In many countries labour movements have developed independently and represent those national boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Australian labour movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Brazil" title="Trade unions in Brazil">Trade unions in Brazil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions in Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Social_Democracy_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Social Democracy in Germany">History of Social Democracy in Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_Japan" title="Labor unions in Japan">Labor unions in Japan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement_of_South_Korea" title="Labor movement of South Korea">Labor movement of South Korea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions in South Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement_in_Spain" title="Labor movement in Spain">Labor movement in Spain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_labour_movement" title="Swedish labour movement">Swedish labour movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_unions">Trade unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trade unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">List of Labour parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">List of social democratic parties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_parties" title="List of socialist parties">List of socialist parties</a></div> <p>Modern labour parties originated from an increase in organising activities in Europe and <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonies</a> during the 19th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist movement</a> in the United Kingdom during 1838–48.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, localised labour parties were formed, by trade union members in British colonies in <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. In 1899, the Labour Party for the <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Colony of Queensland</a> briefly formed the world's first labour <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, lasting one week. From 1901, when <a href="/wiki/Australian_federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian federation">six colonies federated</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>, several labour parties amalgamated to form the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (ALP). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a> was created as the <a href="/wiki/British_Labour_Party#Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900–1906)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour Party">Labour Representation Committee</a>, following an 1899 resolution by the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Union Congress">Trade Union Congress</a>. </p><p>While archetypal labour parties are made of direct union representatives, in addition to members of geographical branches, some union federations or individual unions have chosen not to be represented within a labour party and/or have ended association with them. </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Many individuals and political groups otherwise considered to represent ruling classes may be part of, and active in, the labour movement.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperatives">Cooperatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_festivals">Labour festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Labour festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labour_festival" title="Labour festival">Labour festival</a></div> <p>Labour festivals have long been a part of the labour movement.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often held outdoors in the summer, the music, talks, food, drink, and film have attracted hundreds of thousands of attendees each year. Labour festival is a yearly feast of all the unionism gathering, to celebrate the fulfillment of their goals, to bring solutions to certain hindrances and to reform unjust actions of their employers or government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_equality">Racial equality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Racial equality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A degree of strategic biracial cooperation existed among <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Dock_Workers_and_Unionization" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Dock Workers and Unionization">black and white dockworkers on the waterfronts of New Orleans</a>, Louisiana during the early 20th century. Although the groups maintained racially separate labour unions, they coordinated efforts to present a united front when making demands of their employers. These pledges included a commitment to the "50-50" or "half-and-half" system wherein a dock crew would consist of 50% black and 50% white workers and agreement on a single wage demand to reduce the risk of ship owners pitting one race against the other. Black and white dockworkers also cooperated during protracted labour strikes, including the <a href="/wiki/1892_New_Orleans_general_strike" title="1892 New Orleans general strike">general levee strikes in 1892</a> and 1907 as well as smaller strikes involving skilled workers such as screwmen in the early 1900s: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Negroes in the United States read the history of labour and find it mirrors their own experience. We are confronted by powerful forces telling us to rely on the good will and understanding of those who profit by exploiting us [...] They are shocked that action organizations, sit-ins, civil disobedience and protests are becoming our everyday tools, just as strikes, demonstrations and union organization became yours to insure that bargaining power genuinely existed on both sides of the table [...] Our needs are identical to labor's needs: decent wages, fair working conditions, livable housing, old age security, health and welfare measures [...] That is why the labor-hater and labor-baiter is virtually always a twin-headed creature spewing anti-Negro epithets from one mouth and anti-labor propaganda from the other mouth.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr</a>, <i>"If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins"</i>, December 11, 1961<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_an_international_labour_movement">Development of an international labour movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Development of an international labour movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Labour_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Labour movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With ever-increasing levels of international trade and increasing influence of multinational corporations, there has been debate and action among labour movements to attempt international co-operation. This has resulted in renewed efforts to organize and collectively bargain internationally. A number of international union organizations have been established in an attempt to facilitate international collective bargaining, to share information and resources and to advance the interests of workers generally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">Labour federations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congress" title="Canadian Labour Congress">Canadian Labour Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">General Confederation of Labour (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_labour_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of international labour organizations">List of international labour organizations</a></li></ul> <p>Political ideologies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul> <p>Topics: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic trade unions">Catholic trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_labour_law" title="International labour law">International labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a> including art and culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Unionism">New Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li></ul> <p>National movements </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">Trade unions in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Andorra" title="Trade unions in Andorra">Trade unions in Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Angola" title="Trade unions in Angola">Trade unions in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda">Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Argentina" title="Trade unions in Argentina">Trade unions in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Armenia" title="Trade unions in Armenia">Trade unions in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Australian labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Benin" title="Trade unions in Benin">Trade unions in Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Botswana" title="Trade unions in Botswana">Trade unions in Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Trade unions in Burkina Faso">Trade unions in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Egypt" title="Trade unions in Egypt">Trade unions in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopia" title="Trade unions in Ethiopia">Trade unions in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghana" title="Trade unions in Ghana">Trade unions in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_India" title="Trade unions in India">Trade unions in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions">Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Irish Congress of Trade Unions">Trade unions in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_unions_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour unions in Japan">Labour unions in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Trade unions in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Maldives" title="Trade unions in Maldives">Trade unions in Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Nauru" title="Trade unions in Nauru">Trade unions in Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Niger" title="Trade unions in Niger">Trade unions in Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Oman" title="Trade unions in Oman">Trade unions in Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Pakistan" title="Trade unions in Pakistan">Trade unions in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Qatar" title="Trade unions in Qatar">Trade unions in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Senegal" title="Trade unions in Senegal">Trade unions in Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Spain">Trade unions in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_labour_movement" title="Swedish labour movement">Swedish labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour movement in Taiwan">Labour movement in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Tanzania" title="Trade unions in Tanzania">Trade unions in Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trade unions in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions in the United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternatively <b>labor</b>; See <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEatwell_&_Wright1999" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell & Wright, Roger & Anthony (March 1, 1999). <i>Contemporary Political Ideologies: Second Edition</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826451736" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826451736"><bdi>978-0826451736</bdi></a>. <q>If 'labourism' sought to protect and defend the interests of labour in relation to this system, 'socialism' sought to change the system itself...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Ideologies%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0826451736&rft.aulast=Eatwell+%26+Wright&rft.aufirst=Roger+%26+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Selections from the Letters, Speeches, and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln</i>, by Abraham Lincoln, edited by Ida Minerva Tarbell, Ginn, 1911 / 2008, pg 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole1925-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole1925_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1952" class="citation book cs1">Cole, G.D.H. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125349"><i>A Short History of the British Working Class Movement: 1789-1947</i></a>. George Allen & Unwin LTD. pp. 15–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+British+Working+Class+Movement%3A+1789-1947&rft.pages=15-18&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+LTD&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=G.D.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.125349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195211-12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195211-12_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 11-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb1902-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webb1902_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbWebb1902" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_ZAAAAAIAAJ"><i>The History of Trade Unionism</i></a>. Longmans, Green and Company. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722227237" title="Special:BookSources/9780722227237"><bdi>9780722227237</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926035944/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_ZAAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>. <q>the Craft Guild was looked upon as the representative of the interests, not of any one class alone, but of the three distinct and somewhat antagonistic elements of modern society, the capitalist entrepreneur, the manual worker, and the consumer at large.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Trade+Unionism&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=9780722227237&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Webb%2C+Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_ZAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195213-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195213_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole19529-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole19529_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 9:The industrial revolution, which is the real starting-point of the story of organised labour is generally said to have taken place in this country between about 1760 and 1830</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelling2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pelling2016_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelling2016_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelling2016" class="citation book cs1">Pelling, Henry (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONG-DAAAQBAJ"><i>A History of British Trade Unionism</i></a>. Springer. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12968-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12968-3"><bdi>978-1-349-12968-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004389945">1004389945</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225224935/https://books.google.com/books?id=ONG-DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+British+Trade+Unionism&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004389945&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12968-3&rft.aulast=Pelling&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DONG-DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190241-42-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190241-42_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 41-42: "In 1563, indeed, Parliament expressly charged itself with securing to all wage-earners a "convenient livelihood"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190240-41-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190240-41_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 40-41: "in the middle of the century the weavers found their customary earnings dwindling, they managed so far to combine as to make their voices heard at Westminster. In 1555 we find them complaining "that the rich do many ways oppress them" by putting unapprenticed men to work..."some also by giving much less wages and hire for weaving of clothes than they did in the past"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190243-45-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190243-45_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 43-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195239-40-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195239-40_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 39-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MortonTate1975-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MortonTate1975_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortonTate1975" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Arthur Leslie; Tate, George (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf5XAAAAYAAJ"><i>The British Labour Movement, 1770-1920: A History</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-7865-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-7865-3"><bdi>978-0-8371-7865-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120984">1120984</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224123629/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf5XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Labour+Movement%2C+1770-1920%3A+A+History&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120984&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-7865-3&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Leslie&rft.au=Tate%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZf5XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190235-37-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190235-37_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 35-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190219-20-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190219-20_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 19-20: "the <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> of the eighteenth century sought to perpetuate those legal or customary regulations of their trade which, as they believed, protected their own interests. When these regulations fell into disuse the workers combined to secure their enforcement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190220-21-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190220-21_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 20-21: "We have failed to discover...any evidence to the existence prior to 1700 of continuous associations of wage-earners for the maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190221-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190221_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 21:" In the early years of the eighteenth century we find isolated complaints of combinations "lately entered into" by the skilled workers in certain trades"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195235-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195235_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195235_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190239-40-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190239-40_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 39-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201612-13-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201612-13_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201612-13_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling2016">Pelling 2016</a>, p. 12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197518-19_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 18-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190248-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190248_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201610-11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201610-11_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling2016">Pelling 2016</a>, p. 10-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197512-13-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197512-13_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197512-13_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197514-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197514_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197522-23-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197522-23_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 22-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197523-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197523_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 23:This it did quite rapidly and by the end of 1792 may have totalled 3,000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195238-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195238_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 38:Pitt's measures for carrying through this policy of repression were skilfully designed. We have seen how he rooted out the Corresponding Societies, and killed for a generation even the middle-class movement for reform. Legal persecution, backed up by the evidence of spies and informers, and by counter-propaganda subsidised by the State, was adequate for this purpose. The factory and mining districts had to be held down by more vigorous methods. In addition to sending into every working-class body that could be found spies, informers, and even provocative agents, and so disrupting the working-class movements, because no man in them knew whether he could trust his neighbour... he built barracks at strategic points throughout the country, and used his concentrated military force in order to overawe the people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197523-24-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197523-24_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 23-24:The Government was thrown into panic by this new working-class radicalism. A whole series of repressive measures were put into operation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195230-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195230_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197525-27-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197525-27_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 25-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197529-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197529_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197531-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197531_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195232-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195232_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201616-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201616_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling2016">Pelling 2016</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197533-35-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197533-35_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197533-35_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 33-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195239-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195239_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 39Overawed by military force, ceaselessly spied and reported upon by agents of the Government or the local magistrates, liable to severe sentences for conspiracy under common law or for violation of the Combination Acts if they attempted any concerted action, it is not surprising that for a long time the factory workers and miners failed to create any stable combinations. It is more surprising that they managed to combine at all.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197538-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197538_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 38:the Combination Act failed in its great object of destroying trade unionism, but this is far from saying that it was entirely ineffective.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197535-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197535_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graves1939-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graves1939_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graves1939_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally_Graves1939" class="citation book cs1">Sally Graves (1939). <i>A History of Socialism</i>. Hogarth Press. pp. 12–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Socialism&rft.pages=12-14&rft.pub=Hogarth+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Sally+Graves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195240-41-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195240-41_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 40-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burwick2015-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burwick2015_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurwick2015" class="citation book cs1">Burwick, Frederick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNMmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>British Drama of the Industrial Revolution</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107111653" title="Special:BookSources/9781107111653"><bdi>9781107111653</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925161557/https://books.google.com/books?id=wNMmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Drama+of+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107111653&rft.aulast=Burwick&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNMmCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195240-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195240_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 40:In 1813 the clauses for the regulation of wages in the Elizabethan law were formally repealed, and in 1814 the apprenticeship clauses were also abrogated"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190253-55-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190253-55_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 53-55:In 1814....the Act of 54 Geo. III. c. 96 swept away the apprenticeship clauses of the statute, and with them practically the last remnant of that legislative protection of the Standard of Life which survived form the Middle Ages."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197536-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197536_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195241-42-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195241-42_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 41-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195244-45-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195244-45_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 44-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195245-46-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195245-46_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195245-46_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 45-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197540-41-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197540-41_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197540-41_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 40-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190282-83-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190282-83_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 82-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197542-43-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197542-43_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 42-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197543-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortonTate197543_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonTate1975">Morton & Tate 1975</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195247-49-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195247-49_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195247-49_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195247-49_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 47-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole195249-50-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole195249-50_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1952">Cole 1952</a>, p. 49-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190285-86-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbWebb190285-86_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbWebb1902">Webb & Webb 1902</a>, p. 85-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling201622-23-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling201622-23_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling2016">Pelling 2016</a>, p. 22-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/chartistmovement/">"The Chartist movement"</a>. <i>parliament.uk</i>. UK Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201223224/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/chartistmovement/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.uk&rft.atitle=The+Chartist+movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Felectionsvoting%2Fchartists%2Foverview%2Fchartistmovement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsEvans2014" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths, John; Evans, Vic (2014). "The Chartist Legacy in the British World: Evidence from New Zealand's Southern Settlements, 1840s–1870s". <i>History</i>. <b>99</b> (5 (338)): 797–818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.12075">10.1111/1468-229X.12075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2648">0018-2648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Chartist+Legacy+in+the+British+World%3A+Evidence+from+New+Zealand%27s+Southern+Settlements%2C+1840s%E2%80%931870s&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=5+%28338%29&rft.pages=797-818&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229X.12075&rft.issn=0018-2648&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Evans%2C+Vic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis1_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid" class="citation web cs1">David, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1880_1914.php">"Timeline: 1880–1914"</a>. <i>www.unionhistory.info</i>. <a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_University" title="London Metropolitan University">London Metropolitan University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508093403/http://www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1880_1914.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unionhistory.info&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+1880%E2%80%931914&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionhistory.info%2Ftimeline%2F1880_1914.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesO'Brien2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; O'Brien, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4303461"><i>Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour</i></a>. London: Sage Publications. pp. ix–x. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923063543/https://www.academia.edu/4303461/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol_4_Globalizing_Labour_2007_">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Economy%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Globalizing+Labour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=ix-x&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4303461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/politics/g7/#:~:text=Chartism%20was%20a%20working%20class,main%20aims%20of%20the%20movement.">"The National Archives Learning Curve | Power, Politics and Protest | The Chartists"</a>. <i>www.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316105321/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/politics/g7/#:~:text=Chartism%20was%20a%20working%20class,main%20aims%20of%20the%20movement.">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+National+Archives+Learning+Curve+%7C+Power%2C+Politics+and+Protest+%7C+The+Chartists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fpolitics%2Fg7%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChartism%2520was%2520a%2520working%2520class%2Cmain%2520aims%2520of%2520the%2520movement.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jul/15/tolpuddle-martyrs-festival-record-crowd">"Tolpuddle Martyrs festival expects record-breaking crowd"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 15 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115150357/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jul/15/tolpuddle-martyrs-festival-record-crowd">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Tolpuddle+Martyrs+festival+expects+record-breaking+crowd&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2Fjul%2F15%2Ftolpuddle-martyrs-festival-record-crowd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr</i>, edited by James Melvin Washington, HarperCollins, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-064691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-064691-8">0-06-064691-8</a>, pg 202–203</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Geary, Dick. "Socialism, Revolution and the European Labour Movement, 1848-1918." <i>Historical Journal</i> 15, no. 4 (1972): 794–803. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638044">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406154706/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638044">Archived</a> 2022-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Robert N. Stern, Daniel B. Cornfield, <i>The U.S. labor movement:References and Resources</i>, G.K. Hall & Co 1996</li> <li>John Hinshaw and Paul LeBlanc (ed.), <i>U.S. labor in the twentieth century: studies in working-class struggles and insurgency</i>, Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesO'Brien2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; O'Brien, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4303461"><i>Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour</i></a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923063543/https://www.academia.edu/4303461/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol_4_Globalizing_Labour_2007_">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Economy%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Globalizing+Labour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4303461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Philip Yale Nicholson, <i>Labor's story in the United States</i>, Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple Univ. Press 2004 (Series 'Labor in Crisis'), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-239-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-239-3">978-1-59213-239-3</a></li> <li>Beverly Silver: <i>Forces of Labor. Worker's Movements and Globalization since 1870</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52077-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52077-0">0-521-52077-0</a></li> <li>St. James Press Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide, St. James Press 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55862-542-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55862-542-9">1-55862-542-9</a></li> <li>Lenny Flank (ed), <i>IWW: A Documentary History</i>, Red and Black Publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-5-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-5-1">978-0-9791813-5-1</a></li> <li>Tom Zaniello: <i>Working Stiffs, Union Maids, Reds, and Riffraff: An Expanded Guide to Films about Labor</i> (ILR Press books), Cornell University Press, revised and expanded edition 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4009-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4009-2">0-8014-4009-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313015630/http://www.infoshop.org/library/neither-washington-nor-stowe"><i>Neither Washington Nor Stowe: Common Sense For The Working Vermonter</i></a>, The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective, Catamount Tavern Press, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Ness" title="Immanuel Ness">Ness, Immanuel</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065257/http://secure.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=628"><i>New Forms of Worker Organization: The Syndicalist and Autonomist Restoration of Class-Struggle Unionism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604869569" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604869569"><bdi>978-1604869569</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secure.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=628">the original</a> on 2019-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Forms+of+Worker+Organization%3A+The+Syndicalist+and+Autonomist+Restoration+of+Class-Struggle+Unionism&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1604869569&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecure.pmpress.org%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Dproduct_detail%26p%3D628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabour+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="external text" href="http://www.cec-india.org/">CEC: A Labour Resource Centre in India </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS79fLQGhY4"><span class="plainlinks">"Justice Thunders Condemnation" – a video history of labour legislation</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organized_labour" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Organized labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Organized labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organized_labour" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organized labour</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">public sector</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_council" title="Labour council">Labour council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">Union organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_center" title="National trade union center">National trade union centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_union_federation" title="Global union federation">Global union federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">Unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">Union representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk of the chapel">Clerk of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the chapel">Father of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">Local union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dues" title="Union dues">Union dues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilance_committee_(trade_union)" title="Vigilance committee (trade union)">Vigilance committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_label" title="Union label">Union label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_(union_organizing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt (union organizing)">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_hall" title="Trades hall">Trades hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_fair_representation" title="Duty of fair representation">Duty of fair representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_center" title="Worker center">Worker centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">Organizing model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_model" title="Service model">Service model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_unionism" title="Community unionism">Community unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members-only_unionism" title="Members-only unionism">Members-only unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_unionism" title="Open-source unionism">Open-source unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_unionism" title="Business unionism">Business unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">Company union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_union" title="Independent union">Independent union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_union" title="General union">General union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">Craft unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial<br />relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Shops and hiring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">Closed shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">Open shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_shop" title="Agency shop">Agency shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_shop" title="Union shop">Union shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">Hiring hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_(union)" title="Bump (union)">Bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_clause" title="Scope clause">Scope clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_co-op_model" title="Union co-op model">Union co-op model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bossnapping" title="Bossnapping">Bossnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherao" title="Gherao">Gherao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">Grievance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_revolt" title="Labour revolt">Labour revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(union_organizing)" title="Salting (union organizing)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowdown" title="Slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-away" title="Stay-away">Stay-away</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_notice" title="Strike notice">Strike notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_dissent" title="Organizational dissent">Organizational dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_list" title="Unfair list">Unfair list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strike_actions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition strike">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bargaining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">Bargaining unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_bargaining" title="Collaborative bargaining">Collaborative bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_bargaining_agreement" title="Enterprise bargaining agreement">Enterprise bargaining agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_contract_(labor)" title="Master contract (labor)">Master contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_bargaining" title="Pattern bargaining">Pattern bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">Union security agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Compensation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">Strike pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_wage_premium" title="Union wage premium">Union wage premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_spying_in_the_United_States" title="Labor spying in the United States">Labour spies in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givebacks" title="Givebacks">Givebacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churn_and_burn" title="Churn and burn">Churn and burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_local" title="Paper local">Paper local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-union violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_violence" title="Union violence">Union violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_dispute" title="Demarcation dispute">Demarcation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goon_squad" title="Goon squad">Goon squads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherbedding" title="Featherbedding">Featherbedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_raid" title="Union raid">Union raids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="International comparisons of labor unions">International comparisons of labour unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour code">Labour code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Prison strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a 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title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" 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