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<li id="toc-Innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadening_admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadening_admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Broadening admissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadening_admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>African Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018—2022_Anatomical_Gifts_morgue_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018—2022_Anatomical_Gifts_morgue_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2018—2022 Anatomical Gifts morgue scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018—2022_Anatomical_Gifts_morgue_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Medical education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Admissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Graduate education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Graduate_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Graduate education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Graduate_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PhD_degree_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PhD_degree_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>PhD degree programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PhD_degree_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Master's_degree_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master's_degree_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Master's degree programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Master's_degree_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postgraduate_certificate_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postgraduate_certificate_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Postgraduate certificate programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postgraduate_certificate_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliated_teaching_hospitals_and_research_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliated_teaching_hospitals_and_research_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Affiliated teaching hospitals and research institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliated_teaching_hospitals_and_research_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvard Medical School</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="كلية هارفارد للطب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلية هارفارد للطب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="হার্ভার্ড মেডিকেল স্কুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হার্ভার্ড মেডিকেল স্কুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Медицинско училище на Харвард – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Медицинско училище на Харвард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harvard Medical School" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harvard Medical School" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_de_Medicina_Harvard" title="Escuela de Medicina Harvard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela de Medicina Harvard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="دانشکده پزشکی هاروارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشکده پزشکی هاروارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harvard Medical School" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultade_de_Medicina_Harvard" title="Facultade de Medicina Harvard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Facultade de Medicina Harvard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84%EB%93%9C_%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%A0%84%EB%AC%B8%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EC%9B%90" title="하버드 의학전문대학원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하버드 의학전문대학원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harvard Medical School" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="בית הספר לרפואה באוניברסיטת הרווארד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית הספר לרפואה באוניברסיטת הרווארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scola_Medical_Harvard" title="Scola Medical Harvard – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scola Medical Harvard" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹാർവാർഡ് മെഡിക്കൽ സ്കൂൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാർവാർഡ് മെഡിക്കൽ സ്കൂൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مدرسة طب هارفارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدرسة طب هارفارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harvard Medical School" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="ハーバード大学医学大学院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーバード大学医学大学院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvard_Tibbiyot_maktabi" title="Garvard Tibbiyot maktabi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Garvard Tibbiyot maktabi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harvard Medical School" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_de_Medicina_Harvard" title="Escola de Medicina Harvard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escola de Medicina Harvard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultatea_de_Medicin%C4%83_Harvard" title="Facultatea de Medicină Harvard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Facultatea de Medicină Harvard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гарвардская медицинская школа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарвардская медицинская школа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harvard Medical School" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_%C3%9Cniversitesi_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi" title="Harvard Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harvard Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гарвардська медична школа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарвардська медична школа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Harvard+Medical+School%22">"Harvard Medical School"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Harvard+Medical+School%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Harvard+Medical+School%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Harvard+Medical+School%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Harvard+Medical+School%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Harvard+Medical+School%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Harvard Medical School</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Harvard_Medical_School_shield.svg/150px-Harvard_Medical_School_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Harvard_Medical_School_shield.svg/225px-Harvard_Medical_School_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Harvard_Medical_School_shield.svg/300px-Harvard_Medical_School_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="241" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Harvard_University" title="Heraldry of Harvard University">Coat of arms</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">September 19, 1782<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1782-09-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent institution</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Daley" title="George Q. Daley">George Q. Daley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,694<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_and_Figures_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_Figures-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Totals:</b> <ul><li>MD – 712</li> <li>PhD – 915</li> <li>DMD – 140</li> <li>Master's – 269</li> <li>DMSc – 39</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harvard_Medical_School&params=42_20_13_N_71_06_14_W_type:edu"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°20′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°06′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.33694°N 71.10389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.33694; -71.10389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hms.harvard.edu/">hms<wbr />.harvard<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Harvard_Medical_School_seal.svg/250px-Harvard_Medical_School_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Harvard_Medical_School_seal.svg/375px-Harvard_Medical_School_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Harvard_Medical_School_seal.svg/500px-Harvard_Medical_School_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="63" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harvard Medical School</b> (<b>HMS</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and is located in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. Founded in 1782, HMS is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provides patient care, medical education, and research training through its 15 clinical affiliates and research institutes, including <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital"> Massachusetts General Hospital</a> (MGH), <a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Boston Children's Hospital">Boston Children's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute" title="Dana–Farber Cancer Institute">Dana–Farber Cancer Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center" title="Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Hospital" title="Mount Auburn Hospital">Mount Auburn Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/McLean_Hospital" title="McLean Hospital">McLean Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Health_Alliance" title="Cambridge Health Alliance">Cambridge Health Alliance</a>, The Baker Center for Children and Families, <a href="/wiki/Spaulding_Rehabilitation_Hospital" title="Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital">Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital</a>, and others<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harvard Medical School also partners with newer entities such as Harvard Catalyst, <a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute"> Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard</a>, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, the Center for Primary Care, and <a href="/wiki/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering" title="Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering">Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Medical_College_ca1824_MasonSt_Boston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The old building of Massachusetts Medical College on Mason Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Massachusetts_Medical_College_ca1824_MasonSt_Boston.png/235px-Massachusetts_Medical_College_ca1824_MasonSt_Boston.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Massachusetts_Medical_College_ca1824_MasonSt_Boston.png/353px-Massachusetts_Medical_College_ca1824_MasonSt_Boston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Massachusetts_Medical_College_ca1824_MasonSt_Boston.png/470px-Massachusetts_Medical_College_ca1824_MasonSt_Boston.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Massachusetts Medical College on Mason Street</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_new_Massachusetts_Medical_College_in_Grove_St.,_Boston,_by_William_Comely_Sharp,_W._Sharp_%26_Co_Lith,_c._1840s,_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_37720s00b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The new Massachusetts Medical College on Grove St., Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_new_Massachusetts_Medical_College_in_Grove_St.%2C_Boston%2C_by_William_Comely_Sharp%2C_W._Sharp_%26_Co_Lith%2C_c._1840s%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_37720s00b.jpg/235px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_new_Massachusetts_Medical_College_in_Grove_St.%2C_Boston%2C_by_William_Comely_Sharp%2C_W._Sharp_%26_Co_Lith%2C_c._1840s%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_37720s00b.jpg/353px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_new_Massachusetts_Medical_College_in_Grove_St.%2C_Boston%2C_by_William_Comely_Sharp%2C_W._Sharp_%26_Co_Lith%2C_c._1840s%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_37720s00b.jpg/470px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="2236" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Massachusetts Medical College on Grove Street in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Harvard Medical School quadrangle in Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/235px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/353px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/470px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3869" data-file-height="2569" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Harvard Medical School quadrangle in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical and Academic Area</a> in Boston</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Harvard Medical School was founded on September 19, 1782, on the initiative of Harvard President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Willard" title="Joseph Willard">Joseph Willard</a>. The founding faculty were <a href="/wiki/John_Warren_(surgeon,_born_1753)" title="John Warren (surgeon, born 1753)">John Warren</a>, Aaron Dexter, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse" title="Benjamin Waterhouse">Benjamin Waterhouse</a>. It is the third-oldest medical school in the United States, after the <a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania">Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" title="Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons">Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons</a>. </p><p>Lectures were first held in the basement of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Hall" title="Harvard Hall">Harvard Hall</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Holden_Chapel" title="Holden Chapel">Holden Chapel</a>. Students paid no tuition but purchased tickets to five or six daily lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two students graduated in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following century, the school moved locations several times due to changing clinical relationships, a function of the fact that Harvard Medical School does not directly own or operate a teaching hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1810, the school moved to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> at what is now downtown Washington Street. In 1816, the school was moved to Mason Street and was called the Massachusetts Medical College of Harvard University in recognition of a gift from the Great and General Court of Massachusetts. In 1847, the school was moved to Grove Street to be closer to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a>. In 1883, the school was relocated to Copley Square.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this move, <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a> became Harvard's president in 1869,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and found the medical school in the worst condition of any part of the university. He instituted drastic reforms that raised admissions standards, instituted a formal degree program, and defined HMS as a professional school within Harvard University that laid the groundwork for its transformation into one of the leading medical schools in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, the school moved to its present location in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical and Academic Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations">Innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvard Medical School postdoctoral trainees and faculty have been associated with several important medical and public health innovations:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Introduction of smallpox vaccination to America</li> <li>Introduction of insulin to the US to treat <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a></li> <li>Comprehending of the role of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a> in treating anemia</li> <li>Identification of <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" title="Coenzyme A">coenzyme A</a> and understanding of proteins</li> <li>Developing tissue culture methods for the <a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">polio virus</a>, which paved the way for vaccines against polio</li> <li>Mapping the visual system of the brain</li> <li>Development of the first successful <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Childhood_leukemia" title="Childhood leukemia">childhood leukemia</a></li> <li>Development of the first implantable cardiac pacemaker</li> <li>Discovering the inheritance of immunity to infection</li> <li>Development of artificial skin for burn victims</li> <li>First successful <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valve</a> surgery (at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, 1923)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First successful human kidney transplant</li> <li>First reattachment of a severed human limb</li> <li>Discovery of the genes that cause <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Gehrig's disease">Lou Gehrig's disease</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, among many others</li> <li>Establishing the importance of tumor vascular supply (angiogenesis) and seeding vascular biology</li></ul></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_Entrance_of_Massachusetts_General_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Front_Entrance_of_Massachusetts_General_Hospital.jpg/220px-Front_Entrance_of_Massachusetts_General_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Front_Entrance_of_Massachusetts_General_Hospital.jpg/330px-Front_Entrance_of_Massachusetts_General_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Front_Entrance_of_Massachusetts_General_Hospital.jpg/440px-Front_Entrance_of_Massachusetts_General_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2957" data-file-height="2983" /></a><figcaption> Front entrance of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)</a>, the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadening_admissions">Broadening admissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Broadening admissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-1847, professor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Channing_(physician)" title="Walter Channing (physician)">Walter Channing</a>'s proposal that women be admitted to lectures and examinations was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College">President and Fellows of Harvard College</a>. That year <a href="/wiki/Harriot_Kezia_Hunt" title="Harriot Kezia Hunt">Harriot Hunt</a> became the first woman to apply to Harvard Medical School. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> had recently been made Dean of the school and initially considered accepting her application. He was heavily criticized by the all-male student body<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the university overseers and other faculty members, and she was asked to withdraw her application.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a>'s graduation from <a href="/wiki/Geneva_College" title="Geneva College">Geneva College</a> in 1849, Hunt applied to Harvard again, but was denied.<sup id="cite_ref-AMB1920_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMB1920-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866, two women with extensive medical education elsewhere applied but were denied admission. In 1867, a single faculty member's vote blocked the admission of <a href="/wiki/Susan_Dimock" title="Susan Dimock">Susan Dimock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, Harvard declined a gift of $10,000 conditioned on the medical school admitting women medical students on the same terms as men. A similar offer of $50,000, by a group of ten women including <a href="/wiki/Marie_Elizabeth_Zakrzewska" title="Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska">Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska</a>, was declined in 1882; a committee of five was appointed to study the matter. After the medical school moved from North Grove Street to Boylston Street in 1883, professor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ingersoll_Bowditch" title="Henry Ingersoll Bowditch">Henry Ingersoll Bowditch</a>'s proposal that the North Grove Street premises be used for medical education for women was rejected. </p><p>In 1943, a dean's committee recommended the admission of women, the proportion of men and women being dependent solely on the qualifications of the applicants.<sup id="cite_ref-beecher_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beecher-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, the first class of women was admitted;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> projected benefits included helping male students learn to view women as equals, increasing the number of physicians in lower-paid specialties typically shunned by men, and replacing the weakest third of all-male classes with better-qualified women.<sup id="cite_ref-First_class_of_women_admitted_to_Harvard_Medical_School,_1945_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_class_of_women_admitted_to_Harvard_Medical_School,_1945-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1972, about one-fifth of Harvard medical students were women.<sup id="cite_ref-beecher_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beecher-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850, three black men, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Laing_Jr." title="Daniel Laing Jr.">Daniel Laing Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_H._Snowden" title="Isaac H. Snowden">Isaac H. Snowden</a>, were admitted to the school but were later expelled under pressure from faculty and other students. </p><p>In 1968, in response to a petition signed by hundreds of medical students, the faculty established a commission on relations with the black community in Boston; at the time less than one percent of Harvard medical students were black. By 1973, the number of black students admitted had tripled, and by the next year, it had quadrupled.<sup id="cite_ref-beecher_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beecher-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, HMS appointed its first African American full professor of medicine, <a href="/wiki/Valerie_E._Stone" title="Valerie E. Stone">Valerie E. Stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year they also appointed their first African-American professor of <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>, Stone's former classmate <a href="/wiki/Tina_Young_Poussaint" title="Tina Young Poussaint">Tina Young Poussaint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 <a href="/wiki/LaShyra_Nolen" title="LaShyra Nolen">LaShyra Nolen</a> was the first black woman to be elected class president of Harvard Medical School.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018—2022_Anatomical_Gifts_morgue_scandal"><span id="2018.E2.80.942022_Anatomical_Gifts_morgue_scandal"></span>2018—2022 Anatomical Gifts morgue scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2018—2022 Anatomical Gifts morgue scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 14, 2023, the morgue manager for the Anatomical Gifts Program at Harvard Medical School, <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedric Lodge">Cedric Lodge</a>, and associates were criminally charged with theft of human organs by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Attorney_for_the_Middle_District_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania">U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve lawsuits were subsequently filed against the school by families of Lodge's victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 17, 2024, a lawyer representing Harvard urged Suffolk County Superior Court Judge Kenneth Salinger to dismiss the lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_education">Medical education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medical education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_of_the_Warren_Anatomical_Museum_(1910)_(14760804254).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bulletin_of_the_Warren_Anatomical_Museum_%281910%29_%2814760804254%29.jpg/220px-Bulletin_of_the_Warren_Anatomical_Museum_%281910%29_%2814760804254%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bulletin_of_the_Warren_Anatomical_Museum_%281910%29_%2814760804254%29.jpg/330px-Bulletin_of_the_Warren_Anatomical_Museum_%281910%29_%2814760804254%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bulletin_of_the_Warren_Anatomical_Museum_%281910%29_%2814760804254%29.jpg/440px-Bulletin_of_the_Warren_Anatomical_Museum_%281910%29_%2814760804254%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3052" /></a><figcaption>The 1910 photo shows abnormal specimens in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Anatomical_Museum" title="Warren Anatomical Museum">Warren Anatomical Museum</a> at HMS (named for its founder <a href="/wiki/John_Collins_Warren_(surgeon,_born_1778)" title="John Collins Warren (surgeon, born 1778)">John Collins Warren</a>, first Dean of HMS).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvard Medical School has gone through many curricular revisions for its MD program. In recent decades, HMS has maintained a three-phase curriculum with a classroom-based pre-clerkship phase, a principal clinical experience (PCE), and a post-PCE phase.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-clerkship phase has two curricular tracks. The majority of students enter the more traditional Pathways track that focuses on active learning and earlier entry into the clinic with courses that include students from the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">Harvard School of Dental Medicine</a>. Pathways students gain early exposure to the clinic through a longitudinal clinical skills course that lasts the duration of the pre-clerkship phase. A small portion of each class enters the <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology">HST</a> track, which is jointly administered with <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>. The HST track is designed to train physician-scientists with an emphasis on basic physiology and quantitative understanding of biological processes through courses that include <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy"> Ph.D.</a> students from MIT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Admissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admission to Harvard Medical School's <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a> program is highly selective. There are 165 total spots for each incoming class, with 135 spots in the Pathways curriculum and 30 spots in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_of_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard–MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology">HST</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both use a single application, each curricular track independently evaluates applicants. </p><p>For the MD Class of 2023, 6,815 candidates applied, and 227 were admitted (3.3%). There was a matriculation rate of 73%.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_and_Figures_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_Figures-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Master of Medical Sciences (MMSc) program in Global Health Delivery, the Fall 2020 admissions rate was 8.2%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For 2024, <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> ranked Harvard Medical School #1 in Best Medical Schools: Research and tied #22 in Best Medical Schools: Primary Care.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graduate_education">Graduate education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Graduate education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PhD_degree_programs">PhD degree programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: PhD degree programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are nine PhD programs based in Harvard Medical School.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students in these programs are enrolled in the Division of Medical Sciences in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a> (GSAS) and are part of the HILS (Harvard Integrated Life Sciences) inter-program federation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Master's_degree_programs"><span id="Master.27s_degree_programs"></span>Master's degree programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Master's degree programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvard Medical School offers two types of master's degrees, Master of Medical Sciences (MMSc) degrees and Master of Science (MS) degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postgraduate_certificate_programs">Postgraduate certificate programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Postgraduate certificate programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvard Medical School offers several Postgraduate Certificate programs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These graduate-level programs may run up to twelve months. Admitted participants are awarded a Certificate from Harvard Medical School upon successful completion, and are eligible for associate membership in the Harvard Alumni Association.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliated_teaching_hospitals_and_research_institutes">Affiliated teaching hospitals and research institutes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Affiliated teaching hospitals and research institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvard Medical School does not directly own or operate any hospitals and instead relies on affiliated teaching hospitals for clinical education. Medical students primarily complete their clinical experiences at the following hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical faculty at Harvard Medical School generally hold a concurrent appointment as a physician or a surgeon at one of the affiliated hospitals. Basic science faculty at Harvard Medical School may hold the primary appointment at the School itself or one of the affiliated hospitals. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 19em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute" title="Dana–Farber Cancer Institute">Dana–Farber Cancer Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center" title="Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Boston Children's Hospital">Boston Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Health_Alliance" title="Cambridge Health Alliance">Cambridge Health Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Pilgrim_Health_Care#Overview" title="Harvard Pilgrim Health Care">Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_School" title="Rashi School">Hebrew SeniorLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joslin_Diabetes_Center" title="Joslin Diabetes Center">Joslin Diabetes Center</a></li> <li>The Baker Center for Children and Families</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Eye_and_Ear" title="Massachusetts Eye and Ear">Massachusetts Eye and Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLean_Hospital" title="McLean Hospital">McLean Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Hospital" title="Mount Auburn Hospital">Mount Auburn Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaulding_Rehabilitation_Hospital" title="Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital">Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VA_Boston_Healthcare_System" title="VA Boston Healthcare System">VA Boston Healthcare System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_Medical_School_alumni" title="List of Harvard Medical School alumni">List of Harvard Medical School alumni</a></div> <p>As of 2020, there are over 10,425 alumni.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_and_Figures_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_Figures-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has trained more Nobel Prize winners in Medicine and Physiology than any other medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Medical_Library" title="Boston Medical Library">Boston Medical Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">Harvard School of Dental Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people" title="List of Harvard University people">List of Harvard University people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Anatomical_Museum" title="Warren Anatomical Museum">Warren Anatomical Museum</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Medical_School&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Facts_and_Figures-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_and_Figures_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_and_Figures_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_and_Figures_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/facts-figures">"Facts and Figures"</a>. <i>Harvard Medical School</i>. Harvard University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324000116/https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/facts-figures">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Deans (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HMS_Deans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HMS Deans"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_Harvard_University&#039;s_Faculty_of_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deans of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Harvard University</span></a>'s <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Faculty of Medicine</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_Warren_(surgeon,_born_1778)" title="John Collins Warren (surgeon, born 1778)">John Collins Warren</a> (1816–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jackson_(physician)" title="James Jackson (physician)">James Jackson</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(physician)" title="John Gorham (physician)">John Gorham</a> (1818–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Channing_(physician)" title="Walter Channing (physician)">Walter Channing</a> (1819–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bigelow" title="Jacob Bigelow">Jacob Bigelow</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_Warren_(surgeon,_born_1778)" title="John Collins Warren (surgeon, born 1778)">John Collins Warren</a> (1821–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Channing_(physician)" title="Walter Channing (physician)">Walter Channing</a> (1826–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> (1847–1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Jackson" title="J. B. S. Jackson">J. B. S. Jackson</a> (1853–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_Storer" title="David Humphreys Storer">David Humphreys Storer</a> (1855–1864)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Cheyne_Shattuck_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Cheyne Shattuck Jr. (page does not exist)">George Cheyne Shattuck Jr.</a> (1864–1869)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Ellis_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvin Ellis (physician) (page does not exist)">Calvin Ellis</a> (1869–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pickering_Bowditch" title="Henry Pickering Bowditch">Henry Pickering Bowditch</a> (1883–1893)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lambert_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lambert Richardson (page does not exist)">William Lambert Richardson</a> (1893–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Asbury_Christian" title="Henry Asbury Christian">Henry Asbury Christian</a> (1908–1912)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Hickling_Bradford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Hickling Bradford (page does not exist)">Edward Hickling Bradford</a> (1912–1918)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Linn_Edsall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Linn Edsall (page does not exist)">David Linn Edsall</a> (1918–1935)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sidney_Burwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Sidney Burwell (page does not exist)">Charles Sidney Burwell</a> (1935–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Packer_Berry" title="George Packer Berry">George Packer Berry</a> (1949–1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Higgins_Ebert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Higgins Ebert (page does not exist)">Robert Higgins Ebert</a> (1965–1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_C._Tosteson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel C. Tosteson (page does not exist)">Daniel C. Tosteson</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Martin" title="Joseph B. Martin">Joseph B. Martin</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Flier" title="Jeffrey Flier">Jeffrey Flier</a> (2007–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Daley" title="George Q. Daley">George Q. Daley</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harvard_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_University" title="Template:Harvard University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harvard_University" title="Template talk:Harvard University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harvard_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Harvard University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Harvard_University" title="History of Harvard University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman)" title="John Harvard (clergyman)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">John Harvard</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Harvard" title="Statue of John Harvard"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">statue</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">President</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garber" title="Alan Garber"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Alan Garber</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers" title="Harvard Board of Overseers"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Board of Overseers</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">President and Fellows</span></a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Provost</span> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Manning" title="John F. Manning"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">John Manning</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Library</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"><span style="color:white">Arts and<br /> Sciences</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Hopi_Hoekstra" title="Hopi Hoekstra">Hopi Hoekstra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"><span style="color:white">College</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Khurana" title="Rakesh Khurana">Rakesh Khurana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories" title="List of Harvard College freshman dormitories">Freshman dormitories</a></li> <li>Upperclass houses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabot_House" title="Cabot House">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currier_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Currier House (Harvard College)">Currier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Community" title="Dudley Community">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunster_House" title="Dunster House">Dunster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_House_(Harvard_College)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot House (Harvard College)">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkland_House" title="Kirkland House">Kirkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_House" title="Leverett House">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_House" title="Lowell House">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mather_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Mather House (Harvard College)">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_House" title="Pforzheimer House">Pforzheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Quincy House (Harvard College)">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_House" title="Winthrop House">Winthrop</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_undergraduate_organizations" title="List of Harvard College undergraduate organizations">Undergraduate organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals" title="Hasty Pudding Theatricals">Hasty Pudding Theatricals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate" title="The Harvard Advocate">The Harvard Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent" title="The Harvard Independent">The Harvard Independent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Lampoon" title="The Harvard Lampoon">The Harvard Lampoon</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Athletics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_baseball" title="Harvard Crimson baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball" title="Harvard Crimson men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_basketball" title="Harvard Crimson women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_fencing" title="Harvard Crimson fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey">Men's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey">Women's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Harvard Crimson men's lacrosse">Men's lacrosse‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_rugby" title="Harvard rugby">Men's rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_women%27s_rugby" title="Harvard women's rugby">Women's rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_soccer" title="Harvard Crimson men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_soccer" title="Harvard Crimson women's soccer">Women's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_squash" title="Harvard Crimson men's squash">Men's squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_volleyball" title="Harvard Crimson men's volleyball">Men's volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_volleyball" title="Harvard Crimson women's volleyball">Women's volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry" title="Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry">Cornell hockey rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry" title="Harvard–Yale football rivalry">Yale football rivalry</a></li> <li>Stadiums and arenas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beanpot_(ice_hockey)" title="Beanpot (ice hockey)">Beanpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright-Landry_Hockey_Center" title="Bright-Landry Hockey Center">Bright-Landry Hockey Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium">Harvard Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Field" title="Jordan Field">Jordan Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavietes_Pavilion" title="Lavietes Pavilion">Lavietes Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohiri_Field" title="Ohiri Field">Ohiri Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkin_Athletic_Center" title="Malkin Athletic Center">Malkin Athletic Center</a></li></ul></li> <li>Boathouses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newell_Boathouse" title="Newell Boathouse">Newell Boathouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weld_Boathouse" title="Weld Boathouse">Weld Boathouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Division_of_Continuing_Education" title="Harvard Division of Continuing Education"><span style="color:white">Continuing Education</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean Nancy Coleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School">Extension School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Harvard_Extension_School" title="History of Harvard Extension School">Extension School history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Summer_School" title="Harvard Summer School">Summer School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"><span style="color:white">Engineering and<br />Applied Sciences</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/David_C._Parkes" title="David C. Parkes">David C. Parkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Laboratory_of_Physics" title="Lyman Laboratory of Physics">Lyman Laboratory of Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><span style="color:white">Graduate School</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Emma_Dench" title="Emma Dench">Emma Dench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabot_Science_Library" title="Cabot Science Library">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching_Library" title="Harvard–Yenching Library">Harvard-Yenching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Review" title="Harvard Review">Harvard Review</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamont_Library" title="Lamont Library">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusey_Library" title="Pusey Library">Pusey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widener_Library" title="Widener Library">Widener</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Elkins_Widener" title="Harry Elkins Widener">Harry Elkins Widener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Elkins_Widener" title="Eleanor Elkins Widener">Eleanor Elkins Widener</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossman_Library" title="Grossman Library">Grossman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Centers, institutes,<br />and societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Asia Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchins_Center_for_African_and_African_American_Research" title="Hutchins Center for African and African American Research">Center for African and African American Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Research_Institute" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute">Du Bois Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics">Center for Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbank_Center_for_Chinese_Studies" title="Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies">Center for Chinese Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minda_de_Gunzburg_Center_for_European_Studies" title="Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies">Center for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts" title="Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts">Center for Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Hellenic_Studies" title="Center for Hellenic Studies">Center for Hellenic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Forest" title="Harvard Forest">Harvard Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rowland_Institute_at_Harvard" title="The Rowland Institute at Harvard">Rowland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Ukrainian Research Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School"><span style="color:white">Business</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Srikant_Datar" title="Srikant Datar">Srikant Datar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Library/Bloomberg_Center" title="Baker Library/Bloomberg Center">Baker Library/Bloomberg Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Publishing" title="Harvard Business Publishing">Harvard Business Publishing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School_RFC" title="Harvard Business School RFC">Harvard Business School RFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangler_Center" title="Spangler Center">Spangler Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design"><span style="color:white">Design</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Whiting" title="Sarah Whiting">Sarah Whiting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Design_Magazine" title="Harvard Design Magazine">Harvard Design Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies" title="Joint Center for Housing Studies">Center for Housing Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School"><span style="color:white">Divinity</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/David_N._Hempton" title="David N. Hempton">David N. Hempton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education"><span style="color:white">Education</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Terry_Long" title="Bridget Terry Long">Bridget Terry Long</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School"><span style="color:white">Government</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean Jeremy M. Weinstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Center_for_Democratic_Governance_and_Innovation" title="Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation">Ash Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_Center_for_Human_Rights_Policy" title="Carr Center for Human Rights Policy">Carr Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_%26_Lily_Safra_Center_for_Ethics" title="Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Ethics">Center for Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies" title="Joint Center for Housing Studies">Center for Housing Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauser_Center_for_Nonprofit_Organizations" title="Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations">Center for Nonprofit Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Leadership" title="Center for Public Leadership">Center for Public Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Institute_of_Politics" title="Harvard Institute of Politics">Institute of Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappaport_Institute_for_Greater_Boston" title="Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston">Rappaport Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorenstein_Center_on_Media,_Politics_and_Public_Policy" title="Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy">Shorenstein Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Journalist%27s_Resource" title="The Journalist's Resource">The Journalist's Resource</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School"><span style="color:white">Law</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/John_F._Manning" title="John F. Manning">John F. Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society" title="Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society">Berkman Klein Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Civil_Rights%E2%80%93Civil_Liberties_Law_Review" title="Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review">Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_International_Law_Journal" title="Harvard International Law Journal">International Law Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Law_%26_Technology" title="Harvard Journal of Law & Technology">Journal of Law & Technology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_on_Legislation" title="Harvard Journal on Legislation">Journal on Legislation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Record" title="Harvard Law Record">Law Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Law Review</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Medicine</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/George_Q._Daley" title="George Q. Daley">George Q. Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Medical_Library" title="Boston Medical Library">Medical Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Anatomical_Museum" title="Warren Anatomical Museum">Anatomical Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology">Program in Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">School of Dental Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health"><span style="color:white">Public Health</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Ann_Williams" title="Michelle Ann Williams">Michelle Ann Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Museums and<br /> arboretum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum" title="Arnold Arboretum">Arnold Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums" title="Harvard Art Museums">Harvard Art Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Archaeology and Ethnology Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busch%E2%80%93Reisinger_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Busch–Reisinger Museum">Busch–Reisinger Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Museum">Fogg Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Sackler Museum">Sackler Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Collection_of_Historical_Scientific_Instruments" title="Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments">Collection of Scientific Instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_Flowers" title="Glass Flowers">Glass Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mineralogical_Museum" title="Harvard Mineralogical Museum">Mineralogical Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Artemas_Ward_House" title="General Artemas Ward House">General Artemas Ward House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Harvard Museum of Natural History">Natural History Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology" title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">Comparative Zoology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Herbaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East">Museum of the Ancient Near East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Cambridge<br /> campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boylston_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Boylston Hall (Harvard University)">Boylston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stow_Bradley_Jr._Memorial" title="Robert Stow Bradley Jr. Memorial">Bradley Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discobolus_(Harvard_University)" title="Discobolus (Harvard University)">Discobolus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Harvard_Yard" title="Gates of Harvard Yard">Gates of Harvard Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Center" title="Harvard Graduate Center">Graduate Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Hall" title="Harvard Hall">Harvard Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University" title="Memorial Church of Harvard University">Memorial Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Choir" title="Harvard University Choir">Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Memorial Hall (Harvard University)">Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Wall_I" title="Night Wall I">Night Wall I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Terrace" title="Peabody Terrace">Peabody Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Harvard)" title="President's House (Harvard)">President's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center" title="Harvard Science Center">Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Campus_Center" title="Smith Campus Center">Smith Campus Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="University Hall (Harvard University)">University Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Centers and<br /> institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Innovation_Labs" title="Harvard Innovation Labs">Harvard Innovation Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Computing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute" title="Harvard Radcliffe Institute">Harvard Radcliffe Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_Library" title="Schlesinger Library">Schlesinger Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Theater_Training" title="Institute for Advanced Theater Training">Institute for Advanced Theater Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieman_Foundation_for_Journalism" title="Nieman Foundation for Journalism">Nieman Foundation for Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Colegio_Complutense" title="Real Colegio Complutense">Real Colegio Complutense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_I_Tatti" title="Villa I Tatti">Villa I Tatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering" title="Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering">Wyss Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people" title="List of Harvard University people">List of Harvard University people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_non-graduate_alumni" title="List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni">Non-graduate alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Harvard" title="Fair Harvard">Alma mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_traditions_of_Harvard_commencements" title="History and traditions of Harvard commencements">Commencement traditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University" title="Academic regalia of Harvard University">Academic regalia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Students_Union" title="Harvard Graduate Students Union">Graduate Students Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Harvard_University" title="Heraldry of Harvard University">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Tercentenary_celebration" title="Harvard Tercentenary celebration">Tercentenary celebration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Magazine" title="Harvard Magazine">Harvard Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Jersey_Harvard" title="Lionel de Jersey Harvard">Lionel de Jersey Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_55" title="Math 55">Math 55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Society of Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_Professors_at_Harvard_University" title="List of University Professors at Harvard University">University Professor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_University" title="Category:Harvard University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Harvard_University" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Harvard University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Commons</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49121#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403780882">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159049506">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116828-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81139963">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884830f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884830f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Harvard Medical School"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20050162324&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1503286">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585410605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/bb42269b-22f8-478b-8568-034a9ef1e453">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/34196">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1233342">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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