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딜레이니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مارتین ډیلاني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارتین ډیلاني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Delany" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany – Tagalog" lang="tl" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Martin Delany</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Robison_Delany_(before_1885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Martin_Robison_Delany_%28before_1885%29.jpg/220px-Martin_Robison_Delany_%28before_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Martin_Robison_Delany_%28before_1885%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Martin Robison Delany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1812-05-06</span>)</span>May 6, 1812<br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town, Virginia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>), U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1885-01-24</span>)</span>January 24, 1885 (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wilberforce,_Ohio" title="Wilberforce, Ohio">Wilberforce, Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Massies Creek Cemetery, <br /><a href="/wiki/Cedarville,_Ohio" title="Cedarville, Ohio">Cedarville, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1863–1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Catherine A. Richards</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martin Robison Delany</b> (May 6, 1812 – January 24, 1885) was an American abolitionist, journalist, physician, military officer and writer who was arguably the first proponent of <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delany is credited with the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Africanist">Pan-African</a> slogan of "Africa for Africans."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born as a <a href="/wiki/Free_person_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Free person of color">free person of color</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town, Virginia</a>, now West Virginia (not <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>), and raised in <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, Delany trained as a physician's assistant. During the <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemics of 1833 and 1854 in Pittsburgh, Delany treated patients, even though many doctors and residents fled the city out of fear of contamination. In this period, people did not know how the disease was transmitted. </p><p>Delany traveled in the South in 1839 to observe slavery firsthand. Beginning in 1847, he worked alongside <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> in Rochester, New York to publish the <i><a href="/wiki/North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">North Star</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, Delany was one of the first three black men admitted to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, but all were dismissed after a few weeks because of widespread protests by white students.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delany dreamed of establishing a settlement in West Africa. He visited <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, a United States colony founded by the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, and lived in Canada for several years, but when the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> began, he returned to the United States. When the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> were created in 1863, he recruited for them. Commissioned as a major in February 1865, Delany became the first African-American <a href="/wiki/Field_grade_officer#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Field grade officer">field grade officer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. </p><p>After the Civil War, Delany went to the South, settling in South Carolina. There he worked for the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> and became politically active, including in the <a href="/wiki/Colored_Conventions_Movement" title="Colored Conventions Movement">Colored Conventions Movement</a>. Delany ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Republican_Party_of_South_Carolina" title="Independent Republican Party of South Carolina">Independent Republican</a>. He was appointed as a trial judge, but he was removed following a scandal. Delany later switched his party affiliation. He worked for the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton III</a>, who won the 1876 election for governor in a season marked by violent suppression of black Republican voters by <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> and fraud in balloting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delany was born free in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown, Virginia">Charlestown, Virginia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town, West Virginia</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>) to Pati and Samuel Delany. Although his father was enslaved, his mother was a free woman. Under Virginia's slave laws, children were considered born into the social status of their mothers (<i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus sequitur ventrem</a></i>). All of Delany's grandparents had been born in Africa. His paternal grandparents were of <a href="/wiki/Gola_people" title="Gola people">Gola</a> ethnicity (from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>), taken captive during warfare and brought as slaves to the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia colony</a>. Family oral history said that the grandfather was a <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">chieftain</a>, who had escaped to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> for a period, and died resisting slavery's abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollins_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His mother Pati's parents were born in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger Valley</a>, West Africa, and were of <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> ethnicity. Her father was said to have been a <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named Shango, captured with his betrothed Graci and brought to America as slaves. After some time, their master gave them their freedom in Virginia, perhaps based on their noble birth. Shango returned to Africa. Graci stayed in the colony with their only daughter Pati.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollins_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Delany was just a few years old, attempts were made to enslave him and a sibling. Their mother Pati carried her two youngest children 20 miles to the courthouse in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a> to argue successfully for her family's freedom, based on her own free birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollins_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he grew up, Delany and his siblings learned to read and write using <i>The New York Primer and Spelling Book</i>, given to them by a peddler. Virginia prohibited education of black people. When the book was discovered in September 1822, Pati moved with her children to nearby <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg</a> in the free state of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> to ensure their continued freedom. They had to leave their father Samuel, but a year later he was allowed to buy his freedom and he rejoined his family in Chambersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chambersburg, young Martin continued learning. Occasionally he left school to work when his family could not afford for him to study. In Pennsylvania, black children were only educated through the elementary grades, so Delany educated himself by reading. In 1831, at the age of 19, he journeyed west to the growing city of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</a>, where he attended the Cellar School of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. He apprenticed with a white physician.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delany and three other young black men were later accepted into <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, but they were forced to leave after white students protested. The whites reportedly petitioned the school to exclude applicants of color.<sup id="cite_ref-biography.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biography.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While living in Pittsburgh, in 1843 Delany met and married Catherine A. Richards. She was the daughter of a successful food provisioner, said to be one of the wealthiest families in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had eleven children, seven of whom survived into adulthood. The parents stressed education, and some of their children graduated from college.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pittsburgh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delany became involved with Trinity <a href="/wiki/A.M.E._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="A.M.E. Church">A.M.E. Church</a> on Wylie Avenue, which had classes for adults. The church was part of the first independent black denomination in the United States, which was founded earlier in the 19th century in Philadelphia. Shortly after, he learned <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> with Molliston M. Clark, who studied at <a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a>. During the national <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic in 1832, Delany became apprenticed to Dr. Andrew N. McDowell, where he learned contemporary techniques of <a href="/wiki/Fire_cupping" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire cupping">fire cupping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirudotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirudotherapy">leeching</a>, then considered the primary techniques to treat most diseases. He continued to study medicine under the mentorship of Dr. McDowell and other abolitionist doctors, such as Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne and Dr. Joseph P. Gazzam of Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delany became more active in political matters. In 1835, he attended his first National Negro Convention, held annually in Philadelphia since 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was inspired to conceive a plan to set up a 'Black Israel' on the east coast of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pittsburgh, Delany began writing on public issues. In 1843, he began publishing <i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_(newspaper)" title="Mystery (newspaper)">The Mystery</a></i>, a Black-controlled newspaper. His articles and other writings were often reprinted in other venues, such as in abolitionist <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A eulogy which Delany delivered for Rev. Fayette Davis in 1847 was widely redistributed. His activities brought controversy in 1846, when he was sued for libel by "Fiddler" Johnson, a Black man he accused in <i>The Mystery</i> of being a <a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">slave catcher</a>. Delany was convicted and fined $650 — a huge amount at the time. His white supporters in the newspaper business paid the fine for him.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> were in Pittsburgh in 1847 on an anti-slavery tour, they met with Delany. In the same year, after a falling-out of sorts occurred between Douglass and <i>The Liberator</i> editor Garrison over the use of violence in the abolition cause and the concept of a strictly African-American-run newspaper, Delany with Douglass conceived of the newspaper developed as the <i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" title="The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">North Star</a></i>: to give voice to the stories of African Americans from their own accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They started publication later that year in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, where Douglass was based. Douglass handled the editing, printing, and publishing, while Delany traveled to lecture, report, and obtain subscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1848, Delany reported in the <i>North Star</i> that U.S. District Court Justice <a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a> had instructed the jury in the <i>Crosswait</i> trial to consider it a punishable offense for a citizen to thwart those trying to "repossess" an alleged runaway slave. His coverage influenced the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> to lead a successful drive to remove McLean as a candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a> for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidency</a> later that summer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicine_and_nationalism">Medicine and nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medicine and nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While living in Pittsburgh, Delany studied medicine under doctors. He founded his own practice in cupping and leeching. In 1849, he began to study more seriously to prepare to apply to <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a>. In 1850 he was accepted into <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, after presenting letters of support from seventeen physicians, although other schools had rejected his applications. Delany was one of the first three black men to be admitted there. However, the month after his arrival, a group of white students wrote to the faculty, complaining that "the admission of blacks to the medical lectures highly detrimental to the interests, and welfare of the Institution of which we are members". They cited that they had "no objection to the education and elevation of blacks but do decidedly remonstrate against their presence in College with us."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling1996130–131_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling1996130–131-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within three weeks, Delany and his two fellow black students, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Laing,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Laing, Jr.">Daniel Laing, Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_H._Snowden" title="Isaac H. Snowden">Isaac H. Snowden</a>, were dismissed, despite many students and staff at the medical school supporting their being students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling1996133_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling1996133-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furious, Delany returned to Pittsburgh. He became convinced that the white ruling class would not allow Black people to become leaders in society, and his opinions became more extreme. His book, <i>The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered</i> (1852), argued that black people had no future in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested they should leave and found a new nation elsewhere, perhaps in the West Indies or South America. More moderate abolitionists were alienated by his position. Some resented his criticizing men who failed to hire colored men in their own businesses. Martin Delany was also actively involved in the Prince Hall <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> movement, which aligned with his efforts to promote civil rights and social progress for African Americans during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delany worked for a brief period as principal of a <a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">colored</a> school before going into practice as a physician. During a severe cholera outbreak in 1854, most doctors abandoned the city, as did many residents who could leave, since no one knew how the disease was caused nor how to control an epidemic. With a small group of nurses, Delany remained and cared for many of the ill. </p><p>Delany is rarely acknowledged in the historiography of African-American education.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is generally not included among African-American educators, perhaps because he neither featured prominently in the establishment of schools nor philosophized at length on Black education.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration">Emigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having heard stories about his parents' ancestors, he wanted to visit Africa, which he considered his spiritual home.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1854, Delany led the National Emigration Convention in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with his friend <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Whitfield" title="James Monroe Whitfield">James Monroe Whitfield</a>, the abolitionist poet, and other black activists. </p><p>Delany advanced his emigrationist argument in his second manifesto, "Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent". The 1854 convention approved a resolution stating: "[A]s men and equals, we demand every political right, privilege and position to which the whites are eligible in the United States, and we will either attain to these, or accept nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant number of women attendees also voted for the resolution, considered the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1856, Delany moved his family to <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham, Ontario">Chatham, Ontario</a>, Canada, where they remained for nearly three years. In Chatham, he assisted in <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> activities, helping resettle American refugee slaves who had reached freedom in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Vigilance_Committee" title="Chatham Vigilance Committee">Chatham Vigilance Committee</a> that sought to prevent former slaves from being returned to the United States and brought back into slavery, such as the case of Sylvanus Demarest.<sup id="cite_ref-CVC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CVC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>'s anti-slavery novel <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852), in 1859 and 1862, Delany published parts of <i><a href="/wiki/Blake;_or_the_Huts_of_America" title="Blake; or the Huts of America">Blake; or the Huts of America</a>: A Tale of the Mississippi Valley, the Southern United States, and Cuba</i> in serialized form. His novel portrayed an insurrectionist's travels through slave communities. It highlights Cuba as the source of illegal international slave trade to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that Stowe had portrayed slaves as too passive, although he praised her highlighting the cruelty of Southern slave owners. Modern scholars have praised Delany's novel as an accurate expression of black culture. The first half of Part One was serialized in <i>The Anglo-African Magazine</i>, January to July 1859. The rest of Part One and Part Two was included in serial form in the <i>Weekly Anglo African Magazine</i> from 1861 to 1862. It was not published in book form until 1970 and the last chapters remain missing.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1859, Delany sailed from New York for <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, to investigate the possibility of a new black nation in the region. The colony had been founded by the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> to relocate free black people outside of the United States. He traveled for nine months and signed an agreement with eight indigenous chiefs in the <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a> region, in today's <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, that would permit settlers to live on "unused land" in return for applying their skills for the community's good.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a question whether Delany and the chiefs shared the same concepts of land use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The treaty was later dissolved due to warfare in the region, opposition by white missionaries, and the advent of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In April 1860, Delany left Liberia for England. His presence at the International Statistical Congress in London in July of that year discomfited the American minister to Great Britain, former Vice-president <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a>:</p><blockquote><p>Toward the close of the session, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Lord Brougham</a>, seeing Mr. Dallas, the American Minister, present, said: 'I hope my friend Mr. Dallas will forgive me reminding him that there is a negro present, a member of the Congress.' (Loud laughter and vociferous cheering.) After the cheering had subsided, Mr. Dallas made no sign, but the negro in question, who happened to be Dr. Martin R. Delany, from Canada, rose, amid loud cheers, and said: 'I pray your Royal Highness will allow me to thank his lordship, who is always a most unflinching friend of the negro, for the observation he has made, and I assure your Royal Highness and his lordship that I am a man.' This novel and unexpected incident elicited a round of cheering very extraordinary for an assembly of sedate statisticians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>According to some sources, an abashed American delegate walked out in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As 1860 ended, Delany returned to the United States. The next year, he began planning settlement of Abeokuta, and gathered a group of potential settlers and funding. However, when Delany decided to remain in the United States to work for emancipation of slaves, the pioneer plans fell apart.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_Army_service">Union Army service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Union Army service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_Martin_Delany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Major_Martin_Delany.jpg/220px-Major_Martin_Delany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Major_Martin_Delany.jpg/330px-Major_Martin_Delany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Major_Martin_Delany.jpg/440px-Major_Martin_Delany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Martin R. Delany was the only black officer who received the rank of major during the Civil War.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863, after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> had called for a military draft, the 51-year-old Delany abandoned his dream of starting a new settlement on Africa's West Coast. Instead, he began recruiting black men for the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. His efforts in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> raised thousands of enlistees, many of whom joined the newly formed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a>. His son Toussaint Louverture Delany (named after <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> a major leader of the Haitian Revolution) served with the 54th Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senior Delany wrote to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a>, requesting that he make efforts "to command all of the effective black men as Agents of the United States", but the request was ignored. During the recruitment, 179,000 black men enlisted in the U.S. Colored Troops, almost 10 percent of all who served in the Union army.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1865, Delany was granted an audience with Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed a corps of black men led by black officers, who he believed could serve to win over black Southerners to the Union side. Although the government had already rejected a similar appeal by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, Lincoln was impressed by Delany and described him as "a most extraordinary and intelligent man" in a written memo to his Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delany was commissioned as a major in February 1865, becoming the first black field officer in the United States Army and achieving the highest rank an African-American field officer would reach during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The highest-ranking African-American officer of the Civil War, among those who received their commissions from the United States government, was Dr. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Thomas_Augusta" title="Alexander Thomas Augusta">Alexander Thomas Augusta</a>, a medical officer who obtained the rank of Lt. Colonel by brevet.) </p><p>Delany especially wanted to lead colored troops into <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, the former secessionist hotbed. When Union forces captured the city, Major Delany was invited to the War Department ceremony in which Major General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Robert Anderson</a> would unfurl the very flag over <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> that he had been forced to lower four years earlier. Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> and abolitionists <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a> also participated in the ceremony. Major Delany had recruited black Charlestonians to restore the capacity of the 103rd and 104th regiments and start the 105th regiment of U.S. Colored Troops. He arrived at the ceremony with Robert Vesey, son of <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a>, who had been executed for starting a slave rebellion. The man came in the <i>Planter</i>, a ship piloted by the former slave <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smalls" title="Robert Smalls">Robert Smalls</a> (who had taken it over during the war and driven the ship to Union lines, running the Confederate blockade outside Charleston Harbor). </p><p>The following day, the city learned that President Lincoln had been assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Delany continued with the planned political rally for Charleston's freedmen, with Garrison and Senator Warner as speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon published an open letter to African Americans asking them to contribute to a memorial for "the Father of American Liberty".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two weeks later, Delany was scheduled to speak at another rally, before the visiting <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>. A journalist was surprised when Delany addressed the issue of ill-feelings between black freedmen and mulattos (or "browns", <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> and mixed race) in Charleston. He said that two mulattos had informed authorities about Denmark Vesey's plans for a rebellion in 1822 conspiracy, rather than trying to promote racial healing and empowerment between the groups.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Delany initially remained with the Army and served under General <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Saxton" title="Rufus Saxton">Rufus Saxton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/52nd_United_States_Colored_Infantry_Regiment" title="52nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment">52nd U.S. Colored Troops</a>. He was later transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>, serving on <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Head,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Head, South Carolina">Hilton Head</a>. Encountering Delany at a black church in South Carolina several weeks after the end of the Civil War, journalist <a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a> described him as "a coal-black negro, in the full uniform of a Major of the army, with an enormous regulation hat" and "no lack of flowing plume, or gilt cord and knots," who, while giving an ill-received speech, was noisily interrupted by the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delany shocked white officers after the war by taking a strong position in supporting redistribution of land to freedmen. Later in 1865, Delany was mustered out of the Freedmen's Bureau and shortly afterward resigned from the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the war, Delany continued to be politically active. He established a land and brokerage business in 1871 and worked to help black cotton farmers improve their business and negotiating skills to get a better price for their product.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedman's Bank">Freedman's Bank</a> (as did Douglass), and also traveled and spoke in support of the <a href="/wiki/Colored_Conventions_Movement" title="Colored Conventions Movement">Colored Conventions Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delany also argued against carpetbaggers and black candidates for office when he saw fit. For instance, he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice presidential candidacy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Jasper_Wright" title="Jonathan Jasper Wright">Jonathan Jasper Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston" title="John Mercer Langston">John Mercer Langston</a> on the grounds of inexperience,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he opposed the candidacy of another black man as Charleston's mayor. </p><p>Delany unsuccessfully sought various positions, such as appointment as Consul General to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, Delany ran as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Republican_Party_of_South_Carolina" title="Independent Republican Party of South Carolina">Independent Republican</a> for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina (with <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_T._Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John T. Green (page does not exist)">John T. Green</a> as the gubernatorial candidate). Despite the corruption scandals that enveloped former Republican governor <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Moses,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Moses, Jr.">Franklin Moses, Jr.</a> (who chose not to run for re-election), their ticket lost to Republican Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel H. Chamberlain">Daniel H. Chamberlain</a> and his running mate <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howell_Gleaves" title="Richard Howell Gleaves">Richard Howell Gleaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delany was appointed as a trial justice (judge) in Charleston.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, charges of "defrauding a church" were brought against him. After conviction, he was forced to resign, and served time in jail. Although pardoned by Republican <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henry_Chamberlain" title="Daniel Henry Chamberlain">Governor Chamberlain</a>, with the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delany was not allowed to return to his former position. </p><p>Delany supported Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election,_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1876">1876 gubernatorial election</a>, the only prominent black person to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly as a result of black swing votes encouraged by Delany, Hampton won the election by fewer than 1,100 votes. However, the election was marred by white intimidation and violence against black Republicans, in an effort to suppress the black vote. Armed men from "rifle clubs" and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> operated openly. The latter was a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> group of mostly white men who worked to suppress black voting as "the military arm of the Democratic Party."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1876, South Carolina rifle clubs had about 20,000 white men as members.<sup id="cite_ref-cisco_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cisco-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 150 black people were killed in election-related violence.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1877, the federal government withdrew its troops from the South after reaching a compromise over the national election. This marked the end to Reconstruction, and Governor Chamberlain left the state. The Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, had taken control of South Carolina's legislature. Paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts continued to suppress black voting in the Carolinas, especially in the upland counties. </p><p>In reaction to whites regaining power and the suppression of black voting, black Charlestonians started planning again for emigration to Africa. In 1877, they formed the Liberia Exodus Joint Stock Steamship Company, with Delany as chairman of the finance committee. A year later, the company purchased a ship, the <i>Azor</i>, for the voyage led by <a href="/wiki/Harrison_N._Bouey" title="Harrison N. Bouey">Harrison N. Bouey</a>. He served as president of the board to organize the voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years_and_death">Last years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Last years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1880, Delany withdrew from the project to serve his family. Two of his children were students at <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_University" title="Wilberforce University">Wilberforce University</a> in Ohio and required money for tuition fees. His wife had been working as a seamstress to make ends meet. Delany began practicing medicine again in Charleston. On January 24, 1885, he died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce,_Ohio" title="Wilberforce, Ohio">Wilberforce, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DABV6_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delany is interred in a family plot at Massies Creek Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Cedarville,_Ohio" title="Cedarville, Ohio">Cedarville, Ohio</a>, next to his wife Catherine, who died July 11, 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For over 120 years his family plot was only marked with a small government-issued tombstone on which his name was misspelled. Three of his children, Placido (died 1910), Faustin (died 1912) and Ethiopia (died 1920), were subsequently buried alongside their parents. Every grave except Martin's remained unmarked. In 2006, after many years of fundraising, The <a href="/wiki/National_Afro-American_Museum_and_Cultural_Center" title="National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center">National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center</a> was able to raise $18,000 (~$26,179 in 2023) to have a monument built and placed at the grave site of Delany and his family. The monument is made of black granite from Africa and features an engraved picture of Delany in uniform during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Quarles" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Quarles">Benjamin Quarles</a> the most extraordinary characteristic about Delany: </p> <dl><dd>was his deep-seated pride of race in his wide range of activities.... Delaney has been called 'the father of African nationalism,' a sobriquet reflecting his pride in his color and ancestry, his insistence that Negro Americans control their destiny, and his firm belief that Black Africa would one day regain its ancient glory.... By word and deed Delaney's pride in blackness and his emotional attachment to Africa struck a responsive vein in the hearts of many Negro Americans of his day and subsequently.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>In 1853 the abolitionist poet <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Whitfield" title="James Monroe Whitfield">James Monroe Whitfield</a> dedicated his book "America and other poems" to Delany.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Historical_and_Museum_Commission" title="Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission">Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission</a> installed a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers_in_Washington_County" title="List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Washington County">historical marker</a> near 5 <a href="/wiki/PPG_Place" title="PPG Place">PPG Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, near to where Delany published '<i>The Mystery</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (August 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup> Meaning unclear.</sup> that commemorated Delany's historic importance.<sup id="cite_ref-phmcdatabase_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phmcdatabase-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a second historical marker on Main Street in Chambersburg, noting Delany's historic importance.<sup id="cite_ref-phmcdatabase_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phmcdatabase-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1999, Star Lodge #1 of the Prince Hall Masons erected a historical marker in Charles Town to honor Delany (adding an "n" to his middle name).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2002, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> listed Delany as among the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Legislature" title="West Virginia Legislature">West Virginia Legislature</a> passed a resolution to name the new bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River" title="Shenandoah River">Shenandoah River</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Route_9" title="West Virginia Route 9">West Virginia Route 9</a> the "Major Martin Robison Delany Memorial Bridge"<sup id="cite_ref-HCR_41_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCR_41-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A mannequin of Delany greets visitors at the From Slavery to Freedom exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Heinz_History_Center" title="Heinz History Center">Heinz History Center</a> in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See the bibliography, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501040100/http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/mrdwrit.htm">"Martin Delany's Writings"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived May 1, 2009), West Virginia University Library. </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17154/17154-h/17154-h.htm"><i>The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered</i></a>, (1852)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Delany_Martin_R_1812-1885#start_entry">The Origins and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry: Its Introduction into the United States and Legitimacy among Colored Men</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Delany_Martin_R_1812-1885#start_entry">Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Delany_Martin_R_1812-1885#start_entry">in <i>Proceedings of the National Emigration Convention of Colored People Held at Cleveland, Ohio the 24th, 25th and 26th of August, 1854</i></a> (1854)</li> <li>Introduction to William Nesbitt, <i>Introduction to Four Months in Liberia</i> (1855)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/africam/blakehp.html"><i>Blake, or the Huts of America</i>, (1859–62), Part I (the only part Delany published)</a>;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22118">Martin Robison Delany, <i>Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party</i> (1861)</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Delany_Martin_R_1812-1885#start_entry">University Pamphlets: A Series of Four Tracts on National Policy</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankhonline.com/ankh_num_14_15/ankh_14_15_m_beatty_martin%20delany%20and%20egyptology.pdf">Principia of Ethnology: The Origin of Races and Color, with an Archaeological Compendium of Ethiopian and Egyptian Civilization</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q29GUexeQUkC&dq=%22political+destiny+of+the+colored+race+on+the+american+continent%22&pg=PA227"><i>Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent</i></a> (1854)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">List of African-American abolitionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Chase" title="Thornton Chase">Thornton Chase</a>, a white officer in the 104th USCI</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425074314/http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/home.htm">"Martin Delany Home Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/home.htm">the original</a> on April 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Delany+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraries.wvu.edu%2Fdelany%2Fhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span> Profile] Libraries.wvu.edu; accessed August 29, 2015.<br />- Stanford, E. Martin R. Delany (1812–1885). (2014, August 6). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Delany_Martin_R_1812-1885"><i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/delany-major-martin-robison-1812-1885/">"Martin Robison Delany (1812-1885) •"</a>. 2007-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Robison+Delany+%281812-1885%29+%E2%80%A2&rft.date=2007-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fafrican-american-history%2Fdelany-major-martin-robison-1812-1885%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlisle, Rodney P., (con. Sage Publications, Thomson Gale (Firm)), <i>Encyclopedia of Politics</i>, SAGE, (2005), page 811, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412904094" title="Special:BookSources/9781412904094">9781412904094</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6I5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA811">[1]</a> (last retrieved 9 December 2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/delany-martin-r-1812-1885/">"Martin R. Delany (1812–1885) – Encyclopedia Virginia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+R.+Delany+%281812%E2%80%931885%29+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fdelany-martin-r-1812-1885%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Doris Y. (Fall 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42663111">"The 1850 Harvard Medical School dispute and the admission of African American students"</a>. <i>Harvard Library Bulletin</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 13–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8136">0017-8136</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11612967">11612967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Library+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+1850+Harvard+Medical+School+dispute+and+the+admission+of+African+American+students&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=13-27&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11612967&rft.issn=0017-8136&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Doris+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fhandle%2F1%2F42663111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollins_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4WP3QM7p30C&q=Martin+Delany%27s+mother">Frank A. Rollins, <i>Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany</i></a>, 1883, reprint 1969, Arno Press, pp. 14–17; accessed February 21, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glasco (2004), p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DABV6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DABV6_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gates Jr, Henry Louis, Emmanuel Akyeampong, and Steven J. Niven. <i>Dictionary of African Biography</i>. Vol. 6. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012. pp. 177-179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlowers1995" class="citation news cs1">Blowers, Diana (February 22, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34782234/article_on_martin_robison_delaney/">"Delany made his mark as a doctor, writer, black nationalist, officer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News" title="Dayton Daily News">Dayton Daily News</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>)</i>. p. 25 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dayton+Daily+News+%28Dayton%2C+Ohio%29&rft.atitle=Delany+made+his+mark+as+a+doctor%2C+writer%2C+black+nationalist%2C+officer&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1995-02-22&rft.aulast=Blowers&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F34782234%2Farticle_on_martin_robison_delaney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biography.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biography.com_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/martin-robison-delany-9270228">Biography of Martin Robison Delany</a>, biography.com; accessed November 4, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKxOpAh78IsC&q=Pati+Delany+case+in+Virginia">Neil A. Hamilton, <i>American Social Leaders and Activists</i></a>, Infobase Publishing, 2002, pp. 103–04, accessed February 24, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130708061731/http://www.newpittsburghcourieronline.com/index.php/featured-news/national/13530-this-week-in-black-history-5-29-13?showall=&start=3">"This Week In Black History 5-29-13"</a>. <i>New Pittsburgh Courier</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newpittsburghcourieronline.com/index.php/featured-news/national/13530-this-week-in-black-history-5-29-13?showall=&start=3">the original</a> on July 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Pittsburgh+Courier&rft.atitle=This+Week+In+Black+History+5-29-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newpittsburghcourieronline.com%2Findex.php%2Ffeatured-news%2Fnational%2F13530-this-week-in-black-history-5-29-13%3Fshowall%3D%26start%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span><br />- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/national-negro-convention-movement-1831-1864">"National Negro Convention Movement (1831-1864) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed"</a>. <i>blackpast.org</i>. April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blackpast.org&rft.atitle=National+Negro+Convention+Movement+%281831-1864%29+-+The+Black+Past%3A+Remembered+and+Reclaimed&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2F%3Fq%3Daah%2Fnational-negro-convention-movement-1831-1864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetruzzello2013" class="citation web cs1">Petruzzello, Melissa (October 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-North-Star-American-newspaper">"The North Star"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=The+North+Star&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.aulast=Petruzzello&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-North-Star-American-newspaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-R-Delany">"Martin Delany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. January 12, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Martin+Delany&rft.date=2000-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMartin-R-Delany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p69-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p109-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling1996130–131-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling1996130–131_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSterling1996">Sterling 1996</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling1996133-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling1996133_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSterling1996">Sterling 1996</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelany1852" class="citation book cs1">Delany, Martin Robison (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17154"><i>The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a>)</span>. Philadelphia, PA: Martin R. Delany.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condition%2C+Elevation%2C+Emigration%2C+and+Destiny+of+the+Colored+People+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Martin+R.+Delany&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Delany&rft.aufirst=Martin+Robison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F17154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blackpast.org/african-american-history/delany-martin-1812-1885">"Martin Delany: Prince Hall Mason and Leader"</a>. <i>BlackPast</i>. BlackPast.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BlackPast&rft.atitle=Martin+Delany%3A+Prince+Hall+Mason+and+Leader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblackpast.org%2Fafrican-american-history%2Fdelany-martin-1812-1885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, 1988; Bullock, 1967; Butchart, 1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeleke1994" class="citation journal cs1">Adeleke, Tunde (Spring 1994). "Martin R. Delany's philosophy of education: A neglected aspect of African American liberation...". <i>Journal of Negro Education</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2967385">10.2307/2967385</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2967385">2967385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Negro+Education&rft.atitle=Martin+R.+Delany%27s+philosophy+of+education%3A+A+neglected+aspect+of+African+American+liberation...&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2967385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2967385%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adeleke&rft.aufirst=Tunde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/earlyage.htm">"Timeline of Martin R. Delany's Life, The Early Years"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427103003/http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/earlyage.htm">Archived</a> 2011-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted at West Virginia University; accessed February 20, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=NECOCP">"National Emigration Convention of Colored People"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</i>. Cleveland, Ohio: Case Western Reserve University. March 4, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Emigration+Convention+of+Colored+People&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=1998-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fech.case.edu%2Fcgi%2Farticle.pl%3Fid%3DNECOCP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CVC-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CVC_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theclio.com/entry/89722">"Chatham Vigilance Committee and the Demarest Rescue"</a>. <i>Clio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clio&rft.atitle=Chatham+Vigilance+Committee+and+the+Demarest+Rescue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheclio.com%2Fentry%2F89722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tess Lloyd. "The Suppressed Fury of Enslaved Black Americans and Cubans in Martin Delany's Novel 'Blake'". <i>The Ten-Hour Day: A Blog about Nineteenth-Century Labor, Women’s Rights, Slavery, Abolition, the Civil War, and More</i>. April 16, 2023. |url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tesslloyd.com/blog/on-the-brow-of-a-volcano-cuba-the-south-and-slavery-in-martin-delanys-blake">https://tesslloyd.com/blog/on-the-brow-of-a-volcano-cuba-the-south-and-slavery-in-martin-delanys-blake</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/africam/blakehp.html"><i>Stand still and see the salvation"], </i>Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture<i>, University of Virginia, on line. Retrieved January 14, 2009.</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stand+still+and+see+the+salvation%22%5D%2C+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+%26+American+Culture%2C+University+of+Virginia%2C+on+line.+Retrieved+January+14%2C+2009.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iath.virginia.edu%2Futc%2Fafricam%2Fblakehp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Delany_Martin_R_1812-1885#start_entry">"Delany, Martin R. (1812–1885)"</a>. <i>www.encyclopediavirginia.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediavirginia.org&rft.atitle=Delany%2C+Martin+R.+%281812%E2%80%931885%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediavirginia.org%2FDelany_Martin_R_1812-1885%23start_entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" title="The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">Douglass' Monthly</a>, Sept. 1860, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transcription.si.edu/view/12248/ACM-2007.19.4_13">p.334</a>, as transcribed by Smithsonian Digital Volunteers: Transcription Center (retrieved Apr. 29, 2023); <i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Empire_(newspaper)" title="Empire (newspaper)">The Empire</a>, Sydney, Australia, Sept. 20, 1860, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60498525">p.2</a> (retrieved Apr. 29, 2023).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas R. Egerton, <i>The Wars of Reconstruction</i> (Bloomsbury Press 2014), pp. 24-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2013" class="citation book cs1">White, Deborah (2013). <i>Freedom On My Mind</i> (volume 1 ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+On+My+Mind&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=334&rft.edition=volume+1&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2013" class="citation book cs1">White, Deborah (2013). <i>Freedom On My Mind</i> (Volume 1 ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+On+My+Mind&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=335&rft.edition=Volume+1&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton, pp. 2-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton pp. 7, 14-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028782781/page/80/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>After the War: A Southern Tour, May, 1865 to May 1, 1866</i>, pp.80-82</a>, Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1866. (Reid's narrative does not name Delany, but identifies him as "the same negro about whom Lord Brougham raised that beautiful little diplomatic muddle with United States Minister Dallas, at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society in London.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Foner, <i>Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877</i> p. 546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egerton pp. 130, 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p409-410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003), p442<br />- Foner p. 543</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine (editor) and Delany (2003) p452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner p. 572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George C. Rable, <i>But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction</i>, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cisco-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cisco_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Brian Cisco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqKmExW5vE8C&q=REd+Shirts&pg=PA272"><i>Wade Hampton: Confederate Warrior, Conservative Statesman</i></a>, Potomac Books, 2004, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann" title="Nicholas Lemann">Nicholas Lemann</a>, <i>Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War</i>, New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, Paperback, 2007, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwfaam.net/event/memorial.htm">MARTIN ROBISON DELANY MONUMENT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106061821/http://www.lwfaam.net/event/memorial.htm">Archived</a> 2016-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, lwfaam.net. Retrieved January 27, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjmjr.net/delany/home.htm">Delany profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212182017/http://www.bjmjr.net/delany/home.htm">Archived</a> 2016-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, bjmjr.net. Retrieved November 24, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Garraty, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of American Biography</i> (1974) pp 270-271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield1853" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, James M. (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaotherpoem00whit"><i>America and other poems</i></a>. public domain: James S. Leavitt. pp. dedication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+other+poems&rft.place=public+domain&rft.pages=dedication&rft.pub=James+S.+Leavitt&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaotherpoem00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phmcdatabase-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phmcdatabase_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phmcdatabase_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131207041235/http://search.pahistoricalmarkers.com/">"Martin R. Delany (1812–1885) – PHMC Historical Markers"</a>. <i>Historical Marker Database</i>. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.pahistoricalmarkers.com">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Database search)</span> on December 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Marker+Database&rft.atitle=Martin+R.+Delany+%281812%E2%80%931885%29+%E2%80%93+PHMC+Historical+Markers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.pahistoricalmarkers.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Robinson Delany Historical Marker (hmdb.org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). <i>100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8">1-57392-963-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCR_41-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HCR_41_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvlegislature.gov/Bill_Status/bills_text.cfm?billdoc=hcr41%20intr.htm&yr=2017&sesstype=RS&i=41&houseorig=h&billtype=cr">"HCR 41"</a>. <i>West Virginia Legislature</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+Legislature&rft.atitle=HCR+41&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvlegislature.gov%2FBill_Status%2Fbills_text.cfm%3Fbilldoc%3Dhcr41%2520intr.htm%26yr%3D2017%26sesstype%3DRS%26i%3D41%26houseorig%3Dh%26billtype%3Dcr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal-news.net/news/local-news/2017/04/building-bridges-african-american-civil-war-majors-name-lives-on/">"Building Bridges: African-American Civil War major's name lives on"</a>. The Journal (Martinsburg, WV)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Building+Bridges%3A+African-American+Civil+War+major%27s+name+lives+on&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal-news.net%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F2017%2F04%2Fbuilding-bridges-african-american-civil-war-majors-name-lives-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/exhibits/from-slavery-to-freedom">"From Slavery to Freedom | Exhibits | Heinz History Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Slavery+to+Freedom+%26%23124%3B+Exhibits+%26%23124%3B+Heinz+History+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinzhistorycenter.org%2Fexhibits%2Ffrom-slavery-to-freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Kirk-Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. M. Kirk-Greene">A. H. M. Kirk-Greene</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/273801">"America in the Niger Valley: A Colonization Centenary"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phylon" title="Phylon">Phylon</a></i> 22:4; 23, 225–39 (1962).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Sterling" title="Dorothy Sterling">Sterling, Dorothy</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjySgYiG3DgC"><i>The Making of an Afro-American: Martin Robison Delany 1812–1885</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80721-3"><bdi>978-0-306-80721-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+an+Afro-American%3A+Martin+Robison+Delany+1812%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80721-3&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjySgYiG3DgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Asante, Molefi K., <i>Kemet, Afrocentricity, and Knowledge</i>, Africa World Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86543-188-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86543-188-4">0-86543-188-4</a></li> <li>Brittan, Jennifer C. "Martin R. Delany's Speculative Fiction and the Nineteenth-Century Economy of Slave Conspiracy." <i>Studies in American Fiction</i> 46.1 (2019): 79–102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:R5Ny5uT7pyEJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2014&scillfp=5943488865908306910&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li>Doolen, Andy. "When Mammy Lies: The Everyday Resistance of Slave Women in Martin Delany's Blake." <i>Studies in American Fiction</i> 45.1 (2018): 1–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:6hwdvaus6iMJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2014&scillfp=10413908552702825124&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1997" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Robert Steven (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYG-m1rG3dIC"><i>Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4633-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4633-3"><bdi>0-8078-4633-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Delany%2C+Frederick+Douglass%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Representative+Identity&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8078-4633-3&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCYG-m1rG3dIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelany2003" class="citation book cs1">Delany, Martin Robison (2003). Levine, Robert Steven (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dBC2U-EgBsC"><i>Martin R. Delany: A Documentary Reader</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5431-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5431-X"><bdi>0-8078-5431-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+R.+Delany%3A+A+Documentary+Reader&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8078-5431-X&rft.aulast=Delany&rft.aufirst=Martin+Robison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dBC2U-EgBsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lott, Eric, <i>Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507832-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507832-2">0-19-507832-2</a>. p. 236.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Gilroy, Paul</a>. <i>The Black Atlantic</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.</li> <li>Glasco, Laurence Admiral, editor. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76Ckd_hje2IC">The WPA History of the Negro in Pittsburgh</a></i>, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-4232-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-4232-1">0-8229-4232-1</a></li> <li>Havard, John C. "Mary Peabody Mann's Juanita and Martin R. Delany's Blake: Cuba, Urban Slavery, and the Construction of Nation." <i>College Literature</i> 43.3 (2016): 509–540. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:lbsbRu-PusIJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2014&scillfp=16057907522724026124&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li>McGann, Jerome. "Rethinking Delany's Blake." <i>Callaloo</i> 39.1 (2016): 80–95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:EBHc0xlBbJUJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2014&scillfp=10615313548372309871&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li>Madera, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/Black-Atlas">Duke University Press - Black Atlas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Black_Atlas.html?id=UR_CoAEACAAJ"><i>Black Atlas: Geography and Flow in Nineteenth-Century African American Literature</i></a>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.</li> <li>Nwankwo, Ifeoma K. <i>Black Cosmopolitanism: Racial Consciousness, and Transnational Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Americas</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).</li> <li>Orihuela, Sharada Balachandran. "The Black Market: Property, Freedom, and Piracy in Martin Delany's Blake; or, The Huts of America". <i>J19: The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists</i> 2.2 (2014): 273–300. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:m5v-_HZmlI8J:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2014&scillfp=7196897814316830239&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollins1970" class="citation book cs1">Rollins, Frank A. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4WP3QM7p30C"><i>Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany</i></a>. Ayer Publishing (reprint). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-01934-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-01934-3"><bdi>0-405-01934-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Public+Services+of+Martin+R.+Delany&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing+%28reprint%29&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-405-01934-3&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4WP3QM7p30C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Delany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shreve, Grant. "The Exodus of Martin Delany." <i>American Literary History</i> 29.3 (2017): 449–473.</li> <li>Sterling, Dorothy. <i>The Making of an Afro-American: Martin Robison Delany 1812–1885</i>, 1971, reprint Da Capo Press, 1996.</li> <li>Thomas, Rhondda R. & Ashton, Susanna, eds (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/books/2013/7314.html"><i>The South Carolina Roots of African American Thought.</i></a> Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. "Martin Robison Delany (1812–1885)," p. 37–41.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Delany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martin_Robison_Delany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Martin Robison Delany">Martin Robison Delany</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Martin_Robison_Delany" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Martin Robison Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Martin_Delany" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504111549/http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/home.htm">Web site on Delany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/library/mr-lincolns-contemporaries/martin-delany/">"Martin Delany"</a>, <i>Mr. Lincoln and Freedom,</i> The Lincoln Institute and the Lehrman Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424110258/http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/carolina.htm">James Surkamp, "Timeline of Martin Delany's Life"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 24, 2012), <i>To Be More Than Equal: The Many Lives of Martin R. Delany, 1812–1885</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/7178">Works by Martin Delany</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Delany%2C%20Martin%20Robison%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Delany%2C%20Martin%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Delany%2C%20M%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Martin%20Robison%20Delany%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Martin%20R%2E%20Delany%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22M%2E%20R%2E%20Delany%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Martin%20Robison%20Delany%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Martin%20R%2E%20Delany%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20R%2E%20Delany%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20Robison%20Delany%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Delany%2C%20Martin%20Robison%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Delany%2C%20Martin%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Delany%2C%20M%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Delany%2C%20M%2E%20Robison%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Martin%20Robison%20Delany%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Martin%20R%2E%20Delany%22%20OR%20title%3A%22M%2E%20R%2E%20Delany%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Martin%20Robison%20Delany%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Martin%20R%2E%20Delany%22%20OR%20description%3A%22M%2E%20R%2E%20Delany%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Delany%2C%20Martin%20Robison%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Delany%2C%20Martin%20R%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221812-1885%22%20AND%20Delany%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Martin Delany</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710024929/http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/goals.htm">James Surkamp, "Some Writings by Delany in <i>The Mystery</i>"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived July 10, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020428181059/http://www.carnegielibrary.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/downtown/down_n10a.html">"Downtown: The Great Fire"</a>, <i>The Mystery</i>, 16 April 1845, hosted by Carnegie Mellon University Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Delany_Martin_R_1812-1885">"Martin R. Delany"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/12629">Martin Delany</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><i>This article contains material written by James Surkamp and released into the public domain. The original material can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424045333/http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/home.htm"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424045333/http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/delany/home.htm">To Be More Than Equal: The Many Lives of Martin R. Delany, 1812–1885<i></i></a><i> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 24, 2012), the Martin Delany homepage.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankhonline.com/ankh_num_14_15/ankh_14_15_m_beatty_martin%20delany%20and%20egyptology.pdf">Martin Delany and Egyptology</a> by Mario Beatty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reader.eblib.com/(S(iathudtobxipkdfre1hjj3iz))/Reader.aspx?p=413342&o=2916&u=V0dlKJIVNW0%3d&t=1449504102&h=B58D23219377E505757F7F85CEAA8F79E325C04F&s=40539163&ut=9755&pg=1&r=img&c=3036&pat=n&cms=2&sd=2#">Martin R. Delany</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> by Robert S. 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx89rrR64K4J7CHyfyVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119423871">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50040034">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122954588">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122954588">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35034669">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2008464812&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131164759">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632875005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273394105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09299083?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/100865">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/807125">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/138930716">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60c629r">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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