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.mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>User innovation</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> by intermediate users (e.g. user <a href="/wiki/Firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Firm">firms</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> users (individual <a href="/wiki/End-user" class="mw-redirect" title="End-user">end-users</a> or user <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a>), rather than by suppliers (producers or <a href="/wiki/Manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers">manufacturers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a concept closely aligned to <a href="/wiki/Co-design" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-design">co-design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Co-creation" title="Co-creation">co-creation</a>, and has been proven to result in more innovative solutions than traditional consultation methodologies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_von_Hippel" title="Eric von Hippel">Eric von Hippel</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observed that many products and services are actually developed or at least refined, by users, at the site of implementation and use. These ideas are then moved back into the supply network. This is because products are developed to meet the widest possible need; when individual users face problems that the majority of consumers do not, they have no choice but to develop their own modifications to existing products, or entirely new products, to solve their issues. Often, user innovators will share their ideas with manufacturers in hopes of having them produce the product, a process called free revealing. However, user innovators also generate their own firms to commercialize their innovations and generate new markets, a process called "consumer-led market emergence." For example, research on how users innovated in multiple boardsports shows that some users capitalized on their innovations, founding firms in sports that became global markets.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on research on the evolution of Internet technologies and open source software <a href="/wiki/Ilkka_Tuomi" title="Ilkka Tuomi">Ilkka Tuomi</a> (<a href="#CITEREFTuomi2002">Tuomi 2002</a>) further highlighted the point that users are fundamentally social. User innovation, therefore, is also socially and socio-technically distributed innovation. According to Tuomi,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> key uses are often unintended uses invented by user communities that reinterpret and reinvent the meaning of emerging technological opportunities. </p><p>The existence of user innovation, for example, by users of industrial robots, rather than the manufacturers of robots (<a href="#CITEREFFleck1988">Fleck 1988</a>) is a core part of the argument against the <a href="/wiki/Linear_model_of_innovation" title="Linear model of innovation">Linear Innovation Model</a>, i.e. innovation comes from research and development, is then marketed and 'diffuses' to end-users. Instead innovation is a non-linear process involving innovations at all stages.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_innovation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986 Eric von Hippel introduced the <a href="/wiki/Lead_user" title="Lead user">lead user</a> method that can be used to systematically learn about user innovation in order to apply it in <a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">new product development</a>. In 2007 another specific type of user innovator, the <a href="/wiki/Creative_consumer" title="Creative consumer">creative consumer</a> was introduced. These are consumers who adapt, modify, or transform a proprietary offering as opposed to creating completely new products.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>User innovation has a number of degrees: innovation of use,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> innovation in services, innovation in configuration of technologies, and finally the innovation of novel technologies themselves. While most user innovation is concentrated in use and configuration of existing products and technologies, and is a normal part of long term innovation, new technologies that are easier for end-users to change and innovate with, and new channels of communication are making it much easier for user innovation to occur and have an impact. </p><p>Recent research has focused on Web-based forums that facilitate user (or customer) innovation - referred to as <a href="/wiki/Virtual_customer_environment" title="Virtual customer environment">virtual customer environment</a>, these forums help companies partner with their customers in various phases of product development as well as in other value creation activities. For example, <a href="/wiki/Threadless" title="Threadless">Threadless</a>, a <a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T-shirt</a> manufacturing company, relies on the contribution of online community members in the design process. The community includes a group of volunteer designers who submit designs and vote on the designs of others. In addition to free exposure, designers are provided monetary incentives including a $2,500 base award as well as a percentage of T-shirt sales. These incentives allow Threadless to encourage continual user contribution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_innovation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_theory" title="Domestication theory">Domestication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_bank" title="Ideas bank">Ideas bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_amateurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional amateurs">Professional amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosumer" title="Prosumer">Prosumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toolkits_for_User_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Toolkits for User Innovation">Toolkits for User Innovation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_innovation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogers, M.; Afuah, A.; Bastian, B. 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Oxford University Press, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsEdge1996" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Robin; Edge, David (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28638/1/Introductory%20essay%20%28LSERO%29.pdf">"The social shaping of technology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research Policy</i>. <b>25</b> (6): 865–899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0048-7333%2896%2900885-2">10.1016/0048-7333(96)00885-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17412694">17412694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy&rft.atitle=The+social+shaping+of+technology&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=865-899&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0048-7333%2896%2900885-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17412694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Edge%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F28638%2F1%2FIntroductory%2520essay%2520%2528LSERO%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthonPittMcCarthyKates2007" class="citation journal cs1">Berthon, Pierre R.; Pitt, Leyland F.; McCarthy, Ian; Kates, Steven M. (2007-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681306000796">"When customers get clever: Managerial approaches to dealing with creative consumers"</a>. <i>Business Horizons</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 39–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2006.05.005">10.1016/j.bushor.2006.05.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6813">0007-6813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Horizons&rft.atitle=When+customers+get+clever%3A+Managerial+approaches+to+dealing+with+creative+consumers&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-47&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2006.05.005&rft.issn=0007-6813&rft.aulast=Berthon&rft.aufirst=Pierre+R.&rft.au=Pitt%2C+Leyland+F.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Ian&rft.au=Kates%2C+Steven+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0007681306000796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulknerRunde,_Jochen2009" class="citation cs2">Faulkner, Philip; Runde, Jochen (2009), "On the Identity of Technological Objects and User Innovations in Function", <i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management_Review" title="Academy of Management Review">Academy of Management Review</a></i>, <b>34</b> (3): 442–462, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famr.2009.40632318">10.5465/amr.2009.40632318</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53451098">53451098</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Identity+of+Technological+Objects+and+User+Innovations+in+Function&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=442-462&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famr.2009.40632318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53451098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Runde%2C+Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magee,Joe. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2008/10/the-contribution-revolution-letting-volunteers-build-your-business">The Contribution Revolution: Letting Volunteers Build Your Business</a>", <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a>, October 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_innovation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bilgram, V.; Brem, A.; Voigt, K.-I.: User-Centric Innovations in New Product Development; Systematic Identification of Lead User Harnessing Interactive and Collaborative Online-Tools, in: International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 12 (2008), No. 3, pp. 419–458.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogersAfuah,_AllanBastian,_Bettina2010" class="citation cs2">Bogers, Marcel; Afuah, Allan; Bastian, Bettina (2010), "Users as innovators: A review, critique, and future research directions", <i>Journal of Management</i>, <b>36</b> (4): 857–875, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206309353944">10.1177/0149206309353944</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55469132">55469132</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management&rft.atitle=Users+as+innovators%3A+A+review%2C+critique%2C+and+future+research+directions&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-875&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0149206309353944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55469132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bogers&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft.au=Afuah%2C+Allan&rft.au=Bastian%2C+Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Braun, Viktor R.G. (2007): Barriers to user-innovation & the paradigm of licensing to innovate, Doctoral dissertation: Hamburg University of Technology</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleck1988" class="citation cs2">Fleck, James (1988), "Innofusion or Diffusation? The nature of technological development in robotics", <i>Edinburgh PICT Working Paper No. 7</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+PICT+Working+Paper+No.+7&rft.atitle=Innofusion+or+Diffusation%3F+The+nature+of+technological+development+in+robotics&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Fleck&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNambisanNambisan,_Priya2008" class="citation cs2">Nambisan, Satish; Nambisan, Priya (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sloanreview.mit.edu/the-magazine/articles/2008/spring/49313/how-to-profit-from-a-better-virtual-customer-environment/">"How to Profit from a better Virtual Customer Environment"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_Management_Review" title="MIT Sloan Management Review">MIT Sloan Management Review</a></i>: 53–61</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Sloan+Management+Review&rft.atitle=How+to+Profit+from+a+better+Virtual+Customer+Environment&rft.pages=53-61&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nambisan&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft.au=Nambisan%2C+Priya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsloanreview.mit.edu%2Fthe-magazine%2Farticles%2F2008%2Fspring%2F49313%2Fhow-to-profit-from-a-better-virtual-customer-environment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuomi2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ilkka_Tuomi" title="Ilkka Tuomi">Tuomi, Ilkka</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199256983"><i>Networks of Innovation</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925698-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925698-3"><bdi>978-0-19-925698-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+of+Innovation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925698-3&rft.aulast=Tuomi&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fuk%2Fcatalogue%2F%3Fci%3D9780199256983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hippel2005" class="citation cs2">von Hippel, Eric (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/books.htm"><i>Democratizing Innovation</i></a>, MIT Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratizing+Innovation&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=von+Hippel&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fevhippel%2Fwww%2Fbooks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hippel1986" class="citation cs2">von Hippel, Eric (1986), "Lead users: a source of novel product concepts", <i>Management Science</i>, <b>32</b> (7): 791–805, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fmnsc.32.7.791">10.1287/mnsc.32.7.791</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154790566">154790566</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Science&rft.atitle=Lead+users%3A+a+source+of+novel+product+concepts&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=791-805&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Fmnsc.32.7.791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154790566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=von+Hippel&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsDavid_Edge1996" class="citation cs2">Williams, R; David Edge (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28638/1/Introductory%20essay%20%28LSERO%29.pdf">"The Social Shaping of Technology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Research Policy</i>, <b>25</b> (6): 865–899, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0048-7333%2896%2900885-2">10.1016/0048-7333(96)00885-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17412694">17412694</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Social+Shaping+of+Technology&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=865-899&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0048-7333%2896%2900885-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17412694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=David+Edge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F28638%2F1%2FIntroductory%2520essay%2520%2528LSERO%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulknerRunde,_Jochen2009" class="citation cs2">Faulkner, Philip; Runde, Jochen (2009), "On the Identity of Technological Objects and User Innovations in Function", <i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management_Review" title="Academy of Management Review">Academy of Management Review</a></i>, <b>34</b> (3): 442–462, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famr.2009.40632318">10.5465/amr.2009.40632318</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53451098">53451098</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Identity+of+Technological+Objects+and+User+Innovations+in+Function&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=442-462&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famr.2009.40632318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53451098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Runde%2C+Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser+innovation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_innovation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/business/yourmoney/25Proto.html?_r=1&ref=yourmoney&oref=slogin">New York Times on User Innovation (2007)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dynamist.com/articles-speeches/nyt/innovation.html">New York Times on User Innovation (2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/books.htm">Eric Von Hippel's books on user innovation</a>, available under the <a href="/wiki/Creative_commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative commons">creative commons</a> license.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incrementalinnovation.com/innovation-management-development/culture-innovation">Innovation Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visionx.io/">VisionX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usercontribution.intuit.com/">The Contribution Revolution wiki</a> collects information about user contribution systems in the business world. It is based on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu/hbsp/hbr/articles/article.jsp?ml_action=get-article&articleID=R0810C&ml_issueid=BR0810&ml_subscriber=true&pageNumber=1&_requestid=300861">Harvard Business Review article of the same name</a> by Scott Cook</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" title="History of science and technology">and technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">Fuzzy logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li>Social <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">construction of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_shaping_of_technology" title="Social shaping of technology">shaping of technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Sociology of knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">Sociology of the history of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnology" title="Sociotechnology">Sociotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_programme" title="Strong programme">Strong programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary-work" title="Boundary-work">Boundary-work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_hermeneutic" title="Double hermeneutic">Double hermeneutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logology_(science)" title="Logology (science)">Logology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_controversies" title="Mapping controversies">Mapping controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Black swan events">black swan events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_science" title="Psychology of science">Psychology of science</a></li> <li>Science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_science" title="Normal science">normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-colonial_science" title="Neo-colonial science">Neo-colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-normal_science" title="Post-normal science">post-normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">wars</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scientific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_controversy" title="Scientific controversy">controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_dissent" title="Scientific dissent">dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_enterprise" title="Scientific enterprise">enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">priority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientocracy" title="Scientocracy">Scientocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_team_science" title="Science of team science">Team science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Women in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">STEM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-production_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-production (society)">Co-production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">Design studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_adopter" title="Early adopter">Early adopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_studies" title="Engineering studies">Engineering studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hype_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_model_of_innovation" title="Linear model of innovation">linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">user</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging" title="Leapfrogging">Leapfrogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_process_theory" title="Normalization process theory">Normalization process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_salient" title="Reverse salient">Reverse salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skunkworks_project" title="Skunkworks project">Skunkworks project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_change" title="Technical change">Technical change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">transitions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">criticism of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">theories of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Women in engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">Evidence-based policy</a></li> 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title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_management_(governance)" title="Transition management (governance)">Transition management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals <ul><li><a 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