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<ul id="toc-Problematic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Access_to_means_of_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_means_of_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Access to means of communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_means_of_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screen_time_and_mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screen_time_and_mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Screen time and mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screen_time_and_mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media_and_mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media_and_mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Social media and mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media_and_mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_diagnostic_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_diagnostic_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Proposed diagnostic categories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_diagnostic_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Related phenomena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_problem_gambling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_problem_gambling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Online problem gambling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_problem_gambling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyberbullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyberbullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Cyberbullying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyberbullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_multitasking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_multitasking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Media multitasking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_multitasking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distracted_road_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distracted_road_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Distracted road use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distracted_road_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise-induced_hearing_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise-induced_hearing_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Noise-induced hearing loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise-induced_hearing_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Assessment and treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_psychiatric_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_psychiatric_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Associated psychiatric disorders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_psychiatric_disorders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Associated psychiatric disorders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_psychiatric_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ADHD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADHD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 ADHD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADHD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anxiety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anxiety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Anxiety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anxiety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Autism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bipolar_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bipolar_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Bipolar disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bipolar_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insomnia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insomnia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Insomnia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insomnia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcissism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Narcissism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OCD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OCD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 OCD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OCD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mental health benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other disciplines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_disciplines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other disciplines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Digital anthropology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Digital sociology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Neuroscience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_cognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Impact on cognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_social_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_social_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Impact on social life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_social_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Mitigation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mitigation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Public sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_mental_health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_mental_health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Digital mental health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_mental_health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الوسائط الرقمية والصحة النفسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الوسائط الرقمية والصحة النفسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ডিজিটেল মিডিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু মানসিক স্বাস্থ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডিজিটেল মিডিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু মানসিক স্বাস্থ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99q%C9%99msal_mediadan_istifad%C9%99_v%C9%99_%C9%99qli_sa%C4%9Flaml%C4%B1q" title="Rəqəmsal mediadan istifadə və əqli sağlamlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəqəmsal mediadan istifadə və əqli sağlamlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_z%C3%A1vislost" title="Digitální závislost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digitální závislost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auswirkungen_der_Nutzung_digitaler_Medien_auf_die_psychische_Gesundheit" title="Auswirkungen der Nutzung digitaler Medien auf die psychische Gesundheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auswirkungen der Nutzung digitaler Medien auf die psychische Gesundheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رسانه‌های دیجیتال و سلامت روان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسانه‌های دیجیتال و سلامت روان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effets_des_r%C3%A9seaux_sociaux_sur_la_sant%C3%A9_mentale" title="Effets des réseaux sociaux sur la santé mentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effets des réseaux sociaux sur la santé mentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EA%B3%BC_%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95" title="디지털 미디어 사용과 정신건강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 미디어 사용과 정신건강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggunaan_media_digital_dan_kesehatan_jiwa" title="Penggunaan media digital dan kesehatan jiwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penggunaan media digital dan kesehatan jiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Користење на дигитални медиуми и ментално здравје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Користење на дигитални медиуми и ментално здравје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggunaan_media_digital_dan_kesihatan_mental" title="Penggunaan media digital dan kesihatan mental – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penggunaan media digital dan kesihatan mental" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%AD_d%E1%BB%A5ng_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ti%E1%BB%87n_k%E1%BB%B9_thu%E1%BA%ADt_s%E1%BB%91_v%C3%A0_s%E1%BB%A9c_kh%E1%BB%8Fe_t%C3%A2m_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Sử dụng phương tiện kỹ thuật số và sức khỏe tâm thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sử dụng phương tiện kỹ thuật số và sức khỏe tâm thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%8E%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="数字媒体使用与心理健康 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="数字媒体使用与心理健康" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Digital media use and mental health" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60661815#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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(April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reading_mail_at_night_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reading_mail_at_night_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Reading_mail_at_night_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reading_mail_at_night_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Reading_mail_at_night_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reading_mail_at_night_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Reading_mail_at_night_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a>" can lead to psychological stress at the idea of missing posted content by others while offline</figcaption></figure> The relationships between digital media use and mental health have been investigated by various researchers—predominantly <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a>, and medical experts—especially since the mid-1990s, after the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#1992–1995:_Growth_of_the_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">growth of the World Wide Web</a> and rise of <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>. A significant body of research has explored "overuse" phenomena, commonly known as "digital addictions", or "digital <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">dependencies</a>". These phenomena manifest differently in many societies and cultures. Some experts have investigated the benefits of moderate digital media use in various domains, including in mental health, and the treatment of mental health problems with novel technological solutions. The delineation between beneficial and <a href="/wiki/Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a> use of digital media has not been established. There are no widely accepted <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic criteria">diagnostic criteria</a>, although some experts consider overuse a manifestation of underlying <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric disorders</a>. The prevention and treatment of pathological digital media use is also not standardized, although guidelines for safer media use for children and families have been developed. The 2013 fifth edition of the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM-5) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (ICD-11) do not include diagnoses for <a href="/wiki/Problematic_internet_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Problematic internet use">problematic internet use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">problematic social media use</a>; the ICD-11 includes a diagnosis for <a href="/wiki/Gaming_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming disorder">gaming disorder</a> (commonly known as video game addiction), whereas the DSM-5 does not. Debate over how and when to diagnose these conditions is ongoing as of 2023. The use of the term addiction to refer to these phenomena and diagnoses has been questioned. Digital media and <a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">screen time</a> amongst modern social media apps such as <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiktok" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiktok">Tiktok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> have changed how children think, interact and develop in positive and negative ways, but researchers are unsure about the existence of hypothesized causal links between <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> use and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> outcomes. Those links appear to depend on the individual and the platforms they use. Several large technology firms have made commitments or announced strategies to try to reduce the risks of digital media use. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_terminology">History and terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and terminology">edit</a>]</div> The relationship between digital technology and mental health has been investigated from many perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-Dickson_2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> Benefits of digital media use in childhood and adolescent development have been found.<a href="#cite_note-:18-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-5">[5]</a> Concerns have been expressed by researchers, clinicians and the public in regard to apparent <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">compulsive behaviors</a> of digital media users, as correlations between technology overuse and mental health problems become apparent.<a href="#cite_note-Dickson_2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> Terminologies used to refer to compulsive digital-media-use behaviours are not standardized or universally recognised. They include "digital addiction", "digital dependence", "problematic use", or "overuse", often delineated by the digital media platform used or under study (such as <a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">problematic smartphone use</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">problematic internet use</a>).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Unrestrained use of technological devices may affect developmental, social, mental and physical well-being and may result in symptoms akin to other <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">psychological dependence syndromes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">behavioral addictions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> The focus on problematic technology use in research, particularly in relation to the behavioural addiction paradigm, is becoming more accepted, despite poor standardization and conflicting research.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Internet addiction has been proposed as a diagnosis since the 1998<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and social media and its relation to addiction has been examined since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) report stated there were benefits of structured and limited internet use in children and adolescents for developmental and educational purposes, but that excessive use can have a negative impact on mental well-being. It also noted an overall 40% increase in internet use in school-age children between 2010 and 2015, and that different OECD nations had marked variations in rates of childhood technology use, as well as differences in the platforms used.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Hence, why it is so important for adolescents' to be trained to use social media, as it will ensure that users have developed psychologically-informed competencies and skills that will maximize the chances for balanced, safe, and meaningful social media use.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has not formally codified problematic digital media use in diagnostic categories, but it deemed internet gaming disorder to be a condition for further study in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:17-15">[15]</a> Gaming disorder, commonly known as video game addiction, has been recognised in the <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems#ICD-11" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD-11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Different recommendations in the DSM and the ICD are due partly to the lack of expert consensus, the differences in emphasis in the classification manuals, as well as difficulties using <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">animal models</a> for behavioural addictions.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9">[9]</a> The utility of the term addiction in relation to the overuse of digital media has been questioned, in regard to its suitability to describe new, digitally mediated psychiatric categories, as opposed to overuse being a manifestation of other psychiatric disorders.<a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> Usage of the term has also been criticised for drawing parallels with substance use behaviours. Careless use of the term may cause more problems—both downplaying the risks of harm in seriously affected people, as well as overstating risks of excessive, non-<a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathological</a> use of digital media.<a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> The evolution of terminology relating excessive digital media use to problematic use rather than addiction was encouraged by Panova and Carbonell, psychologists at <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Llull University">Ramon Llull University</a>, in a 2018 review.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Due to the lack of recognition and consensus on the concepts used, diagnoses and treatments are difficult to standardize or develop. Heightened levels of public anxiety around new media (including social media, smartphones and video games) further obfuscate population-based assessments, as well as posing management dilemmas.<a href="#cite_note-:10-2">[2]</a> Radesky and Christakis, the 2019 editors of <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Pediatrics" title="JAMA Pediatrics">JAMA Paediatrics</a>, published a review that investigated "concerns about health and developmental/behavioral risks of excessive media use for child cognitive, language, literacy, and social-emotional development."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Due to the ready availability of multiple technologies to children worldwide, the problem is bi-directional, as taking away digital devices may have a detrimental effect, in areas such as learning, family relationship dynamics, and overall development.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problematic_use">Problematic use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Problematic use">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyberpathology" title="Cyberpathology">Cyberpathology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></div> Though associations have been observed between digital media use and mental health symptoms or diagnoses, causality has not been established; nuances and caveats published by researchers are often misunderstood by the general public, or misrepresented by the media.<a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> Females are more likely to overuse social media, and males video games.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Following from this, problematic digital media use may not be singular constructs, may be delineated based on the digital platform used, or reappraised in terms of specific activities (rather than addiction to the digital medium).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>Problematic social media use can also result in <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">fear of missing out</a> (FoMO) in which symptoms of anxiety and psychological stress exasperated with the fear of potentially missing content present online leaving the individual feeling unfulfilled or left out of the loop.<a href="#cite_note-:2-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-27">[27]</a> When an individual has FoMo they will be more likely to constantly check their social media accounts using their personal devices to check social media or messages to ensure they are up to date with information that is occurring within the individuals social network. This constant need to check social media platforms for information induces feelings of anxiety driving individuals to get involved with problematic social media use.<a href="#cite_note-:2-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_means_of_communication">Access to means of communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Access to means of communication">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, 58% of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> citizens had a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a>, including 75% of 15-17 year olds.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2000, a majority of U.S. households had at least one <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">internet access</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 2002, a majority of U.S. survey respondents reported having a mobile phone.<a href="#cite_note-Tuckel_&_O'Neill-30">[30]</a> In September and December 2006 respectively, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> became the first countries to completely <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television#Analogue_to_digital_transition_by_countries" title="Digital terrestrial television">transition from analog to digital television</a>, while the United States commenced its transition in 2008. In September 2007, a majority of U.S. survey respondents reported having <a href="/wiki/Broadband#Internet_broadband" title="Broadband">broadband internet</a> at home.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In January 2013, a majority of U.S. survey respondents reported owning a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_4-7-2021-32">[32]</a> An estimated 40% of U.S. households in 2006 owned a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home video game console</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and by 2015, 51 percent of U.S. households owned a dedicated home video game console.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In April 2015, one survey of U.S. teenagers ages 13 to 17 reported that nearly three-quarters of them either owned or had access to a smartphone, and 92 percent went online daily, with 24 percent saying they went online "almost constantly."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In a 2024 survey, U.S. teenagers reported that 95 percent have access to smartphone, spent 97 percent of their time online daily, and 48 percent is spent online "almost constantly".<a href="#cite_note-:19-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screen_time_and_mental_health">Screen time and mental health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Screen time and mental health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook#Psychological/sociological_effects" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook § Psychological/sociological effects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></div> Some types of potentially problematic internet use are associated with psychiatric or behavioural problems such as <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, hostility, aggression and <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD). The studies could not determine if <a href="/wiki/Causal_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal relationships">causal relationships</a> exist; it was unclear, for example, whether people with depression might overuse the internet because they were already depressed, or if using the internet too much triggered the depression.<a href="#cite_note-Dickson_2018-1">[1]</a> While overuse of digital media has been associated with depressive symptoms, digital media may also be used in some situations to improve mood.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Symptoms of ADHD have been positively correlated with digital media use in a large <a href="/wiki/Prospective_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospective study">prospective study</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The ADHD symptom of <a href="/wiki/Hyperfocus" title="Hyperfocus">hyperfocus</a> may cause affected individuals to overuse video games, social media, or online chatting; however the correlation between hyperfocus and <a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">problematic social media use</a> is weak.<a href="#cite_note-:02-41">[41]</a> A 2018 review found associations between the self-reported mental health symptoms by users of the Chinese social media platform <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> and excessive platform use. However, the motivations and usage patterns of WeChat users affected overall psychological health, rather than the amount of time spent using the platform.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> An analysis of data from the <a href="/wiki/Monitoring_the_Future" title="Monitoring the Future">Monitoring the Future</a> survey, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study" title="Millennium Cohort Study">Millennium Cohort Study</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Youth_Risk_Behavior_Surveillance_System" title="Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System">Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System</a> found that digital technology use (including, playing video games, watching television, using social media, etc.) accounted for only 0.4% of the variation in adolescent well-being.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Additional research found little evidence for substantial negative associations for digital screen engagement and adolescent well-being.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> However, looking exclusively at the effect social media usage has on girls, there was a strong association between using social media and poor mental health.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The evidence, although of mainly low to moderate <a href="/wiki/Evidence_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence quality">quality</a>, shows an correlation between heavy <a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">screen time</a> and a variety of health physical and mental health problems.<a href="#cite_note-:15-6">[6]</a> However, moderate use of digital media is also correlated with benefits for young people in terms of social integration, mental health, and overall well-being.<a href="#cite_note-:15-6">[6]</a> A 2017 UK large-scale study of the "Goldilocks hypothesis"—of avoiding both too much and too little digital media use<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>—was described as the "best quality" evidence to date by experts and <a href="/wiki/Non-government_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-government organisations">non-government organisations</a> (NGOs) reporting to a 2018 UK parliamentary committee. That study concluded that modest digital media use may have few adverse affects, and some positive associations in terms of well-being.<a href="#cite_note-:13-47">[47]</a> In a 2022 review, it was discovered that when it comes to adolescents' well-being that perhaps there is too much focus on locating a negative correlation between digital technologies and adolescents' well-being, If a negative correlation between the two are located the impact would potentially be minimal to the point where it would have little to no impact on adolescent well-being or quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-:20-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_media_apps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Social_media_apps.jpg/220px-Social_media_apps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Social_media_apps.jpg/330px-Social_media_apps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Social_media_apps.jpg/440px-Social_media_apps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>Social media applications in which users can easily access social feeds, be notified of new content, and connect with others in real time.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media_and_mental_health">Social media and mental health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social media and mental health">edit</a>]</div> Excessive time spent on social media may be more harmful than digital screen time as a whole, especially for young people. Some research found a "substantial" association between social media use and mental health issues, but most found only a weak or inconsistent relationship.<a href="#cite_note-2022umbrella-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-2024Orben-51">[51]</a> Social media can have both positive and negative effects on mental health; whether the overall affect is harmful or helpful may depend on a variety of factors, including the quality and quantity of social media usage. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Old_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Old people">over 65s</a>, studies have found high levels of social media usage was associated with positive outcomes overall, such as <a href="/wiki/Flourishing#Positive_Psychology_and_Flourishing" title="Flourishing">flourishing</a>, though it remains unclear if social media use is a causative factor.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Social media can be beneficial to individuals as a tool which if used correctly can bring about positive impacts to users online and offline. When it comes to social media, adolescence can benefit from it's use by allowing users to build and maintain online and offline relationships, access information, connect to other in real time, and help adolescence to express themselves by creating and engaging with content.<a href="#cite_note-:21-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-24">[24]</a> Social media can also be detrimental to users when used incorrectly. Adolescence who use social media can be exposed or placed at risk from the following: Cyberbullying, sexual predators, adult content, substance use, and content that uses unrealistic representations of people and lifestyles.<a href="#cite_note-:21-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-24">[24]</a> In a 2021 study, it was reported that adolescents who are associated with problematic media use are three times more likely to experience health complications such as irritability, nervousness, tiredness, and insomnia.<a href="#cite_note-:22-27">[27]</a> Digital technologies tend to focus more on hedonic well-being, in which users are exposed to content that evokes joy and laughter towards positive content, to anger and sadness towards negative content. In turn these negative impacts on adolescence or any users of social media will only experience temporary impacts on mental well-being, which will not have a permanent effect on the user's quality of life and life satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-:20-24">[24]</a> In 2023, it was discovered that 57 percent of teenagers between the ages of 13-17 would find it difficult to give up using social media, while the remaining 46 percent reported it would be easy. Older teenagers ranging from 15-17 years of age found it more difficult to give up social media, especially among teenage girls.<a href="#cite_note-:19-25">[25]</a> There is a significant association between social media use and depression, with the association especially high for adolescent girls.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> When asked about the amount of time spent on social media teenagers reported that 55 percent have the right amount of time spent on social media. 35 percent of teenagers reported they spent too much time on social media, while 8 percent stated they spent too little time on social media. <a href="#cite_note-:20-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_diagnostic_categories">Proposed diagnostic categories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proposed diagnostic categories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomophobia" title="Nomophobia">Nomophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">Problematic smartphone use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_addiction" title="Television addiction">Television addiction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></div> Gaming disorder has been considered by the DSM-5 task force as warranting further study (as the subset internet gaming disorder), and was included in the ICD-11.<a href="#cite_note-:17-15">[15]</a> Concerns have been raised by Aarseth and colleagues over this inclusion, particularly in regard to stigmatization of heavy gamers.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Christakis has asserted that internet addiction may be "a 21st century epidemic".<a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[56]</a> In 2018, he commented that childhood Internet overuse may be a form of "uncontrolled experiment[s] on ... children".<a href="#cite_note-:7-57">[57]</a> International estimates of the prevalence of internet overuse have varied considerably, with marked variations by nation. A 2014 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of 31 nations yielded an overall worldwide prevalence of six percent.<a href="#cite_note-:5-58">[58]</a> A different perspective in 2018 by Musetti and colleagues reappraised the internet in terms of its necessity and ubiquity in modern society, as a social environment, rather than a tool, thereby calling for the reformulation of the internet addiction model.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Some medical and behavioural scientists recommend adding a diagnosis of "social media addiction" (or similar) to the next Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders update.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> A 2015 review concluded there was a probable link between basic psychological needs and social media addiction. "Social network site users seek feedback, and they get it from hundreds of people—instantly. It could be argued that the platforms are designed to get users 'hooked'."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Internet sex addiction, also known as cybersex addiction, has been proposed as a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">sexual addiction</a> characterized by virtual internet <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activity</a> that causes serious negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, and/or financial well-being.<a href="#cite_note-SteinHollander2009-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17503551-64">[64]</a> It may be considered a form of problematic internet use.<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_phenomena">Related phenomena</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related phenomena">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_problem_gambling">Online problem gambling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Online problem gambling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Online_gambling#Problem_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online gambling § Problem gambling</a></div> A 2015 review found evidence of higher rates of mental health <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbidities</a>, as well as higher amounts of substance use, among internet gamblers, compared to non-internet gamblers. Causation, however, has not been established. The review postulates that there may be differences in the cohorts between internet and land-based problem gamblers.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cyberbullying">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></div> Cyberbullying, bullying or harassment using social media or other electronic means, has been shown to have effects on mental health. Victims may have lower self-esteem, increased <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal ideation</a>, decreased motivation for usual hobbies, and a variety of emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated, angry, anxious or depressed. These victims may also begin to distance themselves from friends and family members.<a href="#cite_note-patchin1-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to the EU Kids Online project, the incidence of cyberbullying across seven European countries in children aged 8–16 increased from 8% to 12% between 2010 and 2014. Similar increases were shown in the United States and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media_multitasking">Media multitasking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Media multitasking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></div> Concurrent use of multiple digital media streams, commonly known as media multitasking, has been shown to be associated with depressive symptoms, social anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensation_seeking" title="Sensation seeking">sensation seeking</a>, lower perceived social success and neuroticism.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A 2018 review found that while the literature is sparse and inconclusive, overall, heavy media multitaskers also have poorer performance in several cognitive domains.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> One of the authors commented that the data does not "unambiguously show that media multitasking causes a change in attention and memory", therefore it is possible to argue that it is inefficient to multitask on digital media.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distracted_road_use">Distracted road use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distracted road use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></div> In March 2023, <a href="/wiki/Accident_Analysis_%26_Prevention" title="Accident Analysis & Prevention">Accident Analysis & Prevention</a> published a systematic review of 47 samples across 45 studies investigating associations between problematic mobile phone use and road safety outcomes (including 32 samples of <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">drivers</a>, 9 samples of <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a>, 5 samples with road use type unspecified, and 1 sample of <a href="/wiki/Motorcycling" title="Motorcycling">motorcyclists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">bicyclists</a>) that found that problematic mobile phone use was associated with greater risk of simultaneous mobile phone use and road use and risk of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">vehicle collisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_accident" title="Transport accident">pedestrian collisions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noise-induced_hearing_loss">Noise-induced hearing loss</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Noise-induced hearing loss">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hearing_loss" title="Occupational hearing loss">Occupational hearing loss</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss#Video_game_sound_levels" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">Noise-induced hearing loss § Video game sound levels</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noise-induced_hearing_loss&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> In January 2024, BMJ Public Health published a systematic review of 14 studies investigating associations between sound-induced hearing loss and playing video games and <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a> that found a significant association between gaming and hearing loss or tinnitus and that the average measured sound levels during gameplay by subjects (which averaged 3 hours per week) exceeded or nearly exceeded permissible sound exposure levels.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment_and_treatment">Assessment and treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assessment and treatment">edit</a>]</div> Rigorous, evidence-based assessment of problematic digital media use is yet to be comprehensively established. This is due partially to a lack of consensus around the various constructs and lack of standardization of treatments.<a href="#cite_note-:11-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> (AAP) has developed a Family Media Plan, intending to help parents assess and structure their family's use of electronic devices and media more safely. It recommends limiting entertainment screen time to two hours or less per day.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Paediatric_Society" title="Canadian Paediatric Society">Canadian Paediatric Society</a> produced a similar guideline. Ferguson, a psychologist, has criticised these and other national guidelines for not being evidence-based.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Other experts, cited in a 2017 <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> Office of Research literature review, have recommended addressing potential underlying problems rather than arbitrarily enforcing screen time limits.<a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> Different methodologies for assessing pathological internet use have been developed, mostly self-report questionnaires, but none have been universally recognised as a gold standard.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> For gaming disorder, both the American Psychiatric Association<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and the World Health Organization (through the ICD-11)<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> have released <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis#Diagnostic_criteria" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnostic criteria</a>. There is some limited evidence of the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> and family-based interventions for treatment. In <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a>, medications have not been shown to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-:11-76">[76]</a> A 2016 study of 901 adolescents suggested <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a> may assist in preventing and treating problematic internet use.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> A 2019 UK parliamentary report deemed parental engagement, awareness and support to be essential in developing "digital resilience" for young people, and to identify and manage the risks of harm online.<a href="#cite_note-:13-47">[47]</a> Treatment centres have proliferated in some countries, and China and South Korea have treated digital dependence as a public health crisis, opening 300 and 190 centres nationwide, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Other countries have also opened treatment centres.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> NGOs, support and advocacy groups provide resources to people overusing digital media, with or without codified diagnoses,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A 2022 study outlines the mechanisms by which media-transmitted stressors affect mental well-being. Authors suggest a common denominator related to problems with the media's construction of reality is increased uncertainty, which leads to defensive responses and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic stress</a> in predisposed individuals.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_psychiatric_disorders">Associated psychiatric disorders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Associated psychiatric disorders">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ADHD">ADHD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: ADHD">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></div> In April 2018, the <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research_and_Public_Health" title="International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</a> published a systematic review of 24 studies researching associations between internet gaming disorder (IGD) and various psychopathologies that found an 85% correlation between IGD and ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2018-91">[91]</a> In October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS USA</a> published a systematic review of four decades of research on the relationship between children and adolescents' screen media use and ADHD-related behaviours and concluded that a statistically small relationship between children's media use and ADHD-related behaviours exists.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In November 2018, Cyberpsychology published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies that found evidence for a relationship between problematic smartphone use and <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsivity</a> traits.<a href="#cite_note-Cyberpsychology_2018-93">[93]</a> In October 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Behavioral_Addictions" title="Journal of Behavioral Addictions">Journal of Behavioral Addictions</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and impulsivity.<a href="#cite_note-JBA_2020-94">[94]</a> In January 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Psychiatric_Research" title="Journal of Psychiatric Research">Journal of Psychiatric Research</a> published a systematic review of 29 studies including 56,650 subjects that found that ADHD symptoms were consistently associated with gaming disorder and more frequent associations between inattention and gaming disorder than other ADHD scales.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In July 2021, <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_Media" title="Frontiers Media">Frontiers in Psychiatry</a> published a meta-analysis reviewing 40 <a href="/wiki/Voxel-based_morphometry" title="Voxel-based morphometry">voxel-based morphometry</a> studies and 59 <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> studies comparing subjects with IGD or ADHD to control groups that found that IGD and ADHD subjects had disorder-differentiating structural <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimage</a> alterations in the <a href="/wiki/Putamen" title="Putamen">putamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbitofrontal cortex</a> (OFC) respectively, and functional alterations in the <a href="/wiki/Precuneus" title="Precuneus">precuneus</a> for IGD subjects and in the <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">rewards circuit</a> (including the OFC, the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">anterior cingulate cortex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>) for both IGD and ADHD subjects.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In March 2022, <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Psychiatry" title="JAMA Psychiatry">JAMA Psychiatry</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies with 159,425 subjects 12 years of age or younger that found a small but statistically significant correlation between screen time and ADHD symptoms in children.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA_Psychiatry_2022-97">[97]</a> In April 2022, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_Neuropsychology_(journal)" title="Developmental Neuropsychology (journal)">Developmental Neuropsychology</a> published a systematic review of 11 studies where the data from all but one study suggested that heightened screen time for children is associated with attention problems.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In July 2022, the Journal of Behavioral Addictions published a meta-analysis of 14 studies comprising 2,488 subjects aged 6 to 18 years that found significantly more severe problematic internet use in subjects diagnosed with ADHD to control groups.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In December 2022, <a href="/wiki/European_Child_%26_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry">European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry</a> published a systematic literature review of 28 longitudinal studies published from 2011 through 2021 of associations between digital media use by children and adolescents and later ADHD symptoms and found reciprocal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms (i.e. that subjects with ADHD symptoms were more likely to develop problematic digital media use and that increased digital media use was associated with increased subsequent severity of ADHD symptoms).<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In May 2023, <a href="/wiki/Reviews_on_Environmental_Health" title="Reviews on Environmental Health">Reviews on Environmental Health</a> published a meta-analysis of 9 studies with 81,234 child subjects that found a positive correlation between screen time and ADHD risk in children and that higher amounts of screen time in childhood may significantly contribute to the development of ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In December 2023, the Journal of Psychiatric Research published a meta-analysis of 24 studies with 18,859 subjects with a mean age of 18.4 years that found significant associations between ADHD and problematic internet use,<a href="#cite_note-Journal_of_Psychiatric_Research_2023-102">[102]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Psychology_Review" title="Clinical Psychology Review">Clinical Psychology Review</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 48 studies examining associations between ADHD and gaming disorder that found a statistically significant association between the disorders.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anxiety">Anxiety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anxiety">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></div>In April 2018, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published a systematic review of 24 studies researching associations between internet gaming disorder (IGD) and various psychopathologies that found a 92% correlation between IGD and anxiety and a 75% correlation between IGD and social anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2018-91">[91]</a> In August 2018, Wiley Stress & Health published a meta-analysis of 39 studies comprising 21,736 subjects that found a small-to-medium association between smartphone use and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In December 2018, Frontiers in Psychiatry published a systematic review of 9 studies published after 2014 investigating associations between problematic social networking sites (SNS) use and comorbid psychiatric disorders that found a positive association between problematic SNS use and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Frontiers_in_Psychiatry_2018-105">[105]</a> In March 2019, the International Journal of Adolescence and Youth published a systematic review of 13 studies comprising 21,231 adolescent subjects aged 13 to 18 years that found that social media screen time, both active and passive social media use, the amount of personal information uploaded, and social media addictive behaviors all correlated with anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-IJAY_2019-106">[106]</a> In February 2020, Psychiatry Research published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies that found positive associations between problematic smartphone use and anxiety and positive associations between higher levels of problematic smartphone use and elevated risk of anxiety,<a href="#cite_note-Psychiatry_Research_2020-107">[107]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Psychology" title="Frontiers in Psychology">Frontiers in Psychology</a> published a systematic review of 10 studies of adolescent or young adult subjects in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> that concluded that the research reviewed mostly established an association between social networks use disorder and anxiety among Chinese adolescents and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-Frontiers_in_Psychology_2020-108">[108]</a> In April 2020, <a href="/wiki/BMC_Public_Health" title="BMC Public Health">BMC Public Health</a> published a systematic review of 70 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies investigating moderating factors for associations for screen-based sedentary behaviors and anxiety symptoms among youth that found that while screen types was the most consistent factor, the body of evidence for anxiety symptoms was more limited than for depression symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-BMC_Public_Health_2020-109">[109]</a> In October 2020, the Journal of Behavioral Addictions published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-JBA_2020-94">[94]</a> In November 2020, <a href="/wiki/Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health" title="Child and Adolescent Mental Health">Child and Adolescent Mental Health</a> published a systematic review of research published between January 2005 and March 2019 on associations between SNS use and anxiety symptoms in subjects between ages of 5 to 18 years that found that increased SNS screen time or frequency of SNS use and higher levels of investment (i.e. personal information added to SNS accounts) were significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-CAMH_2020-110">[110]</a> In January 2021, Frontiers in Psychiatry published a systematic review of 44 studies investigating social media use and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence that concluded that the research reviewed established a direct association between levels of anxiety, social media addiction behaviors, and nomophobia, longitudinal associations between social media use and increased anxiety, that fear of missing out and nomophobia are associated with severity of Facebook usage, and suggested that fear of missing out may trigger social media addiction and that nomophobia appears to mediate social media addiction.<a href="#cite_note-Frontiers_in_Psychiatry_2021-111">[111]</a> In March 2021, Computers in Human Behavior Reports published a systematic review of 52 studies published before May 2020 that found that social anxiety was associated with problematic social media use and that socially anxious persons used social media to seek social support possibly to compensate for a lack of offline social support.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In June 2021, Clinical Psychology Review published a systematic review of 35 longitudinal studies published before August 2020 that found that evidence for longitudinal associations between screen time and anxiety among young people was lacking.<a href="#cite_note-CPR_2021-113">[113]</a> In August 2021, a meta-analysis was presented at the 2021 International Conference on Intelligent Medicine and Health of articles published before January 2011 that found evidence for a negative impact of social media on anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-ICIMH_2021-114">[114]</a> In January 2022, The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context published a meta-analysis of 13 cross-sectional studies comprising 7,348 subjects that found a statistically significant correlation between cybervictimization and anxiety with a moderate-to-large effect size.<a href="#cite_note-EJPALC_2022-115">[115]</a> In March 2022, JAMA Psychiatry published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies with 159,425 subjects 12 years of age or younger that found a small but statistically significant correlation between screen time and anxiety in children,<a href="#cite_note-JAMA_Psychiatry_2022-97">[97]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Bentham_Science_Publishers" title="Bentham Science Publishers">Adolescent Psychiatry</a> published a systematic review of research published from June 2010 through June 2020 studying associations between social media use and anxiety among adolescent subjects aged 13 to 18 years that established that 78.3% of studies reviewed reported positive associations between social media use and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Adolescent_Psychiatry_2022-116">[116]</a> In April 2022, researchers in the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Humanities_and_Sciences" title="Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences">Department of Communication</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> performed a meta-analysis of 226 studies comprising 275,728 subjects that found a small but positive association between social media use and anxiety,<a href="#cite_note-SSRN_4053961-117">[117]</a> while JMIR Mental Health published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 studies comprising 9,269 adolescent and young adult subjects that found a moderate but statistically significant association between problematic social media use and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-JMIR_Mental_Health_2022-118">[118]</a> In May 2022, Computers in Human Behavior published a meta-analysis of 82 studies comprising 48,880 subjects that found a significant positive association between social anxiety and mobile phone addiction.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In August 2022, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies comprising 8,077 subjects that established a significant association between binge-watching and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2022-120">[120]</a> In November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology,_Behavior,_and_Social_Networking" title="Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking">Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking</a> published a systematic review of 1,747 articles on problematic social media use that found a strong bidirectional relationship between social media use and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-CBSN_2022-121">[121]</a> In March 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Public_Health" title="Journal of Public Health">Journal of Public Health</a> published a meta-analysis of 27 studies published after 2014 comprising 120,895 subjects that found a moderate and robust association between problematic smartphone use and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-JPH_2023-122">[122]</a> In July 2023, Healthcare published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies that established correlation coefficients of 0.31 and 0.39 between nomophobia and anxiety and nomophobia and smartphone addiction respectively.<a href="#cite_note-MPDI_Healthcare_2023-123">[123]</a> In September 2023, Frontiers in Public Health published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 studies comprising 36,013 subjects aged 14 to 24 years that found a positive and statistically significant association between problematic internet use and social anxiety,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> while <a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">BJPsych Open</a> published a systematic review of 140 studies published from 2000 through 2020 found that social media use for more than 3 hours per day and passive browsing was associated with increased anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-BJPsych_Open_2023-125">[125]</a> In January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Computer-Mediated_Communication" title="Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication">Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication</a> published a meta-analysis of 141 studies comprising 145,394 subjects that found that active social media use was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety and passive social media use was associated with greater symptoms of social anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In February 2024, Addictive Behaviors published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 studies comprising 59,928 subjects that found that problematic social media use and social anxiety are highly and positively correlated,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> while The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery published a systematic review of 15 studies researching associations between problematic social media use and anxiety in subjects from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a> (including 4 studies with subjects exclusively between the ages of 12 and 19 years) that established that most studies found a significant association.<a href="#cite_note-EJNPN_2024-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism">Autism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Autism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></div> In September 2018, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 47 studies published from 2005 to 2016 that concluded that associations between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and screen time was inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In May 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Developmental_and_Behavioral_Pediatrics" title="Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics">Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics</a> published a systematic review of 16 studies that found that children and adolescents with ASD are exposed to more screen time than typically developing peers and that the exposure starts at a younger age.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In April 2021, <a href="/wiki/Research_in_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders" title="Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders">Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders</a> published a systematic review of 12 studies of video game addiction in ASD subjects that found that children, adolescents, and adults with ASD are at greater risk of video game addiction than those without ASD, and that the data from the studies suggested that internal and external factors (sex, attention and oppositional behavior problems, social aspects, access and time spent playing video games, parental rules, and game genre) were significant predictors of video game addiction in ASD subjects.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In March 2022, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 21 studies investigating associations between ASD, problematic internet use, and gaming disorder where the majority of the studies found positive associations between the disorders.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In August 2022, the International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction published a review of 15 studies that found that high rates of video game use in boys and young males with ASD was predominantly explained by video game addiction, but also concluded that greater video game use could be a function of ASD restricted interest and that video game addiction and ASD restricted interest could have an interactive relationship.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In December 2022, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 10 studies researching the prevalence of problematic internet use with ASD that found that ASD subjects had more symptoms of problematic internet use than control group subjects, had higher screen time online and an earlier age of first-time use of the internet, and also greater symptoms of depression and ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In July 2023, <a href="/wiki/Cureus" title="Cureus">Cureus</a> published a systematic review of 11 studies that concluded that earlier and longer screen time exposure for children was associated with higher probability of a child "developing" ASD.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In December 2023, <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Network_Open" title="JAMA Network Open">JAMA Network Open</a> published a meta-analysis of 46 studies comprising 562,131 subjects that concluded that while screen time may be a developmental cause of ASD in childhood, associations between ASD and screen time were not statistically significant when accounting for <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">publication bias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bipolar_disorder">Bipolar disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bipolar disorder">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></div> In November 2018, Cyberpsychology published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies that found evidence for a relationship between problematic smartphone use and impulsivity traits.<a href="#cite_note-Cyberpsychology_2018-93">[93]</a> In October 2020, the Journal of Behavioral Addictions published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found that a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and impulsivity.<a href="#cite_note-JBA_2020-94">[94]</a> In April 2021, a meta-analysis of 3 studies comprising 9,142 subjects was presented at the International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education that found that problematic internet use is a risk factor for bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In December 2023, the Journal of Psychiatric Research published a meta-analysis of 24 studies with 18,859 subjects with a mean age of 18.4 years that found significant associations between problematic internet use and impulsivity.<a href="#cite_note-Journal_of_Psychiatric_Research_2023-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Depression">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></div> In April 2018, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published a systematic review of 24 studies researching associations between internet gaming disorder (IGD) and various psychopathologies that found an 89% correlation between IGD and depression.<a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2018-91">[91]</a> In July 2018, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Internet_Research" title="Journal of Medical Internet Research">JMIR Mental Health</a> published a systematic review of 11 studies investigating social media use and depression among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) users that found that while qualitative research found that social media use could lead to greater social support and less loneliness for LGB users, LGB users were more likely to be cyberbullied than heterosexual users, that cyberbullying of LGB users was associated with depression among victims, and constant monitoring of accounts by LGB users was also found to be a stressor associated with depression.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In December 2018, Frontiers in Psychiatry published a systematic review of 9 studies published after 2014 investigating associations between problematic SNS use and comorbid psychiatric disorders that found a positive association between problematic SNS use and depression.<a href="#cite_note-Frontiers_in_Psychiatry_2018-105">[105]</a> In March 2019, the International Journal of Adolescence and Youth published a systematic review of 13 studies comprising 21,231 adolescent subjects aged 13 to 18 years that found that social media screen time, both active and passive social media use, the amount of personal information uploaded, and social media addictive behaviors all correlated with depression.<a href="#cite_note-IJAY_2019-106">[106]</a> In April 2019, the Journal of Affective Disorders published a meta-analysis assessing associations between SNS use and higher levels of depression that found that greater SNS screen time and frequency of checking SNS accounts had small but statistically significant associations with higher levels of depression, that greater general <a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_theory" title="Social comparison theory">social comparisons</a> on SNS had a small to moderate association, and greater upward social comparisons on SNS had a moderate association.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In November 2019, BMC Public Health published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 cross-sectional studies and 7 longitudinal studies that found that screen time-based sedentary behavior is associated with depression risk.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Translational_Psychiatry" title="Translational Psychiatry">Translational Psychiatry</a> published a meta-analysis of 12 prospective studies comprising 128,553 subjects that found that while sedentary behavior and depression risk had a significant positive association, television viewing and other mentally passive sedentary behaviors were positively associated with depression risk but computer use and other mentally active sedentary behaviors were not.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In February 2020, Psychiatry Research published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies that found positive associations between problematic smartphone use and depression and positive associations between higher levels of problematic smartphone use and elevated risk of depression.<a href="#cite_note-Psychiatry_Research_2020-107">[107]</a> Also in February 2020, Frontiers in Psychology published a systematic review of 10 studies of adolescent or young adult subjects in China that concluded that the research reviewed mostly established an association between social networks use disorder and depression among Chinese adolescents and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-Frontiers_in_Psychology_2020-108">[108]</a> In March 2020, the Review of General Psychology published a meta-analysis that found a small association between social networking service (SNS) use and self-reported depression.<a href="#cite_note-RGP_2020-142">[142]</a> In April 2020, BMC Public Health published a systematic review of 70 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies investigating moderating factors for associations for screen-based sedentary behaviors and depression symptoms among youth that found that the most consistent factor was for screen type since television viewing was not as strongly associated with depression symptoms as other screen types.<a href="#cite_note-BMC_Public_Health_2020-109">[109]</a> In August 2020, the Journal of Medical Internet Research published an umbrella review of 7 systematic reviews on research investigating associations between depression and use of mobile technologies and social media by adolescents that concluded that while mobile technology and social media may promote social support, excess social comparison and personal involvement (i.e. increased exposure in general, exposure to specific content that promotes depressive symptoms, and the degree of personal information posted on social media) could be associated with symptoms of depression.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In October 2020, the Journal of Affective Disorders published a meta-analysis of 12 studies with subjects aged 11 to 18 years that found a small but statistically significant positive correlation between social media use and depressive symptoms among adolescents,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> while the Journal of Behavioral Addictions published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and depression.<a href="#cite_note-JBA_2020-94">[94]</a> In November 2020, Child and Adolescent Mental Health published a systematic review of research published between January 2005 and March 2019 on associations between SNS use and depression in subjects between ages of 5 to 18 years that found that increased SNS screen time or frequency of SNS use and problematic and addictive SNS use were significantly associated with higher levels of depression symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-CAMH_2020-110">[110]</a> In January 2021, Frontiers in Psychiatry published a systematic review of 44 studies investigating social media use and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence that concluded that passive social media use (e.g. browsing other user photos or scrolling through comments or news feeds) and depression are bidirectionally associated and that problematic social media use and depressive symptoms are mediated by social comparisons.<a href="#cite_note-Frontiers_in_Psychiatry_2021-111">[111]</a> In February 2021, Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology published a meta-analysis of 62 studies comprising 451,229 subjects that found SNS screen time and SNS use intensity to have weak but statistically significant associations with depression symptoms, while problematic SNS use was found to have a moderate association with depression symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Youth_%26_Society" title="Youth & Society">Youth & Society</a> published a systematic review of 9 studies that found an association between SNS use and adolescent subjective well-being including mood, but that the results over whether the association was positive or negative were mixed.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In April 2021, the Journal of Affective Disorders published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 92 studies comprising 15,148 subjects across 25 countries investigating associations between depression and internet gaming disorder found that one-third of the IGD subjects had been diagnosed with depression and major severe depressive symptoms were found in IGD subjects globally without a formal diagnosis in comparison to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In May 2021, Current Psychology published a meta-analysis of 55 studies comprising 80,533 subjects that found a small but positive and statistically significant association between SNS use and self-reported depression symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In June 2021, Clinical Psychology Review published a systematic review of 35 longitudinal studies published before August 2020 that found that an association between screen time and subsequent depressive symptoms among young people was small and varied by device type and use.<a href="#cite_note-CPR_2021-113">[113]</a> In July 2021, Translational Medicine Communications published a systematic review of 9 studies published between October 2010 and December 2018 with <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> user subjects between the ages of 19 and 35 years that found an association between Instagram use and depression symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In January 2022, The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context published a meta-analysis of 13 cross-sectional studies comprising 7,348 subjects that found a statistically significant correlation between cybervictimization and depression with a moderate-to-large effect size.<a href="#cite_note-EJPALC_2022-115">[115]</a> In February 2022, the <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Social_Psychiatry" title="International Journal of Social Psychiatry">International Journal of Social Psychiatry</a> published a meta-analysis of 131 studies comprising 244,676 subjects that found a moderate mean correlation between problematic social media use and depression.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In March 2022, Computers in Human Behavior published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 531 cross-sectional or longitudinal studies with subjects aged 10 to 24 years that found a small bidirectional association between online media use and depressive symptoms and that the effect size did not differ between general internet use, smartphone use, social media use, or online gaming, but also found that studies that measured online media use with media addiction scales rather than by screen time found significantly greater associations.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Also in March 2022, JAMA Psychiatry published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies with 159,425 subjects 12 years of age or younger that found a small but statistically significant correlation between screen time and depression in children,<a href="#cite_note-JAMA_Psychiatry_2022-97">[97]</a> while Adolescent Psychiatry published a systematic review of research published from June 2010 through June 2020 studying associations between social media use and depression among adolescent subjects aged 13 to 18 years that established that 82.6% of studies reviewed reported positive associations between social media use and depression.<a href="#cite_note-Adolescent_Psychiatry_2022-116">[116]</a> In April 2022, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published a meta-analysis of 21 cross-sectional studies and 5 longitudinal studies comprising 55,340 adolescent subjects that found that social media screen time had a linear dose–response association with depression risk among adolescents and that depression risk increased by 13% for each additional hour of social media screen time.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Also in April 2022, researchers in the Department of Communication at Stanford University performed a meta-analysis of 226 studies comprising 275,728 subjects that found a small but positive association between social media use and depression,<a href="#cite_note-SSRN_4053961-117">[117]</a> while JMIR Mental Health published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 studies comprising 9,269 adolescent and young adult subjects that found a moderate but statistically significant association between problematic social media use and depression.<a href="#cite_note-JMIR_Mental_Health_2022-118">[118]</a> In August 2022, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies comprising 8,077 subjects that established a significant association between binge-watching and depression and a stronger association between binge-watching and depression was found during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> than pre-pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2022-120">[120]</a> In November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology,_Behavior,_and_Social_Networking" title="Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking">Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking</a> published a systematic review of 1,747 articles on problematic social media use that found a strong bidirectional relationship between social media use and depression.<a href="#cite_note-CBSN_2022-121">[121]</a> In December 2022, Frontiers in Psychiatry published a meta-analysis of 18 cohort studies comprising 241,398 subjects that found that screen time is a predictor of depressive symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In March 2023, the Journal of Public Health published a meta-analysis of 27 studies published after 2014 comprising 120,895 subjects that found a moderate and robust association between problematic smartphone use and depression.<a href="#cite_note-JPH_2023-122">[122]</a> In April 2023, <a href="/wiki/Trauma,_Violence,_%26_Abuse" title="Trauma, Violence, & Abuse">Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 studies comprising 79,202 adolescent subjects between the ages of 10 and 19 years that found that depression was three times more common among cyberbullying victims than control groups.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In July 2023, Current Psychology published a meta-analysis of 38 studies comprising 14,935 subjects in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> that found a small but positive association between problematic social media use and depression.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In September 2023, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Psychological_Science" title="Clinical Psychological Science">Clinical Psychological Science</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Preregistration_(science)" title="Preregistration (science)">preregistered</a> review and meta-analysis of 34 articles published between 2018 and 2020 studying associations between adolescent depression and social media use to identify the proportion of samples taken from the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North and Global South</a>, and found that more than 70% examined Global North populations and that associations in the Global North were positive and significant while associations in the Global South were <a href="/wiki/Null_result" title="Null result">null</a> and non-significant.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In September 2023, <a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">BJPsych Open</a> published a systematic review of 140 studies published from 2000 through 2020 that found that social media use for more than 3 hours per day and passive browsing was associated with increased depression in children, adolescents, and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-BJPsych_Open_2023-125">[125]</a> In February 2024, The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery published a systematic review of 15 studies researching associations between problematic social media use and depression in subjects from the Middle East and North Africa (including 4 studies with subjects exclusively between the ages of 12 and 19 years) that established that most studies found a significant association.<a href="#cite_note-EJNPN_2024-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insomnia">Insomnia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Insomnia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></div> In August 2018, Sleep Science and Practice published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 studies comprising 253,904 adolescent subjects that found that excessive technology use had a strong and consistent association with reduced sleep duration and prolonged <a href="/wiki/Sleep_onset_latency" title="Sleep onset latency">sleep onset latency</a> for adolescents 14 years of age or older.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Also in August 2018, Sleep Science published a systematic review of 12 studies investigating associations between exposure to video games, sleep outcomes, and post-sleep cognitive abilities that found the data present in the studies indicated associations between a reduction in sleep duration, increased sleep onset latency, modifications to <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">rapid eye movement sleep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a>, increased sleepiness and self-perceived <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>, and impaired post-sleep <a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">attention span</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verbal_memory" title="Verbal memory">verbal memory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In October 2019, Sleep Medicine Reviews published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 studies comprising 35,684 subjects that found a statistically significant <a href="/wiki/Odds_ratio" title="Odds ratio">odds ratio</a> for sleep problems and reduced sleep duration for subjects with internet addiction.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry_Research" title="Psychiatry Research">Psychiatry Research</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies that found positive associations between problematic smartphone use and poor sleep quality and between higher levels of problematic smartphone use and elevated risk of poor sleep quality.<a href="#cite_note-Psychiatry_Research_2020-107">[107]</a> Also in February 2020, Sleep Medicine Reviews published a systematic review of 31 studies examining associations between screen time and sleep outcomes in children younger than 5 years and found that screen time is associated with poorer sleep outcomes for children under the age of 5, with meta-analysis only confirming poor sleep outcomes among children under 2 years.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_Review" title="Developmental Review">Developmental Review</a> published a systematic review of 9 studies that found a weak-to-moderate association between sleep quantity and quality and problematic smartphone use among adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In October 2020, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 80 studies that found that greater screen time was associated with shorter sleep duration among toddlers and preschoolers,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> while the Journal of Behavioral Addictions published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and poor sleep quality.<a href="#cite_note-JBA_2020-94">[94]</a> In April 2021, Sleep Medicine Reviews published a systematic review of 36 cross-sectional studies and 6 longitudinal studies that found that 24 of the cross-sectional studies and 5 of the longitudinal studies established significant associations between more frequent social media use and poor sleep outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In June 2021, Frontiers in Psychiatry published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 studies comprising 51,901 subjects that established significant associations between problematic gaming and sleep duration, poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and other sleep problems.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In September 2021, <a href="/wiki/BMC_Public_Health" title="BMC Public Health">BMC Public Health</a> published a systematic review of 49 studies investigating associations between electronic media use and various sleep outcomes among children and adolescents 15 years of age or younger that found a strong association with sleep duration and stronger evidence for an association with sleep duration between the ages of 6 and 15 years than for 5 years of age or younger, while evidence for associations between electronic media use with other sleep outcomes was more inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In December 2021, <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_Media" title="Frontiers Media">Frontiers in Neuroscience</a> published a systematic review of 12 studies published from January 2000 to April 2020 that found that adult subjects with higher gaming addiction scores were more likely to have shorter sleep quantity, poorer sleep quality, delayed sleep timing, and greater daytime sleepiness and insomnia scores than subjects with lower gaming addiction scores and non-gamer subjects.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In January 2022, <a href="/wiki/Early_Childhood_Research_Quarterly" title="Early Childhood Research Quarterly">Early Childhood Research Quarterly</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 studies that found a weak but statistically significant association with increased smartphone and tablet computer use and poorer sleep in early childhood.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In May 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Affective_Disorders" title="Journal of Affective Disorders">Journal of Affective Disorders</a> published a meta-analysis of 29 studies comprising 20,041 subjects that found a weak-to-moderate association between mobile phone addiction and sleep disorder and that adolescents with mobile phone addiction were at higher risk of developing sleep disorder.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In August 2022, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies comprising 8,077 subjects that established a significant association between binge-watching and sleep problems and a stronger association between binge-watching and sleep problems was found during the COVID-19 pandemic than pre-pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2022-120">[120]</a> In October 2022, Reports in Public Health published a systematic review of 23 studies that found that excessive use of digital screens by adolescents was associated with poor sleep quality, nighttime awakenings, long sleep latency, and daytime sleepiness.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In December 2022, Sleep Epidemiology published a systematic review of 18 studies investigating associations between sleep problems and screen time during <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> that found that the increased screen time during the lockdowns negatively impacted sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep onset latency, and wake time.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In March 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Sleep_Medicine" title="Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine">Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 studies comprising 36,485 subjects that found that smartphone overuse was closely associated with self-reported poor sleep quality, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a>, and prolonged sleep latency.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In April 2023, Sleep Medicine Reviews published a systematic review of 42 studies that found digital media use to be associated with shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality and bedtime or nighttime use with poor sleep outcomes, but only found associations for general screen use, mobile phone use, computer and internet use, internet, and social media and not for television, game console, and tablet use.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In July 2023, <a href="/wiki/List_of_MDPI_academic_journals" title="List of MDPI academic journals">Healthcare</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies that established a correlation coefficient of 0.56 between nomophobia and insomnia.<a href="#cite_note-MPDI_Healthcare_2023-123">[123]</a> In September 2023, <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a> published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies of smartphone addiction and sleep among medical students found that 57% of subjects had poor sleep and 39% of subjects had smartphone addiction with a correlation index of 0.3,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Computers_in_Human_Behavior" title="Computers in Human Behavior">Computers in Human Behavior</a> published a meta-analysis of 23 longitudinal studies comprising 116,431 adolescent subjects that found that adolescent screen time with computers, smartphones, social media, and television are positively associated with negative impacts on sleep health later in life.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcissism">Narcissism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Narcissism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a></div> In April 2018, a meta-analysis published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality" title="Journal of Personality">Journal of Personality</a> found that the positive correlation between grandiose narcissism and social networking site (SNS) usage was replicated across platforms (including Facebook and Twitter).<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In July 2018, a meta-analysis published in Psychology of Popular Media found that <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder#Types" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">grandiose narcissism</a> positively correlated with time spent on social media, frequency of status updates, number of friends or followers, and frequency of posting <a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">self-portrait digital photographs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a> published a meta-analysis that found a small-to-moderate association between SNS use and narcissism.<a href="#cite_note-RGP_2020-142">[142]</a> In June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Addictive_Behaviors" title="Addictive Behaviors">Addictive Behaviors</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> finding a consistent, positive, and significant correlation between grandiose narcissism and problematic social media use.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OCD">OCD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: OCD">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></div> In April 2018, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published a systematic review of 24 studies researching associations between internet gaming disorder (IGD) and various psychopathologies that found a significant correlation between IGD and obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms in 3 of 4 studies.<a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2018-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mental_health_benefits">Mental health benefits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mental health benefits">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_controversies#Positive_effects_of_video_games" title="Video game controversies">Video game controversies § Positive effects of video games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_media_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Digital_media_use.jpg/220px-Digital_media_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Digital_media_use.jpg/330px-Digital_media_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Digital_media_use.jpg/440px-Digital_media_use.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2824" /></a><figcaption>Smartphones and other digital devices are ubiquitous in many societies.</figcaption></figure>Individuals with mental illness can develop social connections over social media, that may foster a sense of social inclusion in online communities.<a href="#cite_note-:18-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-5">[5]</a> People with mental illness may share personal stories in a perceived safer space, as well as gaining peer support for developing coping strategies.<a href="#cite_note-:18-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-5">[5]</a> People with mental illness are likely to report avoiding stigma and gaining further insight into their mental health condition by using social media. This comes with the risk of unhealthy influences, misinformation, and delayed access to traditional mental health outlets.<a href="#cite_note-:18-4">[4]</a> Other benefits include connections to supportive online communities, including illness or disability specific communities, as well as the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>QIA community.<a href="#cite_note-:16-5">[5]</a> Young cancer patients have reported an improvement in their coping abilities due to their participation in an online community.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The uses of social media for healthcare communication include providing reducing stigma and facilitating dialogue between patients and between patients and health professionals.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Furthermore, in children, the educational benefits of digital media use are well established.<a href="#cite_note-:18-4">[4]</a> For example, screen-based programs can help increase both independent and collaborative learning. A variety of quality apps and software can also decrease learning gaps and increase skill in certain educational subjects.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_disciplines">Other disciplines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other disciplines">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_anthropology">Digital anthropology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Digital anthropology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)" title="Daniel Miller (anthropologist)">Daniel Miller</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> has contributed to the study of <a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">digital anthropology</a>, especially ethnographic research on the use and consequences of social media and smartphones as part of the everyday life of ordinary people around the world. He notes the effects of social media are very specific to individual locations and cultures. He contends "a layperson might dismiss these stories as superficial. But the anthropologist takes them seriously, empathetically exploring each use of digital technologies in terms of the wider social and cultural context."<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Digital anthropology is a developing field which studies the relationship between humans and digital-era technology. It aims to consider arguments in terms of ethical and societal scopes, rather than simply observing technological changes.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-183">[183]</a> Brian Solis, a digital analyst and anthropologist, stated in 2018, "we've become digital addicts: it's time to take control of technology and not let tech control us".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_sociology">Digital sociology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Digital sociology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Digital_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sociology">Digital sociology</a> explores how people use digital media using several research methodologies, including surveys, interviews, focus groups, and ethnographic research. It intersects with digital anthropology, and studies <a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">cultural geography</a>. It also investigates longstanding concerns, and contexts around young people's overuse of "these technologies, their access to <a href="/wiki/Online_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Online pornography">online pornography</a>, cyber bullying or online sexual predation".<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> A 2012 cross-sectional sociological study in Turkey showed differences in patterns of internet use that related to levels of religiosity in 2,698 subjects. With increasing religiosity, negative attitudes towards internet use increased. Highly religious people showed different motivations for internet use, predominantly searching for information.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> A study of 1,296 Malaysian adolescent students found an inverse relationship between religiosity and internet addiction tendency in females, but not males.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> A 2018 review published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> considered that young people may have different experiences online, depending on their socio-economic background, noting lower-income youths may spend up to three hours more per day using digital devices, compared to higher-income youths.<a href="#cite_note-OdgersSmartphones-188">[188]</a> They theorized that lower-income youths, who are already vulnerable to mental illness, may be more passive in their online engagements, being more susceptible to negative feedback online, with difficulty self-regulating their digital media use. It concluded that this may be a new form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a> between at-risk young people and other young people, pre-existing risks of mental illness becoming amplified among the already vulnerable population.<a href="#cite_note-OdgersSmartphones-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Neuroscience">edit</a>]</div> A 2018 neuroscientific review published in Nature found the density of the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain" title="List of regions in the human brain">brain region</a> involved in emotional processing, is related to the size of both offline and online social networks in adolescents. They considered that this and other evidence "suggests an important interplay between actual social experiences, both offline and online, and <a href="/wiki/Brain_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain development">brain development</a>". The authors postulated that social media may have benefits, namely social connections with other people, as well as managing impressions people have of other people such as "reputation building, impression management, and online self-presentation". It identified "adolescence [as] a tipping point in development for how social media can influence their self-concept and expectations of self and others", and called for further study into the neuroscience behind digital media use and brain development in adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Although brain-imaging <a href="/wiki/Modality_(human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)" title="Modality (human–computer interaction)">modalities</a> are under study, neuroscientific findings in individual studies often <a href="/wiki/Replication_crisis" title="Replication crisis">fail to be replicated</a> in future studies, similar to other behavioural addictions; as of 2017, the exact biological or neural processes that could lead to excessive digital media use are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_cognition">Impact on cognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Impact on cognition">edit</a>]</div> There is research and development about the cognitive impacts of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and digital technology. A group reported that, contrary to widespread belief, scientific evidence does not show that these technologies harm biological cognitive abilities and that they instead only change predominant ways of <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> – such as a reduced need to remember facts or conduct mathematical calculations by pen and paper outside contemporary schools. However, some activities – like reading novels – that require long focused attention-spans and do not feature ongoing rewarding stimulation may become more challenging in general.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> How extensive online media usage impacts cognitive development in youth is under investigation<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> and impacts may substantially vary by the way and which technologies are being used – such as which and how digital media platforms are being used – and how these are designed. Impacts may vary to a degree such studies have not yet taken into account and may be modulatable by the design, choice and use of technologies and platforms, including by the users themselves. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Study_about_change_in_intelligence_in_children_9%E2%80%9312_from_screen_time_watching,_screen_time_Socializing,_screen_time_gaming.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Study_about_change_in_intelligence_in_children_9%E2%80%9312_from_screen_time_watching%2C_screen_time_Socializing%2C_screen_time_gaming.webp/220px-Study_about_change_in_intelligence_in_children_9%E2%80%9312_from_screen_time_watching%2C_screen_time_Socializing%2C_screen_time_gaming.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Study_about_change_in_intelligence_in_children_9%E2%80%9312_from_screen_time_watching%2C_screen_time_Socializing%2C_screen_time_gaming.webp/330px-Study_about_change_in_intelligence_in_children_9%E2%80%9312_from_screen_time_watching%2C_screen_time_Socializing%2C_screen_time_gaming.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Study_about_change_in_intelligence_in_children_9%E2%80%9312_from_screen_time_watching%2C_screen_time_Socializing%2C_screen_time_gaming.webp/440px-Study_about_change_in_intelligence_in_children_9%E2%80%9312_from_screen_time_watching%2C_screen_time_Socializing%2C_screen_time_gaming.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Measured results of the study</figcaption></figure> A study suggests that in <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">children</a> aged 8–12 during two years, time <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">digital gaming</a> or watching digital videos can be positively correlated with <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">measures intelligence</a>, albeit correlations with overall <a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">screen time</a> (including social media, socializing and TV) were not investigated and 'time gaming' did not differentiate between categories of video games (e.g. shares of games' platform and <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">genre</a>), and digital videos did not differentiate between categories of videos.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_social_life">Impact on social life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Impact on social life">edit</a>]</div> Worldwide <a href="/wiki/Adolescent_health" title="Adolescent health">adolescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a> in contemporary schools and depression increased substantially after 2012 and a study found this to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> access and <a href="/wiki/Internet#usage" title="Internet">Internet use</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mitigation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> Several technology firms have implemented changes intending to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive use of their platforms. In December 2017, Facebook admitted passive consumption of social media could be harmful to mental health, although they said active engagement can have a positive effect. In January 2018, the platform made major changes to increase user engagement.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In January 2019, Facebook's then head of global affairs, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, responding to <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">criticisms of Facebook</a> and mental health concerns, stated they would do "whatever it takes to make this environment safer online especially for youngsters". Facebook admitted "heavy responsibilities" to the global community, and invited regulation by governments.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and Instagram announced new tools that they asserted may assist with overuse of their products.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In 2019, Instagram, which has been investigated specifically in one study in terms of addiction,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> began testing a platform change in Canada to hide the number of "likes" and views that photos and videos received in an effort to create a "less pressurised" environment.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> It then continued this trial in Australia, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Brazil and New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> before extending the experiment globally in November of that year. The platform also developed artificial intelligence to counter cyberbullying.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a> released an update for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> smartphones, including a dashboard app enabling users to set timers on application use.<a href="#cite_note-:6-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> purchased a third-party application and then incorporated it in <a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">iOS 12</a> to measure "screen time".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Journalists have questioned the functionality of these products for users and parents, as well as the companies' motivations for introducing them.<a href="#cite_note-:6-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Alphabet has also invested in a mental health specialist, Quartet, which uses machine learning to collaborate and coordinate digital delivery of mental health care.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Two activist investors in Apple Inc voiced concerns in 2018 about the content and amount of time spent by youth. They called on Apple Inc. to act before regulators and consumers potentially force them to do so.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Apple Inc. responded that they have, "always looked out for kids, and [they] work hard to create powerful products that inspire, entertain, and educate children while also helping parents protect them online". The firm is planning new features that they asserted may allow them to play a pioneering role in regard to young people's health.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_sector">Public sector</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Public sector">edit</a>]</div> In China, Japan, South Korea and the United States, governmental efforts have been enacted to address issues relating to digital media use and mental health. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China">China's Ministry of Culture</a> has enacted several public health efforts from as early as 2006 to address gaming and internet-related disorders. In 2007, an "Online Game Anti-Addiction System" was implemented for minors, restricting their use to 3 hours or less per day. The ministry also proposed a "Comprehensive Prevention Program Plan for Minors' Online Gaming Addiction" in 2013, to promulgate research, particularly on diagnostic methods and interventions.<a href="#cite_note-:8-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">China's Ministry of Education</a> in 2018 announced that new regulations would be introduced to further limit the amount of time spent by minors in online games.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>, the owner of WeChat and the world's largest video game publisher, restricted the amount of time that children could spend playing one of its online games, to one hour per day for children 12 and under, and two hours per day for children aged 13–18.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Effective 2 September 2023, those under the age of 18 can no longer access the Internet on their mobile device between 10 pm and 6 am without parental bypass. Smartphone usage is similarly capped by default at 40 minutes a day for children younger than eight and at two hours for 16- and 17-year-olds.<a href="#cite_note-:9-214">[214]</a> Japan's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications">Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications</a> coordinates Japanese public health efforts in relation to problematic internet use and gaming disorder. Legislatively, the Act on Development of an Environment that Provides Safe and Secure Internet Use for Young People was enacted in 2008, to promote public awareness campaigns, and support NGOs to teach young people safe internet use skills.<a href="#cite_note-:8-210">[210]</a> South Korea has eight government ministries responsible for public health efforts in relation to internet and gaming disorders. A review article published in <a href="/wiki/Prevention_Science" title="Prevention Science">Prevention Science</a> in 2018 stated that the "region is unique in that its government has been at the forefront of prevention efforts, particularly in contrast to the United States, Western Europe, and Oceania."<a href="#cite_note-:8-210">[210]</a> Efforts are coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_ICT" title="Ministry of Science and ICT">Ministry of Science and ICT</a>, and include awareness campaigns, educational interventions, youth counseling centres, and promoting healthy online culture.<a href="#cite_note-:8-210">[210]</a> In May 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Murthy" title="Vivek Murthy"> United States' Surgeon general</a> took the rare measure of issuing an advisory on Social media and mental health.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In October, 41 U.S. states commenced legal proceedings against <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a>. This included the <a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">attorneys general</a> of 33 states filing a combined lawsuit over concerns about the addictive nature of Instagram and its impact on the mental health of young people.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> A research published in 2024 investigated the impact of 'labels' on internet behavior and mental health. The participants received indications through labels whether specific webpages were likely to make the users feel better or worse. The study found that this labeling system influenced participants' preferences and helped them evaluate the best choices when presented with relevant information. The results show that digital labels can be a useful tool to encourage healthy behaviors and improving behaviour, demonstrating the potential of technology to improve mental health.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_mental_health_care">Digital mental health care</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Digital mental health care">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellmind_NHS_Mental_Health_App.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a screen from the "Wellmind" smartphone application" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wellmind_NHS_Mental_Health_App.jpg/220px-Wellmind_NHS_Mental_Health_App.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wellmind_NHS_Mental_Health_App.jpg/330px-Wellmind_NHS_Mental_Health_App.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wellmind_NHS_Mental_Health_App.jpg/440px-Wellmind_NHS_Mental_Health_App.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3530" data-file-height="2425" /></a><figcaption>"Wellmind", a United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> smartphone application </figcaption></figure> Digital technologies have also provided opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Use_of_technology_in_treatment_of_mental_disorders" title="Use of technology in treatment of mental disorders">delivery of mental health care online</a>; benefits have been found with <a href="/wiki/Computerized_CBT" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerized CBT">computerized cognitive behavioral therapy</a> for depression and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-:14-220">[220]</a> Mindfulness based online intervention has been shown to have small to moderate benefits on mental health. The greatest <a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">effect size</a> was found for the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">psychological stress</a>. Benefits were also found regarding depression, anxiety, and well-being.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> commission on global mental health and sustainability report from 2018 evaluated both benefits and harms of technology. It considered the roles of technologies in mental health, particularly in public education; patient screening; treatment; training and supervision; and system improvement.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> A study in 2019 published in Front Psychiatry in the National Center for Biotechnology Information states that despite proliferation of many mental health apps there has been no "equivalent proliferation of scientific evidence for their effectiveness."<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Steve Blumenfield and Jeff Levin-Scherz, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a>, claim that "most published studies show telephonic mental health care is as effective as in-person care in treating depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder." The also cite a 2020 study done with the Veterans Administration as evidence of this as well.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Evolutionary psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instagram#Scientific_studies" title="Instagram">Instagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dickson_2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_2018_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_2018_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDicksonRichardsonKwanMacDowall2018" class="citation book cs1">Dickson K, Richardson M, Kwan I, MacDowall W, Burchett H, Stansfield C, Brunton G, Sutcliffe K, Thomas J (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Portals/0/PDF%20reviews%20and%20summaries/Systematic%20Map%20of%20Reviews%20on%20Screen-based%20activties_08.01.19.pdf?ver=2019-01-29-155200-517">Screen-based activities and children and young people's mental health: A Systematic Map of Reviews</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/EPPI-Centre" title="EPPI-Centre">EPPI-Centre</a>, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of 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"Narcissism and Social Networking Behavior: A Meta-Analysis". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality" title="Journal of Personality">Journal of Personality</a>. 86 (2). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>: 200–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjopy.12305">10.1111/jopy.12305</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28170106">28170106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality&rft.atitle=Narcissism+and+Social+Networking+Behavior%3A+A+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200-212&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjopy.12305&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28170106&rft.aulast=Gnambs&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft.au=Appel%2C+Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCainCampbell2018" class="citation journal cs1">McCain JL, Campbell WK (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305766785">"Narcissism and Social Media Use: A Meta-Analytic Review"</a>. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 7 (3). <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>: 308–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fppm0000137">10.1037/ppm0000137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152057114">152057114</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020044406/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305766785_Narcissism_and_Social_Media_Use_A_Meta-Analytic_Review">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Popular+Media+Culture&rft.atitle=Narcissism+and+Social+Media+Use%3A+A+Meta-Analytic+Review&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=308-327&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fppm0000137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152057114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McCain&rft.aufirst=Jessica+L.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+W.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F305766785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasaleBanchi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Casale S, Banchi V (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7244927">"Narcissism and problematic social media use: A systematic literature review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Addictive_Behaviors" title="Addictive Behaviors">Addictive Behaviors Reports</a>. 11. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 100252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.abrep.2020.100252">10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7244927">7244927</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32467841">32467841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addictive+Behaviors+Reports&rft.atitle=Narcissism+and+problematic+social+media+use%3A+A+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=100252&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7244927%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32467841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.abrep.2020.100252&rft.aulast=Casale&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Banchi%2C+Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7244927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> See, for example, patients of "Stop Cancer" (<a href="/wiki/Halasartan" title="Halasartan">Halasartan</a>), as cited in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-AharonGoshen-LagoFontanaSmyth2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Aharon I, Goshen-Lago T, Fontana E, Smyth E, Guren M, Caballero C, Lordick F (1 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(19)30346-8/abstract">"Social networks for young patients with cancer: the time for system agility"</a>. The Lancet Oncology. 20 (6): 765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2819%2930346-8">10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30346-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-2045">1470-2045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31162090">31162090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:174808947">174808947</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020044414/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(19)30346-8/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Oncology&rft.atitle=Social+networks+for+young+patients+with+cancer%3A+the+time+for+system+agility&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=765&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft.issn=1470-2045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A174808947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31162090&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2819%2930346-8&rft.aulast=Ben-Aharon&rft.aufirst=Irit&rft.au=Goshen-Lago%2C+Tal&rft.au=Fontana%2C+Elisa&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Guren%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Caballero%2C+Carmela&rft.au=Lordick%2C+Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flanonc%2Farticle%2FPIIS1470-2045%2819%2930346-8%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhead2017" class="citation journal cs1">Moorhead SA (22 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-335">"Social Media for Healthcare Communication"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.335">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.335</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022861-3"><bdi>978-0-19-022861-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606091948/https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-335">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021. 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Theses and Dissertations--Pharmacy (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13023%2Fetd.2019.284">10.13023/etd.2019.284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=THERAPEUTIC+VIDEO+GAMES+AND+THE+SIMULATION+OF+EXECUTIVE+FUNCTION+DEFICITS+IN+ADHD&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13023%2Fetd.2019.284&rft.aulast=Tiitto&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuknowledge.uky.edu%2Fpharmacy_etds%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatelSaxenaLundThornicroft2018" class="citation journal cs1">Patel V, Saxena S, Lund C, Thornicroft G, Baingana F, Bolton P, Chisholm D, Collins PY, Cooper JL, Eaton J, Herrman H, Herzallah MM, Huang Y, Jordans MJ, Kleinman A, Medina-Mora ME, Morgan E, Niaz U, Omigbodun O, Prince M, Rahman A, Saraceno B, Sarkar BK, De Silva M, Singh I, Stein DJ, Sunkel C, UnÜtzer J (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31612-X/abstract">"The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. 392 (10157): 1553–1598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2818%2931612-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31612-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30314863">30314863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52976414">52976414</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020044414/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31612-X/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+Lancet+Commission+on+global+mental+health+and+sustainable+development&rft.volume=392&rft.issue=10157&rft.pages=1553-1598&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52976414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30314863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2818%2931612-X&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Saxena%2C+S&rft.au=Lund%2C+C&rft.au=Thornicroft%2C+G&rft.au=Baingana%2C+F&rft.au=Bolton%2C+P&rft.au=Chisholm%2C+D&rft.au=Collins%2C+PY&rft.au=Cooper%2C+JL&rft.au=Eaton%2C+J&rft.au=Herrman%2C+H&rft.au=Herzallah%2C+MM&rft.au=Huang%2C+Y&rft.au=Jordans%2C+MJ&rft.au=Kleinman%2C+A&rft.au=Medina-Mora%2C+ME&rft.au=Morgan%2C+E&rft.au=Niaz%2C+U&rft.au=Omigbodun%2C+O&rft.au=Prince%2C+M&rft.au=Rahman%2C+A&rft.au=Saraceno%2C+B&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+BK&rft.au=De+Silva%2C+M&rft.au=Singh%2C+I&rft.au=Stein%2C+DJ&rft.au=Sunkel%2C+C&rft.au=Un%C3%9Ctzer%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2818%2931612-X%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallDunstanBartik2019" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall JM, Dunstan DA, Bartik W (5 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6872533">"The Digital Psychiatrist: In Search of Evidence-Based Apps for Anxiety and Depression"</a>. Front Psychiatry. 10 (831): 831. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2019.00831">10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00831</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6872533">6872533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31803083">31803083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Digital+Psychiatrist%3A+In+Search+of+Evidence-Based+Apps+for+Anxiety+and+Depression&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=831&rft.pages=831&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6872533%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31803083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2019.00831&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Dunstan%2C+DA&rft.au=Bartik%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6872533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenfieldLevin-Scherz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenfield S, Levin-Scherz J (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2020/12/digital-tools-are-revolutionizing-mental-health-care-in-the-u-s">"Digital Tools Are Revolutionizing Mental Health Care in the U.S."</a> Harvard Business Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201225172930/https://hbr.org/2020/12/digital-tools-are-revolutionizing-mental-health-care-in-the-u-s">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Digital+Tools+Are+Revolutionizing+Mental+Health+Care+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.aulast=Blumenfield&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Levin-Scherz%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2020%2F12%2Fdigital-tools-are-revolutionizing-mental-health-care-in-the-u-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2017" class="citation book cs1">Alter A (2017). Irresistible : the rise of addictive technology and the business of keeping us hooked. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-2284-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-2284-7"><bdi>978-0-7352-2284-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990286417">990286417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irresistible+%3A+the+rise+of+addictive+technology+and+the+business+of+keeping+us+hooked&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990286417&rft.isbn=978-0-7352-2284-7&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettBowden-Jones2017" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett V, Bowden-Jones H (2017). Are we all addicts now? : digital dependence. Beales, Katriona, MacDonald, Fiona. Liverpool: <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-081-0"><bdi>978-1-78694-081-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988053669">988053669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+we+all+addicts+now%3F+%3A+digital+dependence&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988053669&rft.isbn=978-1-78694-081-0&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft.au=Bowden-Jones%2C+Henrietta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungde_Abreu2017" class="citation book cs1">Young K, de Abreu CN (2017). Internet addiction in children and adolescents : risk factors, assessment, and treatment. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Publishing Company">Springer Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-3373-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-3373-1"><bdi>978-0-8261-3373-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988278461">988278461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+addiction+in+children+and+adolescents+%3A+risk+factors%2C+assessment%2C+and+treatment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988278461&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-3373-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft.au=de+Abreu%2C+Cristiano+Nabuco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidt2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Haidt J</a> (2024). <a href="/wiki/The_Anxious_Generation" title="The Anxious Generation">The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood Is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-65503-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-65503-0"><bdi>978-0-593-65503-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anxious+Generation%3A+How+the+Great+Rewiring+of+Childhood+Is+Causing+an+Epidemic+of+Mental+Illness&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-593-65503-0&rft.aulast=Haidt&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaleaBuckleyWojtowicz2024" class="citation report cs1">Galea S, Buckley GJ, Wojtowicz A, eds. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27396/social-media-and-adolescent-health">Social Media and Adolescent Health: NASEM Consensus Study Report</a> (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F27396">10.17226/27396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-71316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-71316-0"><bdi>978-0-309-71316-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Social+Media+and+Adolescent+Health%3A+NASEM+Consensus+Study+Report&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F27396&rft.isbn=978-0-309-71316-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F27396%2Fsocial-media-and-adolescent-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+media+use+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self‐esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51(1), 41–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008</a></li> <li>Jones, A., Hook, M., Podduturi, P., McKeen, H., Beitzell, E., & Liss, M. (2022). Mindfulness as a mediator in the relationship between social media engagement and depression in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111284">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111284</a></li> <li>White-Gosselin, C.-É., & Poulin, F. (2022). Associations between young adults' social media addiction, relationship quality with parents, and internalizing problems: A path analysis model. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000326">https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000326</a></li> <li>Hammad, M. A., & Alqarni, T. M. (2021). Psychosocial effects of social media on the Saudi society during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 16(3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248811">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248811</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Addiction" title="Template:Addiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Addiction" title="Template talk:Addiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Addiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Addiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">Reinforcement</a> disorders: <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine#Addiction" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine addiction">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine#Addiction" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate#Addiction_and_dependence" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine addiction">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Financial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Shopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Palatable food</a></li> <li>Sex-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">Pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Internet-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital media addictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cellular mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcriptional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOSB#ΔFosB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdk5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdk5">Cdk5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GluR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GluR2">GluR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Epigenetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G9a" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a">G9a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G9a-like_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a-like protein">G9a-like protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC1" title="HDAC1">HDAC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC2" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC2">HDAC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC3" title="HDAC3">HDAC3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC4" title="HDAC4">HDAC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC5" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC5">HDAC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC9" title="HDAC9">HDAC9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC10" title="HDAC10">HDAC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT2" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT2">SIRT2</a></li> <li>...</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-drug stimuli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_dependence" title="Tanning dependence">Tanning dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_addiction" title="Treatment and management of addiction">Treatment and management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Detoxification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_detoxification" title="Drug detoxification">Drug detoxification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Behavioral therapies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_enhancement_therapy" title="Motivational enhancement therapy">Motivational enhancement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_interviewing" title="Motivational interviewing">Motivational interviewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_therapy" title="Motivational therapy">Motivational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Addiction" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Physical exercise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treatment programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug rehab">Drug rehab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin-assisted_treatment" title="Heroin-assisted treatment">Heroin-assisted treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_outpatient_program" title="Intensive outpatient program">Intensive outpatient program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Methadone maintenance">Methadone maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_cessation_clinics_in_India" title="Tobacco cessation clinics in India">Tobacco cessation clinics in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve-step program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_recovery_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Addiction recovery groups">Addiction recovery groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">List of twelve-step groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harm_reduction" title="Category:Harm reduction">Category:Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-threshold_treatment_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-threshold treatment programs">Low-threshold treatment programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_Management" title="Moderation Management">Moderation Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange program">Needle exchange program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_maintenance" title="Stimulant maintenance">Stimulant maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Carr" title="Allen Carr">Allen Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Addiction" title="Category:Addiction">Category:Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaccines_against_drugs" title="Category:Vaccines against drugs">Category:Vaccines against drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Discrimination against drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" title="Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">Dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive control">Cognitive control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_control" title="Inhibitory control">Inhibitory control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">Motivational salience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience#Incentive_salience" title="Motivational salience">Incentive salience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Addiction" title="Category:Addiction">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template talk:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital media use and mental health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed or recognised diagnostic categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online problem gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">Problematic smartphone use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomophobia" title="Nomophobia">Nomophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_addiction" title="Television addiction">Television addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sociology">Digital sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology" title="Cyberpsychology">Cyberpsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated psychiatric conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image_disturbance" title="Body image disturbance">Body image disturbance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">Body image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpathology" title="Cyberpathology">Cyberpathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_detox" title="Digital detox">Digital detox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Evolution of cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Evolutionary mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Promotion of anorexia">Promotion of anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_restrictions_on_children_in_Australia" title="Social media restrictions on children in Australia">Social media restrictions on children in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_impacts_of_cars" title="Societal impacts of cars">Societal impacts of cars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">Pair bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilineal_evolution" title="Multilineal evolution">Multilineal evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoevolutionism" title="Neoevolutionism">Neoevolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">Unilineal evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_and_human_factors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template talk:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_and_human_factors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">human factors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betteridge%27s_law_of_headlines" title="Betteridge's law of headlines">Betteridge's law of headlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">Junk food news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_objectionable_program" title="Least objectionable program">Least objectionable program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_take" title="Hot take">Hot take</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(journalism)" title="Spike (journalism)">Spiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_television" title="Tabloid television">Tabloid television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_management" title="Attention management">Attention management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">Attention span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbox" title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">Information explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information%E2%80%93action_ratio" title="Information–action ratio">Information–action ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage farming">Rage farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Effects of violence in mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neophile" title="Neophile">Neophile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence and video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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