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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="لورد أكتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورد أكتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Acton" title="Lord Acton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lord Acton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Acton" title="Lord Acton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lord Acton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Emerich_Edward_Dalberg-Acton" title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Emerich_Edward_Dalberg-Acton,_1._Baron_Acton" title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1. Baron Acton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1. Baron Acton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA-%CE%86%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τζων Ντάλμπεργκ-Άκτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζων Ντάλμπεργκ-Άκτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Acton" title="Lord Acton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lord Acton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Emerich_Edward_Dalberg-Acton,_1a_Barono_Acton" title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1a Barono Acton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1a Barono Acton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton_(Acton_I._baroia)" title="John Dalberg-Acton (Acton I. baroia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Dalberg-Acton (Acton I. baroia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان اکتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان اکتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Emerich_Edward_Dalberg-Acton" title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Acton" title="Lord Acton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lord Acton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%95%A1%ED%84%B4_%EB%82%A8%EC%9E%91_%EC%A1%B4_%EB%8B%AC%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8_%EC%95%A1%ED%84%B4" title="제1대 액턴 남작 존 달버그 액턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 액턴 남작 존 달버그 액턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Emerich_Edward_Dalberg-Acton" title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לורד אקטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לורד אקטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Dalberg_Acton" title="Ioannes Dalberg Acton – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Dalberg Acton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Acton" title="Lord Acton – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lord Acton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="لورد اكتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لورد اكتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Dalberg-Acton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・アクトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・アクトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AB_-_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="لومړی بارون اکټون، جان دالبرګ - اکټون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لومړی بارون اکټون، جان دالبرګ - اکټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Acton_(1._baron_Acton)" title="John Acton (1. baron Acton) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Acton (1. baron Acton)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Dalberg-Acton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дальберг-Актон, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дальберг-Актон, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Emerich_Edward_Dalberg-Acton" title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Dalberg-Acton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1:e_baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1:e baron Acton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1:e baron Acton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="จอห์น ดัลเบิร์ก-แอกตัน บารอนแอกตันที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ดัลเบิร์ก-แอกตัน บารอนแอกตันที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Дальберг-Актон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Дальберг-Актон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Acton&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Acton">Lord Acton</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British politician and historian (1834–1902)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Acton</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order">KCVO</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Picture_of_John_Dalberg-Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton.jpg/220px-Picture_of_John_Dalberg-Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Picture_of_John_Dalberg-Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton.jpg/330px-Picture_of_John_Dalberg-Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Picture_of_John_Dalberg-Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton.jpg/440px-Picture_of_John_Dalberg-Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="2647" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Bridgnorth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bridgnorth (UK Parliament constituency)">Bridgnorth</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 July 1865 – 1866<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/John_Pritchard_(MP)" title="John Pritchard (MP)">John Pritchard</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitmore" title="Henry Whitmore">Henry Whitmore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Whitmore</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Carlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Carlow (UK Parliament constituency)">Carlow</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 May 1859 – 25 July 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Alexander</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stock_(MP)" title="Thomas Stock (MP)">Thomas Stock</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton</div><br />10 January 1834<br /><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 June 1902<span style="display:none">(1902-06-19)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tegernsee" title="Tegernsee">Tegernsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Countess Marie von Arco auf Valley</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1865)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Dalberg-Acton" title="Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton">Sir Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton, 7th Baronet</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Alex Callinicos</a> (grandson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscott_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscott College">Oscott College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Historian; politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, 13th Marquess of Groppoli</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order">KCVO</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a></span></span> (10 January 1834 – 19 June 1902), better known as <b>Lord Acton</b>, was an English <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> historian, politician, and writer. A strong advocate for <a href="/wiki/Individual_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual liberty">individual liberty</a>, Acton is best known for his timeless observation on the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">concentrated authority</a>. In an 1887 letter to an Anglican bishop, he famously wrote, "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely,"<sup id="cite_ref-lmcone_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lmcone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> underscoring his belief that unchecked power poses the greatest threat to <a href="/wiki/Human_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Human freedom">human freedom</a>. His works consistently emphasized the importance of <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limiting governmental</a> and institutional power in favor of individual rights and personal liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_background">Early life and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only son of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Dalberg-Acton" title="Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton">Sir Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton, 7th Baronet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dod_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dod-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Neapolitan</a> admiral and prime minister <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Acton,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet">Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (who succeeded to the baronetcy and estates held by another branch of the Acton family in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> in 1791), Acton was known as Sir John Dalberg-Acton, 8th Baronet, from 1837 to 1869. His grandfather was part of a younger line of the family that had moved to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, but after the extinction of the elder branch he became the patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acton's father, known as Richard, married Marie Louise Pelline, the only daughter of <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_Joseph,_1st_Duc_de_Dalberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmerich Joseph, 1st Duc de Dalberg">Emmerich Joseph, 1st Duc de Dalberg</a>, a naturalised French noble of ancient German lineage who had entered the French service under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> and represented <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1814. After Sir Richard Acton's death in 1837, she became the wife of the <a href="/wiki/Granville_George_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" class="mw-redirect" title="Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">2nd Earl Granville</a> (1840).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dod_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dod-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marie Louise Pelline de Dalberg was heiress of <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Herrnsheim</a> in Germany. She became the mother of John Dalberg-Acton who was born in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was raised as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and was educated at <a href="/wiki/Oscott_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscott College">Oscott College</a>, under the future-Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wiseman" title="Nicholas Wiseman">Nicholas Wiseman</a>, until 1848. He then studied privately at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. He was denied entry to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> because he was a Catholic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently went to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> where he studied at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> and resided in the house of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger">Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger</a>, the theologian and forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>, with whom he became lifelong friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Gronbacher_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gronbacher-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Döllinger inspired in him a deep love of historical research and a profound conception of its functions as a critical instrument in the study of sociopolitical liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-Gronbacher_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gronbacher-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a master of the principal foreign languages, and began at an early age to collect a magnificent historical library, which he intended to use to compose a "History of Liberty". In politics, he was always an ardent <a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Liberalism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom"><span style="color: #000;">Liberalism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism#Green_Liberal_Democrats" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hammond" title="Barbara Hammond">Hammond (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond (John Lawrence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan (George Macaulay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Thomas_Bass" title="Michael Thomas Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Clegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_UK" title="Template:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_UK" title="Template talk:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton_by_Franz_Seraph_von_Lenbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/John_Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton_by_Franz_Seraph_von_Lenbach.jpg/230px-John_Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton_by_Franz_Seraph_von_Lenbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/John_Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton_by_Franz_Seraph_von_Lenbach.jpg/345px-John_Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton_by_Franz_Seraph_von_Lenbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/John_Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton_by_Franz_Seraph_von_Lenbach.jpg/460px-John_Acton%2C_1st_Baron_Acton_by_Franz_Seraph_von_Lenbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2995" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of John Acton by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach" title="Franz von Lenbach">Franz Seraph von Lenbach</a>, circa 1879.</figcaption></figure> <p>During his extensive travels, Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centres of Europe, reading the correspondence of historical personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Gronbacher_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gronbacher-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his friends were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Forbes_Ren%C3%A9_de_Montalembert" title="Charles Forbes René de Montalembert">Montalembert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustel_de_Coulanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluntschli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluntschli">Bluntschli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Sybel" title="Heinrich von Sybel">von Sybel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a>. In 1855, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Deputy_lieutenant" title="Deputy lieutenant">deputy lieutenant</a> of Shropshire.<sup id="cite_ref-Dod_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dod-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, he was attached to <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Granville's</a> mission to Moscow as British representative at the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911159-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1859, Acton settled in England, at his country house, <a href="/wiki/Aldenham_Park,_Morville" title="Aldenham Park, Morville">Aldenham</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>. He was returned to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that same year as member for the Irish borough of <a href="/wiki/Carlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Carlow (UK Parliament constituency)">Carlow</a> and became a devoted admirer and adherent of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>. However, Acton was not an active MP, and his parliamentary career came to an end after the <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1865</a>, when he headed the Liberal ballot for <a href="/wiki/Bridgnorth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bridgnorth (UK Parliament constituency)">Bridgnorth</a> near his Shropshire home. Acton nearly defeated Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitmore" title="Henry Whitmore">Henry Whitmore</a>, but Whitmore successfully <a href="/wiki/Election_petition" title="Election petition">petitioned</a> for a scrutiny of the ballots, and thus retained his seat. After the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a>, Acton again contested Bridgnorth, this time reduced to a single seat, in <a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a> but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acton took a great interest in the United States, considering its <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal</a> structure an ideal guarantor of individual liberties. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, his sympathies lay entirely with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, for their defence of <a href="/wiki/States%27_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="States' Rights">States' Rights</a> against a centralised government that he believed would inevitably turn tyrannical. His notes to Gladstone on the subject helped sway many in the British government to sympathise with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">South</a>. After the South's surrender, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> that "I mourn for the stake which was lost at Richmond more deeply than I rejoice over that which was saved at Waterloo," adding that he "deemed that you were fighting battles for our liberty, our progress, and our civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acton's stance on the Confederacy was shared by most English Catholics at the time, both liberal and <a href="/wiki/Ultramontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramontane">Ultramontane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGreevy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editors of the Ultramontane <i>Tablet</i> denounced <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> as a dangerous radical, and <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, when asked for his opinion on the matter, stated that slavery was not "intrinsically evil" and that the issue had to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.<sup id="cite_ref-McGreevy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> raised Acton to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Acton" title="Baron Acton">Baron Acton, of Aldenham in the County of Shropshire</a></i>. His elevation came primarily through the intercession of Gladstone.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two were intimate friends and frequent correspondents. Gladstone was particularly concerned to elevate Acton's standing as he headed out to Rome to resist the Pope's plan to have Papal Infallibility confirmed at the Vatican Council. Both Acton and Gladstone opposed this scheme and it was thought that, if Acton were a British Peer, it would strengthen his position in Rome. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> said: "Gladstone influences all round him but Acton; it is Acton who influences Gladstone."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acton was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> as a Knight Commander (KCVO) in the 1897 Birthday Honours.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_writings">Religion and writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion and writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Acton_in_a_Group_Portrait_at_Tegernsee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lord_Acton_in_a_Group_Portrait_at_Tegernsee.jpg/320px-Lord_Acton_in_a_Group_Portrait_at_Tegernsee.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lord_Acton_in_a_Group_Portrait_at_Tegernsee.jpg/480px-Lord_Acton_in_a_Group_Portrait_at_Tegernsee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lord_Acton_in_a_Group_Portrait_at_Tegernsee.jpg/640px-Lord_Acton_in_a_Group_Portrait_at_Tegernsee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>Lord Acton, with <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger">Döllinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, 1879.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Acton became the editor of the Roman Catholic monthly paper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rambler_(Catholic_periodical)" title="The Rambler (Catholic periodical)">The Rambler</a></i>, in 1859, upon <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry (later Cardinal) Newman</a>'s retirement from the editorship.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862, he merged this periodical into the <i>Home and Foreign Review</i>. Though a sincere Roman Catholic, his spirit as a historian was hostile to ultramontane pretensions, and his independence of thought and liberalism soon brought him into conflict with the church hierarchy. As early as August 1862, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wiseman" title="Nicholas Wiseman">Wiseman</a> publicly censured the <i>Review</i>; and when in 1864, after <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger">Döllinger</a>'s appeal at the Munich Congress for a less hostile attitude towards historical criticism, the pope issued a declaration that the opinions of Catholic writers were subject to the authority of the Roman congregations, Acton felt that there was only one way of reconciling his literary conscience with his ecclesiastical loyalty, and he stopped the publication of his monthly periodical. He continued, however, to contribute articles to the <i><a href="/wiki/North_British_Review" title="North British Review">North British Review</a></i>, which, previously a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church</a> organ, had been acquired by friends in sympathy with him, and which for some years (until 1872, when it ceased publication) promoted the interests of a high-class Liberalism in both temporal and ecclesiastical matters. Acton also did a good deal of lecturing on historical subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the March 1862 <i>Rambler</i>, Acton wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Celts are not among the progressive, initiative races, but among those which supply the materials rather than the impulse of history, and are either stationary or retrogressive. The Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, and the <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a> are the only makers of history, the only authors of advancement. Other races possessing a highly developed language, a speculative religion, enjoying luxury and art, attain to a certain pitch of cultivation which they are unable to either communicate or to increase. They are a negative element in the world.</p></blockquote> <p>And: "Subjection to a people of a higher capacity for government is of itself no misfortune; and it is to most countries the condition of their political advancement."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Lord_Acton's_dictum"></span><span class="anchor"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acton's_dictum"></span>In 1870, along with his mentor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger">Döllinger</a>, Acton opposed the moves to promulgate the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, travelling to Rome to lobby against it, ultimately unsuccessfully.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acton did not become an <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a>, and continued attending Mass regularly; he received the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a> on his deathbed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church did not try to force his hand. It was in this context that, in a letter he wrote to scholar and ecclesiastic <a href="/wiki/Mandell_Creighton" title="Mandell Creighton">Mandell Creighton</a>, dated April 1887, Acton made his most famous pronouncement: </p> <blockquote><p>But if we might discuss this point until we found that we nearly agreed, and if we do agree thoroughly about the impropriety of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlylese</a> denunciations and <a href="/wiki/Pharisaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisaism">Pharisaism</a> in history, I cannot accept your canon that we are to judge Pope and King unlike other men, with a favourable presumption that they did no wrong. If there is any presumption it is the other way, against the holders of power, increasing as the power increases. Historic responsibility has to make up for the want of legal responsibility. <b>Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men, even when they exercise influence and not authority, still more when you superadd the tendency or the certainty of corruption by authority.</b> There is no worse heresy than that the office sanctifies the holder of it. That is the point at which the negation of Catholicism and the negation of Liberalism meet and keep high festival, and the end learns to justify the means. You would hang a man of no position like <a href="/wiki/Ravaillac" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravaillac">Ravaillac</a>; but if what one hears is true, then <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth</a> asked the gaoler to murder <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a> ordered his Scots minister to <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">extirpate a clan</a>. Here are the greatest names coupled with the greatest crimes; you would spare those criminals, for some mysterious reason. I would hang them higher than <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a>, for reasons of quite obvious justice, still more, still higher for the sake of historical science.<sup id="cite_ref-lmcone_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lmcone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thenceforth he steered clear of theological <a href="/wiki/Polemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Polemics">polemics</a>. He devoted himself to reading, study and congenial society. With all his capacity for study, he was a man of the world and a man of affairs, not a bookworm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His only notable publications were a masterly essay in the <i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Review" title="Quarterly Review">Quarterly Review</a></i> of January 1878 on "Democracy in Europe;" two lectures delivered at Bridgnorth in 1877 on "The History of Freedom in Antiquity" and "The History of Freedom in Christianity"—these last the only tangible portions put together by him of his long-projected "History of Liberty;" and an essay on modern German historians in the first number of the <i><a href="/wiki/English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a></i>, which he helped to found (1886). After 1879 he divided his time between London, <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tegernsee" title="Tegernsee">Tegernsee</a> in Bavaria, enjoying and reciprocating the society of his friends. In 1872 he had been given the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>; in 1888 Cambridge gave him the honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, and in 1889 Oxford the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a>; and in 1890 he received the high academic accolade of being made a fellow of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874, when Gladstone published his pamphlet on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vatican_Decrees_in_their_Bearing_on_Civil_Allegiance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance">The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance</a></i>, Lord Acton wrote during November and December a series of remarkable letters to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, illustrating Gladstone's main theme by numerous historical examples of papal inconsistency, in a way which must have been bitter enough to the ultramontane party, but ultimately disagreeing with Gladstone's conclusion and insisting that the Church itself was better than its premises implied. Acton's letters led to another storm in the English Roman Catholic world, but once more it was considered prudent by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> to leave him alone. In spite of his reservations, he regarded "communion with Rome as dearer than life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 August 1865, Acton married Countess Marie Anna Ludomilla Euphrosina von Arco auf Valley (1841–1923), daughter of the Bavarian Count Maximilian von Arco auf Valley, with whom he had six children:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>Mary Elizabeth Anne Dalberg-Acton (1866–1951), married Lt-Col. Edward Bleiddian Herbert and had children.</li> <li>Annie Mary Catherine Dalberg-Acton (1868–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyon-Dalberg-Acton,_2nd_Baron_Acton" title="Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 2nd Baron Acton">Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 2nd Baron Acton</a> (1870–1924)</li> <li>John Dalberg Dalberg-Acton (1872–1873)</li> <li>Elizabeth Mary Dalberg-Acton (1874–1881)</li> <li>Jeanne Marie Dalberg-Acton (1876–1919)</li></ol> <p>His nephew was <a href="/wiki/Anton_Graf_von_Arco_auf_Valley" title="Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley">Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley</a> (1897–1945), a German count and political activist, and assassin of socialist Bavarian minister-president <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a> in 1919. </p><p>When his cousin <a href="/wiki/Maria_Brignole_Sale_De_Ferrari" title="Maria Brignole Sale De Ferrari">Maria, Duchess of Galliera</a> died in 1888, Acton inherited the dormant title of <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Groppoli" title="Marquess of Groppoli">Marquess of Groppoli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professor_at_Cambridge">Professor at Cambridge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Professor at Cambridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acton's reputation for learning spread gradually abroad, largely through Gladstone's influence. Gladstone found him a valuable political adviser, and in 1892, when the Liberal government came in, Lord Acton was made a lord-in-waiting. Finally, in 1895, on the death of Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley" title="John Robert Seeley">John Seeley</a>, Lord <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Philip_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a> appointed him to the <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Modern_History_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Professor of Modern History (Cambridge)">Regius Professorship of Modern History</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gronbacher_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gronbacher-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He delivered two courses of lectures on the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and on Modern History, along with private tutoring. The <i>Cambridge Modern History</i>, though he did not live to see it, was planned under his editorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his health began to fail in 1901, Acton died on 19 June 1902 at his wife's family home in the <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spa</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Tegernsee" title="Tegernsee">Tegernsee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. He was buried in a small communal graveyard by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tegernsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Tegernsee">Lake Tegernsee</a>, a grave which today lies unmarked, having lost its headstone in the latter half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded in the title by his son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyon-Dalberg-Acton,_2nd_Baron_Acton" title="Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 2nd Baron Acton">Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 2nd Baron Acton</a>. His 60,000-volume library, with books full of his own annotations, was purchased prior to his death by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> in secret, in order to secure the library for Acton's use during his lifetime. Upon Lord Acton's death, it was presented to <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a>, who donated it to the University of Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a>, author of the article in the 1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Lord Acton has left too little completed original work to rank among the great historians; his very learning seems to have stood in his way; he knew too much and his literary conscience was too acute for him to write easily, and his copiousness of information overloads his literary style. But he was one of the most deeply learned men of his time, and he will certainly be remembered for his influence on others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acton_School_of_Business" title="Acton School of Business">Acton School of Business</a>, established in 2002 in Austin, Texas, was named in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. Dr. Edward Acton</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Acton,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet">Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. Catherine Loys</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ferdinand_Dalberg-Acton,_7th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton, 7th Baronet">Sir Ferdinand Richard Edward Acton</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Lt-Gen. Joseph Edward Acton</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. Marianna Acton</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. Gräfin Marie Eleanore Berghe von Trips</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Heribert_von_Dalberg" title="Wolfgang Heribert von Dalberg">Freiherr Wolfgang Heribert Kämmerer von Worms gen. von Dalberg zu Herrnsheim</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_Joseph_von_Dalberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmerich Joseph von Dalberg">Emmerich Joseph von Dalberg</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Dalberg" title="Dalberg">Dalberg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. Freiin Maria Elisabeth Augusta Ulner von Dieburg</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. Marie Louise Pelline von Dalberg</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. Antonio Giulio III Brignole-Sale, 9th Marquis of Groppoli</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. Marie Pellegrine Thérèse Brignole-Sale</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. Anna Maria Gaspara Vincenza Pieri<i>-Serriciardi</i></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_quotations">Notable quotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.<sup id="cite_ref-lmcone_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lmcone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Great men are almost always bad men, even when they exercise influence and not authority.<sup id="cite_ref-lmcone_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lmcone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is no worse heresy than that the office sanctifies the holder of it.<sup id="cite_ref-lmcone_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lmcone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>History is the arbiter of controversy, the monarch of all she surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Universal History is ... not a burden on the memory but an illumination of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is not a more perilous or immoral habit of mind than the sanctifying of success. [said of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>]<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The strong man with the dagger is followed by the weak man with the sponge.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The science of politics is the one science that is deposited by the streams of history, like the grains of gold in the sand of a river; and the knowledge of the past, the record of truths revealed by experience, is eminently practical, as an instrument of action and a power that goes to making the future.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Save for the wild force of Nature, nothing moves in this world that is not Greek in its origin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Liberty is not the power of doing what we like, but the right of being able to do what we ought.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The wisdom of divine rule appears not in the perfection but in the improvement of the world... History is the true demonstration of Religion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><i>The Civil War in America: Its Place in History</i> (lecture; 1866).</li> <li><i>The Rise and Fall of the Mexican Empire</i> (lecture; 1868).</li> <li><i>Letters from Rome on the Council</i> (1870).</li> <li><i>The War of 1870</i> (lecture; 1871).</li> <li><i>The History of Freedom in Antiquity</i> (address; 1877).</li> <li><i>The History of Freedom in Christianity</i> (address; 1877).</li> <li>Introductory note to <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Burd" title="Lawrence Burd">L.A. Burd</a>'s edition of Machiavelli's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ilprincipe00machuoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Il Principe</i></a> (1891).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924027801830#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>A Lecture on the Study of History</i></a> (1895).</li> <li>Introductory note to <a href="/wiki/George_Peabody_Gooch" title="George Peabody Gooch">G.P. Gooch</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/annalsofpolitics00goociala#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Annals of Politics and Culture</i></a> (1901).</li></ul> <p><b>Posthumous</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lettersoflordact00actouoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Letters of Lord Acton to Mary, Daughter of the Right Hon. W.E. Gladstone</i></a> (1904).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028040396#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Lectures on Modern History</i></a> (1906).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyoffreedom00actoiala#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The History of Freedom and Other Essays</i></a> (1907).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a544621300actouoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Historical Essays and Studies</i></a> (1907).</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFiggis,_John_NevilleLaurence,_Reginald_Vere1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Neville_Figgis" title="John Neville Figgis">Figgis, John Neville</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Vere_Laurence" title="Reginald Vere Laurence">Laurence, Reginald Vere</a>, eds. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a544669300actouoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Lectures on the French Revolution</i></a>. London: Macmillan and Co. – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fa544669300actouoft%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiggis,_John_NevilleLaurence,_Reginald_Vere1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Neville_Figgis" title="John Neville Figgis">Figgis, John Neville</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Vere_Laurence" title="Reginald Vere Laurence">Laurence, Reginald Vere</a>, eds. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a544732401actouoft"><i>Selections from the Correspondence of the First Lord Acton</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Longmans, Green and Co. – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+Correspondence+of+the+First+Lord+Acton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa544732401actouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/therambler02newmuoft#page/62/mode/2up">"Mill on Liberty,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/therambler02newmuoft#page/376/mode/2up">Part II</a>, <i>The Rambler</i> (1859–60).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/therambler02newmuoft#page/136/mode/2up">"The Roman Question,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1860).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/therambler02newmuoft#page/290/mode/2up">"The State of the Church,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1860).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760403londuoft#page/158/mode/2up">"Hefele's 'Life of Ximenes',"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1860).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/therambler02newmuoft#page/154/mode/2up">"The Political System of the Popes,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760403londuoft#page/26/mode/2up">Part II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760404londuoft#page/182/mode/2up">Part III</a>, <i>The Rambler</i> (1860–61).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760404londuoft#page/144/mode/2up">"Döllinger's 'History of Christianity',"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1861).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760404londuoft#page/192/mode/2up">"Notes on the Present State of Austria,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1861).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760405londuoft#page/16/mode/2up">"Political Causes of the American Revolution,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1861).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760405londuoft#page/140/mode/2up">"Cavour,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1861).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760405londuoft#page/290/mode/2up">"The Catholic Academy,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1861).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760406londuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">"Döllinger on the Temporal Power,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1861).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760406londuoft#page/190/mode/2up">"Mr. Goldwin Smith's Irish History,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1862).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ns2a634760406londuoft#page/318/mode/2up">"The Protestant Theory of Persecution,"</a> <i>The Rambler</i> (1862).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ra634742501londuoft#page/n9/mode/2up">"Nationality,"</a> <i>Home and Foreign Review</i> (1862).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ra634742501londuoft#page/146/mode/2up">"Secret History of Charles II,"</a> <i>Home and Foreign Review</i> (1862).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a634742502londuoft#page/152/mode/2up">"Confessions of Frederick the Great,"</a> <i>Home and Foreign Review</i> (1863).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a634742502londuoft#page/504/mode/2up">"The Waldensian Forgeries,"</a> <i>Home and Foreign Review</i> (1863).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/aa634742502londuoft#page/162/mode/2up">"Ultramontanism,"</a> <i>Home and Foreign Review</i> (1863).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/aa634742502londuoft#page/610/mode/2up">"Mediæval Fables of the Popes,"</a> <i>Home and Foreign Review</i> (1863).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a634742500londuoft#page/208/mode/2up">"The Munich Congress,"</a> <i>Home and Foreign Review</i> (1864).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a634742500londuoft#page/666/mode/2up">"Conflicts with Rome,"</a> <i>Home and Foreign Review</i> (1864).</li> <li>"Material Resources of the Papacy," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"Fra Paolo Sarpi," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"The Case of Monte Cassino," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"Döllinger on Universities," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"The Ministerial Changes in Italy," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"Secret History of the Italian Crisis," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"The Secret Bull," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"Reminiscences of Massimo d'Azeglio," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"The Next General Council," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"Ranke," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"M. Littré on the Middle Ages," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"Mr. Goldwin Smith on the Political History of England," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"Nicholas of Cusa," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"Maurice of Saxony," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"The Acta Sanctorum," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1867).</li> <li>"The Queen's Journal," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1868).</li> <li>"Ozanam on the Fifth Century," <i>The Chronicle</i> (1868).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3011300;view=1up;seq=42">"The Massacre of St. Bartholomew,"</a> <i>The North British Review</i> (1868).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3011300;view=1up;seq=139">"The Pope and the Council,"</a> <i>The North British Review</i> (1869).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3011302;view=1up;seq=187">"The Vatican Council,"</a> <i>The North British Review</i> (1870).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3011302;view=1up;seq=355">"The Borgias and their Latest Historian,"</a> <i>The North British Review</i> (1871).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/quarterlyreview01smitgoog#page/n12/mode/2up">"Wolsey and the Divorce of Henry VIII,"</a> <i>Quarterly Review</i> (1877).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/quarterlyreview85smitgoog#page/n124/mode/2up">"Sir Erskine May's 'Democracy in Europe',"</a> <i>Quarterly Review</i> (1878).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury17londuoft#page/464/mode/2up">"George Eliot's Life,"</a> <i>The Nineteenth Century</i> (1885).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishhistorica01londuoft#page/6/mode/2up">"German Schools of History,"</a> <i>English Historical Review</i> (1886).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishhistorica05londuoft#page/306/mode/2up">"Wilhelm von Giesebretch,"</a> <i>English Historical Review</i> (1890).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishhistorica05londuoft#page/700/mode/2up">"Döllinger's Historical Work,"</a> <i>English Historical Review</i> (1890).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Religion_%26_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Acton Institute for the Study of Religion & Liberty">Acton Institute for the Study of Religion & Liberty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lmcone-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lmcone_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcone_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcone_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcone_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcone_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/165acton.html">Letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, April 5, 1887</a> Transcript of, published in <i>Historical Essays and Studies</i>, edited by J. N. Figgis and R. V. Laurence (London: Macmillan, 1907).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1965" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, William B. (1965). 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Penguin. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-53038-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-451-53038-1"><bdi>0-451-53038-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/74823252">74823252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+autobiography+of+Andrew+Carnegie%3B+and+his+essay%2C+The+Gospel+of+Wealth&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F74823252&rft.isbn=0-451-53038-1&rft.aulast=Carnegie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2011/03/whig-history-at-eighty">"Whig History at Eighty | Wilfred M. McClay"</a>. <i>First Things</i>. March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Whig+History+at+Eighty+%26%23124%3B+Wilfred+M.+McClay&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F03%2Fwhig-history-at-eighty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18685/pg18685.html">Lectures on Modern History (1895)</a> Appendix I. at Project Gutenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18685/pg18685.html">Lectures on Modern History (1895)</a> Lecture XI, The Puritan Revolution. at Project Gutenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27488/27488-h/27488-h.htm"><i>Lectures on the French Revolution</i> (1910)</a> Macmillan, p. 92, at Project Gutenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5u3se3N0bZQC&dq=%E2%80%9CThe+strong+man+with+the+dagger+is+followed+by+the+weak+man+with+the+sponge.&pg=PA255">quoted in <i>Forbidden Knowledge</i> (1996)</a> by Roger Shattuck, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25720/25720-h/25720-h.htm"><i>A Lecture on the Study of History</i>, 1895</a> Macmillan (1911), p. 3, at Project Gutenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/john_acton.html">John Acton Quotes</a> from brainyquote.com Accessed 21 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5cuAAAAIAAJ&q=Rambler">as quoted in <i>The American Political Science Review</i> vol. 56, 1963</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/therambler02newmuoft#page/146/mode/2up/search/liberty"><i>The Rambler</i> Volume 2</a> (1860) p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/historic/riha/core.html">"Religion and Innovation in Human Affairs"</a>. <i>bu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bu.edu&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Innovation+in+Human+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fhistoric%2Friha%2Fcore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillert,_P._F.1907" class="citation journal cs1">Willert, P. F. (January 1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4815158;view=1up;seq=176">"Review of <i>Lectures on Modern History</i> by the late Right Honourable John Edward Emerich, First Baron Acton; edited by J. N. Figgis and R. Vere Lawrence"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>22</b>: 164–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXII.LXXXV.164">10.1093/ehr/XXII.LXXXV.164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Lectures+on+Modern+History+by+the+late+Right+Honourable+John+Edward+Emerich%2C+First+Baron+Acton%3B+edited+by+J.+N.+Figgis+and+R.+Vere+Lawrence&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=164-166&rft.date=1907-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXII.LXXXV.164&rft.au=Willert%2C+P.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4815158%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Acton_(John_Emerich_Edward_Dalberg_Acton),_1st_Baron" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acton (John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton), 1st Baron">Acton (John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton), 1st Baron</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acton+%28John+Emerich+Edward+Dalberg+Acton%29%2C+1st+Baron&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=159-160&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lang, Timothy (2002). "Lord Acton and 'The Insanity of Nationality'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 129–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3654261">10.2307/3654261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654261">3654261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Lord+Acton+and+%27The+Insanity+of+Nationality%27&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-149&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3654261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3654261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pezzimenti, Rocco (2001). <i>The Political Thought of Lord Acton: The English Catholics in the Nineteenth Century.</i> Leominster: Gracewing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Hill_(journalist)" title="Roland Hill (journalist)">Hill, Roland</a> (2000). <i>Lord Acton</i>. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Boyd, Kelly, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers</i> (Rutledge, 1999) 1:1–2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk, Russell</a> (1994). <i>Lord Acton on Revolution.</i> Grand Rapids, Mich.: Acton Institute.</li> <li>Chadwick, Owen (1998). <i>Acton and History</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Tulloch, Hugh (1988). <i>Acton.</i> New York: St. Martin's Press.</li> <li>Nurser, John (1987). <i>The Reign of Conscience: Individual, Church, and State in Lord Acton's History of Liberty</i>. London: Taylor & Francis.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1984" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Terrence (1984). "Lord Acton and the Question of Moral Judgments in History: The Development of His Position". <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 225–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lord+Acton+and+the+Question+of+Moral+Judgments+in+History%3A+The+Development+of+His+Position&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-250&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chadwick, Owen (1976). <i>Acton and Gladstone</i>. London: Athlone Press.</li> <li>Schuettinger, Robert Lindsay (1976). <i>Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty</i>. Open Court Publishing Company.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane1972" class="citation journal cs1">Deane, Seamus F (1972). "Lord Acton and Edmund Burke". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 325–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708878">10.2307/2708878</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708878">2708878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Lord+Acton+and+Edmund+Burke&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=325-335&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708878%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Seamus+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassey1969" class="citation journal cs1">Massey, Hector J (1969). "Lord Acton's Theory of Nationality". <i>The Review of Politics</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 495–508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034670500011827">10.1017/s0034670500011827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143980116">143980116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Lord+Acton%27s+Theory+of+Nationality&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=495-508&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0034670500011827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143980116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Hector+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mathew, David (1968). <i>Lord Acton and His Times</i>. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1966" class="citation journal cs1">Watt, E.D. (1966). "Rome and Lord Acton: A Reinterpretation". <i>The Review of Politics</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 493–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs003467050001322x">10.1017/s003467050001322x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145598255">145598255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Rome+and+Lord+Acton%3A+A+Reinterpretation&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=493-507&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs003467050001322x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145598255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=E.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver, Richard M.</a> (1961). "Lord Acton: The Historian as Thinker". <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i>. <b>V</b> (1): 13–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Age&rft.atitle=Lord+Acton%3A+The+Historian+as+Thinker&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFActon1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton">Acton, Harold</a> (1961). "Lord Acton". <i>Chicago Review</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 31–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25293642">10.2307/25293642</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25293642">25293642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Review&rft.atitle=Lord+Acton&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-44&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25293642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25293642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Acton&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fasnacht, George Eugene (1952). <i>Acton's Political Philosophy: An Analysis</i>. London: Hollis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb, Gertrude</a> (1952). <i>Lord Action: A Study in Conscience and Politics</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Hill_(journalist)" title="Roland Hill (journalist)">Hill, Roland</a> (1952). <i>Lord Acton</i>. <i>History Today</i> (1952) 2#8 pp. 551–557 online</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel-Janosi1941" class="citation journal cs1">Engel-Janosi, Friedrich (1941). "Reflections of Lord Acton on Historical Principles". <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 166–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Reflections+of+Lord+Acton+on+Historical+Principles&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-185&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Engel-Janosi&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mathew, David (1946). <i>Acton: The Formative Years</i>. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Gladstone" title="Mary Gladstone">Drew, Mary Gladstone</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015063782596;view=1up;seq=13">"Acton and Gladstone."</a> In: <i>Acton, Gladstone, and Others.</i> London, Nisbet & Co., ltd., pp. 1–31.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinton1919" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Crane_Brinton" title="Crane Brinton">Brinton, Crane</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428624">"Lord Acton's Philosophy of History"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 84–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0017816000010300">10.1017/s0017816000010300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507914">1507914</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162646791">162646791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Lord+Acton%27s+Philosophy+of+History&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-112&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162646791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1507914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0017816000010300&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Crane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Laski, Harold J.</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dialjournallitcrit65chicrich#page/58/mode/2up">"Lord Acton: Idealist,"</a> <i>The Dial</i>, Vol. LXV, pp. 59–61.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Lilly" title="William Samuel Lilly">Lilly, W.S.</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dublinreview148londuoft#page/212/mode/2up">"Lord Acton and the French Revolution,"</a> <i>The Dublin Review</i>, Vol. CXLVIII, pp. 213–229.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Gasquet, Abbot</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ra544727400actouoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Lord Acton and His Circle</i></a>. London: Burn & Oates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Thurston, Herbert</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newcatholicworl08unkngoog#page/n368/mode/2up">"The Late Lord Acton,"</a> <i>The Catholic World</i>, Vol. LXXXIV, pp. 357–372.</li> <li>Lyttelton, Maud (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000020206314;view=1up;seq=622">"Mr. Gladstone's Friendship with Lord Acton,"</a> <i>Lippincott's Magazine</i>, Vol. LXXIV., pp. 610–616.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1902" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Lane_Poole" title="Reginald Lane Poole">Poole, Reginald L.</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishhistorica17londuoft#page/692/mode/2up">"John Emerich, Lord Acton"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>17</b> (68): 692–699. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fxvii.lxviii.692">10.1093/ehr/xvii.lxviii.692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=John+Emerich%2C+Lord+Acton&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=692-699&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fxvii.lxviii.692&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Reginald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fenglishhistorica17londuoft%23page%2F692%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F69443">"Archival material relating to John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+John+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF69443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalberg-Acton%2C+1st+Baron+Acton" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311778#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_(MP)" title="John Alexander (MP)">John Alexander</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Carlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Carlow (UK Parliament constituency)">Carlow</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a>–<a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stock_(MP)" title="Thomas Stock (MP)">Thomas Stock</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitmore" title="Henry Whitmore">Henry Whitmore</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Pritchard_(MP)" title="John Pritchard (MP)">John Pritchard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Bridgnorth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bridgnorth (UK Parliament constituency)">Bridgnorth</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a>–1866 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Pritchard_(MP)" title="John Pritchard (MP)">John Pritchard</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitmore" title="Henry Whitmore">Henry Whitmore</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Pritchard_(MP)" title="John Pritchard (MP)">John Pritchard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Acton" title="Baron Acton">Baron Acton</a> </b><br />1869–1902 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyon-Dalberg-Acton,_2nd_Baron_Acton" title="Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 2nd Baron Acton">Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ferdinand_Dalberg-Acton,_7th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton, 7th Baronet">Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Acton" title="Baron Acton">Baronet</a> <br /> </b>(of Aldenham)<b> </b><br />1837–1902 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyon-Dalberg-Acton,_2nd_Baron_Acton" title="Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 2nd Baron Acton">Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-<i>Chinilpa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and<br />the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li>Acton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism" title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian capitalism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118646796">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83158562">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159014h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159014h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620244">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg <1834-1902>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV140603">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36551021">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX820746">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p323966365">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90601186">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500435327">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1287451">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118646796.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118646796">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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