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<li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2022">July 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2022">June 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2022">May 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2022">April 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2022">March 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2022">February 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2022">January 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2021">December 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2021">November 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2021">October 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2021">September 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2021">August 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2019">December 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2019">November 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2019">October 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2019">September 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2019">August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2019">July 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2019">June 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2019">May 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2019">April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2019">March 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2019">February 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2019">January 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2018">December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2018">November 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2018">October 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2018">September 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2018">August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2018">July 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2018">June 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2018">May 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2018">April 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Bibliography">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">Scholarly work related to the administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">More scholary articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">Tracking</a> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register">Historical additions to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">Terms and definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a></li> <li><a href="#Deference">Deference</a> <ul><li><a href="/Judicial_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference">Chevron deference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a></li> <li>Ex parte communications</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a></li> <li><a href="/Due_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">More terms and definitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">Laws and statutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">More laws and statutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">Executive orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Carter_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Carter related to the administrative state">Jimmy Carter</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12044_(Jimmy_Carter,_1978)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)">Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Reagan_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Reagan related to the administrative state">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12291_(Ronald_Reagan,_1981)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)">Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12498_(Ronald_Reagan,_1985)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)">Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Clinton_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Clinton related to the administrative state">Bill Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12866_(Bill_Clinton,_1993)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)">Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13132_(Bill_Clinton,_1999)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)">Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_George_W._Bush_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President George W. Bush related to the administrative state">George W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13258_(George_W._Bush,_2002)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)">Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13422_(George_W._Bush,_2007)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)">Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Obama_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Obama related to the administrative state">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13497_(Barack_Obama,_2009)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)">Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13563_(Barack_Obama,_2011)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)">Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13610_(Barack_Obama,_2012)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)">Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Trump_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Trump related to the administrative state">Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13765_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13771_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13772_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13777_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13781_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13783_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13789_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13836_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13837_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13839_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13843_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Biden_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Biden related to the administrative state">Joseph Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13990_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13992_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14003_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14018_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14025_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">More executive orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Agencies_and_offices_of_the_administrative_state" title="Agencies and offices of the administrative state">Agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="#Executive_departments">Executive departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Dept. of State</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Dept. of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Dept. of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Dept. of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">Dept. of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Dept. of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Dept. of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Dept. of Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Dept. of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Dept. of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Dept. of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Dept. of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Dept. of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Dept. of Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Executive_agencies">Executive agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">U.S. Civil Service Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Independent_agencies">Independent agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Small_Business_Administration" title="U.S. Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">Court cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">More court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li></ul> </div><table style="width:100%; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; background-color:#efefef;box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr><td><big><b><a href="/REINS-style_state_laws" title="REINS-style state laws">What is a REINS-style state law?</a></b></big><br /> <p><a href="/REINS-style_state_laws" title="REINS-style state laws">REINS-style state laws</a> refer to state laws in the spirit of the federal <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act</a> that require legislative approval of proposed state agency <a href="/Significant_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant rule">rules with associated costs in excess of a certain monetary threshold</a>. REINS-style state laws aim to give state legislators the preemptive authority to halt the initial enactment of certain administrative regulations. </p> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:20%; background:#F0F0F0; font-size:100%; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:3px; text-align: center; margin-left:1.5%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #000090; font-size:115%; color:white; height:30px">Administrative State </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state"><img alt="Administrative State Icon Gold.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/a3/Administrative_State_Icon_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #000090; font-size:100%; color:white; height:30px">Five Pillars of the Administrative State </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F0F0F0; font-size:100%;"><small>• <b><a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Nondelegation" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Nondelegation">Nondelegation</a><br />• <a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Judicial_deference" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a><br />• <a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Executive_control_of_agencies" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Executive control of agencies">Executive control</a><br />• <a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Procedural_rights" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Procedural rights">Procedural rights</a><br />• <a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Agency_dynamics" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Agency dynamics">Agency dynamics</a></b></small> <hr style="background-color:#407374" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F0F0F0; font-size:100%;"><small><b>Click here for more coverage of the <a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">administrative state</a> on Ballotpedia</b></small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <b>2017 Wisconsin Act 57</b>, known as the <b> Wisconsin Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act</b>, is a REINS-style state law signed by Governor <a href="/Scott_Walker" title="Scott Walker">Scott Walker</a> (R) on August 9, 2017, that requires state legislative authorization of administrative rules that carry compliance and implementation costs of $10 million or more over a two-year period. The law was modeled on a <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">proposed federal law with the same name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-act57_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act57-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nat-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>According to an article by Godfrey & Kahn attorneys Jodi Jensen and Mike Wittenwyler, published by <i>National Law Review</i> on August 10, 2017, the Wisconsin version of the REINS Act includes the following provisions:<sup id="cite_ref-nat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nat-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <ul><li>Provides for more public input during an agency’s administrative rule writing process</li> <li>Requires legislation authorizing any administrative rule with compliance and implementation costs of $10 million or more over a two-year period</li> <li>Allows the Joint Committee for the Review of Administrative Rules (JCRAR) to indefinitely suspend promulgation of a proposed rule for reasons specified in statute<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Jodi Jensen and Mike Wittenwyler, "Wisconsin REINS Act Signed Into Law" (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-nat_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nat-2">[2]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> The <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Wisconsin">Supreme Court of Wisconsin</a> on April 13, 2018, agreed to hear a lawsuit called <i>Koschkee v. Taylor</i> alleging that the state superintendent was in violation of the REINS Act. The court on June 25, 2019, ruled that the state superintendent must follow the REINS Act and submit new rules to the governor before they can go into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-kopinion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kopinion-5">[5]</a></sup> <b><a href="/REINS_Act_(Wisconsin)#Related_legal_activity" title="REINS Act (Wisconsin)">Click here</a></b> for more information. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Legislative_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legislative history</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Provisions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Provisions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Statement_of_scope_and_initial_agency_rule_drafting"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Statement of scope and initial agency rule drafting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Economic_impact_analysis_(EIA)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic impact analysis (EIA)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Indefinite_objection_by_the_Joint_Committee_for_Review_of_Administrative_Rules_(JCRAR)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Indefinite objection by the Joint Committee for Review of Administrative Rules (JCRAR)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Gubernatorial_approval"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Gubernatorial approval</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Emergency_rules"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Emergency rules</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Related_legal_activity"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Related legal activity</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#June_25,_2019:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_rules_that_DPI_must_have_new_rules_approved_by_the_governor"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">June 25, 2019: Wisconsin Supreme Court rules that DPI must have new rules approved by the governor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#April_10,_2019:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_hears_oral_argument"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">April 10, 2019: Wisconsin Supreme Court hears oral argument</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#June_27,_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_rules_Evers_can_choose_counsel"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">June 27, 2018: Wisconsin Supreme Court rules Evers can choose counsel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#May_15,_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_considers_Evers'_request_for_independent_counsel"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">May 15, 2018: Wisconsin Supreme Court considers Evers' request for independent counsel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#April_13,_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_agrees_to_hear_REINS_Act_case_against_Evers_and_DPI"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">April 13, 2018: Wisconsin Supreme Court agrees to hear REINS Act case against Evers and DPI</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#February_6,_2018:_Dane_County_judge_denies_motion_seeking_a_declaration_that_the_Wisconsin_REINS_Act_does_not_apply_to_the_state_superintendent"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">February 6, 2018: Dane County judge denies motion seeking a declaration that the Wisconsin REINS Act does not apply to the state superintendent</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#November_22,_2017:_Governor_Walker_orders_Wisconsin_Department_of_Justice_to_represent_Evers_and_DPI;_Evers_requests_independent_counsel"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">November 22, 2017: Governor Walker orders Wisconsin Department of Justice to represent Evers and DPI; Evers requests independent counsel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#November_20,_2017:_Law_firm_sues_the_Wisconsin_Department_of_Public_Instruction_and_state_superintendent,_alleging_REINS_Act_violations"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">November 20, 2017: Law firm sues the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction and state superintendent, alleging REINS Act violations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Noteworthy_use_of_the_Wisconsin_REINS_Act"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Noteworthy use of the Wisconsin REINS Act</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Wisconsin_REINS_Act_leaves_groundwater_standards_unaddressed"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wisconsin REINS Act leaves groundwater standards unaddressed</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Wisconsin_REINS_Act_halts_environmental_rulemaking_(2024)"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Wisconsin REINS Act halts environmental rulemaking (2024)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Proposed_environmental_rules_(2021)"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Proposed environmental rules (2021)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Department_of_Public_Instruction_required_to_obtain_gubernatorial_approval_of_new_rules_(2019)"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Department of Public Instruction required to obtain gubernatorial approval of new rules (2019)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The federal <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a>, which the Wisconsin state version was modeled on, was initially designed by <a href="/Tea_Party" title="Tea Party">Tea Party</a> activist Lloyd Rogers in 2009. Rogers contacted former U.S. Representative <a href="/Geoff_Davis" title="Geoff Davis">Geoff Davis</a> (<a href="/Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican">R</a>-<a href="/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Ky.</a>) to propose legislation requiring that "all rules, regulations, or mandates that require citizens, state or local government financial expenditures must first be approved by the U.S. Congress before they can become effective." The proposal was incorporated into the <a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">Republican Party</a>'s Pledge to America legislative agenda leading up to the 2010 election cycle and was later introduced as legislation. It has since been introduced in the 112th Congress (2011-2013) through the 118th Congress (2023-2025).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</span></h3> <p>The REINS Act was introduced into both houses of the <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Legislature" title="Wisconsin State Legislature">Wisconsin State Legislature</a> in late January 2017 as Assembly Bill 42 and Senate Bill 15. The version introduced into the state senate became law, while the assembly version was tabled on June 14, 2017. After passing the state senate on May 2 and the state assembly on June 14, Senate Bill 15 was presented to Governor <a href="/Scott_Walker" title="Scott Walker">Scott Walker</a> on August 3 and signed into law on August 9 as 2017 Wisconsin Act 57. The law was published the following day and took effect on September 1, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-act57_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act57-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Below is an abbreviated timeline of the legislative history of 2017 Senate Bill 15:<sup id="cite_ref-SB_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>January 26, 2017:</b> Introduced to the <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Senate" title="Wisconsin State Senate">Wisconsin State Senate</a> by Republican Senators <a href="/Devin_LeMahieu" title="Devin LeMahieu">Devin LeMahieu</a>, <a href="/Alberta_Darling" title="Alberta Darling">Alberta Darling</a>, <a href="/Chris_Kapenga" title="Chris Kapenga">Chris Kapenga</a>, <a href="/Frank_Lasee" title="Frank Lasee">Frank Lasee</a>, <a href="/Howard_Marklein" title="Howard Marklein">Howard Marklein</a>, <a href="/Steve_Nass" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Nass">Steve Nass</a>, <a href="/Duey_Stroebel" title="Duey Stroebel">Duey Stroebel</a>, <a href="/Tom_Tiffany" title="Tom Tiffany">Tom Tiffany</a>, and <a href="/Leah_Vukmir" title="Leah Vukmir">Leah Vukmir</a>, read for the first time, and referred to the Committee on Government Operations, Technology, and Consumer Protection</li> <li><b>April 26, 2017:</b> Amended and approved by the Committee on Government Operations, Technology, and Consumer Protection by a vote of 3-2</li> <li><b>April 28, 2017:</b> Referred to and withdrawn from the Joint Committee on Finance by the Committee on Senate Organization</li> <li><b>May 2, 2017:</b> Read a second time and amended; read for the third time and approved by the state senate by a vote of 19-14</li> <li><b>May 3, 2017:</b> Read for the first time in the state assembly and referred to the Committee on Rules</li> <li><b>June 14, 2017:</b> Read a second time in the assembly; read for the third time and approved by the state assembly by a vote of 62-34</li> <li><b>August 3, 2017:</b> The bill was presented to the governor</li> <li><b>August 9, 2017:</b> The bill was signed by the governor</li> <li><b>August 10, 2017:</b> The law took effect</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Provisions">Provisions</span></h2> <p>The sections below contain a series of quotes explaining the provisions of 2017 Wisconsin Act 57. These quotes are excerpts from a memo prepared by Scott Grosz, principal attorney of the Wisconsin Legislative Council, a nonpartisan agency that provides support staff for the Wisconsin State Legislature. The memo was originally published on August 15, 2017, and revised on September 8, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Statement_of_scope_and_initial_agency_rule_drafting">Statement of scope and initial agency rule drafting</span></h3> <p>Act 57 required the Wisconsin Department of Administration (DOA) to determine whether an agency has the authority to issue a rule before the statement of the rule's scope is presented to the governor. Additionally, Act 57 created a <a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">comment period</a> regarding the statement of scope before the statement's approval by the governor, agency head, or board with policy-making authority. Agencies cannot begin drafting a proposed rule until the statement of scope is approved. The following quote describes Act 57's ruling for initial agency rule drafting and scope:<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">With regard to statements of scope and initial agency rule drafting, Act 57 provides for the review of an agency’s scope statement by the Department of Administration (DOA), prior to presentation of the scope statement to the Governor for his or her approval. Under the Act, DOA must determine whether the agency has explicit authority to promulgate the rule. The Act also provides for the distribution of scope statements to the Co-Chairs of the Joint Committee for Review of Administrative Rules (JCRAR) upon publication of the statement with the Legislative Reference Bureau. <p><br /> The Act also creates a process for preliminary comment and hearing on a statement of scope. Under the Act, the comment period and hearing may be requested by a Co-Chair of JCRAR or held by the agency on its own initiative. Generally, under current law, an agency may not work on the drafting of a proposed rule until the scope statement is approved by the Governor and the agency head or board with policy-making authority. When applicable, the preliminary comment period and scope statement hearing would take place before approval of the scope statement by the agency head or board with policy-making authority.<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span id="Economic_impact_analysis_.28EIA.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_impact_analysis_(EIA)">Economic impact analysis (EIA)</span></h3> <p>Under Act 57, agencies may not —with exemptions for the Department of Natural Resources— promulgate rules with more than $10 million in associated costs unless authorized to do so by legislation. Act 57 also allows co-chairs of JCRAR to contract an independent EIA of a proposed rule. The following quote describes Act 57's changes to regulations surrounding an agency's EIA during the rulemaking process:<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The Act makes several changes relating to an agency’s preparation of an EIA as part of its rulemaking process. First, the Act directs an agency to determine whether a proposed rule has $10 million or more in implementation and compliance costs over a two-year period. Generally, upon such a finding, an agency may not promulgate a rule absent authorizing legislation or germane modification to the proposed rule to reduce costs below the $10 million threshold. However, the process for authorizing such rules does not apply to certain rules promulgated by the Department of Natural Resources, if those rules are no more stringent than required under the federal Clean Air Act. <p><br /> Additionally, prior to gubernatorial approval, the Act authorizes a Co-Chair of JCRAR to request and contract for the preparation of an independent EIA of a proposed rule, with the cost of the independent EIA paid by the Co-Chair’s house of the Legislature if the result varies by less than 15% from the agency’s EIA, and paid by the agency that is proposing the rule if the result varies by more than 15%, except that the Joint Finance Committee may determine the funding source for contracts with a maximum potential obligation in excess of $50,000. Before contracting for the preparation of an EIA, a request for an independent EIA by a Co-Chair of JCRAR must be approved by the Organization Committee of the Co-Chair’s house of the Legislature. <br /><br /> During the JCRAR review period, the Act also authorizes JCRAR to request and contract for the preparation of an independent EIA of a proposed rule, with the cost of the independent EIA paid by the Legislature if the result varies by less than 15% from the agency’s EIA, and paid by the agency that is proposing the rule if the result varies by more than 15%, except that the Joint Finance Committee may determine the funding source for contracts with a maximum potential obligation in excess of $50,000. Before contracting for the preparation of an EIA, a request for an independent EIA by JCRAR must be approved by both the Committee on Senate Organization and the Committee on Assembly Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span id="Indefinite_objection_by_the_Joint_Committee_for_Review_of_Administrative_Rules_.28JCRAR.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Indefinite_objection_by_the_Joint_Committee_for_Review_of_Administrative_Rules_(JCRAR)">Indefinite objection by the Joint Committee for Review of Administrative Rules (JCRAR)</span></h3> <p>The following quote describes Act 57's indefinite objection, wherein a rule cannot be made if JCRAR chooses to object to it indefinitely:<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The Act creates a new procedure that would, as an alternative to the temporary objection process under current law, allow JCRAR to indefinitely object to any proposed rule, for the same reasons a temporary objection may be made under current law. Under this provision, an agency would not be able to promulgate a rule following indefinite objection unless a bill authorizing such promulgation was enacted into law.<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4">[4]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gubernatorial_approval">Gubernatorial approval</span></h3> <p>Act 57 requires agencies to notify the co-chairs of JCRAR when they submit <a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">proposed rules</a> for the governor's approval. The following quote describes Act 57's notice requirements for agencies' rule submission:<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The Act 57 specifies that an agency must provide notice to the Co-Chairs of JCRAR when a proposed rule is submitted for gubernatorial approval.<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4">[4]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Emergency_rules">Emergency rules</span></h3> <p>While preliminary comment and hearing apply to emergency rules under Act 57, the limitations for authorizing high-cost rules do not. The following quote describes Act 57's exemptions in rule-making regulations for emergency rules:<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The Act specifies that the process for preliminary comment and hearing on a statement of scope applies to the promulgation of an emergency rule, but that emergency rules are not subject to the limitations relating to authorization of high-cost rules, described above.<sup id="cite_ref-memo_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4">[4]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_legal_activity">Related legal activity</span></h2> <p>The following timeline highlights key events in <i>Koschkee v. Taylor</i>, a case that challenged the application of the Wisconsin REINS Act to certain rules issued by the state Department of Public Instruction (DPI). At the time the lawsuit was filed in Novemebr 2017, <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a> was the <a href="/Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent of Public Instruction">Superintendent of Public Instruction</a> (SPI), and the court case was called <i>Koschkee v. Evers</i>. <a href="/Carolyn_Stanford_Taylor" title="Carolyn Stanford Taylor">Carolyn Stanford Taylor</a> assumed office as the Wisconsin SPI in January 2019, and the case became <i>Koschkee v. Taylor.</i> </p> <h3><span id="June_25.2C_2019:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_rules_that_DPI_must_have_new_rules_approved_by_the_governor"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="June_25,_2019:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_rules_that_DPI_must_have_new_rules_approved_by_the_governor">June 25, 2019: Wisconsin Supreme Court rules that DPI must have new rules approved by the governor</span></h3> <p>In a 4-2 decision, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Kristi Koschkee and held that the Wisconsin Department of Instruction (DPI) and <a href="/Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent of Public Instruction">Superintendent of Public Instruction</a> (SPI) must receive written approval from the governor before drafting or implementing new administrative rules. The court held that the Wisconsin Constitution allows the state REINS Act to apply to the DPI because the power to make rules is legislative and controlled by the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-kopinion_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kopinion-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jourdecision_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jourdecision-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kopinion_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kopinion-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="April_10.2C_2019:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_hears_oral_argument"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="April_10,_2019:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_hears_oral_argument">April 10, 2019: Wisconsin Supreme Court hears oral argument</span></h3> <p>The Wisconsin Supreme court heard oral argument in the case. At the time of the oral argument, <a href="/Carolyn_Stanford_Taylor" title="Carolyn Stanford Taylor">Carolyn Stanford Taylor</a> was now Wisconsin's SPI, and the case was subsequently renamed <i>Koschkee v. Taylor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="June_27.2C_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_rules_Evers_can_choose_counsel"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="June_27,_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_rules_Evers_can_choose_counsel">June 27, 2018: Wisconsin Supreme Court rules Evers can choose counsel</span></h3> <p>The <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin Supreme Court</a> ruled on June 27, 2018 that then-Superintendent <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers"> Evers</a> and the <a href="/Wisconsin_Department_of_Public_Instruction" title="Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction">Department of Public Instruction</a> are allowed to choose their own representation and are not required to have representation from the Department of Justice. The court split 4-3 on the decision that Evers could choose his own lawyers but all agreed that Governor <a href="/Scott_Walker" title="Scott Walker">Scott Walker</a> was not a necessary party to the case.<sup id="cite_ref-bar_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-15">[15]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="May_15.2C_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_considers_Evers.27_request_for_independent_counsel"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="May_15,_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_considers_Evers'_request_for_independent_counsel">May 15, 2018: Wisconsin Supreme Court considers Evers' request for independent counsel</span></h3> <p>The Wisconsin Supreme Court held preliminary oral arguments in <i>Koschkee v. Evers</i> on May 15, 2018. The court considered whether or not then-Superintendent <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers"> Evers</a> can select his own legal representation in the case or must be represented by the state attorney general and DOJ. Governor Walker had previously ordered Attorney General <a href="/Brad_Schimel" title="Brad Schimel">Brad Schimel</a> to represent Evers and DPI. Schimel disagrees with Evers' legal position in the case. According to the <i>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</i>, during the oral arguments, "attorneys for Evers contended Schimel and his aides were violating ethics rules for lawyers because they were not pursuing the case in the way Evers wanted, were not conferring with him and did not honor his decision to fire them." State Solicitor General Misha Tseytlin, representing DOJ, argued that the attorney general has authority over legal decisions in cases assigned to him by the governor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="April_13.2C_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_agrees_to_hear_REINS_Act_case_against_Evers_and_DPI"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="April_13,_2018:_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_agrees_to_hear_REINS_Act_case_against_Evers_and_DPI">April 13, 2018: Wisconsin Supreme Court agrees to hear REINS Act case against Evers and DPI</span></h3> <p>The Wisconsin Supreme Court issued a decision on April 13, 2018, agreeing to consider <a href="/Wisconsin_Institute_for_Law_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty">Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty</a>'s (WILL) lawsuit against then-Superintendent <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers"> Evers</a> and DPI as an original action. In the decision, the court did not give its reasons for taking the case. The court also did not respond to Evers' request for independent representation. The decision to take the case was supported by a majority of the court, while Justices <a href="/Ann_Walsh_Bradley" title="Ann Walsh Bradley">Ann Walsh Bradley</a> and <a href="/Shirley_Abrahamson" title="Shirley Abrahamson">Shirley Abrahamson</a> dissented, arguing that the issue presented was already addressed in <i>Coyne v. Walker</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-takes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takes-18">[18]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="February_6.2C_2018:_Dane_County_judge_denies_motion_seeking_a_declaration_that_the_Wisconsin_REINS_Act_does_not_apply_to_the_state_superintendent"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="February_6,_2018:_Dane_County_judge_denies_motion_seeking_a_declaration_that_the_Wisconsin_REINS_Act_does_not_apply_to_the_state_superintendent">February 6, 2018: Dane County judge denies motion seeking a declaration that the Wisconsin REINS Act does not apply to the state superintendent</span></h3> <p>On February 6, 2018, Dane County Circuit Judge <a href="/Richard_Niess" title="Richard Niess">Richard Niess</a> denied a motion filed in December 2017 in a dormant lawsuit between Governor Walker and then-Superintendent <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers"> Evers</a>. At the conclusion of that now-dormant suit, the Wisconsin Supreme Court upheld an injunction from a Dane County judge preventing the governor from applying to the state superintendent a 2011 law requiring state agencies to obtain gubernatorial permission when issuing regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-niess-state_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niess-state-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-niess-milwaukee_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niess-milwaukee-20">[20]</a></sup> </p><p>The motion, filed by a group of teachers in support of Evers’ position, asked Judge Niess to rule that the Wisconsin REINS Act is similar enough to the 2011 regulatory permission law and therefore cannot be applied to Evers. Judge Niess denied the motion, holding that interpreting the REINS Act is a matter for the state supreme court and that there is no reason to believe that the Walker administration plans to violate the original injunction against applying the 2011 law to DPI.<sup id="cite_ref-niess-state_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niess-state-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-niess-milwaukee_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niess-milwaukee-20">[20]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="November_22.2C_2017:_Governor_Walker_orders_Wisconsin_Department_of_Justice_to_represent_Evers_and_DPI.3B_Evers_requests_independent_counsel"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="November_22,_2017:_Governor_Walker_orders_Wisconsin_Department_of_Justice_to_represent_Evers_and_DPI;_Evers_requests_independent_counsel">November 22, 2017: Governor Walker orders Wisconsin Department of Justice to represent Evers and DPI; Evers requests independent counsel</span></h3> <p>On November 22, 2017, Governor <a href="/Scott_Walker" title="Scott Walker">Scott Walker</a> (R) ordered the Wisconsin Department of Justice to represent then-Superintendent <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers"> Evers</a> in the case. An email statement from the governor's office to Wisconsin Public Radio read in part: "Superintendent Evers is being sued in his official capacity as a state official, therefore, the attorney general has the authority to represent him and determine the arguments that are in the best interest of the state." DPI spokesman Tom McCarthy said the same day that his department plans to file a motion seeking independent representation on the grounds that the Walker administration and state Attorney General <a href="/Brad_Schimel" title="Brad Schimel">Brad Schimel</a> (R) do not have the same interests or desired outcome in the case as the department.<sup id="cite_ref-wpr2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpr2-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usnews_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnews-22">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>Evers, who successfully ran for Wisconsin governor as a Democrat in 2018, issued a separate statement on November 22 through his campaign spokeswoman, saying, "They will stop at nothing. They are so scared that I will beat Scott Walker, they are willing to waste thousands of taxpayer dollars re-filing a frivolous lawsuit they've already lost." Johnny Koremenos, director of communications and public affairs for the state justice department, also released a statement that day, which read in part: "It is not unusual for a client agency to disagree with the position of DOJ and this case is no different, but that is not a conflict of interest. Wisconsin law unequivocally gives the Attorney General the power to represent any state official or department upon the request of the Governor."<sup id="cite_ref-wpr2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpr2-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usnews_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnews-22">[22]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="November_20.2C_2017:_Law_firm_sues_the_Wisconsin_Department_of_Public_Instruction_and_state_superintendent.2C_alleging_REINS_Act_violations"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="November_20,_2017:_Law_firm_sues_the_Wisconsin_Department_of_Public_Instruction_and_state_superintendent,_alleging_REINS_Act_violations">November 20, 2017: Law firm sues the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction and state superintendent, alleging REINS Act violations</span></h3> <p>On November 20, 2017, the <a href="/Wisconsin_Institute_for_Law_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty">Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty</a> (WILL) filed a lawsuit against <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a>, the then-<a href="/Wisconsin_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction" title="Wisconsin Superintendent of Public Instruction">Wisconsin superintendent of public instruction</a>, alleging that Evers and the <a href="/Wisconsin_Department_of_Public_Instruction" title="Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction">Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction</a> (DPI) were in violation of the state's REINS Act. WILL’s lawsuit was filed as an original action with the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Wisconsin">Supreme Court of Wisconsin</a> and asked the court to issue a declaratory judgment ordering Superintendent Evers to comply with the state REINS Act. WILL's suit was filed on behalf of two school board members and two public school teachers from Wisconsin school districts.<sup id="cite_ref-watchdog_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watchdog-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wpr_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpr-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p><p>A press release from WILL, a <a href="/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit</a> law firm and legal research organization, described the reasoning behind the lawsuit as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-WILL_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WILL-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>Among other things, the REINS Act requires statements of scope for proposed rules to be submitted to the State Department of Administration for an analysis of whether the agency has authority to promulgate the proposed rule. ... But records obtained by WILL indicate that Evers and the DPI are violating this provision of the law by refusing to send scope statements to the Department of Administration. DPI is also not sending scope statements to the Governor for approval.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—<a href="/Wisconsin_Institute_for_Law_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty">Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty</a>, November 20, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-WILL_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WILL-26">[26]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tom McCarthy, a spokesman for DPI, said in a statement issued the same day as the lawsuit filing that the legal issues raised by WILL were already decided by the Wisconsin Supreme Court in the 2016 case <i>Coyne v. Walker</i>. McCarthy argued that the state REINS Act does not apply to DPI, writing, "Justice <a href="/Michael_Gableman" title="Michael Gableman">Gableman</a>'s decision in <i>Coyne</i> is clear and the Legislature understood the case’s impact on the REINS Act after discussions with our department. The case has no merit, period." According to Wisconsin Public Radio, "the state Supreme Court ruled 4-3 in <i>Coyne v. Walker</i> that the state schools superintendent has the authority to write rules independently." The four-justice majority in <i>Coyne</i> delivered four separate opinions, and the case was decided the year before the state REINS Act was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-watchdog_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watchdog-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wpr_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpr-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WILL_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WILL-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Noteworthy_use_of_the_Wisconsin_REINS_Act"><a href="/Noteworthy_events" title="Noteworthy events">Noteworthy</a> use of the Wisconsin REINS Act</span></h2> <p>The following sections identify a selection of noteworthy applications of the Wisconsin REINS Act since its enactment in 2017. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wisconsin_REINS_Act_leaves_groundwater_standards_unaddressed">Wisconsin REINS Act leaves groundwater standards unaddressed</span></h3> <p>The Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council (GCC) issued a report to the state legislature on August 31, arguing lawmakers should address 46 groundwater standards proposed by the state Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and the state Department of Human Services (DHS). The report is part of a continuing conflict between the state executive and legislative branches over enforcement and rulemaking authority.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> </p><p>State Sens. Howard Marklein (R) and Mark Born (R) argue the legislature tried to address groundwater pollution standards while limiting executive authority. They say Gov. Tony Evers (D) vetoed legislative solutions because his administration wants to use appropriations as "an unaccountable slush fund … to bring enforcement action against farmers and other innocent landowners."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> </p><p>Steve Elmore—the DNR drinking water and groundwater program director—argues the Wisconsin REINS Act (which requires legislative approval for rules costing more than $10 million) is causing unnecessary delays in executive groundwater contaminant standards. Elmore said the REINS Act has "been something that has limited our ability to set new groundwater standards, and so then the recommendations just keep piling up."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Wisconsin_REINS_Act_halts_environmental_rulemaking_.282024.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Wisconsin_REINS_Act_halts_environmental_rulemaking_(2024)">Wisconsin REINS Act halts environmental rulemaking (2024)</span></h3> <p>Wisconsin Governor <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a> (D) urged Republican legislators during his 2024 State of the State address on January 23, 2024, to authorize the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to continue its rulemaking process to establish certain groundwater contamination standards, pursuant to the state legislature’s authority under the Wisconsin REINS Act. </p><p>The DNR finalized an economic impact analysis in December 2023 for a proposed rule to establish standards for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in groundwater and concluded that the cost to implement the standards would exceed $10 million over a two-year period. The Wisconsin REINS Act prohibits the DNR from proceeding with the rulemaking process until the state legislature authorizes the department to continue. </p><p>Evers also sent a letter to State Senators <a href="/Robert_Cowles" title="Robert Cowles">Robert Cowles</a> (R) and <a href="/Eric_Wimberger" title="Eric Wimberger">Eric Wimberger</a> (R) in December 2023 urging the state legislature to pass legislation allowing the DNR to continue the rulemaking process. The state legislature had not provided authorization to the DNR as of February 12, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Proposed_environmental_rules_.282021.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Proposed_environmental_rules_(2021)">Proposed environmental rules (2021)</span></h3> <p>The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) in 2021 dropped a rule that aimed to establish nitrate standards in soils deemed sensitive to groundwater pollution after its economic impact analysis indicated that it would exceed the $10 million threshold outlined in the state's REINS Act. In a report prepared for the DNR, University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers estimated the economic impact of the proposed standards to range between $22.5 million and $31 million annually.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Department_of_Public_Instruction_required_to_obtain_gubernatorial_approval_of_new_rules_.282019.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Department_of_Public_Instruction_required_to_obtain_gubernatorial_approval_of_new_rules_(2019)">Department of Public Instruction required to obtain gubernatorial approval of new rules (2019)</span></h3> <p>The Wisconsin Supreme Court on June 25, 2019, ruled 4-2 in <i>Koschkee v. Taylor</i> to affirm that the state’s Department of Public Instruction (DPI) must submit new rules to the governor for approval before they take effect. </p><p>The Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty (WILL) sued former Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Evers (D) and the DPI in November 2017 for allegedly violating the state REINS Act by failing to submit statements of scope for proposed rules to the State Department of Administration for approval. Evers and DPI argued that the state superintendent is a constitutional office not subject to gubernatorial control under the REINS Act. </p><p><i>Koschkee v. Taylor</i> affirmed that DPI exercises delegated legislative power when it promulgates rules and, therefore, its rulemaking activities are subject to control by the state legislature. By passing the REINS Act, the state legislature required DPI to obtain gubernatorial approval prior to promulgating new rules. </p><p>See the section of this article on <i><a href="/REINS_Act_(Wisconsin)#Koschkee_v._Taylor_(2017-2019)" title="REINS Act (Wisconsin)">Koschkee v. Taylor</a></i> for more information. </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Florida_REINS-style_state_law" title="Florida REINS-style state law">Florida REINS-style state law</a></li> <li><a href="/Indiana_REINS-style_state_law" title="Indiana REINS-style state law">Indiana REINS-style state law</a></li> <li><a href="/Kansas_REINS-style_state_law" title="Kansas REINS-style state law">Kansas REINS-style state law</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS-style_state_laws" title="REINS-style state laws">REINS-style state laws</a></li> <li><a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/related/acts/57">Wisconsin REINS Act (full text)</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://wscca.wicourts.gov/caseDetails.do;jsessionid=1051D5D44D68F5C488A81A8FFED42BF9?caseNo=2017AP002278&cacheId=CD45EEF35F6A7AEAB522DBC2221EE2BA&recordCount=2&offset=0"><i>Kristi Koschkee v. Carolyn Stanford Taylor</i> on WICourts.gov</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=REINS+Act+(Wisconsin)">Search Google News for this topic</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-act57-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-act57_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-act57_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/related/acts/57"><i>Wisconsin State Legislature</i>, "2017 Wisconsin Act 57," August 10, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nat_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nat_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nat_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.natlawreview.com/article/wisconsin-reins-act-signed-law"><i>National Law Review</i>, "Wisconsin REINS Act Signed Into Law," August 10, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/26"><i>Congress.gov</i>, "H.R.26 - Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny Act of 2017," accessed November 30, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-3">4.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-4">4.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-5">4.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_4-6">4.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kopinion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kopinion_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kopinion_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kopinion_5-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wicourts.gov/sc/opinion/DisplayDocument.pdf?content=pdf&seqNo=242825"><i>Supreme Court of Wisconsin</i>, "<i>Kristi Koschkee et al. v. Carolyn Stanford Taylor," June 25, 2019</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.jacksonsun.com/story/opinion/columnists/2017/01/04/we-were-never-closer-seeing-reins-act-become-law/96090608/"><i>The Jackson Sun</i>, "We were never closer to seeing REINS Act become law," January 4, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonherald.com/opinion/op_ed/2017/01/smith_congress_can_regain_power_with_reins"><i>Boston Herald</i>, "Smith: Congress can regain power with REINS," January 6, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SB_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SB_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/proposals/sb15"><i>Wisconsin State Legislature</i>, "Senate Bill 15," accessed November 30, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AB_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AB_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/proposals/ab42"><i>Wisconsin State Legislature</i>, "Assembly Bill 42," accessed November 30, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-0">10.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-1">10.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-2">10.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-3">10.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-4">10.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-5">10.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-6">10.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-7">10.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-8">10.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-9">10.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-memo_10-10">10.10</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/related/lcactmemo/act057"><i>Wisconsin Legislative Council</i>, "Act Memo: 2017 Wisconsin Act 57," September 8, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jourdecision-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jourdecision_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2019/06/25/wisconsin-supreme-court-supt-must-seek-approval-before-setting-policy/1546945001/"><i>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</i>, "Wisconsin Supreme Court: State superintendent must seek approval before setting education policy," Molly Beck, June 25, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wicourts.gov/sc/sccase/DisplayDocument.pdf?content=pdf&seqNo=238555"><i>Wisconsin Supreme Court</i>, "Table of Pending Cases, April 2, 2019," accessed April 5, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/wisconsin/articles/2019-04-10/court-to-hear-arguments-in-fight-over-school-chiefs-powers"><i>U.S. News</i>, "Attorneys: Court Should Protect School Chief's Powers," accessed April 19, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/wisconsin/supreme-court/2019/2017ap002278-oa.html">Justia US Law, "Koschkee v. Taylor," December 14, 2023.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bar-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bar_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wisbar.org/newspublications/pages/general-article.aspx?articleid=26441"><i>State Bar of Wisconsin</i>, "Supreme Court Says State Superintendent of Schools Can Choose Counsel," June 27, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/supreme-court-to-hear-arguments-in-school-powers-case/482669961/"><i>Star Tribune</i>, "Wisconsin attorneys urge court to let them represent Evers," May 15, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/15/its-walker-v-evers-before-wisconsins-supreme-court-tuesday/610865002/"><i>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</i>, "Scott Walker vs. Tony Evers: The governor and a Democratic challenger go before the Supreme Court," May 15, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-takes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-takes_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/supreme-court-takes-up-department-of-public-instruction-case-again/article_450d9e8e-acb6-54a3-9b80-1439fdf7bb34.html"><i>Wisconsin State Journal</i>, "Supreme Court takes up Department of Public Instruction case again," April 14, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niess-state-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-niess-state_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-niess-state_19-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/judge-won-t-intervene-in-dispute-over-tony-evers-power/article_ff491ac8-8604-50e3-be22-ac35e3a33b5f.html"><i>Wisconsin State Journal</i>, "Judge won't intervene in dispute over Tony Evers' power," February 7, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niess-milwaukee-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-niess-milwaukee_20-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-niess-milwaukee_20-1">20.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2018/02/06/wisconsin-gov-scott-walkers-and-tony-evers-lawyers-square-off-court-tuesday-over-rules-dispute/311468002/"><i>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</i>, "Judge declines to alter ruling that affects Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker and school rules," February 6, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpr2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wpr2_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wpr2_21-1">21.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/walker-doj-block-dpi-attorney-despite-conflict"><i>Wisconsin Public Radio</i>, "Walker, DOJ Block DPI Attorney Despite Conflict," November 22, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usnews-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usnews_22-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usnews_22-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/wisconsin/articles/2017-11-22/ag-to-represent-evers-in-lawsuit-despite-conflict"><i>Associated Press</i>, "AG to Represent Evers in Lawsuit Despite Conflict," November 22, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watchdog-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-watchdog_23-0">23.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-watchdog_23-1">23.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.watchdog.org/wisconsin/conservative-group-sues-department-of-public-instruction-for-violating-the/article_55efcb36-ce3d-11e7-b536-c3ed96d37637.html"><i>Watchdog.org</i>, "Conservative group sues Department of Public Instruction for violating the REINS Act," November 20, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpr-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wpr_24-0">24.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wpr_24-1">24.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/will-challenges-dpis-rule-making-authority"><i>Wisconsin Public Radio</i>, "WILL Challenges DPI's Rule-Making Authority," November 20, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs58.com/news/lawsuit-filed-against-evers-over-handling-of-education-policies"><i>CBS 58</i>, "Lawsuit filed against Evers over handling of education policies," November 20, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WILL-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WILL_26-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WILL_26-1">26.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WILL_26-2">26.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.will-law.org/will-sues-state-superintendent-evers/"><i>Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty,</i> "WILL Press Release: WILL Sues State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Evers," November 20, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://widnr.widen.net/view/pdf/c5e61bs1x6/DG_GCC_Report_2024.pdf"><i>Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council</i>, "Report to the Legislature Fiscal Year 2024," September 19, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://wisconsinexaminer.com/briefs/republican-leaders-urge-gov-evers-to-sign-divisive-pfas-legislation/"><i>Wisconsin Examiner</i>, "Republican leaders urge Gov. Evers to sign divisive PFAS legislation," September 19, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/news/wisconsin-dnr-backlog-groundwater-standards-pfas"><i>Wisconsin Public Radio</i>, "State faces backlog in setting dozens of groundwater standards," September 19, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wispolitics.com/2024/gov-evers-again-urges-wisconsin-republicans-to-release-125-million-in-already-approved-funds-to-fight-pfas-statewide/"><i>WisPolitics</i>, "Gov. Evers: Again urges Wisconsin Republicans to release $125 million already-approved funds to fight PFAS statewide," January 23, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/groups-say-2017-law-prevents-wisconsin-dnr-pursuing-standards-curb-nitrate-pollution"><i>Wisconsin Public Radio</i>, "Groups say 2017 law prevents Wisconsin DNR from pursuing standards to curb nitrate pollution," November 24, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/sites/default/files/11.17.2021_legislative_roadblocks_force_dnr_to_abandon_water_pollution_protections.pdf"><i>Clean Wisconsin</i>, "Legislative Roadblocks Force DNR to Abandon Water Pollution Protections," November 17, 2021</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:TASP_hnt" title="Template:TASP hnt"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:TASP_hnt&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Main</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State Project main page</a> • <a href="/Administrative_State_Project_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative State Project Index">Administrative State Project Index</a> • <a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a> • <a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Deference">Deference</a> • <a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Ballotpedia's administrative state legislation tracker</a></div></td><td style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;" rowspan="13"><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" title="The Administrative State Project"><img alt="The Administrative State Project Badge.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/150px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/225px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/300px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Reporting</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; 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line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a> • <a href="/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> • <a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a> • <a href="/Clayton_Antitrust_Act" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a> • <a href="/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a> • <a href="/Electronic_Freedom_of_Information_Act" title="Electronic Freedom of Information Act">Electronic Freedom of Information Act</a> • <a href="/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act_of_1938" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938</a> • <a href="/Federal_Housekeeping_Statute" title="Federal Housekeeping Statute">Federal Housekeeping Statute</a> • <a href="/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> • <a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a> • <a href="/Freedom_of_Information_Act" title="Freedom of Information Act">Freedom of Information Act</a> • <a href="/Government_in_the_Sunshine_Act" title="Government in the Sunshine Act">Government in the Sunshine Act</a> • <a href="/Independent_Offices_Appropriations_Act_of_1952" title="Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952">Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952</a> • <a href="/Information_Quality_Act" title="Information Quality Act">Information Quality Act</a> • <a href="/Interstate_Commerce_Act" title="Interstate Commerce Act">Interstate Commerce Act</a> • <a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> • <a href="/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act">Paperwork Reduction Act</a> • <a href="/Pendleton_Act" title="Pendleton Act">Pendleton Act</a> • <a href="/Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">Privacy Act of 1974</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> • <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">REINS Act (Wisconsin)</a> • <a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a> • <a href="/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a> • <a href="/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> • <a href="/Small_Business_Regulatory_Enforcement_Fairness_Act" title="Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act">Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act</a> • <a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a> • <a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Cases</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/Abbott_Laboratories_v._Gardner" title="Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner">Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner</a></i> • <i><a href="/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Association_of_Data_Processing_Service_Organizations_v._Camp" title="Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp">Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp</a></i> • <i><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></i> • <i><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></i> • <i><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_(FTC)_v._Standard_Oil_Company_of_California" title="Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California">Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California</a></i> • <i><a href="/Field_v._Clark" title="Field v. Clark">Field v. Clark</a></i> • <i><a href="/Food_and_Drug_Administration_v._Brown_and_Williamson_Tobacco_Corporation" title="Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation">Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_(INS)_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha</a></i> • <i><a href="/J.W._Hampton_Jr._%26_Company_v._United_States" title="J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States">J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i> • <i><a href="/Marshall_v._Barlow%27s" title="Marshall v. Barlow's">Marshall v. Barlow's</a></i> • <i><a href="/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> • <i><a href="/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_(NFIB)_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning_Company" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co." title="National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.">National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i> • <i><a href="/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_v._Chenery_Corporation" title="Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation">Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Western_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.">United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Universal_Camera_Corporation_v._National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board">Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> • <i><a href="/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wayman_v._Southard" title="Wayman v. Southard">Wayman v. Southard</a></i> • <i><a href="/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> • <i><a href="/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Associations" title="Whitman v. American Trucking Associations">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wiener_v._United_States" title="Wiener v. United States">Wiener v. United States</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Terms</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adjudication_(administrative_state)" title="Adjudication (administrative state)">Adjudication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Administrative_judge" title="Administrative judge">Administrative judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Arbitrary-or-capricious_test" title="Arbitrary-or-capricious test">Arbitrary-or-capricious test</a> • <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a> • <a href="/Barrier_to_entry" title="Barrier to entry">Barrier to entry</a> • <a href="/Bootleggers_and_Baptists" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a> • <a href="/Chevron_deference_(doctrine)" title="Chevron deference (doctrine)">Chevron deference (doctrine)</a> • <a href="/Civil_servant" title="Civil servant">Civil servant</a> • <a href="/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a> • <a href="/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> • <a href="/Codify_(administrative_state)" title="Codify (administrative state)">Codify (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a> • <a href="/Compliance_costs" title="Compliance costs">Compliance costs</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> • <a href="/Coordination_(administrative_state)" title="Coordination (administrative state)">Coordination (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Deference_(administrative_state)" title="Deference (administrative state)">Deference (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Direct_and_indirect_costs_(administrative_state)" title="Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)">Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Enabling_statute" title="Enabling statute">Enabling statute</a> • <a href="/Ex_parte_communication_(administrative_state)" title="Ex parte communication (administrative state)">Ex parte communication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a> • <a href="/Federal_law" title="Federal law">Federal law</a> • <a href="/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> • <a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a> • <a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Formalism_(law)" title="Formalism (law)">Formalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Functionalism_(law)" title="Functionalism (law)">Functionalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Incorporation_by_reference" title="Incorporation by reference">Incorporation by reference</a> • <a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a> • <a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Joint_resolution_of_disapproval_(administrative_state)" title="Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)">Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Major_rule" title="Major rule">Major rule</a> • <a href="/Negotiated_rulemaking" title="Negotiated rulemaking">Negotiated rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a href="/OIRA_prompt_letter" title="OIRA prompt letter">OIRA prompt letter</a> • <a href="/Organic_statute" title="Organic statute">Organic statute</a> • <a href="/Pragmatism_(law)" title="Pragmatism (law)">Pragmatism (law)</a> • <a href="/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a> • <a href="/Promulgate" title="Promulgate">Promulgate</a> • <a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a> • <a href="/Publication_rulemaking" title="Publication rulemaking">Publication rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_budget" title="Regulatory budget">Regulatory budget</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_dark_matter" title="Regulatory dark matter">Regulatory dark matter</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_impact_analysis" title="Regulatory impact analysis">Regulatory impact analysis</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_policy_officer" title="Regulatory policy officer">Regulatory policy officer</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_reform_officer" title="Regulatory reform officer">Regulatory reform officer</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_review" title="Regulatory review">Regulatory review</a> • <a href="/Rent_seeking" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a> • <a href="/Retrospective_regulatory_review" title="Retrospective regulatory review">Retrospective regulatory review</a> • <a href="/Risk_assessment_(administrative_state)" title="Risk assessment (administrative state)">Risk assessment (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a> • <a href="/Significant_regulatory_action" title="Significant regulatory action">Significant regulatory action</a> • <a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a> • <a href="/Statutory_authority" title="Statutory authority">Statutory authority</a> • <a href="/Substantive_law_and_procedural_law" title="Substantive law and procedural law">Substantive law and procedural law</a> • <a href="/Sue_and_settle" title="Sue and settle">Sue and settle</a> • <a href="/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">Sunset provision</a> • <a href="/Unified_Agenda_of_Federal_Regulatory_and_Deregulatory_Actions" title="Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions">Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions</a> • <a href="/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> • <a href="/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">United States Statutes at Large</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Bibliography</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small> <ul><li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22From_Administrative_State_to_Constitutional_Government%22_by_Joseph_Postell_(2012)" title=""From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)">"From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Interring_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Eric_A._Posner_and_Adrian_Vermeule_(2002)" title=""Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)">"Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Checks_%26_Balances_of_the_Regulatory_State%22_by_Paul_R._Verkuil_(2016)" title=""The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)">"The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Myth_of_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Keith_E._Whittington_and_Jason_Iuliano_(2017)" title=""The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)">"The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Progressive_Origins_of_the_Administrative_State:_Wilson,_Goodnow,_and_Landis%22_by_Ronald_J._Pestritto_(2007)" title=""The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)">"The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Rise_and_Rise_of_the_Administrative_State%22_by_Gary_Lawson_(1994)" title=""The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)">"The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Threat_to_Liberty%22_by_Steven_F._Hayward_(2017)" title=""The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)">"The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li></ul> </small></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Agencies</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a> • <a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> • <a href="/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">U.S. Office of Management and Budget</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact 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