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margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Procedural_vs._substantive_rights"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Procedural vs. substantive rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Privacy_as_a_substantive_right"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy as a substantive right</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Differing_legal_viewpoints"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Differing legal viewpoints</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p><p><b>Substantive due process</b> is a legal theory outlining restrictions on the government's ability to infringe upon <a href="/Constitution_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the United States">constitutional liberties</a>. Looking to the Due Process Clause of the <a href="/Amendment_XIV,_United_States_Constitution" title="Amendment XIV, United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>—which concerns <i>procedural</i> rights, such as a defendant's right to a fair trial—the substantive due process doctrine maintains that basic <i>substantive</i> rights, like freedom of speech and religion, are also protected by the clause.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Procedural_vs._substantive_rights">Procedural vs. substantive rights</span></h2> <p>The substantive due process doctrine differentiates between what are known as <i>procedural</i> and <i>substantive</i> rights. Procedural rights address the government's obligation to ensure that legal procedures are carried out in a fair and just manner (e.g., the right to a trial by a <a href="/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> of one's peers). By contrast, substantive rights are general rights that individuals possess and upon which the government may not infringe. Examples of substantive rights enumerated in the U.S. Constitution include the rights to freedom of expression and freedom of association.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freedict_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedict-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>The theory of substantive due process holds that substantive as well as procedural rights are protected by the U.S. Constitution. This argument is based on the <a href="/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth</a> and <a href="/Amendment_XIV,_United_States_Constitution" title="Amendment XIV, United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendments</a> and reasons that these amendments guarantee that life, freedom and property cannot be infringed upon by the government without sufficient justification—regardless of the process by which they are infringed upon.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-1">[1]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-cornell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy_as_a_substantive_right">Privacy as a substantive right</span></h2> <p>The Supreme Court has ruled that the rights to "personal autonomy, bodily integrity, self-dignity, and self-determination" are protected by the Due Process Clause.<sup id="cite_ref-freedict_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedict-2">[2]</a></sup> Together, these interests are invoked to justify a constitutionally protected right to privacy. This issue was first addressed in the 1965 case <i><a href="/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i>, in which the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for a state law to prohibit married adults from using contraception.<sup id="cite_ref-freedict_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedict-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stanford_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>A constitutionally protected right to privacy became a very important issue in <i>Roe v. Wade</i>, when the Supreme Court made the significant and controversial ruling that it was in violation of the Due Process Clause and the right to privacy for the government to prevent a woman from terminating her pregnancy during the first trimester.<sup id="cite_ref-freedict_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedict-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Other rights that the Supreme Court has ruled are protected by the right to privacy include: </p> <ul><li>The right for parents to raise their children as they see fit (<i>Pierce v. Society of the Sisters</i>),</li> <li>The right for extended family members to share a home (<i>Moore v. City of East Cleveland</i>),</li> <li>The right for competent adults to refuse life-saving medical procedures (<i>Cruzan v. Missouri Department of Health</i>), and</li> <li>The right to engage in same-sex sexual relations (<i><a href="/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-freedict_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedict-2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Differing_legal_viewpoints">Differing legal viewpoints</span></h2> <p>Critics of substantive due process argue that it upsets the balance of power between the branches of the U.S. government, giving undue power to the <a href="/Judicial_Branch" title="Judicial Branch">courts</a>. In particular, they argue that the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> is given too much power over state law. The Supreme Court may not overturn state laws unless those laws violate the Constitution. Because substantive due process allows the Supreme Court to overturn laws restricting rights that are not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution, critics argue that it can result in functionally unlimited power of review over state laws. Even if a law is in violation of what some consider to be fundamental human rights, critics say, that does not necessarily mean that the law is unconstitutional; these critics believe that only truly unconstitutional laws ought to be overturned by the court system.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Supporters of the theory argue that it is the best safeguard of human rights, arguing that without it state governments would be free to violate citizens rights so long as those rights are not among the few specifically enumerated in the Constitution. Most Supreme Court justices support the theory, to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Index_of_Terms" title="Ballotpedia:Index of Terms">Terms and Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Substantive+Due+Process">LegalDictionary at the FreeDictionary.com, Substantive Due Process</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=Substantive+due+process">Search Google News for this topic</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stanford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_1-4">1.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_1-5">1.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2/http://www.stanford.edu/group/psylawseminar/Substantive%20Due%20Process.htm"><i>Stanford Law</i>, "Substantive Due Process," accessed January 8, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedict-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-freedict_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-freedict_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-freedict_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-freedict_2-3">2.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-freedict_2-4">2.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Substantive+Due+Process"><i>The Free Dictionary</i>, "Substantive Due Process," accessed January 8, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cornell_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/substantive_due_process"><i>Cornell University Law School</i>, "Substantive Due Process," accessed January 8, 2016</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table style="border:1px solid gray; font-size:85%;" class="collapsible collapsed" align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccff;" height="50px"><table width="95%" bgcolor="#ccccff" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="75px" bgcolor="white"> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:JP-Terms_and_Definitions_badge.png" class="image"><img alt="JP-Terms and Definitions badge.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/51/JP-Terms_and_Definitions_badge.png/50px-JP-Terms_and_Definitions_badge.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/51/JP-Terms_and_Definitions_badge.png/75px-JP-Terms_and_Definitions_badge.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/51/JP-Terms_and_Definitions_badge.png/100px-JP-Terms_and_Definitions_badge.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="432" /></a></div></div> </td><td style="background:#ccccff;" align="center"><div style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/Template:Terms" title="Template:Terms"><span title="View this template" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Terms&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;" title="You can edit this template. 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